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it. Thus, the activities of the counterrevolution committees created in
Estonia on the model of the Cheka were based on the provisions and manifestos issued by the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of Estonia and the Council of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia. For example, on 21 November 1918, all non-Bolshevik parties and their newspapers were banned, with a threat to deal with their party leaders "with all revolutionary cruelty"; on 29 November of the same year, members and supporters of the Provisional Government of Estonia, as well as all landowners and clergy, were declared outlaws.
410:, published in Võru on 16 January 1919, the executions were motivated by the fact that on the morning of 14 January, an attempt was made on the life of Aleksander Kull, the chairman of the commission for combating counter-revolution: he was served poisoned coffee. However, the Estonian historian Taavi Minnik believes that these shootings were primarily as revenge for the activities of the
434:
left shoulder, and one bullet had passed through his right eye. There were also signs of beatings on his body, including a punch to his right temple. Orthodox priests
Bezhanitsky and Blyve were killed with a single shot. The dead men had their outer clothing and shoes removed; some witnesses said this was done before their executions.
433:
Later forensic examination revealed that some of those executed had been beaten, bayoneted, and shot several times before their deaths. Bishop Platon had been stabbed seven times in the chest, and four bullet wounds were found on his body: two bullets had pierced his chest, one bullet had pierced his
263:
In
Estonia, the Red Terror was carried out in 1918–1919 in the territory controlled by the Commune of the Working People of Estonia. Since the commune was formally an independent, and in reality to some extent autonomous, entity, the legislation adopted in Soviet Russia did not automatically apply to
527:
During the interwar period, prayers for the victims of the massacres were held in the former building of the Tartu Credit Center. This tradition was started in
January 1922 by the clergy of the Orthodox parishes of Tartu; in January 1923, the Lutheran clergy joined them, and the prayers acquired an
292:
River in Tartu, including four landowners from Tartu County (including Bruno
Claudius Alexander von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Carl Harald Eugen von Samson-Himmelstjerna, and Edmund Gustav Wilhelm von Samson-Himmelstjerna); on 12 January 1919, a punitive force was sent to Elistvere Parish, where eight
540:
always participated in these prayers. In the late 1920s, prayers and memorial services for the victims began to be held in
Orthodox and Lutheran churches in Tartu on 14 January. With the participation of representatives of both churches, a committee for perpetuating the memory of the victims was
422:
The guards, who were Red Army soldiers, left their post on 14 January, immediately after serving lunch to the prisoners. Shortly after, about 200 detainees in the building of the former Credit Center were able to escape with the help of the townspeople. It is not known who exactly discovered the
279:
The commission began its activities with mass arrests on 2 January, although arrests and detentions had already been carried out before the commission was formed, after the capture of Tartu by the Red Army on 22 December 1918. The commission's activities expanded and became bloodier after an
223:
was the Decree "On the Red Terror" of 5 September 1918, which ordered the execution of so-called "enemies of the people" or their placement in concentration camps. The decree is considered the official response of the Soviet government to the murder of
351:
341:, the chairman of the Tartu Counter-Revolutionary Commission Aleksander Kull ordered the execution of 19 people held in the basement of the former Tartu Credit Centre on Kompani Street. Among those executed were Orthodox Bishop
641:
378:
The death sentence was carried out by the 2nd
Viljandi Penal Squad, formed from the Estonian Red Riflemen Regiment, led by Commissar Aleksander Jea. Two days earlier, the same squad had carried out executions in
362:
401:, the Bolsheviks managed to catch the city council accountant Vilde and the city architect Arved Eichhorn, who were taken to Pepleri Street to be shot. Eichhorn survived, but was seriously wounded.
296:
By order of the commission, a total of 512 people were arrested in Tartu and its immediate surroundings from 1 to 14 January 1919 and held mainly in two places: the commission's headquarters on
288:
Johannes Pärn was killed. In response to this, the commission organized several punitive operations that ended in mass murders: on 9 January 1919, 13 people were executed on the ice of the
498:
331:
272:
The Tartu branch of the
Estonian Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution began its activities on 1 January 1919. Aleksander Kull, who had experience working in the
506:
Today, the site of the murder is marked by a memorial plaque on the wall of the building at 3 Kompani Street.> In 2003, a bronze bas-relief of Bishop Platon by
371:(Gotthilft Traugott Hahn and Moritz Wilhelm Paul Schwartz), three estate owners, one estate manager, one restaurant owner, two city councilors, the head of the
346:
980:
391:
73:
687:[On the role of the commissions to fight the counter-revolution in the implementation of the terror policy of the Enemys in Estonia 1918-1919].
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Shortly after the massacre, a prayer service for the souls of Bishop Platon and other victims was held in the Paris
Orthodox Cathedral on the orders of
541:
created, under whose leadership the basement where the massacre took place was rebuilt into a memorial chapel. It was consecrated on 14 January 1931.
507:
591:
426:
Surgeon
Wolfgang von Reyher, one of the first to examine the execution site, was a student and long-time assistant of the famous medical scientist
357:
308:
524:, the head of the Estonian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. All members of the Estonian delegation, led by Poska, attended the service.
297:
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469:, sent information about it to the world's leading newspapers. According to available information, his message was published only in the
709:
903:
486:, whose description of the massacres, together with photographs, was initially published in the largest French illustrated magazine,
186:
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in Tartu Arnold Johann Heinrich von Tideböhl, a lawyer, a potter, a student, and even a Red Army soldier with a Russian surname.
462:
241:
430:. He established that the victims were brought into the basement one by one and were killed with a sideways shot to the head.
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leaders approved of the activities of the Cheka and the excessive powers granted to it; it was criticised, among others, by
545:
537:
240:
had already begun mass executions before the decree was issued, it created the legal basis for the terror. Not all Soviet
215:
The massacre at the Tartu Credit Center is part of the Red Army's policy of intimidation and extermination known as the
684:
318:. The detainees were interrogated as counter-revolutionaries and also forced to perform humiliating physical labour.
685:"Kontrrevolutsiooni vastu võitlemise komisjonide rollist enamlaste terroripoliitika täide viimisel Eestis 1918-1919"
478:
The Western world was informed about the massacres in Tartu and Rakvere organised by the Bolsheviks by the writer
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995:
548:, in January 2009, as part of events marking the anniversary of the liberation of Tartu from the Bolsheviks.
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The execution was carried out by order of the Tartu Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution of the
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178:) was the mass execution of 19 people in the basement of the former Credit Center in
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published a more detailed account of the massacre on 16 January, naming the victims.
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reported on the murders on the front page of its 15 January issue. The Tallinn-based
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787:[Memorial plaque (on the wall of Kompanii 3; on the side of Magistr st...].
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Priests Platon Kulbush, Nikolai Bezhanitsky, and Mikhail Bleive were canonized as
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News of the massacre quickly spread through the media in Estonia. The Tartu daily
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592:"PUNANE TERROR: massimõrvani Tartus olevat viinud punakomandöri mürgitamiskatse"
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After the massacre, Kull and his subordinates left on an armored train for
784:
710:"Kolm nädalat punast diktatuuri. Tartu sündmusi Eesti Vabadussõja päevilt"
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Wreath at the memorial plaque on 3 Kompani Street, Tartu, February 2013
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The memory of the victims of the massacre was also honoured after the
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Activities of the Tartu Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution
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785:"Mälestustahvel (Kompanii 3 seinal; Magistri t poolsel küljel..."
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811:"Oikumeenia võimalustest luterlaste ja ortodokside vahel"
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of Tallinn and All Estonia and later the bishops of the
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bodies of the victims in the basement of the building.
367:), two Lutheran pastors, professors of theology at the
461:, the press attaché of the Estonian delegation to the
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in Elistvere parish on 4 January, during which former
925:"BLEIVE Mihhail/Mihkel Jaani p – EAÕK märter- pühak"
950:"BEŽANITSKI Nikolai Stefani p – EAÕK märter- pühak"
848:[90 years since the liberation of Tartu].
326:Immediately before the liberation of Tartu by the
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896:"KULBUSCH Paul-piiskop Platon-EAÕK märter-pühak"
517:was installed on the wall of the same building.
307:and the former building of the Credit Bank on
981:Soviet war crimes in the Russian Civil War
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383:Parish. It consisted of 117 men in total.
193:from Tartu. Its most prominent victim was
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644:[The Decree on the Red Terror].
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619:[Martyrdom of Bishop Platon].
482:, head of the Estonian News Bureau in
189:immediately before the retreat of the
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546:restoration of Estonia's independence
404:According to the Bolshevik newspaper
120:Estonian religious figures and others
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538:Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church
276:Cheka, was appointed its chairman.
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991:Massacres of the Russian Civil War
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900:Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
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765:Union of Estonian Freedom Fighters
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763:[Bloodwork of the Reds].
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642:"Постановление о красном терроре"
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219:. The basis of the Red Terror in
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168:The Tartu Credit Center Massacre
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906:from the original on 2022-12-08
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871:"90 aastat Tartu vabastamisest"
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846:"90 aastat Tartu vabastamisest"
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569:NKVD prisoner massacre in Tartu
182:, Estonia, on 14 January 1919.
16:1919 massacre in Tartu, Estonia
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789:Web portal of Estonian museums
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850:The Estonian Church newspaper
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412:Kuperjanov Partisan Battalion
345:, two Orthodox high priests (
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176:Tartu Krediidikassa massimõrv
1021:Estonian War of Independence
986:Soviet war crimes in Estonia
737:"Piiskop Platoni Martüürium"
617:"Piiskop Platoni Martüürium"
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293:local peasants were killed.
22:Tartu Credit Center Massacre
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902:(in Estonian). 2022-10-06.
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428:Werner Zoege von Manteuffel
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621:Orthodox Church of Estonia
280:operation by the partisan
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877:(in Estonian). 2009-01-14
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648:(in Russian). 2009-06-01
532:character. Metropolitan
557:Eastern Orthodox Church
418:Discovery of the bodies
234:Popular Socialist Party
826:Cite journal requires
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463:Paris Peace Conference
332:Estonian People's Army
187:Estonian Labor Commune
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197:, the first Estonian
89:58.38167°N 26.72333°E
996:Massacres in Estonia
33:1919 Battle of Tartu
596:ajalugu.ohtuleht.ee
369:University of Tartu
347:Nikolai Bezhanitsky
85: /
761:"Punaste veretööd"
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108:14 January 1919 (
94:58.38167; 26.72333
1016:Massacres in 1919
741:www.orthodoxa.org
534:Aleksander Paulus
392:Promenaadi Street
282:Julius Kuperjanov
258:Grigory Petrovsky
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54:Kompanii 3,
27:Part of the
875:Eesti Kirik
689:www.etis.ee
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301: [
250:Lev Kamenev
126:Attack type
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67:Coordinates
1011:Red Terror
975:Categories
960:2024-08-12
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881:2022-04-26
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795:2024-08-12
770:2024-08-12
746:2022-04-26
719:2022-04-26
695:2022-04-26
652:2024-08-12
646:Wikisource
627:2024-08-12
602:2022-04-28
575:References
530:ecumenical
522:Jaan Poska
484:Copenhagen
217:Red Terror
211:Red Terror
205:Background
80:26°43′24″E
77:58°22′54″N
29:Red Terror
451:Päevaleht
445:Postimees
381:Elistvere
322:Execution
274:Petrograd
135:war crime
904:Archived
563:See also
201:bishop.
199:Orthodox
191:Red Army
172:Estonian
131:Massacre
51:Location
31:and the
555:in the
330:of the
290:Emajõgi
232:by the
60:Estonia
256:, and
141:Deaths
117:Target
515:]
459:Paris
407:Edasi
399:]
365:]
354:]
339:]
316:]
305:]
242:party
238:Cheka
180:Tartu
160:Cheka
56:Tartu
832:help
388:Võru
356:and
228:and
105:Date
714:ENG
110:EET
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817:{{
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