499:, but eliminated the protective features on woolen goods. The alliance organized by Van Buren that included the middle states and the south voted down every attempt by New Englanders to amend the bill. The alliance was confident the bill was so unfavorable that it would be defeated in Congress, hurting Adams and Clay in the process. To the astonishment of the alliance, a substantial minority of New England voted for the final bill, on the grounds that the principle of protection was of enormous value. The bill passed the house 105 to 94 on April 23 and passed the Senate 26 to 21 on May 13. President Adams signed it and the tariff became law. Adams became a hated man in the South.
2252:
1472:
433:
2245:
2484:
1988:
749:
1465:
2968:
483:'s supporters in New England would uniformly oppose the bill for this reason and that the Southern legislators could then withdraw their support, killing the legislation while blaming it on New England. The goal was to write a bill so badâso "abominable"âthat it would never pass but would help Van Buren and the Southerners while hurting the Adams-Clay coalition.
424:, felt they were harmed directly by having to pay more for imports from Europe. Allegedly, the South was also harmed indirectly because reducing exports of British goods to the U.S would make it difficult for the British to pay for Southern cotton. The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, led to the Nullification Crisis.
773:
The expectation of the tariff's opponents was that with the election of
Jackson in 1828, the tariff would be significantly reduced. Jackson in 1829 said the 1828 tariff was constitutional. In response the most radical faction in South Carolina began to advocate that the state itself declare the
732:
had miscalculated: despite the insertion by
Democrats of import duties calculated to be unpalatable to New England industries, most specifically on raw wool imports, essential to the wool textile industry, the New Englanders failed to sink the legislation, and the Southerners' plan backfired.
784:
The reductions were too little for South
Carolinaâthe "abominations" of 1828 were still there. In November 1832 the state called for a convention. By a vote of 136 to 26, the convention overwhelmingly adopted an ordinance of nullification drawn by Chancellor
789:. It declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina. President Jackson could not tolerate the nullification of a federal law by a state. He threatened war and South Carolina backed down. The
506:
argued that the strengthening of the nation was in the interest of the entire country. This same reasoning swayed two-fifths of U.S. Representatives in the New
England states to vote for the tariff increase. In 1824, New England was on the verge of
724:
A substantial minority of New
England Congressmen (41%) saw what they believed to be long-term national benefits of an increased tariff, and voted for it; they believed the tariff would strengthen the manufacturing industry nationally (see table).
2993:
2923:
870:
770:
of the tariff within South
Carolina. The South Carolina legislature, although it printed and distributed 5,000 copies of the pamphlet, took none of the legislative action that the pamphlet urged.
2943:
2888:
356:
416:
was suffering from low-priced imported manufactured items from
Britain. The major goal of the tariff was to protect the factories by taxing imports from Europe. Southerners from the
2948:
1701:
1196:
2068:
1347:
2848:
409:
by its
Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials.
2530:
1379:
511:
due to the influx of the use of
European cloth. New England was in favor of the tariff increase for entering goods from Europe to aid in the country's economic success.
1537:
2853:
1313:
1301:
1289:
740:, Andrew Jackson defeated Adams with a popular tally of 642,553 votes and an electoral count of 178 as opposed to Adams's 500,897 tally and 83 electoral votes.
2873:
2803:
349:
2863:
1454:
3238:
2938:
2305:
22:
3223:
1646:
1641:
1371:
2928:
1355:
448:, when the blockade of Europe led British manufacturers to offer goods in America at low prices that American manufacturers often could not match. The
2076:
1363:
1336:
342:
3228:
2788:
2778:
2823:
2144:
2908:
2858:
2139:
1317:
1305:
3172:
1293:
777:
In
Washington, an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice-President Calhoun. On July 14, 1832, Jackson signed into law the
1165:
2893:
2758:
2234:
2098:
2057:
2733:
1429:
1268:
2025:
786:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2768:
460:
tariffs, as they would have to pay, but Northern states favored them because they helped strengthen their industrial-based economy.
2793:
2315:
2229:
2184:
2179:
1668:
1656:
737:
328:
154:
2978:
2293:
2204:
2046:
1325:
3142:
3003:
2883:
1711:
1706:
1630:
1558:
830:
3167:
2988:
2953:
2521:
2359:
1903:
1613:
1583:
1532:
890:
762:
238:
3213:
2933:
2159:
41:
3177:
2320:
2219:
2209:
2189:
2174:
2060:
1434:
1424:
2868:
2578:
1949:
1593:
811:
164:
456:. Southern states such as South Carolina contended that the tariff was unconstitutional and were opposed to the newer
2773:
2678:
1686:
1399:
1116:
1096:
1060:
1027:
767:
394:
227:
69:
3013:
2998:
2708:
2268:
2154:
2079:
1419:
1339:
729:
202:
2918:
2673:
1879:
1755:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1404:
1261:
389:
supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but it passed anyway. The bill was vehemently denounced in the
2878:
2260:
2049:
2018:
1598:
1563:
1328:
3218:
3208:
2963:
2958:
2898:
2813:
2798:
2713:
2643:
2087:
1897:
1696:
233:
1391:
760:
of South Carolina strongly opposed the tariff, anonymously authoring a pamphlet in December 1828 titled the
736:
The 1828 tariff was signed by President Adams, although he realized it could weaken him politically. In the
3162:
3157:
3112:
3102:
2568:
2563:
2433:
2299:
2106:
1716:
1603:
1518:
697:
566:
268:
1513:
3132:
3127:
2843:
2783:
149:
1184:
2728:
2653:
2410:
2336:
1991:
1620:
1254:
463:
In an elaborate scheme to prevent passage of still higher tariffs, while at the same time appealing to
413:
129:
94:
2838:
2748:
2514:
2487:
2011:
1944:
1826:
1725:
950:
208:
192:
3233:
3182:
3122:
1864:
596:
491:
The House committee drafted a bill that imposed very high duties on raw materials, including iron,
256:
169:
144:
109:
84:
1661:
1498:
2588:
2214:
1884:
1820:
1806:
1792:
134:
1202:
2808:
2753:
2738:
2474:
2461:
1802:
626:
390:
382:
297:
290:
831:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774â1875"
3137:
2538:
2499:
2415:
2251:
1768:
1553:
1471:
1409:
323:
278:
197:
159:
2244:
2507:
2369:
2288:
2283:
2090:
1850:
1760:
790:
642:
398:
262:
215:
119:
79:
432:
8:
3147:
3117:
2913:
2763:
2743:
2723:
2718:
2703:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2194:
1891:
1747:
1588:
503:
74:
64:
2973:
2903:
2698:
2393:
2353:
2310:
1954:
476:
124:
27:
1128:
3152:
2427:
2421:
1784:
1277:
1112:
1092:
1056:
1023:
886:
480:
475:
in crafting a tariff bill that would also weigh heavily on materials imported by the
374:
1203:"The nullification crisis, southern discontents, and the American political process"
2164:
2034:
1915:
878:
570:
472:
317:
174:
139:
104:
99:
975:
3097:
2469:
2364:
2278:
2224:
2199:
2169:
1493:
1488:
1151:
757:
468:
445:
221:
3092:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
2454:
2439:
2386:
2129:
1977:
1909:
1776:
1691:
1508:
1503:
794:
778:
650:
630:
464:
453:
449:
421:
114:
910:, 5th ed. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910, pp. 70â74 (pp. 44â47 in .pdf format)
882:
3202:
3187:
3071:
2273:
1871:
1832:
1005:
548:
532:
457:
284:
46:
2379:
2134:
1970:
1844:
1814:
875:
Monitoring American Federalism: The History of State Legislative Resistance
710:
578:
540:
1089:
Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816â1836
905:
877:, Studies in Legal History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 196â226,
871:"The Transformation of Interposition: The Theory of Nullification Emerges"
3107:
1927:
1921:
1838:
1525:
634:
536:
528:
441:
417:
1856:
1608:
1232:
1217:
951:"Tax History Project â The Second American Party System and the Tariff"
806:
574:
508:
386:
378:
781:
which made some reductions in tariff rates. Calhoun finally resigned.
2983:
2124:
1538:
President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences
976:"To Pass Tlk km H.R. 132. (P. 2471). â House Vote #81 â Apr 22, 1828"
654:
638:
440:
The 1828 tariff was part of a series of tariffs that began after the
1246:
2003:
666:
658:
646:
612:
608:
582:
748:
662:
604:
544:
1464:
402:
2529:
1129:"South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832"
1053:
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833â1845
843:"1816â1860: The Second American Party System and the Tariff",
405:
was replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. It was called the
552:
1020:
States' Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio 1776â1876
600:
496:
492:
377:
that became law in the United States in May 1828. It was a
1164:
Cynthia Clark Northrup, and Elaine C. Prange Turney, eds.
987:
985:
1233:"The Early Protective Movement and the Tariff of 1828"
982:
1167:
The Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History
2306:
List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren
502:Farmers in Western states and manufacturers in the
452:was passed by Congress in 1816, and its rates were
1193:Tariff Wars and the Politics of Jacksonian America
1218:"Martin Van Buren and the Tariff of Abominations"
3200:
1533:President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1152:American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House
743:
2145:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
907:The Tariff History of the United States, Part I
2140:1821 United States Senate election in New York
2515:
2019:
1262:
350:
945:
943:
774:tariff null and void within South Carolina.
436:Average tariff rates in the U.S. (1821â2016)
3239:Andrew Jackson administration controversies
3224:United States federal taxation legislation
2531:United States federal taxation legislation
2522:
2508:
2026:
2012:
1269:
1255:
357:
343:
1559:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
940:
2316:1840 United States presidential election
2230:1848 United States presidential election
2185:1836 United States presidential election
2180:1832 United States presidential election
1621:United First Parish Church and gravesite
1070:
1068:
747:
431:
3229:United States federal trade legislation
2205:Martin Van Buren National Historic Site
412:The manufacturing-based economy in the
3201:
1707:Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar
1076:John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union
2503:
2360:List of memorials to Martin Van Buren
2007:
1276:
1250:
1065:
868:
763:South Carolina Exposition and Protest
329:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
2294:Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren
2160:1828 New York gubernatorial election
2033:
859:. 3rd ed. New York: Touchstone, 1991
2321:1840 Democratic National Convention
2220:1848 Democratic National Convention
2210:1844 Democratic National Convention
2190:1835 Democratic National Convention
2175:1832 Democratic National Convention
2069:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
2061:Vice President of the United States
1348:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
1207:American Nineteenth Century History
13:
1594:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
1176:
812:Protectionism in the United States
239:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
95:End of slavery in British colonies
14:
3250:
1697:Adams House at Harvard University
869:Fritz, Christian G., ed. (2023),
479:. It was believed that President
228:The Impending Crisis of the South
70:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
3004:2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117â58)
2483:
2482:
2269:Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
2250:
2243:
2080:United States Secretary of State
1987:
1986:
1470:
1463:
1440:State of the Union Address, 1825
1420:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1380:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
1340:United States Secretary of State
1040:The American Political Tradition
1435:United States Naval Observatory
1364:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1185:John Quincy Adams and the Union
1158:
1143:
1121:
1101:
1081:
1045:
1032:
1012:
998:
968:
486:
2050:President of the United States
1599:Adams National Historical Park
1564:Adams Papers Editorial Project
1455:Federal judiciary appointments
1329:President of the United States
1087:Freehling, William W. (1965).
931:
922:
913:
898:
862:
849:
837:
823:
1:
1201:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (2000).
817:
744:Effects of the tariff in 1828
738:presidential election of 1828
517:House vote on Tariff of 1828
471:and other Southerners joined
427:
2994:2021 (Defense Authorization)
2434:Angelica Singleton Van Buren
2300:United States v. The Amistad
2107:Attorney General of New York
1520:United States v. The Amistad
1182:Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1956).
467:'s supporters in the North,
203:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
165:Secession of Southern states
7:
3214:20th United States Congress
2999:2021 (American Rescue Plan)
1237:Political Science Quarterly
1109:The Coming of the Civil War
995:. D.C. Heath and Co. (1971)
857:The Causes of the Civil War
800:
793:would be resolved with the
198:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
42:End of Atlantic slave trade
10:
3255:
2411:Family of Martin Van Buren
2337:Papers of Martin Van Buren
2099:U.S. Senator from New York
1604:Birthplace and family home
1222:American Historical Review
1216:Remini, Robert V. (1958).
1051:Remini, Robert V. (1984).
420:, particularly those from
285:Recapture of Anthony Burns
155:1860 presidential election
130:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
3012:
2537:
2449:
2403:
2345:
2329:
2259:
2241:
2117:
2041:
1965:
1945:National Republican Party
1937:
1801:
1738:
1679:
1629:
1574:
1546:
1479:
1461:
1390:
1284:
1191:Bolt, William K. (2017).
883:10.1017/9781009325608.008
234:OberlinâWellington Rescue
209:American Slavery As It Is
16:1828 United States tariff
2475:Richard Mentor Johnson â
2462:William Henry Harrison â
1372:U.S. Minister to Prussia
1197:PhD dissertation version
407:"Tariff of Abominations"
257:Trial of Reuben Crandall
170:Peace Conference of 1861
145:Caning of Charles Sumner
2424:(maternal half-brother)
2215:Barnburners and Hunkers
1756:1965 television series)
1514:Smithsonian Institution
1489:Monroe Doctrine, author
1356:U.S. Minister to Russia
1231:Taussig, F. W. (1888).
1195:. Covers 1816 to 1861.
450:first protective tariff
385:because it was seen by
150:LincolnâDouglas debates
3128:1922: FordneyâMcCumber
2150:Tariff of Abominations
1918:(paternal grandmother)
1912:(paternal grandfather)
1107:Craven, Avery (1942).
753:
437:
298:Virginia v. John Brown
291:Dred Scott v. Sandford
193:Nat Turner's Rebellion
2989:2020 (Appropriations)
2979:2020 (Families First)
2969:2018 (Appropriations)
2235:Reformed Dutch Church
1904:Thomas Boylston Adams
1770:Mutiny on the Amistad
1425:Treaty of Fond du Lac
1410:Internal improvements
1149:Meacham, Jon (2008).
1042:. 1973 edition, p. 93
1038:Hofstadter, Richard.
1022:, pp. 104â105 (2000)
904:Taussig, F. W.,
751:
435:
324:Battle of Fort Sumter
279:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
160:Crittenden Compromise
3219:Nullification crisis
3209:1828 in American law
3052:1828: "Abominations"
2289:Treaty of New Echota
2284:Independent Treasury
2091:Governor of New York
1851:John Quincy Adams II
1762:The Adams Chronicles
1170:. (2003) pp. 364â366
993:The American Pageant
791:Nullification Crisis
766:, in which he urged
399:Nullification Crisis
381:designed to fail in
263:Commonwealth v. Aves
120:Nashville Convention
110:MexicanâAmerican War
80:Nullification crisis
3113:1909: PayneâAldrich
3103:1894: WilsonâGorman
2195:Second Party System
1930:(great-grandfather)
1892:Abigail Adams Smith
1749:Profiles in Courage
1702:U.S. Postage stamps
1589:Abigail Adams Cairn
1314:U.S. Representative
1302:U.S. Representative
1290:U.S. Representative
1018:McDonald, Forrest,
504:Mid-Atlantic states
414:Northeastern states
395:threat of civil war
393:and escalated to a
135:KansasâNebraska Act
75:Missouri Compromise
65:Northwest Ordinance
30:
3133:1930: SmootâHawley
3032:1791: Hamilton III
2394:The Van Buren Boys
2354:Recarving Rushmore
2311:Gold Spoon Oration
1712:Mount Quincy Adams
1653:Presidential runs
991:Bailey, Thomas A.
955:www.taxhistory.org
845:Tax History Museum
754:
477:New England states
438:
125:Compromise of 1850
28:American Civil War
21:
3196:
3195:
3037:1792: Hamilton IV
3027:1790: Hamilton II
2924:2010 (PL 111-312)
2919:2010 (PL 111â240)
2497:
2496:
2470:â John C. Calhoun
2436:(daughter-in-law)
2428:Abraham Van Buren
2422:James I. Van Alen
2416:Abraham Van Buren
2001:
2000:
1827:Charles Adams Sr.
1764:(1976 miniseries)
1631:Electoral history
1499:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
1278:John Quincy Adams
1131:. Yale Law School
892:978-1-009-32560-8
722:
721:
481:John Quincy Adams
454:increased in 1824
375:protective tariff
367:
366:
216:Uncle Tom's Cabin
23:Events leading to
3246:
3188:2018/2019: Trump
3138:1934: Reciprocal
3062:1833: Compromise
3022:1789: Hamilton I
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2455:â Andrew Jackson
2254:
2247:
2165:Petticoat affair
2155:Democratic Party
2110:
2102:
2094:
2083:
2072:
2064:
2053:
2035:Martin Van Buren
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1989:
1978:Andrew Jackson â
1924:(paternal uncle)
1916:Susanna Boylston
1793:2008 miniseries)
1474:
1467:
1430:Treaty of Limits
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:"Tariff of 1828"
1002:
996:
989:
980:
979:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
947:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
917:
911:
902:
896:
895:
866:
860:
855:Stamp, Kenneth.
853:
847:
841:
835:
834:
827:
797:, a compromise.
730:Democratic Party
514:
513:
473:Martin Van Buren
401:of 1832â33. The
373:was a very high
359:
352:
345:
318:Star of the West
175:Corwin Amendment
140:Ostend Manifesto
105:Texas annexation
100:Texas Revolution
31:
20:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3234:May 1828 events
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3173:1988: Canada FT
3123:1921: Emergency
3118:1913: Underwood
3047:1824: Sectional
3008:
2894:2007 (Mortgage)
2794:1983 (PL 98-76)
2789:1983 (PL 98-67)
2540:
2533:
2528:
2498:
2493:
2445:
2399:
2365:Mount Van Buren
2341:
2325:
2279:Specie Circular
2255:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2225:Free Soil Party
2200:Seven Buildings
2170:Kitchen Cabinet
2113:
2105:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2002:
1997:
1961:
1933:
1821:George W. Adams
1805:
1797:
1740:
1734:
1719:President Adams
1675:
1662:Corrupt Bargain
1625:
1576:
1570:
1542:
1494:Treaty of Ghent
1481:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1405:American System
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1179:
1177:Further reading
1174:
1163:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1066:
1055:. pp. 136â137.
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
983:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
949:
948:
941:
936:
932:
927:
923:
918:
914:
903:
899:
893:
867:
863:
854:
850:
842:
838:
829:
828:
824:
820:
803:
758:John C. Calhoun
756:Vice President
752:John C. Calhoun
746:
495:(for rope) and
489:
469:John C. Calhoun
446:Napoleonic Wars
430:
363:
334:
333:
312:
304:
303:
252:
244:
243:
222:Bleeding Kansas
188:
180:
179:
60:
52:
51:
37:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3098:1890: McKinley
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2440:John Van Buren
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Albany Regency
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2054:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1971:â James Monroe
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1956:Quincy Patriot
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1910:John Adams Sr.
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Adams Memorial
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1554:Lifelong diary
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1511:
1509:Tariff of 1832
1506:
1504:Treaty of 1818
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Tariff of 1828
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1229:
1214:
1199:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1120:
1100:
1080:
1078:. pp. 135â137.
1064:
1044:
1031:
1011:
997:
981:
967:
939:
930:
921:
912:
897:
891:
861:
848:
836:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
809:
802:
799:
795:Tariff of 1833
787:William Harper
779:Tariff of 1832
745:
742:
720:
719:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
700:
694:
693:
688:
683:
677:
676:
673:
670:
651:North Carolina
631:South Carolina
623:
622:
619:
616:
593:
592:
589:
586:
563:
562:
559:
556:
525:
524:
521:
518:
488:
485:
465:Andrew Jackson
429:
426:
422:South Carolina
371:Tariff of 1828
365:
364:
362:
361:
354:
347:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
294:
287:
282:
275:
266:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
224:
219:
212:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
115:Wilmot Proviso
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
90:Tariff of 1828
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:1897: Dingley
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:1883: Mongrel
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:1861: Morrill
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:2019 (SECURE)
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:2001 (EGTRRA)
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Panic of 1837
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:Republicanism
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:Charles Adams
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:Quincy family
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:Abigail Adams
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:John Adams II
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:Quincy family
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:Stone Library
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:(4): 903â917.
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:0-226-11894-0
1114:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1097:0-19-507681-8
1094:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1074:Niven, John.
1071:
1069:
1062:
1061:0-06-015279-6
1058:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1028:0-7006-1040-5
1025:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
986:
977:
971:
956:
952:
946:
944:
937:Bemis, p. 90.
934:
928:Remini, 1958.
925:
919:Remini, 1958.
916:
909:
908:
901:
894:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
858:
852:
846:
840:
832:
826:
822:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
798:
796:
792:
788:
782:
780:
775:
771:
769:
768:nullification
765:
764:
759:
750:
741:
739:
734:
731:
726:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:New Hampshire
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Massachusetts
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
505:
500:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
458:protectionist
455:
451:
447:
443:
434:
425:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
340:
338:
337:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
319:
315:
314:
308:
307:
300:
299:
295:
293:
292:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:
276:
274:
272:
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:
213:
211:
210:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
56:
55:
48:
47:Panic of 1857
45:
43:
40:
39:
33:
32:
29:
24:
19:
3072:1846: Walker
3051:
3042:1816: Dallas
2984:2020 (CARES)
2481:
2460:
2453:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2352:
2346:Public image
2298:
2149:
2135:Tammany Hall
1985:
1976:
1969:
1955:
1845:Brooks Adams
1815:Louisa Adams
1803:Adams family
1785:
1780:(1997 film)
1777:
1769:
1761:
1748:
1727:
1718:
1687:Bibliography
1519:
1414:
1400:Inauguration
1240:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1123:
1108:
1103:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1019:
1014:
1000:
992:
970:
960:November 18,
958:. Retrieved
954:
933:
924:
915:
906:
900:
874:
864:
856:
851:
844:
839:
825:
783:
776:
772:
761:
755:
735:
727:
723:
711:Slave states
690:
685:
680:
579:Pennsylvania
567:Mid-Atlantic
541:Rhode Island
501:
490:
487:Bill passage
462:
439:
411:
406:
370:
368:
316:
296:
289:
277:
270:
261:
226:
214:
207:
89:
18:
3178:1993: NAFTA
3067:1842: Black
2959:2017 (TCJA)
2934:2012 (ATRA)
2109:(1815â1819)
2101:(1821â1828)
2082:(1829â1831)
2071:(1831â1832)
2063:(1833â1837)
2052:(1837â1841)
1928:John Quincy
1922:Elihu Adams
1839:Henry Adams
1772:(1987 book)
1751:(1957 book)
1526:Mendi Bible
1382:(1794â1797)
1374:(1797â1801)
1366:(1803â1808)
1358:(1809â1814)
1350:(1814â1817)
1342:(1817â1825)
1331:(1825â1829)
1320:(1831â1833)
1308:(1833â1843)
1296:(1843â1848)
1243:(1): 17â45.
698:Free states
635:Mississippi
537:Connecticut
529:New England
442:War of 1812
418:Cotton Belt
3203:Categories
3143:1948: GATT
2964:2018 (BBA)
2949:2015 (BBA)
2914:2010 (ACA)
2654:1940 (2nd)
2261:Presidency
1880:First Lady
1865:presidency
1857:John Adams
1853:(grandson)
1847:(grandson)
1841:(grandson)
1788:(2001 book
1786:John Adams
1728:John Adams
1609:Peacefield
1584:Early life
1392:Presidency
1213:(2): 1â30.
1091:. p. 143.
818:References
807:Force Bill
575:New Jersey
509:bankruptcy
428:Background
387:free trade
3183:1994: WTO
2814:1986 Code
2714:1954 Code
2644:1939 Code
2372:Van Buren
2125:Bucktails
1906:(brother)
1900:(brother)
1155:. p. 239.
1111:, p. 65.
655:Tennessee
639:Louisiana
59:Political
2539:Internal
2488:Category
2418:(father)
2330:Writings
1992:Category
1894:(sister)
1575:Life and
1547:Writings
1135:July 27,
801:See also
667:Maryland
659:Kentucky
647:Virginia
613:Missouri
609:Illinois
583:Delaware
571:New York
523:Against
444:and the
383:Congress
311:Military
251:Judicial
85:Gag rule
36:Economic
3153:1974/75
3014:Tariffs
2784:Gas Tax
2541:Revenue
2387:Amistad
1938:Related
1778:Amistad
1741:culture
1739:Popular
1638:Senate
663:Alabama
643:Georgia
605:Indiana
545:Vermont
397:in the
271:Amistad
2904:Crisis
2404:Family
2374:(1839)
2093:(1829)
1876:mother
1861:father
1817:(wife)
1731:(1963)
1722:(1941)
1680:Legacy
1482:events
1115:
1095:
1059:
1026:
889:
403:tariff
273:affair
187:Social
2804:COBRA
2442:(son)
2430:(son)
1835:(son)
1829:(son)
1823:(son)
1577:homes
1480:Other
1318:MAâ11
1306:MAâ12
681:Total
627:South
553:Maine
391:South
3168:1988
3163:1984
3158:1979
3148:1962
3089:1875
3086:1872
3077:1857
3057:1832
2954:2016
2944:2014
2939:2012
2929:2011
2909:2009
2899:2008
2889:2007
2884:2006
2879:2006
2874:2005
2869:2004
2864:2003
2859:2002
2849:1998
2844:1997
2839:1996
2834:1993
2829:1990
2824:1988
2819:1987
2809:1986
2799:1984
2779:1982
2774:1981
2769:1980
2764:1978
2759:1977
2754:1976
2749:1975
2744:1971
2739:1969
2734:1968
2729:1966
2724:1964
2719:1962
2709:1954
2704:1951
2699:1950
2694:1950
2689:1948
2684:1945
2679:1944
2674:1943
2669:1943
2664:1942
2659:1941
2649:1940
2639:1937
2634:1936
2629:1935
2624:1934
2619:1932
2614:1928
2609:1926
2604:1924
2599:1921
2594:1918
2589:1917
2584:1916
2579:1914
2574:1913
2569:1909
2564:1894
2559:1864
2554:1862
2549:1861
2380:Burr
2370:USS
2118:Life
2077:10th
1726:USS
1717:USS
1669:1828
1657:1824
1647:1808
1642:1803
1450:1828
1445:1827
1316:for
1304:for
1294:MAâ8
1292:for
1137:2017
1113:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1024:ISBN
962:2019
887:ISBN
728:The
601:Ohio
597:West
520:For
497:flax
493:hemp
379:bill
369:The
269:The
26:the
2088:9th
2058:8th
2047:8th
1337:8th
1326:6th
879:doi
718:65
715:17
705:29
702:88
686:105
675:64
618:29
588:56
561:23
558:16
3205::
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1235:.
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1209:.
1205:.
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