248:, when technical documents became a necessity for military purposes. The job title emerged in the US during World War II, Although it was not until 1951 that the first "Help Wanted: Technical Writer" ad was published. In fact, the title "Technical Writer" was not added to the US Bureau of Labor Statistic's Occupational Employment Handbook until 2010. During the 1940s and 50s, technical communicators and writers were hired to produce documentation for the military, often including detailed instructions on new weaponry. Other technical communicators and writers were involved in developing documentation for new technologies that were developed around this time. According to O'Hara:
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independently to research their assignments. Regular one-on-one meetings with
Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and internal research references (e.g., mechanical drawings, specifications, BOMs, datasheets, etc.) provide the technical writer with the necessary checks to ensure a document's accuracy. Once the accuracy of a document has been reviewed and approved by the assigned SME, technical writers rely on their writing team to provide peer reviews. The peer review focuses exclusively on content format, style, and grammar standardization. The goal of the team's peer reviews are to ensure an organization's
266:
manuals, quick reference guides, hardware installation manuals, and cheat sheets." After the war (1953–1961), technical communicators (including technical writers) became interested in "professionalizing" their field. According to Malone, technical communicators/writers did so by creating professional organizations, cultivating a "specialized body of knowledge" for the profession, imposing ethical standards on technical communicators, initiating a conversation about certifying practitioners in the field, and working to accredit education programs in the field.
737:
organizations have decided to maintain the option for employees to work remotely. In the particular case of professional technical writers, this change forces an alternative approach to communication with subject matter experts, colleagues, and project managers who are directly involved in the technical communication process. Employees who work remotely typically rely on virtual, at times asynchronous, communication with collaborators, and spend working hours either at home or in an isolated office.
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will continue to expand. Many technical writers are responsible for creating technical documentation for mobile applications or help documentation built within mobile or web applications. They may be responsible for creating content that will only be viewed on a hand-held device; much of their work will never be published in a printed booklet like technical documentation of the past.
728:
that the majority of respondents worked in technology and IT. Prevalence of various industries in technical writing is correlated to geographic location, and the industries that are most common in certain regions of the world. A study of technical communication careers in Europe showed that the majority of technical communicators work in IT.
736:
In the wake of the stay-at-home suggestions from the World Health
Organization in March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, employees around the world experienced a shift in work environment from in-person to remote and/or virtual. As of 2023, after social distancing policies have been loosened, many
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Strategies that “help the receiver decode the message, to understand it quickly and completely, and, when necessary, to react without ambivalence.” When considering clarity the technical writer strives to reduce visual noise, such as low contrast ratios, overly complex charts or graphs, and illegible
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It is now an expectation that technical communication skills should be coupled with UX design. As
Verhulsdonck, Howard, and Tham state “...it is not enough to write good content. According to industry expectations, next to writing good content, it is now also crucial to design good experiences around
196:
is sometimes defined as simplifying the complex. Inherent in such a concise and deceptively simple definition is a whole range of skills and characteristics that address nearly every field of human endeavor at some level. A significant subset of the broader field of technical communication, technical
165:
is a professional communicator whose task is to convey complex information in simple terms to an audience of the general public or a very select group of readers. Technical writers research and create information through a variety of delivery media (electronic, printed, audio-visual, and even touch).
682:
Well-written technical documents usually follow formal standards or guidelines. Technical documentation comes in many styles and formats, depending on the medium and subject area. Printed and online documentation may differ in various ways, but still adhere to largely identical guidelines for prose,
569:
The order and organization of visual elements so that readers can see their structure—how they cohere in groups, how they differ from one another, how they create layers and hierarchies. When considering arrangement technical writers look at how to use headings, lists, charts, and images to increase
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Context is the physical and temporal circumstances in which readers use communication—for example: at their office desks, in a manufacturing plant, during the slow summer months, or in the middle of a company crisis. Understanding the context of a situation tells the technical writer how readers use
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A technical writer analyzes the purpose (or function) of a communication to understand what a document must accomplish. Determining if a communication aims to persuade readers to “think or act a certain way, enable them to perform a task, help them understand something, change their attitude,” etc.,
319:
UX design is a product of both technical communication and the user identity. Effective UX design is configured to maximize usability according to unique user backgrounds, in a process called design ethnography. Design ethnography closely analyzes user culture through interviews and usability tests,
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Historically, technical writers, or technical and professional communicators, have been concerned with writing and communication. However, recently user experience (UX) design has become more prominent in technical and professional communications as companies look to develop content for a wide range
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War was the most important driver of scientific and technological advance. The U.S. Army
Medical Corps battled malaria in the jungles of Panama, the Chemical Corps pushed chemical advances in explosives and poisonous gases (and defenses against them), the Manhattan District of the Corps of Engineers
749:
Technical writers may also gain expertise in a particular technical domain and branch into related forms, such as software quality analysis or business analysis. A technical writer who becomes a subject matter expert in a field may transition from technical writing to work in that field. Technical
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There is no single standard career path for technical writers, but they may move into project management over other writers. A writer may advance to a senior technical writer position, handling complex projects or a small team of writers and editors. In larger groups, a documentation manager might
303:
The User
Experience Professionals Association defines UX as “Every aspect of the user’s interaction with a product, service, or company that make up the user’s perception of the whole.” Therefore, “user experience design as a discipline is concerned with all the elements that together make up that
727:
The physical working environment of most company-employed technical writers typically entails an open office with desktop computers and individual desks. A technical writer's workspace is largely dependent on their industry. A 2018 Intercom census of mostly
American technical communicators showed
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Technical writers normally possess a mixture of technical and writing abilities. They typically have a degree or certification in a technical field, but may have one in journalism, business, or other fields. Many technical writers switch from another field, such as journalism—or a technical field
472:
According to Markel, useful technical documents are measured by eight characteristics: "honesty, clarity, accuracy, comprehensiveness, accessibility, conciseness, professional appearance, and correctness." Technical writers are focused on using their careful research to create effective documents
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that store documents online. Technical writers may work on government reports, internal documentation, instructions for technical equipment, embedded help within software or systems, or other technical documents. As technology continues to advance, the array of possibilities for technical writers
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The "visual bulk and intricacy" of the design—for example, the number of headings and lists, lines and boxes, detail of drawings and data displays, size variations, ornateness, and text spacing. Technical writers must consider all these design strategies to ensure the audience can easily use the
605:
The sound or feel of a document. Document type and audience dictate whether the communication should be formal and professional, or lighthearted and humorous. In addition to language choice, technical writers set the tone of technical communication through the use of spacing, images, typefaces,
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As Redish explains, a technical communications professional no longer writes content but “writes around the interface” itself as user experience surrounding content is developed. This includes usable content customized to specific user needs, that addresses user emotions, feelings, and thoughts
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In April 2021, the U.S Department of Labor expected technical writer employment to grow seven percent from 2019 to 2029, slightly faster than the average for all occupations. They expect job opportunities, especially for applicants with technical skills, to be good. The BLS also noted that the
632:
To create a technical document, a technical writer must understand the subject, purpose, and audience. They gather information by studying existing material, interviewing SMEs, and often actually using the product. They study the audience to learn their needs and technical understanding level.
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Technical writers strive to simplify complex concepts or processes to maximize reader comprehension. The final goal of a particular document is to help readers find what they need, understand what they find, and use what they understand appropriately. To reach this goal, technical writers must
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The profession has continued to grow—according to O'Hara, the writing/editing profession, including technical writers, experienced a 22% increase in positions between the years 1994 and 2005. Modern day technical writers work in a variety of contexts. Many technical writers work remotely using
265:
During World War II, one of the most important characteristics for technical writers was their ability to follow stringent government specifications for documents. After the war, the rise of new technology, such as the computer, allowed technical writers to work in other areas, producing "user
257:
Since the early days of the profession, technical writers have worked in teams with a pool of other technical writers. To this day, most organizations still employ a team to produce and edit technical writing for an assigned product or service. As a member of a team, technical writers work
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Once the above information has been gathered, the document is designed for optimal readability and usability. According to one expert, technical writers use six design strategies to plan and create technical communication: arrangement, emphasis, clarity, conciseness, tone, and ethos.
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Lauer and
Brumberger further assert, “…UX is a natural extension of the work that technical communicators already do, especially in the modern technological context of responsive design, in which content is deployed across a wide range of interfaces and environments."
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communication. This knowledge significantly influences how the writer formats communication. For example, if the document is a quick troubleshooting guide to the controls on a small watercraft, the writer may have the pages laminated to increase usable life.
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To create effective technical documentation, the writer must analyze three elements that comprise the rhetorical situation of a particular project: audience, purpose, and context. These are followed by document design, which determines what the reader sees.
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How a document displays important sections through prominence or intensity. When considering emphasis technical writers look at how they can show readers important sections, warning, useful tips, etc. through the use of placement, bolding, color, and type
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Proficient technical writers have the ability to create, assimilate, and convey technical material in a concise and effective manner. They may specialize in a particular area but must have a good understanding of the products they describe. For example,
212:...trained to reveal almost nothing about themselves in their writing. This makes them freaks in the world of writers, since almost all of the other ink-stained wretches in that world reveal a lot about themselves to the reader.
201:
In other words, technical writers take advanced technical concepts and communicate them as clearly, accurately, and comprehensively as possible to their intended audience, ensuring that the work is accessible to its users.
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Engineering projects, particularly defense or aerospace-related projects, often follow national and international documentation standards—such as ATA100 for civil aircraft or S1000D for civil and defense platforms.
441:(SME), but interviews SMEs and conducts the research necessary to write and compile technically accurate content. Technical writers complete both primary and secondary research to fully understand the topic.
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that checks conformance to styles, grammar, and readability. This person may request for clarification or make suggestions. In some cases, the writer or others test the document on audience members to make
228:, etc.), but are more likely to employ professional technical writers to develop, edit and format material, and follow established review procedures as a means delivering information to their audiences.
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writers commonly produce training for the technologies they document—including classroom guides and e-learning—and some transition to specialize as professional trainers and instructional designers.
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Accurate audience analysis provides a set of guidelines that shape document content, design and presentation (online help system, interactive website, manual, etc.), and tone and knowledge level.
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Technical writers with expertise in writing skills can join printed media or electronic media companies, potentially providing an opportunity to make more money or improved working conditions.
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The degree of credibility that visual language achieves in a document. Technical writers strive to create professional and error-free documentation to establish credibility with the audience.
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Technical writers gather information from many sources. Their information sources are usually scattered throughout an organization, which can range from developers to marketing departments.
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understand how their audiences use and read documentation. An audience analysis at the outset of a document project helps define what an audience for a particular document requires.
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Technical writers often work as part of a writing or project development team. Typically, the writer finishes a draft and passes it to one or more SMEs who conduct a
695:(CMS). Many companies have internal corporate style guides that cover specific corporate issues such as logo use, branding, and other aspects of corporate style. The
1220:"Investigating the Impact of Design Thinking, Content Strategy, and Artificial Intelligence: A "Streams" Approach for Technical Communication and User Experience"
544:
guides the technical writer on how to format their communication, and the kind of communication they choose (online help system, white paper, proposal, etc.).
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that content." Technical communicators must now consider different platforms such as social media and apps, as well as different channels like web and mobile.
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expansion of "scientific and technical products" and the need for technical writers to work in "Web-based product support" will drive increasing demand.
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1735:
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A technical publication's development life cycle typically consists of five phases, coordinated with the overall product development plan:
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improvements. A final production typically follows an inspection checklist to ensure the quality and uniformity of the published product.
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The document development life cycle typically consists of six phases (This changes organization to organization, how they are following).
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923:(1996), while working as a technical writer and geophysical engineer for Radian International, an environmental engineering firm in
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in which the technical writer directly immerses themself in the user environment and gathers UX information from local users.
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such as engineering or science, often after learning important additional skills through technical communications classes.
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1311:
UX Writing - A New Role for
Technical Communicators? The MasterClass in TechComm for Society for Technical Communications
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237:
186:
1326:
Lauer, Claire; Brumberger, Eva (2016). "Technical
Communication as User Experience in a Broadening Industry Landscape".
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As of May 2022, the average annual pay for a freelance technical writer in the United States is $ 70,191 according to
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17:
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https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ux-writing-a-new-role-for-technical-communicators/id1534090690?i=1000493180560
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information structure, and layout. Usually, technical writers follow formatting conventions described in a standard
1903:
1830:
1898:
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Malone, E. A. (2011). The first wave (1953–1961) of the professionalization movement in technical communication.
943:(2001), and other critically acclaimed novels. Tan began writing fiction novels while she was a technical writer.
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at the official website of the
Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
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917:(2013) as well as other short story collections, essays, and novellas, wrote his first short story collection,
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328:
In addition to solid research, language, writing, and revision skills, a technical writer may have skills in:
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1078:
955:, American author and essayist, worked as a technical writer from 1984-1994 at Unison-Tymlabs, Austin, Texas.
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A technical writer may apply their skills in the production of non-technical content, for example, writing
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literally made quantum leaps in the understanding of physics, and the Air Corps pioneered aviation design.
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writing involves communicating complex information to those who need it to accomplish some task or goal.
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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 - Working Group 2 develops international standards for software documentation
1508:"Technical Writers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
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1348:
Think Like a UX Researcher: How to Observe Users, Influence Design, and Shape Business Strategy
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823:
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286:. Other technical writers work in an office, but share content with their team through complex
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806:(1994), was employed as a technical writer for a decade and a half for such companies as
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1654:"Technical Writers – Occupational Outlook Handbook – U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
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Technical and editorial reviews (review with higher level personnel—managers, etc.)
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interface, including layout, visual design, text, brand, sound, and interaction."
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843:
463:
421:
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182:, technical writers are increasingly hired to develop online training material.
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User task analysis (analyze tasks and information based on the target audience)
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871:(1974), wrote technical manuals for IBM while working on the bestselling book.
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788:(2007), was a technical writer in the software industry as late as July 2002.
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to verify accuracy and completeness. Another writer or editor may perform an
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Information architecture (design based on analysis, how to prepare document)
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Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (ZAMM)
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Engineers, scientists, and other professionals may also be involved in
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L. Lin. (2017, November). What is technical writing? . Retrieved from
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1197:
O'Hara, F.M. (2001). A brief history of technical communication. In
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O'Hara, F.M. (2001). A brief history of technical communication. In
949:, American poet. Worked for Boeing, as he mentioned in conversation.
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125:
58:
1144:(pp. 500–504.) Arlington, VA: Society for Technical Communication.
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1398:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 190–191.
1201:(pp. 500–504.)Arlington, VA: Society for Technical Communication.
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137:
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Verhulsdonck, Gustav; Howard, Tharon; Tham, Jason (2021-09-21).
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When analyzing an audience the technical writer typically asks:
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Technical correspondent, Technical editor, Documentation writer,
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Markel, M. (2015). Introduction to technical communication. In
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and some other countries, a technical writer is often called a
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1414:
Wisegeek, Copyright © 2003 - 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
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1624:"When No One's Home: Being a Writer on Remote Project Teams"
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consumer information. Usually, a technical writer is not a
411:
178:, project plans, and software test plans. With the rise of
1486:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 1–546.
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Descriptions and links to standards for technical writers
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Technical writers can have various job titles, including
796:
271:
1268:
Baxter, Kathy; Courage, Catherine; Caine, Kelly (2015),
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This is similar to the software development life cycle.
1593:(1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 131–132.
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documents, while other technical writers specialize in
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The Profession and Practice of Technical Communication
1217:
1393:
1155:
http://www.proedit.com/history-of-technical-writing/
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Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications
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technical writer prior to his career as a novelist.
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font, all of which can hinder reader comprehension.
244:and technical writing were first referenced around
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1267:
732:Remote Work during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
669:Content development (develop/prepare the document)
294:
1095:http://www.stc-psc.org/what-is-technical-writing/
901:(1963), while employed as a technical writer for
675:Formatting and publishing (publish the document).
1880:
1621:
1394:Johnson-Eilola, Johndan; Selber, Stuart (2013).
1055:European Association for Technical Communication
525:Why does the audience need to perform that task?
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1153:History of technical writing. . Retrieved from
646:Phase 3: Content development and implementation
1224:Journal of Technical Writing and Communication
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895:(1997), among others, wrote his first novel,
814:after the poor reception of his first novel,
776:, American author of short stories including
687:. In the US, technical writers typically use
660:Audience profiling (identify target audience)
628:Methodology (document development life cycle)
1622:Larbi, Nancy E.; Springfield, Susan (2004).
1407:
1405:
1379:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1345:Hodgson, David Travis, Philip (2019-01-25).
767:
231:
1396:Solving Problems in Technical Communication
836:, university professor and a fellow of the
640:Phase 1: Information gathering and planning
513:How does the reader feel about the subject?
507:What are their demographic characteristics?
312:across different channels in a UX ecology.
1682:"Freelance Technical Writer Annual Salary"
1477:
1475:
1453:
1430:
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516:How does the reader feel about the sender?
1458:. New York, NY: Longman. pp. 3–390.
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1199:STC’s 48th Annual Conference Proceedings
1142:STC’s 48th Annual Conference Proceedings
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1427:(pp. 7-9). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's
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528:What is the audience's knowledge level?
473:that meet these eight characteristics.
14:
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1309:Redish, Ginny. (2020, September 30).
785:The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate
531:What factors influence the situation?
166:Example types of information include
27:Professional information communicator
1863:Technical Writing Education Programs
1564:. New York: Perseus Books. pp.
1533:Managing Your Documentation Projects
1328:Technical Communication (Washington)
1263:
1261:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
746:handle multiple projects and teams.
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1867:Society for Technical Communication
1276:, Elsevier, pp. xxxiii–xxxiv,
1079:Technical writer career information
838:Society for Technical Communication
274:or communicate with their team via
238:Society for Technical Communication
187:Society for Technical Communication
24:
1831:Technical Writers Thriving in 2020
1282:10.1016/b978-0-12-800232-2.09986-7
977:technical documentation specialist
556:
444:
25:
1920:
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1833:, presentation at ITTT 2014 forum
1313:(Washington DC and Baltimore). .
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1204:
1114:The Elements of Technical Writing
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618:
519:What form does the reader expect?
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1412:What Does a Technical Writer Do?
855:worked as a diesel mechanic and
740:
462:, manufacturing, scientific, or
412:Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
208:described technical writers as:
1800:
1788:Encyclopedia of World Biography
1776:
1752:
1728:
1700:
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1589:Cleary, Yvonne (29 July 2021).
1582:
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1387:
1338:
1319:
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1014:Technical information developer
295:Technical Writers and UX Design
1708:"An Interview with Ted Chiang"
1484:Technical Report Writing Today
1147:
1134:
1099:
1071:
1032:Document management specialist
706:
689:The Associated Press Stylebook
643:Phase 2: Content specification
300:of audiences and experiences.
13:
1:
1740:ProQuest Learning: Literature
1180:https://www.stc.org/techcomm/
1065:
830:and former writing professor.
504:Who is the intended audience?
1454:Kostelnick, Charles (2011).
522:What is the audience's task?
510:What is the audience's role?
323:
105:Procedural formatting (DITA)
7:
1043:
1005:Technical content developer
973:technical content developer
920:CivilWarLand in Bad Decline
693:the Chicago Manual of Style
10:
1925:
1556:Tarutz, Judith A. (1992).
1178:),285-306. Retrieved from
914:Tenth of December: Stories
547:
538:
489:
288:content management systems
262:"speaks with one voice".
240:(STC), the professions of
1531:Hackos, JoAnn T. (1994).
1456:Designing Visual Language
1351:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
1236:10.1177/00472816211041951
941:The Bonesetter's Daughter
768:Notable technical writers
407:Website design/management
232:History of the profession
131:
109:
81:
76:
52:
40:
35:
1736:"Gaddis, William, 1922-"
1662:U.S. Department of Labor
1482:Riordan, Daniel (2005).
1274:Understanding your Users
1172:Technical Communication,
1029:Documentation specialist
368:Information architecture
1904:Technical communication
1865:- Los Angeles Chapter,
1628:Technical Communication
1425:Technical Communication
966:technical communicator,
242:technical communication
1899:Mass media occupations
1535:. Wiley. p. 630.
1060:Software documentation
996:Technical communicator
427:User experience design
255:
214:
199:
1599:10.4324/9781003095255
1357:10.1201/9780429430787
1050:Collaborative editing
1035:Documentation manager
1026:Information developer
1017:Information architect
969:information developer
933:, American author of
911:, American author of
877:, American author of
846:, American author of
699:is typical of these.
439:subject-matter expert
382:technical translation
250:
222:developmental editing
210:
191:
176:design specifications
103:Third-person grammar,
1894:Computer occupations
1854:at Wikimedia Commons
1122:Macmillan Publishers
1023:Information designer
1020:Information engineer
880:The Crying of Lot 49
48:Technical Journalist
1909:Writing occupations
1784:"Amy Tan Biography"
925:Rochester, New York
803:A Frolic of His Own
652:Phase 5: Evaluation
649:Phase 4: Production
477:Roles and functions
460:electronic commerce
32:
1873:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7
905:from 1960 to 1963.
779:Story of Your Life
454:primarily work on
373:Information design
344:Content management
339:Computer scripting
278:platforms such as
30:
1889:Technical writers
1852:Technical writers
1850:Media related to
1560:Technical Editing
1493:978-0-618-43389-6
1465:978-0-205-61640-4
1366:978-0-429-43078-7
1270:"Acknowledgments"
1008:Content developer
936:The Joy Luck Club
892:Mason & Dixon
886:Gravity's Rainbow
492:Audience analysis
486:Audience analysis
417:Usability testing
334:Business analysis
260:technical writing
236:According to the
218:technical writing
194:Technical writing
185:According to the
159:
158:
90:Critical thinking
86:Analytical skills
18:Technical writers
16:(Redirected from
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1011:Content designer
999:Technical author
989:knowledge author
985:technical author
863:Robert M. Pirsig
817:The Recognitions
717:editorial review
713:technical review
163:technical writer
54:Activity sectors
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909:George Saunders
844:Chuck Palahniuk
826:, an expert on
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559:
557:Document design
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397:User interfaces
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1816:November 30,
1814:. Retrieved
1802:
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1767:. Retrieved
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1718:. Retrieved
1711:
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1687:ZipRecruiter
1685:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1657:
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940:
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884:
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851:
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354:Illustration
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226:proofreading
215:
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172:white papers
162:
160:
146:Screenwriter
142:Speechwriter
133:Related jobs
122:Corporations
82:Competencies
1716:. July 2002
1658:www.bls.gov
1512:www.bls.gov
1002:Tech writer
800:(1975) and
782:(1998) and
707:Environment
685:style guide
593:Conciseness
566:Arrangement
452:API writers
246:World War I
170:, manuals,
168:online help
154:Copy editor
150:Proofreader
77:Description
1883:Categories
1793:2016-10-07
1769:2023-10-12
1745:2015-01-11
1720:October 4,
1693:2021-06-17
1667:2021-06-17
1517:2024-02-14
1297:2021-11-07
1130:0020130856
1106:Gary Blake
1066:References
857:automotive
849:Fight Club
774:Ted Chiang
597:documents.
570:usability.
466:material.
435:high-level
392:E-learning
180:e-learning
113:employment
63:Technology
36:Occupation
1640:0049-3155
1375:cite book
1252:240552938
1244:0047-2816
1116:, pg. 3.
979:. In the
834:Dan Jones
722:usability
324:Skill set
111:Fields of
1764:The Cult
1124:, 1993.
1118:New York
1044:See also
939:(1998),
883:(1966),
575:Emphasis
387:Training
363:Indexing
126:Business
59:Software
41:Synonyms
1869:(LASTC)
1808:"Winik"
1760:"CHUCK"
1713:SF Site
931:Amy Tan
820:(1955).
584:Clarity
548:Context
539:Purpose
464:medical
189:(STC):
101:style,
71:Medical
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1363:
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808:Pfizer
138:Editor
1811:(PDF)
1248:S2CID
611:Ethos
579:size.
280:Skype
1818:2020
1722:2012
1636:ISSN
1603:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1381:link
1361:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1240:ISSN
1126:ISBN
1108:and
810:and
606:etc.
602:Tone
284:Zoom
118:NGOs
99:CMOS
1595:doi
1566:456
1353:doi
1278:doi
1232:doi
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797:J R
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