Technological and industrial history of 21st-century Canada

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self-exclusion list. The Canadian Bankers Association has been using FRT since 2008 to investigate debit card fraud. The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia has been using FRT since 2008 to counter fraudulent attempts by individuals to obtain a driver's license. In the summer of 2010, the technology was used by the Toronto Police to identify suspects wanted for vandalism or violent acts committed during the G-20 Summit there. The Department of Foreign Affairs has begun to issue e-passports with a chip that will enable the use of facial recognition technology beginning in 2012. Social media organizations such a Facebook, with millions of Canadian users have also adopted the use of FRT in their operations. All these applications and others raise privacy concerns. On 14 December 2021, the governments of British Columbia, Alberta and Québec ordered facial recognition company Clearview AI to stop collecting and to delete images of people obtained without their consent.

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installation of such a system in 2011. 500 video cameras and other street and highway mounted sensors will provide information for a central computer which will be used to control traffic lights to improve traffic flow and reduce accidents. Another traffic management tool involves the use of satellite tracking. Promoted by a Toronto company, Skymeter Corp, but not yet deployed in Canada, the system, a type of toll road in the sky, is designed to reduce traffic jams through the use of automobile based transponder/GPS systems and satellites. The satellite tracks the route of a particular vehicle at a particular time and then charges the user based on a systems of "tolls" based on the roads taken and the time of day. The tolls are publicized for users and designed to encourage road use in a way that minimizes traffic jams. The computerized billing system keeps an account of the charges and bills the customer incurs on a regular basis.

1221:, which is stored in "tailing ponds". In 2010, there were about 170 square kilometres of these ponds in the oil sands region of Alberta. Left to a normal process of degradation it would take decades for this waste to become environmentally safe. On 27 August 2010, Shell Canada announced the opening of a commercial plant designed to speed the cleaning of the waste in these ponds, at its oil sands production facility in Alberta. The plant uses a technique developed by Shell Canada at a cost of C$ 30 million. Known as "atmospheric fines drying" or AFD, it takes the thick liquid output of the oil production process and over a period of several weeks with the use of a special flocculant and drying techniques, reduces it to a safe dirt-like compound. Shell Canada is making this technology available free of charge to other oil sands production companies. 1622:, in independent, not-for-profit, federally funded organization composed of the 14 Canadian federal, provincial and territorial Deputy Ministers of health. Infoway has a mandate to accelerate the Canada-wide use of electronic health records and electronic health information systems. As of 2008, more than $ 1.3 billion has been invested in the system. By 2010, Infoway plans to have electronic health records for 50% of the population available to authorized health professionals, and expects to have electronic health records for all Canadians by 2016. The project involves undertakings in a number of fields, including diagnostic imaging systems, drug information systems, telehealth, laboratory information systems and public health surveillance. 1918:(TUAV), the French-designed CU-161 Sperwer, and the Heron UAV in February 2009. Used for the war in Afghanistan, these machines provide an intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) capability for the Forces. In 2008, the Air Force announced that it would acquire its first attack helicopters (Griffons equipped with light machine guns) for service there as well. In 2006, the Navy undertook the Halifax Class Modernization/Frigate Equipment Life Extension Project (HCM/FELIX) to modernize its 12 Halifax Class Frigates. New equipment will include improved computer fire control systems, sensors and the decoy-based Rheinmettal Multi Ammunition Softkill System, a passive missile defence system. Acquisitions pending include the 1010:

electrical appliances ranging from lights to home appliances to computers. The technology was demonstrated at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, where visitors used their brain waves to control the lighting on three landmarks, the CN tower in Toronto, the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa and Niagara Falls. The technology is based on the research of Dr. Steve Mann, a University of Toronto professor who initially developed thought-controlled computing technology. The company foresees that the headset will evolve into a small wireless Bluetooth device that will be available in consumer electronics retail stores within two years.

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technique involves the use of ground-based transmitter/receivers and special electronic equipment aboard aircraft flying through northern airspace. This special equipment automatically transmits information relating to the aircraft position (determined by a GPS on the airplane) every second, to the ground-based receiving station, a number of which are located in the north. The station then transmits this information to an area control centre, operated by Nav Canada, Canada's national air navigation system operator, where it is displayed on "radar" screens which are used by air traffic controllers to monitor Canadian airspace.

1972:(also known as the conducted energy weapon) has been adopted for use by Canadian police forces, including the RCMP, in recent years. The technology presently deployed was developed in the US in 1999. Intended for use as a "non-lethal" weapon, the Taser fires darts trailing wires connected to a battery in the hand-held pistol. The darts strike and lodge themselves in the suspect. The battery delivers, through the wires, a jolt of electricity that incapacitates the suspect. Its use in Canada has led to considerable controversy following the deaths of four individuals who were tasered by police in separate incidents in 2007. 1380:

in Meager Mountain British Columbia, a site with a potential for 100–250 MW, which has recently (2010) begun to produce for the BC Hydro grid. In the case of consumer use, a hole similar to that used for a domestic water well is drilled in the ground near the residence in question. Water is pumped to the surface and passed through a heat exchanger where some of its heat is removed and transferred to a closed loop water system in the house. The cooler water is then returned to the ground. The water in the closed loop is circulated throughout the structure where it passes through radiators and heats the house.

860:, which offers a cash transfer service via cellphone. To use the service the subscriber first downloads special software called Zoompass, from Enstream to his or her phone. With this software, a Bell, Fido, PC Mobile, Rogers, Solo Mobile, or Telus subscriber can then withdraw up to $ 1000 daily from his bank account, or credit card account and transfer the amount to another subscriber who uses the same Zoompass software. Enstream plans to make the service increasingly flexible with the end goal of converting the cellphone into an electronic wallet or purse. In August 2010, Telus began offering the 1355:

Saskatchewan 3, Manitoba 2 and Nova Scotia 2. In 2008 Hydro-Québec announced the construction of 1000 windmills at 15 new sites located mostly in the St. Lawrence River Valley. By 2015, that utility expects that 10% of the province's electricity will be provided by wind power. In 2008, in British Columbia, BC Hydro has issued a Clean Power Call for proposals for environmentally friendly energy production and one company, Naikun Wind Energy, has responded with Canada's first plan to develop off-shore wind power by installing windmills at sea in the Hecate Strait off the north coast of B.C.

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Internet TV to their subscribers in the fall of 2009. Telus began to offer its rebranded Optik, IPTV service in June 2010. That same month, Quebecor began to offer the Illico Web service with 32 channels (24 in French) to its subscribers through its Videotron subsidiary. The company has stated that the new service will eventually become a "mirror" of its TV offerings. Bell began providing a rebranded IPTV service called Fibe, in September 2010. In 2010, Shaw Communications announced its intention to begin providing its customers with Internet TV. Halifax based

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announced an agreement with two Chinese partners, including the country's largest private shipping company, Minsheng International Freight Co....(that)...will create a new container-based rail system that will quickly move crops from the Canadian prairies into the Chinese market." Rail services will be provided by Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian National Railway. A new highway, the CentrePort Canada Way, is under construction to divert the heavy truck traffic associated with the new facility away from urban roads.

1765:). Both the hydraulic lift and the concrete pump/crane, are now commonly used for home construction. Furthermore, homes are built with the electronics necessary for Internet connection throughout the premises. Household systems, such as heating and cooling, lighting, communications, entertainment and even food storage and cooking are now all linked to each other through the web. In the kitchen the glass-topped stove has become popular. The living room has seen the introduction of the very large flat screen, digital 917:(SaaS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS). As of 2009, Toronto area companies appeared to be the leaders of cloud computing in Canada. An initiative based in Kitchener/Waterloo has brought together a group of computer service providers to create Canadian Cloud Computing, which has developed the Trusted Canadian Cloud. This cloud computing service, which uses facilities based exclusively in Canada, was first demonstrated at Canada 3.0 Digital Media Conference held in Stratford, Ontario in 2010. 1105:

card, from any station in the city (he/she must of course remember his code). The system, developed by 8D Technologies of Quebec also allows metre maids to check for parking violations by wirelessly interrogating a parking station with a hand-held device from his/her vehicle. The devise provides a digital map of all parking spaces near the station and marks those spaces with vehicles in violation with a red symbol. Other cities across Canada are installing similar machines.

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images sent from distant locations where the services of a radiologist are not available. The results are returned electronically to the remote locations and form the basis for patient treatment there. The Gattuso Rapid Diagnostic Centre at the Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, through the acquisition of new diagnostic equipment that can prepare tissue samples for pathological analysis within hours, began offering same day breast cancer diagnosis for patients in 2009.

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available to civilians in 1996. Industrial users such as transportation companies and resource companies began to make use of the technology for the tracking of vehicles and the location of field operations. Receivers for the consumer market, were also produced and made available in Canada and became popular with outdoorsmen and women. In 2004 a GPS feature became available on some mobile phones and stand-alone units for car navigation were available to Canadians by 2008.

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problem with illegible handwriting, thus improving patient safety. The system has been initially introduced in Sault Ste. Marie and Collingwood with plans for making it available province-wide by 2012. eHealth Ontario, announced in 2010, the signing of a C$ 46 million contract for the establishment of a diabetes registry, for the management of patients with this disease. The registry will eventually be expanded for the management of patients with other chronic diseases.

514:), was introduced to Canada in November 1999. However the technology never caught on, partly because of the chicken and egg phenomenon. When the technology was introduced, there were few listeners equipped with DAB receivers, and this, in turn, provided little incentive for broadcasters to convert their very successful AM and FM operations to DAB. DAB came to an end in Canada in 2010. However digital satellite radio has been successful. Two Toronto-based companies, 4781: 3626: 496:(VOD), a technology that allows digital cable subscribers to order and watch movies at a time of their choice, has been available to Canadians since 2002, the year that Rogers Communication Inc., began to offer its Rogers on Demand service. By 2009 the service was available to 3.5 million homes. Shaw Communications Inc., Canada's second-largest cable company offers a similar service. Rogers introduced personal video recorders (PVRs) to customers in 2003. 1705: 69: 28: 1214:(SAGD) and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS). More recently Cenovus Energy of Calgary has developed the "Solvent Aided Process" SAP for heavy oil recovery. This involved injecting butane or other organic solvent, along with steam into a horizontal chamber dug in the oil sands. The solvent and steam allow the oil to flow into another chamber below the first. It is then pumped to the surface from this chamber. 131: 1660:

this treatment is so painless that the use of a needle to inject a local anesthetic is usually unnecessary. Laser treatment results in little bleeding, a lower risk of infection and a quicker healing. Another innovation was the use of computer milled ceramic implants for repairing cavities. The use of a non-toxic chemical such as hydrogen peroxide or

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which is environmental. As of 2005, operations included the Suncor Mine, Syncrude Mine, Shell Canada Mine and others producing 760,000 barrels of oil a day. A large number of corporations from a number of countries plan to invest in the tar sands, including Suncor Energy, Syncrude, Shell/Chevron/Marathon, and Petro-Canada. Recovery techniques include

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basin in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the Bakken, in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the Antrim in Southern Ontario and the Utica in south east Quebec. The technique is not without problems for the fracturing can affect aquifers causing contamination and deviation. To date efforts at production in Canada have been limited to exploratory wells.

1957:(until recently classified secret), will use shore-based sea surface search radar, satellite-based (Radarsat 2) imagery and underwater listening devices to monitor sea surface and underwater traffic in the choke points of the Northwest Passage. The Canadian Forces have also acquired updated electronic equipment to conduct more advanced 541:, a voice-and-video-over-Internet technology became available to users around the world, including Canadians. The technique, which bypasses the traditional telephone network, allows people to use the Internet as a type of telephone and to both talk to and see each other during calls. It is used mainly for long-distance communication. 1127:

introduction of a number of electronic, wireless, computer and detection technologies to scrutinize cross-border traffic while at the same time limiting the disruption to the flow of people and goods. The use of these technologies is particularly important at the Windsor Detroit border crossing which is the busiest in the world.

317:(SAGE) component of the North American air defense system created in the fifties and sixties and which included a facility at RCAF North Bay, Ontario. However, it only became a publicly used service with the development of the Internet. A number of US providers now offer this worldwide service to Canadian users, including MSN 882:

subscriber calls the other person, the person called sees only the Tigits number on his digital display and not the real number of the person calling. When the other person calls the Tigits number of the Tigits subscriber the call is forwarded to the real number of the Tigits subscriber, thus protecting his/her anonymity.

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testify by video link or holographically from a remote location. Documents can be served on parties through social media. According to those involved with the project, barriers to its application in real courtroom settings are not technological but rather emotional, with judges and lawyers being resistant to change.

874:, a cellphone-based mobile social networking service, was introduced to Canada in 2010. The service allows cellphone users to download the Foursquare software to their mobile phones and use it to stay connected with friends and colleagues using the same software and to obtain information on their physical location. 1359:

with installations in Chatham-Kent and Essex-Haldimand counties in southwestern Ontario. It is foreseen that the wind turbines will generate up to 2,000 MW and the solar power facilities up to 500 MW. This will permit the closure of all of the coal-fired electric generating plants in Ontario by 2014.

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Established in 2002 in Burnaby, British Columbia, Lifebank Cryogenics Corporation provides, on a commercial basis, a client-based service for the processing and cryogenic storage of stem cells from the umbilical cords of new-born babies. The cells may be of help in the treatment of disease that might

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Since 2008, Real Time Radiology (based in Mississauga, Ontario) has provided interpretation of medical images to remote sites on a Canada-wide basis. Through use of the Internet and a highly automated computer process, a team of 50 radiologists working for the company across Canada interprets medical

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has become an important industrial process in Canada. The technique uses a computer to drive the 3D printing device. This machine builds 3D shaped objects through successive passes of a "printing head" which lays down layers of plastic or other material to progressively build a 3D physical object. As

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facilities for the production of heat and electricity. A number of landfill sites including those in Kanata, Petrolia, Watford and Napanee, Ontario and Sainte-Sophie, Drummondville and Magog in Quebec have been selected for the location of cogeneration facilities. In Ottawa the cogeneration facility

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Air navigation coverage has recently been improved through the deployment of Automated Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) technology in parts of northern Canada. First introduced in the Hudson Bay area in January 2009, the service will eventually be expanded to cover all of northern Canada. The

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and Dubai in 2009. By 2009, most major airports in Canada were equipped with stand alone self-service customer check-in kiosks, which provided the passenger with a boarding pass for his/her flight. This represented the further extension of the technique known as the e-ticket which became the standard

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Between 2006 and 2009, Air Canada "made over" the cabins of all its aircraft providing each passenger seat with a number of new technologies including, a Personal AVOD (with a 230 mm touch-screen LCD) offering 200 hours of video and audio entertainment, interactive games, a three-prong 120 V AC

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has been especially notable in establishing a very diverse and friendly on-line presence for the public. Initially, the basis for this service was a suite of technologies referred to as the Government Enterprise Network (GENet). In the fall of 2003, the government began to replace these with improved

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In the earlier parts of Canada's history, the state often played a crucial role in the diffusion of these technologies, in some cases through a monopoly enterprise, in others with a private "partner". In more recent times, the need for the role of the state has diminished in the presence of a larger

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made their way into routine dentistry by the middle of the first decade, offering faster treatments, less pain and more precise results. They are used to remove tartar, treat soft tissues such as gums and to prepare cavities for filling. Of particular interest in the latter instance is the fact that

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Techniques for the mass production of drugs were improved in the early part of the new century. In Ste. Foy, Quebec, the international drug maker GlaxoSmithKline established a manufacturing complex for the mass production of vaccines. As of 2009, the facility is capable of producing 14,000,000 doses

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A different type of public facility was introduced to the citizens of Toronto in 2010, when the city approved a contract for the installation of 20 self-cleaning public toilets. The first of their kind in Canada, each of the devices, which are placed throughout the city, resembles a bus shelter. The

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has grown in Canada in recent years although its overall importance as an energy source is still very small. The use of geothermal energy in Canada falls into two broad categories: commercial use to produce electricity and consumer use for home heating. In Canada, the former is limited to a facility

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lamp has been known for a century. In recent years, it has become a popular replacement for incandescent bulbs because of its low power consumption. RenewABILITY Energy of Waterloo has developed a technique for recovering heat from domestic waste water. Known as the Power-Pipe, it channels hot waste

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In 2008, the Government of Ontario announced plans for the construction of two new reactors at the existing Darlington nuclear power facility, but suspended the project in 2009. Competing designs included the ACR-1000 by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., the EPR by the French company Areva Group and the

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that would be used for research into machine learning, among other fields of study. Though the field is still in its infancy, experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits. Both practical and theoretical research continues,

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computer is in part due to the fact that it is ideally suited to take advantage of cloud computing. The technique allows the user to focus more on processing and storage than on equipment and software acquisition and maintenance. However, it also raises questions relating to privacy and security, in

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In 2008 the government of Canada, as part of an effort to increase competition in the mobile communications industry, gave a number of new companies including, Public Mobile Holdings Inc., Globalive Communications Inc. and DAVE Wireless Inc. approval to establish new wireless operations in Canada to

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since 2005. It provides aerial views of the Earth and is viewed by thousands of web users, many of which are Canadian, every day. Another Internet information service, the telephone directory Canada 411.ca, has become very popular since introduced in recent years. This has led to the delivery of the

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and presently has over 5,000,000 articles in English and a large number in other languages. Many articles have been contributed to both the English and French language versions of Knowledge by Canadians, and many of these relate to important aspects of Canadian life. There are thousands of Canadians

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The big Canadian banks, including the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto Dominion Bank, the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and the Bank of Nova Scotia made their customer accounts available on line as the web gained prominence. On-line investing has grown in popularity in the new century a number

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involves the manipulation of atoms and molecules to produce processes and products for human use. At present, the field is the subject of much research, but the use of these processes and products in Canada is not yet widespread. However the technology remains important because of its potential for

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will become an important technique in the screening of those wishing to enter Canada. It is planned that between 2011 and 2013 the Department of Immigration and Citizenship will begin to deploy digital face and fingerprint scanning systems at overseas Canadian Visa offices for the issuance of visas

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Analog technology has dominated the history of the communications system in Canada for almost 160 years. It formed the basis for the telegraph, beginning in the 1850s, the telephone in the 1880s, recorded sound, the 20th century, radio, the 1920s, computers and television, the 1950s and cable TV in

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were made in 2010. Early in the year two international consumer product manufacturers, Samsung and Sony began to market flat screen, digital, high definition, 3D television sets in Canada. The 3D effect is only available with the use of a pair of special glasses worn by the viewer. Each company has

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began to make inroads in Canada in 2009 with communications providers including, Bell TV, Telus, Rogers Communications and Quebecor (Videotron) investing in the Internet bandwidth necessary to provide their subscribers with TV programmes and movies. Bell TV and Rogers Communications Inc. introduced

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By 2006 Internet providers began making "mobile" Internet connections available to their customers with companies such as Bell Canada offering their "unplugged" service. This type of service uses the laptop computer and plug-in modem to allow mobile Internet connection in many places across Canada.

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In the latter part of the 20th century, there is evidence that Canadian values prefer public expenditures on social programmes at the expense of public spending on the maintenance and expansion of public technical infrastructure. This can be seen in the fact that in 2008 the Federation of Canadian

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The undesirable environmental effects of industrial processes and atmospheric pollution in particular, have become a topic of increasing public concern in the new millennium. Among the most notable polluters in Canada in 2006 were electric power generators: ATCO, Emera (Nova Scotia Power), Ontario

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In 2010, the Government of Ontario signed an agreement with Samsung and the Korea Electric Power Corporation to build and operate wind and solar electrical generating farms across southern Ontario. The C$ 5 to C$ 7 billion project is described as the largest of its type in the world and will begin

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to generate electricity from this renewable resource. One of the first modern windmills was built at Cap Chat in Quebec in the eighties, but most wind farms have been built since 2000. As of 2008, 10 megawatt wind farms in Canada were distributed as follows: Alberta 10, Quebec 5, Ontario 5, PEI 4,

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project in northern Alberta. This has seen the investment of up to $ 60 billion to develop and build gigantic tar sand mining, transportation, separation and refining facilities to produce oil from the gritty bitumen tar. The project is highly controversial for a number of reasons not the least of

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has been emphasized by recent developments in Winnipeg. "CentrePort Canada, an 8,000-hectare inland port being developed on the city's edge is a one-stop shop for air, truck and rail shipments and is designed to reroute North American trade through the middle of the country...CentrePort (recently)

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on the battlefield, as demonstrated in the War in Afghanistan, was highlighted in April 2010 by the formation of 21 Electronic Warfare Regiment at CFB Kingston. The unit, the first new regiment to be formed in the Canadian Army since WWII, is being equipped with the most modern electronic warfare

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electronic payment system to Canada. The system uses a card/tag/phone equipped with an embedded computer chip and radio frequency antennae which is tapped on a PayPass reader at participating grocery stores, convenience stores, fast food restaurants or gas stations. The card/tag/phone, wirelessly

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was the most fuel-efficient mid-sized car available in Canada. In 2008 Ford Canada began the operation of the Flex assembly line, using the Flex technique at its plant in Oakville, Ontario. This technology allows the production of three different automobile types, in this case, the Ford Edge, the

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began to offer its subscribers a full-time 3D Oasis pay-TV channel. The CBC also announced in August 2010 that it would broadcast the first Canadian produced 3D programme on 20 September 2010. It would be available to all viewers in Canada with an HD television set but the 3D effect would only be

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The University of Montreal has recently experimented with ways to improve the administration of justice by creating a digital courtroom in which mock trials are held using modern technology to speed the proceedings. The "courtroom" has facilities for filing documents electronically. Witnesses can

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began to offer motion seats for cinemas in 2008. These seats physically move in a way designed to enhance the movie-going experience. The movement is induced by a digital signal specially embedded in the film which activates pistons in the seat that produce the physical movement. Canadian cinemas

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is used to create a horizontal bore hole, through a formation. Water under high pressure is then pumped into the bore hole where it fractures the shale and allows the gas to escape the rock and seep up the bore hole. There are a number of shale gas fields in Canada including the Shallow Colorado

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The 11 September 2001 terrorist attack on the U.S. has resulted in increased security along the Canada-U.S. border. In 2004, Canada and the U.S. signed the Canada-U.S. Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Border Security designed to speed the

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has become an important feature of business and consumer life. After 23 years of military development, the U.S. military global positioning system became operational in 1995. Originally designed for the precise targeting of weapons and other military purposes, the U.S. government made the system

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In 2010, the City of Montreal began to deploy 800 wireless, networked, solar-powered, Linux based, electronic parking payment stations to replace up to 10,000 existing mechanical parking meters. Each parking space has a code and the motorist can pay the required parking rate, with cash or credit

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However, digital technology has slowly replaced analog technology in all these domains in the past 40 years. The transformation began with the telephone system, in the 1970s and microchips and microcomputers in the early 1980s. Indeed, it was the combination of the telephone system and computers

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The use of facial recognition technology (FRT) has grown in Canada in recent years. Nineteen of 27 Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation casinos, which receive 40,000,000 visitors a year, are using FRT to automatically identify 15,000 problem gamblers who have voluntarily placed themselves on a

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is becoming increasingly popular in Canada. The bandwidth represented by this use represents up to 40 time the bandwidth used by cellphones for voice calls, putting a tremendous load on existing cellphone networks and driving Rogers Communications Inc., Bell Canada and Telus to invest heavily in

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encompasses the country's development in the areas of transportation, communication, energy, materials, public works, public services (health care), domestic/consumer and defense technologies. That the 21st century has become the Internet Age is both literal and metaphorical. The technology that

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and other nutrients from waste water. Since 2007, these have been put to use at the Gold Bar Treatment Plant in Edmonton, the world's first industrial scale waste-water nutrient treatment facility. The recovered products are recycled and sold as environmentally safe commercial fertilizer. Other

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has become significant in recent years. At the present time, Canada's largest manufacturers of ethanol include GreenField Ethanol and Husky Energy, which produce 500 million litres and 260 million litres of ethanol a year respectively from corn and wheat. Other companies are also at work in the

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powered automobiles, studies the operation of a fleet of five Ford Focus FCV's (fuel cell vehicles), in "real world" conditions, in Vancouver and Victoria. The project is the initiative of a consortium made up of the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, Fuel Cells Canada, and Ford Motor

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Broadcasters also began to take steps to provide 3D programming to viewers equipped with these new 3D sets. The World Cup soccer championship played in South Africa was broadcast in 3D by the host broadcaster and the signal was offered in Canada by a number of TV providers. On 27 July 2010, the

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was introduced to Canadians in 2010. The device, known as the BAQ Tracker, works the same way as those used by police. The user blows into a tube on the small portable hand-held machine and a digital readout of his or her blood alcohol level instantly appears on a display. Developed by Ladybug

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The PharmaTrust prescription medication dispending machine was introduced to the Canadian public in 2008. The apparatus, which physically resembles and functions like an ATM or soft drink dispenser, allows a user to purchase and receive medically approved prescription drugs, without visiting a

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Medical technology in Ontario was improved in 2009 with the implementation of the government operated ePrescribing system a service that allows doctors to send prescriptions for patient pharmaceuticals directly to the pharmacist through a private computer network. This technique eliminates the

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across Canada in early 2011. Tigits provides a temporary anonymous telephone number for those who subscribe to the service. Developed by Toronto businessman, Sean Miller, Tigits allows the subscriber to protect his/her real number by giving the temporary Tigits number to others. When a Tigits

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has become available in Canada in recent years. For a fee, it is possible to order a number of specific tests including those for paternity, maternity, siblingship and ancestry. Companies offering this service include Genetrack Biolabs established in Vancouver, B.C. in 2003 and DNA Canada of

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The use of nanomaterials is not without controversy. As of February 2009, the Government of Canada requires all industries to report the use of nanomaterials in their products. In 2010 the government banned the use of manufactured nano-materials and nanotechnology in organic food production.

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supplies but the use of coal in recent years has been criticized for environmental reasons. To counter this criticism, coal and coal-fired electricity producers have formed the Canadian Clean Power Coalition. This organization promotes a number of projects which use a variety of "clean" coal

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as the totality of all rational methods in every field of human activity so that, for example, education, law, sports, propaganda, and the social sciences are all technologies in that sense. At the other end of the scale, common parlance limits the term's meaning to specific industrial arts.

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of Montreal, which makes ethanol from old telephone poles at a facility in Westbury, Quebec and Iogen of Ottawa, which makes cellulosic ethanol from wheat straw. Since 2007, the Government of Ontario has required that all gasoline sold in the province contains at least 5% ethanol. A federal

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The management of automobile traffic in large urban areas through the use of "smart" electronic traffic management systems has become popular in recent years. Such systems are now in place in Toronto (1993), Ottawa, Calgary and Halifax. The city of Montreal will take the first steps for the

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On 2 August 2010, a Toronto company, InteraXon, announced that it had developed technology to control machines by human thought. The technique involves the use of a headset to detect "alpha" and "beta" brain waves. The head set in turn produces a "control signal" that can be used to program

1462:. In 2008, Bombardier of Montreal announced the production of the new C Series of 100- to 130-seat passenger jets which will also make extensive use of composites. They will also be used extensively in the 7000 and 8000 series of long range business jets announced by that company in 2010. 1255:

AP1000 by the US based Westinghouse Electric Co. Llc.. The government of Saskatchewan is considering the construction of two nuclear reactors in Lloydminster and the government of New Brunswick is proposing the addition of another reactor at its Point Lepreau nuclear power facility.

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involves the use of information processing and data storage on computers that are located away from the site of the user and owner of the data. The user, a corporation or individual, communicates with the remote computer through the Internet. The growing popularity of the small

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has become an essential part of daily life and is found in most Canadian homes, businesses and government offices. In December 2006, there were 22,000,000 Internet users representing 65.9% of the population and 7,675,533 Internet broadband connections. In 1988, the first

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In recent years bio-waste has been used for the production of heat and electricity. Sanitary landfill sites are notable in this regard. Often, systems for the collection of methane gas are progressively installed as the sites are filled. This gas is then used at on site

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Power Generation, SaskPower and TransAlta, mining companies: HudBay Minerals, Teck Cominco, Vale Inco and Xstrata, oil and gas companies: Imperial Oil, Shell Canada, and Trans Canada, oil sands companies: Syncrude and Suncor and the manufacturing enterprise, SMC Canada.

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for patrolling the Northwest Passage. The ship will enter service in 2017. The government also announced the construction of a second international bridge between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan, to help relieve the pressure on the heavily overloaded, 80-year-old

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is the basis for a proposal by AP Fuels of Montreal to establish five biorefineries in Canada. The plan calls for the use of this technique to transform certain types of trees, notably popular and birch, into gas and then to liquid-biodiesel, which burns with reduced

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technologies known collectively as the Secure Channel Network (SCNet), which made available a wide range of services. For example, in recent years it has become possible for Canadians to file their yearly income tax returns using an Internet service provided by

1267:, which would conserve electricity. The project had been largely completed as of that date. In BC, BC Hydro announced in 2010 the replacement of existing hydro metres with digital smart meters for its 1.8 million residential and commercial customers, by 2012. 647:). It offers customers about 2,000,000 book titles in electronic form that can be viewed on an electronic reader. A variety of electronic books or readers have gained a place in Canada beginning with the introduction of the Sony Librie reader in 2004 and the 485:

programme in Canada in 2000 and began broadcasting HD full-time in 2004. HD channels have been continuously added since that date. In April 2009, Star Choice changed its name to Shaw Direct. By 2009 satellite-delivered Bell TV was delivering 45 HD channels.

1874:

transmits information about the customer to the reader which in turn electronically charges the appropriate sum to the customer's account. A similar concept using cell phones equipped with Near Field Communications (NFC) was introduced in 2009. Known as

786:

standard used by most carriers around the world. Videotron Telecom Ltee., one of the winners of the Canadian government wireless spectrum auction of 2008, announced that it would invest C$ 255 million to build a wireless network in Quebec, using the

1420:

gas from industrial processes into the ground for storage instead its release into the atmosphere. There are presently two underground sequestration facilities, one at Weyburn operated by Encana and the other at Midale operated by Apache Canada.

564:, audio, video, cellphone, VIOP and other telecommunications services into a single system. Cooke Aquaculture Inc. of Blacks Harbour New Brunswick uses just such a system, developed by Cisco Systems Canada Co. to manage its fish farm operations. 217:

Technology is a major cultural determinant, no less important in shaping human lives than philosophy, religion, social organization, or political systems. In the broadest sense, these forces are also aspects of technology. The French sociologist

1901:

In the 21st century, Canada's government has shown renewed interest in the acquisition of military technology, especially with its commitment to the war in Afghanistan. Equipment has been improved, including the CF-18 fighter with addition of

1476:

have been introduced to Canada in recent years. Over 600 kimberlite formations have been found throughout Canada. Open pit mining techniques have been used to produce diamonds from two of these, Ekati, beginning in 1998 and Diavik in 2003.

651:

in 2009. Kobo intends to introduce its own reader in 2010 with code based on an open source concept. In 2010 a number of Canadian libraries, including the Ottawa Public Library began offering books on loan via a downloadable Kindle format.

1878:, the technique is the result of cooperation between Visa, the Royal Bank of Canada and Rogers Communications. It is intended for fast, mobile, low-cost "micro-payment" transactions of items such as fast food, coffee, and subway tokens. 1606:, Vancouver/Whistler, 2009. In 2009, in northern Quebec, Hydro-Québec initiated construction of the C$ 6 billion Romaine River Complex, a series of four rock filled hydro generating dams that will be completed between 2014 and 2020. 979:, via its Canadian server at Netflix.ca in 2010. Canadian-owned movie delivery services were also introduced. Cineplex began to offer a movie download service and a streaming on-line Internet video service was introduced at Zip.ca. 456:

The Internet has been the target of cyberattacks over the years. One of the most notable attacks was made by 15-year-old hacker Michel Calce, alias "Mafiaboy", from the home of his parents in Montreal. Using a technique known as

367:, a social networking website, developed in the US in 2003 to enable workers to network for professional and career reasons. In recognition of the importance of the Canadian market, the company opened a Canadian office in 2010. 1084:

automobile to the Canadian market. Multinational car manufacturers have also announced their intentions to introduce the all-electric car to world markets including Canada. General Motors has announced the availability of its

313:, a very popular feature of the Internet, predated that technology by decades. E-mail type functionality was a feature of a computer sharing technology developed at MIT in the US in 1961. It was also part of the US-developed 1366:

to develop what will become the largest solar power farm in North America. The facility, under construction in a field near Sarnia, will begin to produce 60 megawatts of electricity for Ontario consumers by the end of 2008.

255:

Canadian web address, upei.ca, was assigned by John Demco of the University of British Columbia (UBC) to the University of Prince Edward Island. The one millionth .ca address, krauslaw.ca was assigned in 2008 by the

992:

its own proprietary viewing standard, so that the glasses of one company cannot be used to view the 3D television of another. DVD movies recorded in 3D provide what is, as yet, a limited source of programming.

1074:

have become available to Canadian consumers since the start of the 21st century and the rising cost of gasoline is making them increasingly attractive in spite of their generally higher cost. As of 2009, the

363:(2004), have become extremely popular in Canada. The popular Canadian-developed on-line dating service Lavalife went on line for the first time in 1997. In 2010, more than 2 million Canadians were members of 1179:

for the security checking of passengers boarding planes in Canada bound for the US. The scanners will be installed at the airports in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Halifax. The use of

1027:, CD, DVD and mobile communications, later in that decade, the Internet in the 1990s as well as land based and satellite TV and radio, wireless communications, etc. in the first decade of the new century. 927:, a Burnaby-based quantum computing company founded in 1999 where in May 2013 it was announced that a collaboration between NASA, Google and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) launched a 41: 2845: 1777:

TV technologies, which have undergone dramatic price reduction in the last few years and have replaced the cathode-ray TV in consumer appliance/electronic stores. Also popular with consumers is the

899:

Evidence that cloud computing had begun to take hold in Canada by 2009 is reflected in the organization of the first Canadian Cloud Computing Conference held on 9 February of that year, in Toronto.

2983: 1326:

technologies. These include the EPCOR Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant for the Genesse Power Station in Alberta. The IGCC plant gasifies coal and uses the clean gas to drive a

709:(CIS) in Vancouver, being involved in the field. The National Film Board of Canada began to digitize its extensive archives and later in 2008 will announce the availability of its films on-line. 503:

in 2005. A national government regulatory body, the Canadian Radio, Television and Telecommunications Commission, has stated that all over-the-air TV broadcasting will be digital by August 2011.

260:, formed in 1998, to Brent Kraus of Calgary for the promotion of his law firm. As of the end of 2010, Canadians, on a per-capita basis, were the most intensive users of Internet in the world. 853:

As the result of a CRTC decision, cellphone providers in Canada, as of 2010, were able to locate within a radius of 300 metres, the geographic position of a handset used for making a 911 call.

1834:

technology have been available in Canada since their introduction to the market in 1987, their popularity increased in 2009 partly as a result of marketing efforts by the maker of the 3D film

1263:

In 2006, the Government of Ontario instructed the provincial hydro utility to provide all of its customers with digital smart hydro meters by 2010 as a first step towards the creation of a

909:

that confidential data may be transmitted, processed and stored on facilities beyond the geographic reach of the owner of the data. Cloud computing providers offer three types of service,

210:" and nanotechnology. Most technologies diffused in Canada came from other places; only a small number actually originated in Canada. For more about those with a Canadian origin, see 1504:

which will be in operation in 2011 and will conduct research related to nano-engineered materials, nano-electronics design and fabrication, nano-instrumentation and nano-biosystems.

939:

and many national governments and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such as

1629:(2007) consumer health records software in 2009. Telus intends to use the software to allow its 11 million Canadian subscribers to access information relating to their health care. 1953:

project, approved in 2005 and slated to be fully operational by 2011, uses Radarsat 2 to provide military commanders with imagery of Canada's Arctic. Another surveillance project,

1865:

In 2008, the large Canadian banks, including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, began issuing

1286:

for domestic, commercial and industrial use and the federal government stated in 2007 that the sale of incandescent light bulbs would be phased out by 2012. The technology of the

47: 2088: 720:

in Toronto, making it the first Canadian cinema operating this new technology, which provides sharp images and uncompressed digital sound. It can also project 3-D features with

2655: 975:

The delivery of movies and television programmes through the Internet in Canada was also given a boost with the introduction a streaming video Internet service by the US based

4443: 1130:

In 2008, the Government of Canada announced the initiation of two important transportation projects. In the first instance the government stated that it will acquire, for the

1645:(around 35,000,000 people as of 2014), should that become necessary. Also in 2009, public preparations for a possible pandemic included the placement of containers of liquid 2441: 537:

system for its 310-2355 customer routing service in Ontario. Bell Canada users speak with the programme through "Emily", a young female-sounding artificial voice. In 2005,

3016: 2533: 1995: 372: 4716: 4453: 2997: 2010: 744:. As of 2010 video game publishers and developers in Canada were found in major cities across the country including: Vancouver 47, Toronto 33, Montreal 22, Ottawa 13. 2628: 4594: 141: 3781: 1500:, molecular scale devices and nano-sensors. As of 2010, a number of Canadian universities offer engineering degrees in nanotechnology. Of particular note is the 1030:

With the CRTC mandated end to analog television broadcasting in Canada in August 2011, the analog age in Canada will for all practical purposes come to an end.

2166: 1914:

tank and C-777 long-range gun, and in 2009 announced the acquisition of the Close Combat Vehicle. In 2003, the Forces took possession of their first tactical

1489:

great future influence. Some nano-products have made their way to the market in items such as cosmetics, and certain industrial products available in Canada.

279:

in 1990. Since then, search engines, which have been mostly developed in the US, have evolved and become more versatile and powerful. Notable engines include

2035: 2005: 1251:(LNG) port terminal facility of its kind in Canada, began operation in Saint John, New Brunswick in 2009. LNG is seen as a substitute for conventional gas. 4822: 3458: 1430:

at the Pickard (Sewage Treatment) Centre which has been in operation since 1998, provides all the heat and electrical energy needed to operate the centre.

4671: 3281: 1653:

pharmacy. Developed by PCA Services Inc. of Oakville, Ontario, one of the first has been installed in the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, in Toronto.

2548: 1309:

regulatory change in 2009 will require all oil refiners in Canada to provide an ethanol content of at least 5% in their gasoline by September 2010. The

3182: 1516:

The construction of skyscrapers has continued apace in recent years with Toronto and Calgary accounting for most of the new structures. These include:

1001:

available when the programme was viewed with special glasses which will be distributed free at Canada Post Offices across Canada before the programme.

575:

The traditional media began to develop an on-line presence in the new century. Newspapers including Canada's two English-language "national", dailies,

2688: 3301: 2113: 1671:

In 2002, two Vancouver doctors, dermatologist Alastair Carruthers and ophthalmologist Jean Carruthers, pioneered the cosmetic use of the well known

4448: 3129: 2753: 1587:

New hydro-electric projects have been completed as well including the 230-MW Rocher-de-Grand-Mère station, on Quebec's Saint-Maurice River (2004).

2456: 1023:

through a common digital link that permitted the latter machines to communicate with each other at distance. Further digital advances lead to the

544:

The proliferation of multiple communications technologies has itself created the need to combine them effectively, resulting in a new technology,

3527: 2290: 729:

equipped with the devices in 2010 include, the Cinéma Beloeil, in Beloeil, Quebec and the Cineplex Odeon Queensway Theatre in Etobicoke, Ontario

336:

The development of special software allowed the Internet to be used to make computer-to-computer phone calls. In August 2003, a service known as

2519: 152: 2481: 2221: 2195: 1954: 697:

has become a notable feature of the film production, with over 2300 Canadian companies, including, Side Effects Software, Toon Boom Animation,

17: 2154: 1565: 826:

compete with the three incumbents. Bell Mobility introduced a smartphone with the Google-developed Android operating system in 2009. In 2010

1937:

In 2009, the Canadian government announced a C$ 880 million upgrade, including new facilities, of the signal intelligence capability of the

3741: 3233: 1938: 814:

a small portable computer that takes advantage of 3G technology to provide access the Internet became popular in Canada beginning in 2009.

2932: 2604: 1150:

The field of transportation also saw the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec in 2007 talking of yet another study of a high speed train in the

390:

in 1995, which became popular enough in Canada to merit a separate Canadian site, Amazon.ca, beginning in 2002. The Internet auction site

3721: 2900: 2053: 1793:

which was introduced to Canadians in the eighties has for the most part replaced the film camera in recent years. The electronic book or

1675:. The pair noticed that subcutaneous injections of small amounts of the toxin had the effect of removing age wrinkles from the skin. The 2309: 659:

in Canada in 2010, digital media providers have begun to format their digital media offerings to make them compatible for iPad viewing.

2496: 2328: 2063: 3831: 3801: 3736: 3306: 3270: 3228: 3223: 1722: 148: 86: 2252: 3328: 878: 775:

handheld email and telephone machine and the introduction in 2008, by Rogers, of the "Rocket" wireless Internet stick for laptops.

526:

service in December 2005 and by 2008 had 750,000 and 400,000 subscribers respectively. In 1999, Telesat launched the first of four

257: 2239: 1116:. There are plans to expand the system to serve the downtown core as well as the western and eastern suburbs of the city by 2016. 1080:

Ford Flex and the Ford Lincoln MKX, on the same assembly line. In 2004 Mercedes-Benz introduced the diminutive and fuel-efficient

3677: 856:

In 2009, Canada's three cell phone companies, Rogers Communications Inc., Bell Canada and Telus created a jointly owned company,

2179: 1625:

Telus, one of Canada's largest telephone companies, announced an agreement with Microsoft of Canada for the use of the latter's

3345: 3175: 2422: 4827: 3060: 2093: 1910:

long-range transport aircraft and has begun to renew the fleet of Hercules transport aircraft. The army has acquired the new

1501: 1493: 1458:

Dreamliner with this new material. Orders for this new machine have been made by a number of major world airlines, including

1401: 2817: 724:. Cineplex plans to have 25 cinemas across Canada equipped with this new technology in the near future. A Montreal company, 3756: 3578: 3542: 3422: 3417: 3340: 3248: 1809:

wireless web surfing device became available to Canadians. Other such devices have been introduced in Canada including the

1532:, Toronto, 2005, West 1, Toronto, 2005, Harbourview Estates 2, Toronto, 2005, Residences of College Park 1, Toronto, 2006, 1985:

Municipalities estimated that it would take $ 123 billion to restore and repair aging urban infrastructure across Canada.

437:

who use the service every day in both English and French. Google Earth, a virtual globe, is an on-line feature offered by

398:

has been operated by eBay since 2002, and is widely used by Canadians to cover the financial aspect of eBay transactions.

4817: 4230: 3860: 3382: 3150: 928: 2968: 1175:

for purchasing an aircraft ticket several years earlier. In January 2010, the Government of Canada announced the use of

481:

service in 1997. As of 2008, they had 900,000 and 1.8 million subscribers respectively. Star Choice broadcast the first

4400: 3811: 1151: 506:

During this period, efforts to convert over-the-air AM and FM radio to digital technology failed. A technique known as

2721: 1906:

and there are plans to update the Aurora patrol aircraft. The air force has also taken possession of the gigantic new

4169: 3826: 3751: 3746: 3731: 3552: 3318: 3243: 3238: 3168: 2799: 1862:. Users must wear special glasses with a different coloured lens over each eye in order to experience the 3D effect. 1748: 605: 314: 188: 170: 112: 55: 1730: 1454:

have been especially notable in this regard and produced new large but relatively light aircraft such as the Boeing

94: 4812: 4752: 4706: 4370: 3806: 3776: 3610: 3595: 3497: 3323: 3276: 3213: 2000: 1270:

In Vancouver, the Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle Program, a pilot project, was introduced in 2005 to study the use of

401:

Most large Canadian corporations, including telephone and utility companies, now provide on-line customer billing.

4807: 4619: 3841: 3547: 3442: 3367: 1211: 716:, through Technicolor Digital Cinema has installed the Canadian made Christie CP2000 DLP Cinema projector in the 4193: 1715: 572:

Digital media were first introduced to Canada in the 1980s, when the CD and DVD became popular with consumers.

79: 1869:

credit cards with an embedded microchip for enhanced security. Also in 2008, MasterCard Canada introduced the

4267: 4070: 3821: 3352: 2120: 1610:

user pays 25 cents for twenty minutes of occupancy. The facility cleans itself automatically after each use.

1572:, 2011, the Four Seasons, Toronto, 2011, The Private Residences, Vancouver, 2011, the Burano, Toronto, 2011, 1569: 767:"Wireless" Internet communications have also been facilitated through the introduction of the widely popular 458: 340:

became available to Internet users around the world including Canada. It has since become extremely popular.

2360: 1446:

Efforts to save fuel have also led to efforts to reduce the weight of vehicles through the increased use of

740:, BioWare and Next Level Games are active in the technologies related to the development and manufacture of 4343: 4318: 4250: 3711: 3502: 3204: 2696: 2390: 2313: 2265: 2108: 2020: 420:

The Internet has also become an important source of information, marked by the popularity of such sites as

307:(2009). These Internet tools are available to web users from countries around the world, including Canada. 2950: 1641:

per month. The facility may be used for the production of a vaccine for the H1N1 flu virus for the entire

1438:

Ostara nutrient recovery projects are underway at Lulu Island (Vancouver), Penticton, B.C. and in the US.

4742: 4323: 4198: 4056: 3670: 3605: 3512: 3469: 3397: 2083: 1761:

Domestic construction has witnessed the introduction of improved building techniques and the smart home (

1310: 442:

residential paper telephone book, introduced to Canada in 1878, being cancelled in major cities in 2010.

2889:

Website, ENR.com, enr.ecnext.com., Hydro-Québec Launches Four-Dam Project on Romaine River, 17 June 2009

1143:. The $ 5 billion project will include connections from the Canadian ends of both bridges to the nearby 798:

wireless Internet technology became widely available to Canadians through national networks operated by

4686: 4640: 4478: 4333: 4257: 4158: 4142: 3846: 3816: 3786: 3767: 3629: 3362: 3335: 3291: 2125: 2073: 2068: 1549: 1521: 1135: 717: 507: 482: 3155: 3030: 1492:

Most of the activity in Canada is found in research. In 2001, the Canadian government established the

4584: 4536: 4502: 4240: 4075: 3972: 3897: 3372: 2341:

Avery, Simon, Cellphone cash transfer service set to launch, The Globe and Mail, 13 June 2009, p. B2.

2078: 1496:

in Edmonton. The Institute conducts nano-research in a number of fields including the life sciences,

1171: 1119: 706: 530:

direct broadcast satellites which provide the space-based satellite transmitters for these services.

3090:

Brine, LCdr O.J., Modernizing the backbone of the surface fleet, The Maple Leaf, 3 June 2009, p. 10.

2861: 2225: 461:" (DDoS), he paralyzed the websites of Yahoo, CNN, E*Trade, Dell, eBay and Amazon in February 2000. 4737: 4365: 4164: 4095: 4085: 4080: 4065: 3600: 3482: 3412: 2668:

Newsletter, Shale Gas Outlook Until 2020, ziff Energy Group – Global Energy Advisors, 8 April 2009

1283: 1059: 788: 643:

service known as Shortcovers. In late 2009, that electronic service was expanded and renamed Kobo (

288: 207: 2591: 1548:, Toronto, 2009, Success, Toronto, 2009, Montage, Toronto, 2009, the Ritz-Carlton, Toronto, 2010, 145:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

4328: 4294: 4181: 3796: 3704: 3447: 3199: 2098: 2045: 1915: 1726: 1497: 1112:, began operation in Ottawa in 2001 providing limited service in a north-south corridor, today's 604:

Television broadcasters got into the game, including the English-language national networks, the

511: 90: 759:

Geographic areas having access to a wireless local-area-network are often referred to as having

4732: 4676: 4664: 4654: 4559: 4529: 4380: 4350: 4338: 4299: 4235: 4176: 4132: 3663: 3537: 3492: 3427: 2030: 713: 609: 545: 2375: 4407: 4289: 4245: 4203: 4188: 3938: 3507: 1619: 1451: 1339: 1248: 1144: 914: 910: 803: 702: 557: 3145: 1433:

Ostara Nutrient Recovery Technologies Inc. of Vancouver has developed techniques to recover

752:

The use of mobile devices for accessing the Internet through a wireless local-area-network,

206:

dominates this period of time is wireless technology, cloud computing, HD/3D TV, mega oil, "

4512: 4495: 4485: 4427: 4422: 4149: 4119: 3912: 3567: 3557: 3357: 2103: 1927: 1907: 1847: 1642: 1561: 1529: 1131: 871: 478: 405: 376: 304: 268: 375:, BMO InvestorLine, E*Trade Canada (now Scotia iTrade), TD Waterhouse, Credential Direct, 8: 4599: 4517: 4473: 4412: 4225: 4105: 3962: 3572: 3522: 3487: 3477: 3402: 3113: 2509:

Canadian Press, Samsung to start selling 3D TVs in Canada later this month, 10 March 2010

2025: 2015: 1810: 1541: 1240: 1230: 1055: 960: 679: 492:, Canada's largest cable company, began to offer its Digital Television service in 2001. 445:

In 2010, the Government of Ontario announced its intention of beginning to offer on-line

211: 2567: 4614: 4490: 4417: 4355: 4262: 4216: 4137: 4100: 4024: 3562: 3517: 3432: 3407: 3392: 2677:

O'Meara, Dina, Canadport: Right place, wrong time, National Post, 27 June 2009, p. FP4.

2058: 1958: 1942: 1923: 1903: 1661: 1603: 1591: 1577: 1447: 1193: 1076: 1071: 1063: 965: 768: 590: 577: 534: 241: 1576:

North and South, Mississauga, 2011, the Marriott Courtyard Hotel, Montreal, 2012, the

1469:

of 2010, about 100, 3D printers were in use with manufacturing enterprises in Canada.

1321:

The technology of "clean" coal has also become important. Western Canada has abundant

4711: 4681: 4629: 4589: 4579: 4551: 4524: 4360: 4306: 4281: 4000: 3990: 3694: 3532: 3437: 3286: 3258: 3191: 1595: 1553: 1536:, Vancouver, 2008, the Hilton Fallsview Hotel Tower, Niagara Falls, 2008, Quantum 2 ( 1533: 1409: 1376: 1176: 1140: 997: 920: 549: 474: 446: 272: 264: 2918: 1930:. In July 2010, the Government of Canada announced the C$ 9 billion purchase of 65 1038:

Energy concerns have had a large impact on automobile manufacturers. Fuel efficient

597: 4747: 4624: 4574: 4569: 4153: 3882: 3836: 3452: 3312: 1599: 1167: 737: 632:, began to offer wireless Internet news services formatted for access by hand-held 617: 2998:"Program puts end to an agonizing wait: Hospital offers same-day cancer diagnosis" 2821: 453:

Internet gambling site established by the government of British Columbia in 2010.

379:, CIBC Investor's Edge, Disnat, ScotiaMcLeod, National Bank Direct Brokerage, and 4785: 4604: 4541: 4507: 4311: 4036: 4014: 4009: 2865: 1823:

music video game released in 2007 has enjoyed great success in Canada as has the

1786: 1762: 1672: 1665: 1525: 1159: 1043: 1039: 900: 835: 778:

In 2007 Canadian wireless carriers began to convert their DAVE! systems from the

733: 694: 625: 523: 493: 380: 2457:"Our casual use of facial analysis tools can lead to more sinister applications" 666:

of music from the Internet to computers and other storage devices including the

4659: 4609: 4031: 4019: 3985: 3791: 3296: 1919: 1831: 1790: 1646: 1573: 1557: 1485: 1473: 1086: 1024: 924: 817:

As of 2009, the downloading of applications and data (music, videos, etc.) via

690: 629: 410: 267:

became an integral part of use of the Internet. The first such programme, the "

1946:

technology and will practice both defensive and offensive electronic warfare.

1274:

as a power source for cars. The three-year undertaking, a first in Canada for

4801: 4773: 4127: 4041: 3892: 3643: 1962: 1950: 1802: 1683: 1537: 1334:. Both turbines are used to produce electricity. The process also captures CO 1331: 1113: 1067: 940: 799: 721: 674:

or from about 500 on-line sites in 40 countries. In Canada one site of note,

648: 582: 515: 359:(2005), with 14.5 million Canadian visits per month, and Vancouver-developed 296: 219: 1350:

Energy concerns have inspired the development of wind farms that use modern

4564: 3995: 3922: 2144:

magazine—Backbone: Business, Technology, Lifestyle, July/August 2008. p. 8.

1889: 1814: 1679:

procedure, as it became known, quickly gained popularity around the world.

1517: 1426: 1363: 1081: 1051: 818: 753: 698: 671: 640: 586: 489: 433: 428:. Knowledge, an on-line encyclopedia, was established in the US in 2001 by 425: 2803: 782:

standard which restricted the user to service within North America to the

589:

news magazine. The French-language press did the same including the daily

4090: 3902: 2629:"Winnipeg working to regain role as transportation 'gateway to the West'" 1855: 1819: 1798: 1626: 1465: 1327: 1282:

Concerns with energy efficiency have also led to the introduction of the

1163: 1094: 847: 843: 741: 663: 470: 450: 429: 322: 276: 1416:

effort, this $ 80 million undertaking involves the injection of waste CO

3726: 3218: 1926:, new Arctic patrol vessels for the navy and a new ice breaker for the 1545: 1459: 1434: 1264: 1181: 1047: 935: 772: 675: 553: 387: 300: 284: 2709: 2644:

The Future of Energy, Information Supplement, Macleans, 23 August 2010

394:, launched in 1995, gave rise to a Canadian spin-off eBay.ca in 2000. 4395: 3266: 1911: 1866: 1766: 1351: 1275: 1236: 1206: 831: 644: 519: 421: 3160: 1797:

has gained a place in Canada beginning with the introduction of the

1733:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 678:, has been offering a library of about 1.3 million popular songs in 97:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 4649: 3887: 2818:"Houston firm planning to harness the methane from dumps in Canada" 2442:"Canadian casinos, banks, police use facial-recognition technology" 2040: 1851: 1817:

and associated player have been marketed in Canada since 2009. The

1511: 1441: 1271: 1239:

are being explored as a new source of energy. A technique known as

1218: 1205:

In this century, the largest engineering undertaking by far is the

865: 861: 857: 670:, has become very popular in recent years. Music can be downloaded 364: 344: 326: 247: 1961:

to face the new cybernetic threat and conduct cybernetic warfare (

834:

available to Canadian consumers who can obtain these devices from

3943: 3907: 3877: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1839: 1581: 1362:

A private company, OptiSolar Farms Canada Inc., is using silicon

1300: 1109: 976: 905: 811: 613: 414: 356: 352: 348: 318: 2901:"Toronto's new automatic pay toilet is flush-tastic, but chilly" 2787:

What Are Canada's Industrial Polluters Doing to Reduce Emissions

3917: 3686: 2089:

List of infantry weapons and equipment of the Canadian military

1859: 1794: 1782: 1770: 1656: 1258: 1013: 827: 438: 395: 360: 310: 292: 1893:

Technologies of Cambridge, Ontario, it sells for about $ 300.

1781:

portable music player introduced to Canadians in 2001 and the

1093:, while Nissan has announced the Canadian introduction of the 477:

of Montreal began offering Canada-wide direct-to-home digital

343:

Other web sites including those for social networking such as

3948: 2224:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. Archived from 1969: 1931: 1676: 1455: 988: 932: 839: 807: 760: 725: 538: 527: 337: 330: 280: 2050:

Former tallest buildings in Canada by province and territory

1885:

oil became an additive in a number of foods sold in Canada.

3034: 2768: 2734:

Yakabuski, Konrad, The Globe and Mail, 18 June 2009, P. B1.

1996:

Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada

1806: 1778: 1330:. The process also produces steam, which is used to turn a 1322: 1090: 969: 779: 667: 656: 500: 464: 391: 351:(2003), with 4.5 million Canadian profiles as of 2008, and 347:(2004), which as of 2008 has 17 million Canadian profiles, 142:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3077:

Adam McDowell, Know Your Limit (to three decimal places),

3047: 2582:

dailywireless.org, Electronic Parking Meters, 5 March 2010

2011:

Canadian industrial research and development organizations

1291:

water through cold water waiting to be used and heats it.

987:

The first efforts towards providing Canadian viewers with

371:

of Canadian firms offer sites for this service including,

3655: 2789:, Canadian Business Magazine, 27 October 2008, pp. 55–73. 2350:

Telus advertisement, back cover, Macleans, 23 August 2010

2155:"Canadians spend more time online than any other country" 1843: 1824: 1774: 1383: 1305: 1287: 783: 683: 621: 561: 252: 2858: 616:/Global and the French-language networks, Radio Canada, 386:

Other businesses established a retail presence, notably

2439: 1568:, Toronto, 2011, The Uptown Residences, Toronto, 2011, 1408:

in Saskatchewan in 2000. Presently the world's largest

877:

Telus Canada began offering a telephone service called

795: 633: 624:(now V). In 2009, a number of news services, including 3151:

Canadian Science and Technology Historical Association

3140: 2876:

Website, Friends of the Earth Nanotechnology Project,

2802:. Petroleum Technology Research Centre. Archived from 2534:"Canadian company develops thought-control technology" 1941:

in Ottawa, to be completed by 2015. The importance of

1400:

gas into the atmosphere lead to the initiation of the

756:

in Canada has increased dramatically in recent years.

449:

to the residents of Ontario in 2012. It will join the

3103:, Lux Ex Umbra, 26 June 2010, luxexumbra.blogspot.com 2617:

Brochure, ADS-B Hudson Bay Implementation, Nav Canada

2277: 2167:"The not-so-private price paid for social networking" 2036:

Canadian university scientific research organizations

2006:

Canadian government scientific research organizations

1217:

Oil sands recovery techniques create huge amounts of

1147:. As of December 2010 construction had yet to start. 923:

in Canada is also gaining a foothold as evidenced by

2754:"Ontario signs green energy deal with Samsung team" 2549:"Un cerveau électronique pour gérer la circulation" 1694: 1338:from the gas combustion, which is in turn used for 2307: 3141:Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Science 2846:"3D Printers: Press the Button and Make Anything" 2423:"Google and NASA Launch Quantum Computing AI Lab" 2114:Timeline of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 639:In 2009, Indigo Books and Music began to offer a 4799: 3130:Bibliography of science and technology in Canada 2743:The Globe and Mail, Monday 8 June 2009, p. CCT1. 2288: 2169:, The Globe and Mail, 13 September 2008, p. A12. 1560:, Calgary, 2010, Festival Tower, Toronto, 2010, 1512:Architecture, public works and heavy engineering 1442:Materials and industrial processes – 3D printing 1108:A light-rail urban passenger train known as the 946: 499:The CBC began broadcasting digital over-the-air 2969:"eHealth Ontario and CGI sign $ 46.2M contract" 2898: 2605:"Ottawa to seek biometric data on all visitors" 2520:"CBC to test 3D broadcasting with doc on Queen" 2482:"Vidéotron subscribers can now watch TV online" 3058: 2722:"Ontario to require 5% ethanol in gas by 2007" 2689:"Smart Metres Nip Illegal Practice in the Bud" 2268:, The Globe and Mail, 25 October 2008, p. D 14 1004: 894: 355:(2006). Video and photo sharing sites such as 203:technological and industrial history of Canada 18:Technological and industrial history of Canada 3671: 3176: 3014: 2391:"Toronto is Canada's Cloud Computing Capital" 2291:"Media titans set to clash over smart phones" 747: 2984:"Brainchild puts medical talent on the 'Net" 2820:. Toronto Star. 28 June 2007. Archived from 2653: 2326: 1939:Communications Security Establishment Canada 1259:Renewable energy and sustainability concerns 1089:in Canada in 2011 as has Mitsubishi for its 1014:Communications: analog to digital technology 533:In 2003, Bell Canada introduced an improved 4823:History of science and technology in Canada 2933:"Telus, Microsoft hook up on health system" 2602: 2497:"Cineplex to unveil movie download service" 2193: 2054:History of the petroleum industry in Canada 1888:The personal blood level alcohol tester or 955: 56:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3742:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 3678: 3664: 3183: 3169: 2546: 2494: 2479: 2440:Anita Elash; Anvivian Luk (26 July 2011). 2388: 2329:"Quebecor Media Bets Big on Mobile Phones" 2064:List of aircraft of the Canadian Air Force 1590:New bridges and roads of note include the 1299:The use of clean-burning biofuels such as 1170:, began regular service between Toronto's 822:expanding the capacity of their networks. 689:The film industry has also moved to adopt 567: 2710:The Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle Programme 2656:"Shell opens plant to clean up oil sands" 2640: 2638: 2414: 2361:"Tigits aims to make phone numbers safer" 1934:fighters for delivery beginning in 2016. 1785:which was made available to Canadians by 1749:Learn how and when to remove this message 189:Learn how and when to remove this message 171:Learn how and when to remove this message 113:Learn how and when to remove this message 2454: 2373: 1687:Kingston, Ontario, established in 2005. 1618:In 2001, the Federal government created 1162:. The largest airplane in the world the 693:technology. The technology of cinematic 465:Digital communication / HD TV (Delivery) 258:Canadian Internet Registration Authority 4214: 2843: 2686: 2654:VanderKlippe, Nathan (26 August 2010). 2592:Foreign Affairs and International Trade 1896: 1668:has become popular in the new century. 1345: 522:introduced direct-to-home/car, digital 230: 4800: 4638: 2951:"Ontario to test e-prescribing system" 2635: 2626: 2495:Krashinsky, Susan (18 November 2010). 1200: 4444:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 3659: 3190: 3164: 2981: 2766: 2565: 2547:Benessaieh, Karim (20 January 2011). 2253:"Ontario bets big on online gambling" 2094:List of reservoirs and dams in Canada 1502:Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology 1494:National Institute for Nanotechnology 473:) of Calgary, Alberta, and Expressvu 3528:Northwest Territories capital cities 2420: 2374:Hamilton, Graeme (4 December 2010). 1827:video game released that same year. 1698: 1370: 1294: 1185:to those intending to visit Canada. 124: 62: 21: 4717:Topics by provinces and territories 3059:Kritsonis, Ted (24 November 2009). 3033:. February 16, 2004. Archived from 2859:Diamond Mining in Canada – Overview 2407:Website, Canadian Cloud Computing, 2308:Mazurkewich, Karen (29 July 2010). 2238:Krashinsky, Susan. Globe and Mail, 2181:LinkedIn set to open shop in Canada 1566:Trump International Hotel and Tower 1396:Efforts to reduce the release of CO 929:Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab 13: 3123: 3061:"Will consumers use a Visa phone?" 2844:Norbury, Keith (8 November 2010). 2480:Krashinsky, Susan (16 June 2010). 2157:, Globe and Mail, 28 December 2010 14: 4839: 3134: 3019:. The Globe and Mail. p. B8. 3004:. The Globe and Mail. 7 May 2009. 2939:. The Globe and Mail. 7 May 2009. 2756:. National Post. 21 January 2010. 2607:. The Globe and Mail. p. 10. 2566:Coyne, Andrew (17 January 2011), 2522:. Globe and Mail. 11 August 2010. 2331:. The Globe and Mail. p. B5. 1830:Although 3D video games based on 1480: 1158:plug for laptops, a USB port and 1033: 885: 606:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 315:Semi Automatic Ground Environment 37:This article has multiple issues. 4780: 4779: 4767: 3637: 3625: 3624: 3017:"A prescription for convenience" 2971:. Financial Post. 9 August 2010. 2687:Simpson, Scott (8 August 2010). 2536:. Globe and Mail. 2 August 2010. 2455:Monteiro, Stephen (2021-12-19). 2327:Avery, Simon (23 October 2008). 2312:. Financial Post. Archived from 2289:Robertson, Grant (11 May 2009). 2194:Rob Carrick (October 25, 2008). 2001:Science and technology in Canada 1703: 1695:Domestic and consumer technology 1556:North and South, Toronto, 2010, 686:format for download since 2003. 636:devices such as the Blackberry. 129: 67: 26: 3802:Former colonies and territories 3307:Former colonies and territories 3114:"Canadian Armed Forces website" 3106: 3099:Website (blog), Bill Robinson, 3093: 3084: 3071: 3052: 3048:Lifebank Cryogenics Corporation 3041: 3023: 3008: 2990: 2975: 2961: 2943: 2925: 2911: 2899:Potkins, Meghan (19 May 2010). 2892: 2883: 2870: 2852: 2837: 2828: 2810: 2792: 2779: 2760: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2714: 2703: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2647: 2620: 2611: 2596: 2585: 2576: 2559: 2540: 2526: 2512: 2503: 2488: 2473: 2448: 2433: 2401: 2382: 2367: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2320: 2301: 2282: 2278:Bell Canada Enterprises website 2271: 1342:or is sequestered underground. 1212:steam-assisted gravity drainage 585:went on line as did the weekly 45:or discuss these issues on the 3737:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 3146:Canadian Encyclopedia: Science 3015:Perkins, Tara (23 June 2009). 2982:Brent, Paul (23 August 2010). 2421:Choi, Charles (May 16, 2013). 2258: 2245: 2240:"Hanging up on the phone book" 2232: 2214: 2187: 2172: 2160: 2147: 2138: 1152:Quebec City – Windsor Corridor 1: 3031:"DNA Canada - [home]" 2389:Lewis, Rob (17 August 2009). 2178:Tavia Grant, Globe and Mail, 2132: 2121:Scientific research in Canada 1570:Eighth Avenue Place (Calgary) 1120:Global positioning technology 947:Facial recognition technology 791:, (HSPA) technical standard. 705:, (Toronto), Intrigue FX and 459:distributed denial-of-service 4828:Industrial history of Canada 3282:Crown and Indigenous peoples 2878:Canada bans nano in organics 2800:"Weyburn-Midale CO2 Project" 2627:Agrell, Siri (22 May 2011). 2603:Curry, Bill (10 June 2009). 2109:Digital television in Canada 2021:Canadian Mining Hall of Fame 1224: 7: 3782:Crown and Indigenous people 2409:So much for Our Low Profile 2084:List of Canadian Navy ships 1988: 1975: 1729:the claims made and adding 1613: 1166:, in this case operated by 1005:Thought-controlled machines 895:Cloud and quantum computing 235: 93:the claims made and adding 10: 4844: 4818:21st century in technology 4672:Provincial and territorial 4595:Inventions and discoveries 3732:British Canada (1763–1867) 3685: 3127: 2126:Economic history of Canada 2074:List of airports in Canada 2069:List of airlines of Canada 1838:. Popular formats include 1649:for use in public places. 1602:, Vancouver, 2009 and the 1522:TransCanada Tower, Calgary 1228: 1136:CCG Polar Class icebreaker 748:Wireless (mobile) Internet 508:Digital Audio Broadcasting 483:high-definition television 239: 15: 4761: 4725: 4699: 4550: 4466: 4436: 4388: 4379: 4280: 4118: 4054: 3970: 3961: 3931: 3898:Newfoundland and Labrador 3870: 3859: 3765: 3702: 3693: 3619: 3588: 3468: 3418:Newfoundland and Labrador 3381: 3257: 3198: 2769:"Clean energy think tank" 2572:, vol. 124, Macleans 2079:List of bridges in Canada 1813:(available in 2011). The 1544:West, Toronto, 2009, the 1520:West, Calgary, 2000, the 1235:Geological formations of 1172:Lester B. Pearson Airport 707:Rainmaker Digital Effects 3101:21 EW Regiment stands up 2310:"The big app transition" 1284:compact fluorescent lamp 1219:contaminated waste water 1060:Toyota Highlander Hybrid 982: 956:Internet television IPTV 789:High Speed Packet Access 655:With the release of the 548:. This technique blends 263:During this period, the 4813:21st century in science 3832:Persons of significance 3827:National Historic Sites 3271:Persons of significance 3002:www.theglobeandmail.com 2937:www.theglobeandmail.com 2919:"Canada Health Infoway" 2834:website, www.ostara.com 2411:, www.canadiancloud.com 2363:. CBC. 21 January 2011. 2099:Nuclear power in Canada 2046:Energy policy of Canada 1916:unmanned aerial vehicle 1801:reader in 2004 and the 1594:, Vancouver, 2009, the 1498:supramolecular assembly 1311:Fischer–Tropsch process 1134:, a new $ 700 million, 568:Digital media (content) 512:Countries using DAB/DMB 4808:21st century in Canada 3727:New France (1534–1763) 3302:Events of significance 2266:"Hacking and Cracking" 2196:"Qtrade retains crown" 2031:Canadian space program 1598:, Vancouver, 2009 the 1540:), Toronto, 2008, the 1452:Aircraft manufacturers 1192:The importance of the 714:Cineplex Entertainment 610:CTV Television Network 546:unified communications 151:by rewriting it in an 3939:Northwest Territories 3842:Territorial evolution 3423:Northwest Territories 3368:Territorial evolution 2986:. The Globe and Mail. 2848:. The Globe and Mail. 2806:on February 17, 2007. 2658:. The Globe and Mail. 2631:. The Globe and Mail. 2427:MIT Technology Review 2297:. The Globe and Mail. 1805:in 2009. In 2010 the 1620:Canada Health Infoway 1340:enhanced oil recovery 1249:liquified natural gas 1145:Highway 401 (Ontario) 996:satellite-delivered 968:is also investing in 915:software-as-a-service 911:platform-as-a-service 703:Intelligent Creatures 558:short message service 3913:Prince Edward Island 3443:Prince Edward Island 3156:Innovation in Canada 2767:Institute, Pembina. 2376:"Digitizing the Law" 2104:Television in Canada 1928:Canadian Coast Guard 1922:ASW helicopter, the 1908:C-17 Globemaster III 1897:Defence and security 1643:population of Canada 1562:The Bow (skyscraper) 1530:One King Street West 1384:Waste management, CO 1346:Wind and solar power 1247:Canaport, the first 1132:Canadian Coast Guard 560:, web-conferencing, 479:satellite television 406:Government of Canada 377:RBC Direct Investing 271:", was developed by 269:Archie search engine 231:Fields of technology 4268:Firearms regulation 3358:Population history 3329:Chinese immigration 2785:McClearn, Matthew, 2699:on 1 February 2016. 2295:theglobeandmail.com 2026:Canadian scientists 2016:Canadian inventions 1881:Beginning in 2006, 1811:BlackBerry PlayBook 1542:Bay Adelaide Centre 1528:, Vancouver, 2001, 1241:horizontal drilling 1231:Shale gas in Canada 1201:Energy and mega oil 1056:Toyota Camry Hybrid 961:Internet television 680:Windows Media Audio 212:Invention in Canada 4449:Population centres 2864:1998-12-07 at the 2200:The Globe and Mail 2153:Michael Oliveira, 2059:Internet in Canada 1959:electronic warfare 1943:electronic warfare 1924:Chinook helicopter 1904:laser-guided bombs 1714:possibly contains 1691:affect the donor. 1662:carbamide peroxide 1604:Sea to Sky Highway 1592:Golden Ears Bridge 1578:Shangri-La Toronto 1472:The techniques of 1448:composite material 1194:shipping container 1077:Ford Fusion Hybrid 1072:Honda Civic Hybrid 1064:Ford Escape Hybrid 769:Research In Motion 732:Companies such as 718:Scotiabank Theatre 595:and the bi-weekly 578:The Globe and Mail 535:speech recognition 242:Internet in Canada 153:encyclopedic style 140:is written like a 78:possibly contains 4795: 4794: 4774:Canada portal 4695: 4694: 4462: 4461: 4276: 4275: 4231:Political parties 4199:Foreign relations 4114: 4113: 4001:Canadian Prairies 3991:Pacific Northwest 3957: 3956: 3855: 3854: 3812:Foreign relations 3653: 3652: 3644:Canada portal 3214:18000 BCE–1500 CE 3192:History of Canada 3081:, 4 December 2010 2880:, nano.foe.org.au 2824:on June 30, 2007. 2773:Pembina Institute 2499:. Globe and Mail. 2484:. Globe and Mail. 2444:. Globe and Mail. 2316:on July 30, 2010. 2228:on June 10, 2008. 1759: 1758: 1751: 1716:original research 1596:Middle Arm Bridge 1584:, Toronto, 2012. 1564:, Calgary, 2011, 1554:Maple Leaf Square 1552:, Calgary, 2010, 1534:Living Shangri-La 1402:Weyburn-Midale CO 1377:geothermal energy 1371:Geothermal energy 1304:field, including 1295:Biofuels and coal 1177:full body scanner 1141:Ambassador Bridge 998:Bell Satellite TV 921:Quantum computing 810:. The use of the 550:instant messaging 475:Bell Satellite TV 447:Internet gambling 273:McGill University 265:web search engine 199: 198: 191: 181: 180: 173: 123: 122: 115: 80:original research 60: 4835: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4636: 4635: 4479:Higher education 4386: 4385: 4371:Science and tech 4258:Multiculturalism 4212: 4211: 4194:Local government 4159:House of Commons 4143:Governor General 3979: 3968: 3967: 3883:British Columbia 3868: 3867: 3722:Pre-colonization 3700: 3699: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3628: 3627: 3579:Name etymologies 3459:Name etymologies 3398:British Columbia 3313:Heritage Minutes 3185: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2695:. 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Tech Vibes. 2396: 2395:techvibes.com 2392: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2242:, 6 June 2010 2241: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1963:cyber-warfare 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951:Polar Epsilon 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789:in 2008. The 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1750: 1742: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1712:This section 1710: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1684:DNA profiling 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:Minto Midtown 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1415: 1414:sequestration 1407: 1394: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1333: 1332:steam turbine 1329: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1114:Trillium Line 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1068:Honda Insight 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1011: 1002: 999: 993: 990: 980: 978: 973: 971: 967: 962: 953: 944: 942: 941:cryptanalysis 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 916: 912: 907: 902: 892: 883: 880: 875: 873: 869: 867: 863: 859: 854: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 823: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Bell Mobility 797: 792: 790: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 764: 762: 757: 755: 745: 743: 739: 735: 730: 727: 723: 722:Real D Cinema 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 653: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 599: 594: 593: 588: 584: 583:National Post 580: 579: 573: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516:Sirius Canada 513: 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469:Star Choice ( 462: 460: 454: 452: 448: 443: 440: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 407: 402: 399: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 298: 297:Yahoo! 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Mail 277:Alan Emtage 4802:Categories 4743:Historians 4600:Literature 4513:Corruption 4496:Euthanasia 4486:Healthcare 4428:Population 4150:Parliament 4120:Government 3757:since 1982 3606:Historians 3543:Saint John 3508:Lethbridge 3341:Operations 2466:2021-12-20 2133:References 1723:improve it 1546:RBC Centre 1460:Air Canada 1435:phosphorus 1265:Smart Grid 1182:biometrics 1048:Saturn Vue 936:D-Wave Two 872:Foursquare 819:smartphone 773:BlackBerry 676:Puretracks 612:(CTV) and 554:voice mail 552:, e-mail, 388:Amazon.com 301:MSN Search 285:Alta Vista 87:improve it 42:improve it 4518:Terrorism 4474:Education 4413:Languages 4401:Ethnicity 4396:Canadians 4344:Petroleum 4324:Companies 4226:Elections 4106:Volcanism 4081:Mountains 3963:Geography 3871:Provinces 3861:Provinces 3792:Etymology 3752:1960–1981 3747:1945–1960 3705:Year list 3568:Vancouver 3558:Saskatoon 3383:Provinces 3297:Etymology 3267:Canadians 3244:1960–1981 3239:1945–1960 3234:1914–1945 3229:1867–1914 3224:1763–1867 3219:1534–1763 3200:Year list 2553:La Presse 2461:Tech Mall 1912:Leopard 2 1767:plasma TV 1727:verifying 1352:windmills 1279:Company. 1276:fuel cell 1237:shale gas 1225:Shale gas 1207:tar sands 1097:in 2012. 832:Nexus One 830:made its 794:In 2009, 763:service. 645:Kobo Inc. 592:La Presse 587:Maclean's 520:XM Canada 422:Knowledge 413:known as 333:in 2004. 325:in 1997, 321:in 1996, 208:greentech 91:verifying 48:talk page 4786:Category 4726:Research 4700:Contents 4682:Heraldic 4590:Identity 4585:Holidays 4580:Folklore 4491:Abortion 4418:Religion 4356:Taxation 4263:Cannabis 4241:Intersex 4217:Politics 4189:Military 4101:Wildlife 3888:Manitoba 3817:Military 3787:Economic 3712:timeline 3630:Category 3589:Research 3573:Winnipeg 3523:Montreal 3503:Hamilton 3488:Edmonton 3478:Brampton 3403:Manitoba 3336:Military 3292:Economic 3287:Cultural 3205:Timeline 2862:Archived 2041:CP Ships 1989:See also 1976:End note 1852:Xbox 360 1614:Medicine 1524:, 2001, 1318:output. 1272:hydrogen 966:EastLink 913:(PaaS), 866:iPhone 4 862:FaceTime 581:and the 365:LinkedIn 345:Facebook 327:AOL Mail 299:(2004), 295:(1998), 291:(1995), 289:Magellan 287:(1995), 283:(1994), 275:student 248:Internet 236:Internet 222:defined 4753:Surveys 4748:Studies 4712:Outline 4687:Tartans 4641:Symbols 4630:Theatre 4575:Cuisine 4552:Culture 4525:Poverty 4467:Society 4361:Tourism 4334:Fishing 4307:Banking 4282:Economy 4138:Monarch 4076:Islands 3973:Regions 3944:Nunavut 3908:Ontario 3878:Alberta 3695:History 3611:Surveys 3563:Toronto 3518:Moncton 3513:Markham 3498:Halifax 3433:Nunavut 3408:Ontario 3393:Alberta 1883:omega-3 1876:payWave 1871:PayPass 1850:, Wii, 1840:Windows 1721:Please 1582:L Tower 1406:Project 1306:Enerkem 1301:ethanol 1110:O-Train 977:Netflix 906:netbook 812:Netbook 614:Canwest 608:(CBC), 415:NETFILE 357:YouTube 353:Twitter 349:MySpace 319:Hotmail 147:Please 85:Please 4650:Anthem 4625:Sports 4570:Cinema 4542:Values 4389:Topics 4329:Energy 4312:Dollar 4177:Courts 4154:Senate 4096:Rivers 4066:Cities 4057:Topics 3918:Quebec 3837:Racism 3768:Topics 3687:Canada 3548:Regina 3533:Ottawa 3470:Cities 3438:Quebec 3363:Sports 3259:Topics 2955:ctv.ca 2724:. CBC. 1860:iPhone 1854:(3D), 1846:(3D), 1842:(3D), 1836:Avatar 1803:Kindle 1795:E-book 1783:iPhone 1771:LCD TV 1657:Lasers 879:Tigits 828:Google 806:, and 804:Rogers 649:Kindle 439:Google 396:PayPal 361:Flickr 311:E-mail 293:Google 4707:Index 4677:Royal 4610:Media 4605:Music 4508:Crime 4437:Lists 3949:Yukon 3847:Women 3453:Yukon 3373:Women 1970:Taser 1932:F-35A 1677:Botox 1456:B-787 989:3D TV 983:3D TV 933:qubit 840:Telus 808:Telus 761:Wi-Fi 726:D-Box 539:Skype 528:Nimiq 338:Skype 331:Gmail 281:Lycos 4665:List 4660:Flag 4246:LGBT 4170:list 2208:2015 1968:The 1949:The 1867:Visa 1858:and 1807:iPad 1779:iPod 1773:and 1664:for 1323:coal 1091:MiEV 1070:and 970:IPTV 846:and 844:Bell 780:CDMA 682:and 668:iPod 662:The 657:iPad 628:and 620:and 518:and 501:HDTV 432:and 424:and 404:The 392:eBay 305:Bing 246:The 201:The 4565:Art 4339:Oil 4128:Law 3269:- ( 1965:). 1848:PSP 1844:PS3 1825:Wii 1775:LED 1725:by 1288:LED 784:GSM 684:MP3 622:TQS 562:fax 253:.ca 89:by 4804:: 3063:. 3000:. 2953:. 2935:. 2903:. 2771:. 2691:. 2637:^ 2551:. 2459:. 2425:. 2393:. 2293:. 2198:. 1856:DS 1769:, 1450:. 1410:CO 1314:CO 1154:. 1066:, 1062:, 1058:, 1054:, 1050:, 1046:, 972:. 943:. 850:. 842:, 838:, 802:, 796:3G 771:, 736:, 634:3G 556:, 417:. 383:. 214:. 51:. 4161:) 4152:( 3714:) 3709:( 3679:e 3672:t 3665:v 3581:) 3577:( 3461:) 3457:( 3273:) 3207:) 3203:( 3184:e 3177:t 3170:v 3116:. 3067:. 2921:. 2907:. 2775:. 2555:. 2469:. 2429:. 2210:. 1752:) 1746:( 1741:) 1737:( 1719:. 1418:2 1412:2 1404:2 1398:2 1386:2 1336:2 1316:2 457:" 192:) 186:( 174:) 168:( 163:) 159:( 155:. 116:) 110:( 105:) 101:( 83:. 58:) 54:(

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