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716:(The Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines) al-Dīn describes this machine as well as some practical applications for it. The spit is rotated by directing steam into the vanes which then turns the wheel at the end of the axle. Al-Dīn also described four water-raising machines. The first two are animal driven water pumps. The third and fourth are both driven by a paddle wheel. The third is a slot-rod pump while the fourth is a six-cylinder pump. The vertical pistons of the final machine are operated by cams and trip-hammers, run by the paddle wheel. The descriptions of these machines predates many of the more modern engines. The screw pump, for example, that al-Dīn describes predates Agricola, whose description of the rag and chain pump was published in 1556. The two pump engine, which was first described by
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451:, which called for the construction of the Constantinople Observatory. This observatory became home to many important books and instruments, it had sixteen assistants who helped with the making of scientific instruments, as well as many renowned scholars of the time. While there is not much known of the architectural characteristics of the building, there are many depictions of the scholars and astronomical instruments present in the observatory. It was from this observatory that Taqī al-Dīn discovered the
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observatory, built in the higher part of
Tophane in Istanbul, was made of two separate buildings. One building was big and the other one was small. Al-Dīn possessed some of the instruments used in the old Islamic observatories. He had those instruments reproduced and also created new instruments which would be used for observational purposes. The staff at the new observatory consisted of sixteen people. Eight of them were observers or rasids, four of them were clerks, and the last four were assistants.
696:. As stated above the creation of this clock was thought to be one of the most important astronomical discoveries of the sixteenth century. Taqī al-Dīn constructed a mechanical clock with three dials which show the hours, minutes, and seconds, with each minute consisting of five seconds. After this clock it is not known whether Taqī al-Dīn's work in mechanical clocks was ever continued, given that much of the clockmaking after that time in the
428:, which was said to have been the home to the best instruments of its time in Europe. As a matter of fact, Brahe and Taqī al-Dīn have frequently been compared for their work in sixteenth-century astronomy. The founding of the Constantinople Observatory began when Taqī al-Dīn returned to Istanbul in 1570, after spending 20 years in Egypt developing his astronomy and mathematical knowledge. Shortly after his return,
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at 23° 28' 40". The current value was 23° 27' showing that al-Dīn's instruments and methods were more precise. Al-Dīn used a new method to calculate solar parameters and to determine the magnitude of the annual movement of the sun's apogee as 63 seconds. The known value today is 61 seconds. Copernicus came up with 24 seconds and Tycho Brahe had 45 seconds but al-Dīn was more accurate than both.
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those errors could be fixed if there were new observations made. He also suggested that an observatory should be created in
Istanbul to make that situation easier. Murad III would become a patron of the first observatory in Istanbul. He preferred that construction for the new observatory begin immediately. Since Murad III was the patron he would assist with finances for the project.
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used throughout his research at the short-lived observatory. He believed that it would be advantageous to bring a "true hermetic and distilled perception of the motion of the heavenly bodies." In order to get a better understanding of how clocks ran Taqī al-Dīn took the time to gain knowledge from many
European clock makers as well as going into the treasury of
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started creating a high demand for them. Initially, it was started by the gifts brought by the
Austrians but this would end up starting a market for the clocks. European clockmakers began to create clocks designed to the tastes and needs of the Ottoman people. They did this by showing both the phases
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showed his power by bringing Taqī al-Dīn and some of the most accomplished men in the field of astronomy together to work towards one goal and not only have them work well together but also make progress in the field. Murad III made sure that there was proof of his accomplishments by having his court
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Despite Taqī al-Dīn's originality, his influence seemed to be limited. There are only a small number of surviving copies of his works so they were not able to reach a wide variety of people. His commentaries that are known are very few. However, one of his works and a piece of a library that he owned
459:(he also blamed Taqī al-Dīn for the plague that was occurring at the time). Due to political conflict, this observatory was short lived. It was closed in 1579 and, was demolished entirely by the state on 22 January 1580, only 11 short years after the imperial edict which called for its construction.
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who brought the idea to him knowing about his interest in science. The Sultan ultimately would provide Taqī al-Dīn with everything he needed from financial assistance for the physical buildings, to intellectual assistance making sure he had easy access to many types of books he would need. When the
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Taqī al-Dīn approached his observations in a creative way and created new answers to astronomical problems due to the new strategies he created along with the new equipment he created as well. He would go on to create trigonometric tables based on decimal fractions. These tables placed the ecliptic
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that talks about seeing Taqī Ad-Dīn's work on optics in
Istanbul. He argued that he was not able to get ahold of it from his friends even after all his efforts. He must have succeeded in acquiring it later since Taqī al-Dīn's work on optics would eventually make it to the Bodleian Library as Marsh
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to create a clock that would show exactly when the call to prayer was. This would lead him to write his first book on the construction of mechanical clocks called, "al-Kawakib al-Durriya fi
Bengamat al-Dawriyya" (The Brightest Stars for the Construction of Mechanical Clocks) in 1563 A.D. which he
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Taqī al-Dīn maintained a strong bond with the people from the Ulama and statesmen. He would pass on information to Sultan Murad III who had an interest in astronomy but also in astrology. The information stated that Ulugh Beg Zij had particular observational errors. Al-Dīn made a suggestions that
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Taqi ad-Din's education started in theology and as he went on he would gain an interest in the rational sciences. Following his interest, he would begin to study the rational sciences in
Damascus and Cairo. During that time he studied alongside his father Maʿruf Efendi. Al-Dīn went on to teach at
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were not in high demand. This lack of demand was brought on by the extremely high prices and the lack of preciseness needed by the population who had to calculate when they would have to have the prayer. The use of hourglasses, water clocks, and sundials was more than enough to meet their needs.
424:, which is also known as the Istanbul Observatory. This observatory is frequently said to be one of Taqī al-Dīn's most important contributions to sixteenth-century Islamic and Ottoman astronomy. In fact, it is known as one of the largest observatories in Islamic history. It is often compared to
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The main purpose behind the observatory was to cater to the needs of the astronomers and provide a library and workshop so they could design and produce instruments. This observatory would become one of the largest ones in the
Islamic world. It was complete in 1579. It would go on to run until
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Taqī al-Dīn continued his studies at the Galata Tower while this was going on. His studies would continue until 1577 at the nearly complete observatory, which was called Dar al-Rasad al-Jadid. This new observatory contained a library that held books which covered astronomy and mathematics. The
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Taqī al-Dīn used a variety of instruments to aid in his work at the observatory. Some were instruments that were already in use from
European Astronomers while others he invented himself. While working in this observatory, Taqī al-Dīn not only operated many previously created instruments and
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because it seemed like they wanted to take him to trial for heresy. The vizier informs the sultan that Taqī Ad-Dīn wanted to go to Syria regardless of the sultan's orders. The vizier also warned the sultan that if Taqī Ad-Dīn went there, there is a possibility that he would be noticed by the
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various madaris and served as a qadi, or judge, in
Palestine, Damascus, and Cairo. He stayed in Egypt and Damascus for some time and while he was there he created work in astronomy and mathematics. His work in these categories would eventually become important. He became a
1279:"تقي الدين محمد بن معروف بن أحمد بن محمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن يوسف ابن الأمير ناصر الدين منكويرس ابن الأمير ناصح الدين خمارتكين" "Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ibn Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmed ibn Yusuf ibn Nasir al-Din Mankarus ibn Nasih al-Din Khumartekin"
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Astronomy did not really get off the ground in Constantinople until 1576, when Taqi al-Din, a Damascus-born Turk and a gifted mathematician and astronomer, persuaded the sultan to fund an observatory patterned after Ulughbeg's (see plate
761:): this is said to be one of Taqī al-Dīn's most important works in astronomy. He completed this book on the basis of his observations in both Egypt and Istanbul. The purpose of this work was to improve, correct, and ultimately complete
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16’ıncı yüzyılda Osmanlılarda saat ve Takiyüddin’in “mekanik saat konstrüksüyonuna dair en parlak yıldızlar = The clocks in Ottoman Empire in 16th century and Taqi al Din’s the brightest stars for the construction of the mechanical
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The rise and fall of Taqī al-Dīn and his observatory depended on political issues that surrounded him. Due to his father's occupation as a professor at the Damascene College of law Taqī al-Dīn spent much of his life in
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was written by Taqī al-Dīn in 1559 and addressed mechanical-automatic clocks. This work is considered the first written work on mechanical-automatic clocks in the Islamic and Ottoman world. In this book, he accredits
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treasury Taqī al-Dīn examined three different types. Those three were weight-driven, spring-driven, and driven by lever escapement. He wrote of these three types of watches but also made comments on
242:. The first 40 pages of the work dealt with calculations, followed by discussions of astronomical clocks, heavenly circles, and information on three eclipses which he observed in Cairo and Istanbul.
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techniques, but he also developed numerous new ones. Of these novel inventions, the automatic-mechanical clock is regarded as one of the most important developed in the Constantinople Observatory.
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According to Salomon Schweigger, the chaplain of Habsburg ambassador Johann Joachim von Sinzendorf, Taqi al-Din was a charlatan who deceived Sultan Murad III and had him spent enormous resources.
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January 22, 1580 which is when it was destroyed. Some say religious arguments was the reason why it was destroyed, but it really came down to political problems. A report by the grand vizier
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was a work of Taqī al-Dīn that discussed physics and optics. This book discussed the structure of light, the relationship between light and color, as well as diffusion and global refraction.
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historiographer Seyyid Lokman keep very detailed records of the work going on at the observatory. Seyyid Lokman wrote that his sultan's monarchy was much more powerful than others in
771:, which was a project devised in Samarkand and furthered in the Constantinople Observatory. The first 40 pages of his writing focus on trigonometric calculations, with emphasis on
447:. While working in these buildings, he began to gain the support and trust of many important Turkish officials. These newfound relationships lead to an imperial edict in 1569 from
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His major work from the use of his observatory is titled "The tree of ultimate knowledge in the Kingdom of the Revolving Spheres: The astronomical tables of the King of Kings " (
1661:
Hill, Donald R. (1978). "Review of Taqī-al-Dīn and Arabic Mechanical Engineering. With the Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines. An Arabic Manuscript of the Sixteenth Century".
1166:"Two such cases are Piri Reis (d.1554), an Ottoman Turk from Gallipoli, and Taqi al-Din (d.1585), an Ottoman Arab from Damascus. They form the symbolic pivot of my argument."
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1271:مرصد اسطنبول: هدم الرصد ورصد الهدم. تطور ثقافة العلوم في الإسلام بعد كوبرنيكوس / Istanbul Observatory: The Ethos of Science in Islam in the Post-Copernican Period
1179:مرصد اسطنبول: هدم الرصد ورصد الهدم. تطور ثقافة العلوم في الإسلام بعد كوبرنيكوس / Istanbul Observatory: The Ethos of Science in Islam in the Post-Copernican Period
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is a second book on mechanics by Taqī al-Dīn that emphasizes the geometrical-mechanical structure of clocks, which was a topic previously observed and studied by
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Avner, Ben-Zaken (2004). "The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart: The Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy".
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401:, a Dutch professor of Arabic and mathematics at Leiden University. Golius traveled to Istanbul in the early seventeenth century. In 1629 he wrote a letter to
1192:" Chief Astronomer Taqi al-Din was born to a family of Turkish descent in Damascus." Hoffmann, Dieter; İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin; Djebbar, Ahmed; Günergun, Feza.
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Unat, Yavuz, "Time in The Sky of Istanbul, Taqî al Dîn al-Râsid's Observatory", Art and Culture Magazine, Time in Art, Winter 2004/Issue 11, pp. 86–103.
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and trigonometric functions in astronomical tables. He also gives the parts of degree of curves and angles in decimal fractions with precise calculations.
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A Sunaydi Ruler which was apparently a special type of instrument of an auxiliary nature, the function of which was explained by Alaeddin el-Mansur
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Stolz, Daniel A. "POSITIONING THE WATCH HAND: 'ULAMA' AND THE PRACTICE OF MECHANICAL TIMEKEEPING IN CAIRO, 1737–1874." 47, no. 3 (2015): 489-510.
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232:). The work was prepared according to the results of the observations carried out in Egypt and Istanbul in order to correct and complete
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Sultan decided to create the observatory he saw it as a way to show off the power his monarchy had besides just financially backing it.
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1256:..composed as a commentary on Kamal al-Din's "Tanqih" by Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, the Syrian astronomer at the Ottoman court
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is another important work by Taqī al-Dīn, which focuses on the projection of a sphere into a plane, among other geometric topics.
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for his observatory. Taqi ad-Din also wrote a book on optics, in which he determined the light emitted from objects, proved the
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Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, D. E. P. (1984). Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
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Muşabbaha bi'l-menatık, an instrument with chords to determine the equinoxes, invented to replace the equinoctial armillary.
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As a polymath, Taqi al-Din wrote numerous books on astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, and theology. His method of finding
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Ben-Zaken, Avner. "The Revolving Planets and the Revolving Clocks: Circulating Mechanical Objects in the Mediterranean",
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A Ruler Quadrant or Wooden Quadrant an instrument with two holes for the measurement of apparent diameters and eclipses.
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that is said to be Taqī al-Dīn's second most important work in astronomy. This zīj contains the first recorded use of
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Salomon Schweigger, Ein newe Reyssbeschreibung auss Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem (Graz, 1964), 90–1.
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as a contributor for allowing him to use and study his private library and collection of European mechanical clocks.
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119. It was originally in the Golius collection so it is clear that Golius eventually succeeded at acquiring it.
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was above other monarchs because the results of the observatory were new to the world and replaced many others.
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he was able to make connections with many scholar-jurists. He was also able to use the private library of the
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makes no mention of his ethnicity, simply calling him, "...the most important astronomer of Ottoman Turkey".
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tracing his lineage back to the Ayyubid prince Nasir al-Din Mankarus ibn Nasih al-Din Khumartekin who ruled
225:. He also used European celestial and terrestrial globes that were delivered to Istanbul in gift exchanges.
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1391:. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford Islamic Studies Online.
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to Sultan Murad III goes into how the Sultan and the vizier attempted to keep Taqī Ad-Dīn away from the
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Taqī al-Dīn was born in Damascus in 1526 according to most sources. His ethnicity has been described as
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Fazlıoğlu, İhsan (2014). "Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Maҁrūf al-Dimashqī al-Ḥanafī".
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A mechanical clock with a train of cogwheels which helped measure the true ascension of the stars.
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reached western Europe pretty quickly. This was due to the manuscript collecting efforts of
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In 1551 Taqī al-Dīn described a self-rotating spit that is important in the history of the
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At the age of 59, after authoring more than ninety books, Taqī al-Dīn passed away in 1585.
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During the early years of his position as head astronomer, Taqī al-Dīn worked in both the
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308:. In his treatise, titled "Rayḥānat al-rūḥ", Taqī al-Dīn himself claimed descent from the
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Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
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Hassani, A. M. (1979). "Arab Scientists Revisited: Ibn Ash-Shatir and Taqi ed-Din".
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were reportedly so precise that he got better measurements than his contemporaries,
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Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
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in the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Taqi ad-Din constructed instruments such as an
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Volume 6 of Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science
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Tezcan, Baki. "Some Thoughts on the Politics of Early Modern Ottoman Science."
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and astronomical ones. As Chief Astronomer, Taqī al-Dīn created a mechanical
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Due to this high demand for mechanical clocks, Taqī al-Dīn was asked by the
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Each of the instruments were created by Taqi al-Din to use for his own work.
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Sidrat al-muntah al-afkar fi malkūt al-falak al-dawār– al-zij al-Shāhinshāhi
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Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean 1560-1660
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19:"Ibn Ma'ruf" redirects here. For the 10th-century chief qadi of Iraq, see
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Gautier, Antoine (December 2005). "L'âge d'or de l'astronomie ottomane".
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A Survey of the Scientific manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library
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2196:
2186:
2111:
2025:
1674:
527:
477:
429:
309:
175:
167:
72:
54:
1277:
Taqi ad-Din lineage as recorded by himself in his Rayḥānat al-rūḥ:
500:. Continuing his research on observations of the heavens while in
334:
to the Sultan in 1571 a year after he came to Istanbul, replacing
257:. Brahe is also thought to have been aware of Taqi al-Din's work.
4298:
3054:
3044:
2979:
2928:
2868:
2858:
2823:
2181:
1826:. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, Aleppo University.
844:
794:
692:. This clock was made to permit more precise measurements at the
444:
1073:. Selin, Helaine, 1946- (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. 2008.
3029:
3024:
199:
120:
1268:
Akkach, Samer; السياسات, المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة (2017).
672:
and learning anything he could from the many clocks he owned.
37:
3616:
3094:
2959:
2883:
501:
473:
469:
293:
183:
171:
1921:
547:
Each of these instruments were first described by Ptolemy.
519:
1585:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 20.
1136:"Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries"
633:
2752:
1252:
Medieval Science Technology and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
790:
1583:
Science, Technology, and Learning in the Ottoman Empire
1194:
Science, technology, and industry in the Ottoman world
537:
575:- Measures the inclined position of celestial bodies.
455:, Murad III taught of the comet as a bad omen on the
420:
Taqī al-Dīn was both the founder and director of the
847:
and their characteristics drawn on a marble surface.
1513:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp.
1762:
1319:
1216:
221:and mechanical clocks that he used to observe the
137:Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi
1756:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), pp. 8-47.
415:
4478:16th-century astronomers from the Ottoman Empire
4409:
1292:تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الدمشقي - حياته وأعماله.
1223:. Princeton University Press. pp. 509–510.
821:Taqī al-Din is also accredited as the author of
4458:16th-century physicians from the Ottoman Empire
1850:Second edition, Ankara: T. C. Kültür Bakanlıgi.
1617:The British Journal for the History of Science
1476:. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 2123–2126.
1267:
432:appointed Taqī al-Dīn as the head astronomer (
3305:
1907:
1824:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
264:with the practical application of rotating a
4473:16th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
3522:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1870:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
21:Abu Muhammad Ubaydallah ibn Ahmad ibn Ma'ruf
1036:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 2080–2081.
714:Al-Turuq al-samiyya fi al-alat al-ruhaniyya
675:
288:Observation of a comet from Istanbul (1577)
276:observationally, and worked on refraction.
3312:
3298:
1914:
1900:
1790:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1728:– via NASA Astrophysics Data System.
1347:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
775:such sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent.
720:, was also the basis of the steam engine.
591:for measuring angles from 0 to 90 degrees.
36:
4306:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
1863:
1798:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 132–133.
1580:
1557:
1471:
1868:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
1474:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1288:
1210:
352:
283:
4498:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world
4006:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
1923:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1872:. New York: Springer. pp. 1122–3.
1830:
1695:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1186:
851:
634:Rise of clock use in the Ottoman Empire
4443:Mathematicians from the Ottoman Empire
4410:
2720:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2066:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
1821:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1504:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1133:
1031:
996:
646:It was not until around 1547 that the
638:Before the sixteenth century European
42:Work in the observatory of Taqi ad-Din
3293:
2741:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
2679:
1933:
1895:
1656:
1654:
1614:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1127:
1109:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1032:Tekeli, Sevim (2008). "Taqī Al-Dīn".
1002:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan.
918:
658:
488:. He then began working under Sultan
153:تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي السعدي
4468:16th-century Arabic-language writers
4257:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
3319:
2690:
1812:
1760:
1660:
1355:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 132.
1317:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
152:
4488:Clockmakers from the Ottoman Empire
4108:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1569:
1531:
1436:
1006:Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 552
538:Instruments used at the Observatory
426:Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg Observatory
144:
13:
1736:
1651:
1416:Darke, Diana (2022). "Chapter 5".
1404:
1369:
1282:
1217:S. Frederick Starr (2 June 2015).
1175:
1058:
1004:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
723:
628:
580:These instruments were created by
568:the altitudes of celestial bodies.
268:in 1551. He worked on and created
14:
4529:
4453:Inventors from the Ottoman Empire
4448:Engineers from the Ottoman Empire
3532:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
1857:
1386:
1289:Chaarani, Mona SANJAKDAR (2019),
1016:
3870:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1947:
1200:p. 19. Publisher Brepols, 2000.
623:
213:invited Taqi ad-Din to build an
4144:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
4128:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
2445:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1934:
1689:
1608:
1599:
1560:"Science in the Ottoman Empire"
1551:
1498:
1419:The Ottomans: A Cultural Legacy
1395:
1311:
1302:
1261:
1241:
4513:Astronomical instrument makers
3749:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
2934:Schema for horizontal sundials
2450:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1975:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1581:ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin (2004).
1558:İHSANOĞLU, Ekmeleddin (2004).
1509:The Ottoman Age of Exploration
1482:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_1360
1169:
1042:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9065
972:
950:Inventions in the Muslim world
416:The Constantinople Observatory
145:تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي
1:
3819:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
3441:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
700:was taken over by Europeans.
651:of the moon and by utilizing
393:who would take him to trial.
320:during the 12th century. The
260:Taqi ad-Din also described a
4483:Scientific instrument makers
4067:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
3855:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
3759:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
3754:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
3607:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
3512:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
3192:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
728:
587:A Mural quadrant, a type of
279:
16:Ottoman polymath (1526-1585)
7:
4493:16th-century mathematicians
4244:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
3829:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
3181:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2385:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
1747:, xlix (2010), pp. 125-148.
943:
462:
443:and a building overlooking
371:(chief astrologer) using a
336:Mustafa ibn Ali al-Muwaqqit
209:In 1574 the Ottoman Sultan
10:
4534:
4292:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
4077:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
4026:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
2680:
2425:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1718:10.1177/007327537901700203
1505:Casale, Giancarlo (2010).
694:Constantinople observatory
422:Constantinople Observatory
236:'s 15th century work, the
163: 1526–1585) was an
88:Constantinople observatory
18:
4374:
4348:
4322:
4213:
4192:
4172:
4136:
4090:
4039:
4001:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
3996:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
3953:
3920:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
3842:
3764:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
3741:
3630:
3602:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
3504:
3413:
3392:
3336:
3327:
3266:Medieval European science
3248:
3217:
3158:
2947:
2814:
2750:
2697:
2686:
2675:
2636:
2600:
2539:
2526:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
2478:
2377:
2306:
2283:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
2225:
2094:
1998:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1864:Fazlıoğlu, İhsan (2007).
1629:10.1017/S0007087403005302
130:
100:
93:
83:
65:
47:
35:
28:
4361:Ancient Iranian medicine
4149:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
4021:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
3885:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
3850:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
3673:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
3572:Al-Tamimi, the physician
3359:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
2516:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
2410:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
2051:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1822:Hassan, Ahmad Y (1976).
965:
703:
676:Types of clocks examined
4313:Lives of the Physicians
4278:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
4224:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
4180:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
4062:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
3925:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
3648:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
3577:Eutychius of Alexandria
3552:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
2618:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
2592:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
2470:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
2390:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1843:Tekeli, Sevim. (2002).
1813:King, David A. (1986).
1761:King, David A. (2000).
1422:. Thames & Hudson.
914:(Abū al-Izz al-Jazarī).
773:trigonometric functions
594:An Azimuthally Quadrant
530:. He also claimed that
4356:Ancient Greek medicine
4016:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
3930:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3774:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3668:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
3638:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
3542:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
2899:Navigational astrolabe
2654:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
2420:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2339:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2288:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
2217:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
1389:Taqī al-Dīn ibn Maʿrūf
1101:: CS1 maint: others (
476:. During his trips to
376:
323:Encyclopaedia of Islam
289:
160:
4438:Syrian mathematicians
4340:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
4231:The Canon of Medicine
4052:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
3658:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
3643:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
3547:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
3491:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
3235:Hellenistic astronomy
3206:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
3000:Deferent and epicycle
2400:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
2369:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2011:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1546:Osmanlı Araştırmaları
1134:Soucek, Svat (1994).
680:Of the clocks in the
457:war with the Safavids
356:
287:
4463:People from Damascus
4123:Sultan Ali Khorasani
3824:Serapion the Younger
3466:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
3349:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
3225:Babylonian astronomy
3040:Gravitational energy
2415:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2405:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
2086:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1985:Mashallah ibn Athari
1970:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
852:Clocks and mechanics
783:durar wa kharīdat al
357:Ottoman observatory
247:coordinates of stars
4392:Medical Renaissance
4250:The Book of Healing
4154:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
3945:Zakariya al-Qazwini
3834:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
3476:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
3166:Al-Azhar University
2985:Celestial mechanics
2775:Book of Fixed Stars
2734:The Book of Healing
2713:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
2455:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
2430:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2041:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2036:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1710:1979HisSc..17..135H
1318:King, D.A. (2000).
739:afkār fī malakūt al
496:'s, private mentor
453:Great Comet of 1577
403:Constantijn Huygens
270:astronomical clocks
223:Great Comet of 1577
4503:Turkish scientists
4433:Syrian astronomers
4330:Al-'Adudi Hospital
4238:Tacuinum Sanitatis
4164:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
3683:Badi' al-Asturlabi
3582:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
3557:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
3537:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
3486:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
3379:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
3374:Nafi ibn al-Harith
3230:Egyptian astronomy
3171:House of Knowledge
2849:Astronomical clock
2659:Muhammad al-Rudani
2056:Banū Mūsā brothers
2006:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1752:Ben-Zaken, Avner.
1745:History of Science
1698:History of Science
1548:36, no. 36 (2010).
1250:, Nader el-Bizri,
1164:– via JSTOR.
1121:muslimheritage.com
984:muslimheritage.com
919:Physics and optics
690:astronomical clock
659:Taqī al-Dīn's work
582:Muslim astronomers
560:- also known as a
558:A Paralactic Ruler
377:
290:
255:Nicolas Copernicus
204:natural philosophy
125:natural philosophy
4428:Syrian scientists
4405:
4404:
4397:Medieval medicine
4188:
4187:
4047:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
3880:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
3769:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
3384:Zaynab al-Awadiya
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3261:Chinese astronomy
3256:Byzantine science
3130:Temporal finitism
3060:Islamic cosmology
2990:Celestial spheres
2810:
2809:
2702:Arabic star names
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2531:Fathullah Shirazi
2465:Al-Ashraf Umar II
2177:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1980:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1879:978-0-387-31022-0
1805:978-90-04-11211-7
1592:978-0-86078-924-6
1524:978-0-19-537782-8
1491:978-1-4419-9916-0
1429:978-0-500-77753-4
1362:978-90-04-11211-7
1230:978-0-691-16585-1
1051:978-1-4020-4559-2
955:Islamic astronomy
795:decimal fractions
735:Sidrat muntahā al
640:mechanical clocks
274:Law of Reflection
134:
133:
95:Scientific career
4525:
4387:Learned medicine
4382:Ibn Sina Academy
4082:Şerafeddin Kadir
4057:Husayni Isfahani
3991:Mansur ibn Ilyas
3935:Rashidun al-Suri
3814:Moshe ben Maimon
3597:Ibrahim ibn Baks
3527:Abu Bakr al-Razi
3461:Jabir ibn Hayyan
3456:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
3451:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
3334:
3333:
3321:Islamic medicine
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3271:Indian astronomy
3240:Indian astronomy
3208:
3201:
3194:
3115:Sublunary sphere
3105:Specific gravity
3005:Earth's rotation
2894:Mural instrument
2839:Armillary sphere
2762:Alfonsine tables
2727:Tabula Rogeriana
2707:Islamic calendar
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2572:Sibt al-Maridini
2557:Jamshid al-Kashi
2278:Said al-Andalusi
2081:Thābit ibn Qurra
2016:Abu Said Gorgani
1990:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1944:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1840:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1785:Heinrichs, W. P.
1766:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1469:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1367:
1366:
1342:Heinrichs, W. P.
1323:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1214:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1029:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
976:
912:Ismail al-Jazari
843:which discusses
589:mural Instrument
552:Armillary Sphere
449:Sultan Murad III
332:chief astronomer
219:armillary sphere
154:
146:
40:
26:
25:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4508:Arab scientists
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4370:
4344:
4318:
4209:
4184:
4168:
4132:
4113:Dawud al-Antaki
4086:
4035:
3949:
3890:Ibn Abi Usaibia
3838:
3737:
3728:Jonah ibn Janah
3626:
3517:Aayon Ibn Aayon
3500:
3481:Shapur ibn Sahl
3409:
3388:
3344:Abu Hafsa Yazid
3323:
3318:
3288:
3275:
3244:
3213:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3176:House of Wisdom
3154:
3110:Spherical Earth
2943:
2874:Equatorial ring
2854:Celestial globe
2829:Analog computer
2806:
2801:Sullam al-sama'
2746:
2682:
2663:
2632:
2596:
2535:
2474:
2373:
2359:Jabir ibn Aflah
2302:
2233:Abu Nasr Mansur
2221:
2202:Abolfadl Harawi
2137:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
2090:
1994:
1965:Ahmad Nahavandi
1953:
1938:
1925:
1920:
1880:
1860:
1806:
1777:Bosworth, C. E.
1739:
1737:Further reading
1734:
1733:
1694:
1690:
1659:
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1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1532:
1525:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1470:
1437:
1430:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1370:
1363:
1334:Bosworth, C. E.
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1215:
1211:
1191:
1187:
1176:Akkach, Samer.
1174:
1170:
1154:10.2307/1595839
1148:(79): 121–142.
1141:Studia Islamica
1132:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1030:
1017:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
978:
977:
973:
968:
960:Islamic science
946:
925:Nawr ḥadīqat al
921:
866:durriyya fī waḍ
854:
731:
726:
724:Important works
706:
678:
670:Semiz Ali Pasha
661:
636:
631:
629:Clock mechanics
626:
540:
486:Semiz Ali Pasha
465:
430:Sultan Selīm II
418:
302:Ottoman Turkish
298:Ottoman Kurdish
282:
149:Ottoman Turkish
79:
70:
61:
52:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Hakim-e-Gilani
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Rostam Gorgani
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3940:Sa'ad al-Dawla
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Ibn al-Kattani
3715:
3713:Ibn al-Haytham
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Ibn Al-Thahabi
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Ali ibn Ridwan
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3622:Qusta ibn Luqa
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3496:Yusuf al-Khuri
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3405:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Elliptic orbit
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Circular orbit
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2781:Toledan Tables
2778:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Yang Guangxian
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2298:Ali ibn Khalaf
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Kushyar Gilani
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Ali ibn Ridwan
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Haseb-i Tabari
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Sahl ibn Bishr
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1859:
1858:External links
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1841:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1781:van Donzel, E.
1769:Bearman, P. J.
1758:
1749:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1688:
1675:10.1086/351968
1669:(1): 117–118.
1650:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1568:
1550:
1530:
1523:
1497:
1490:
1435:
1428:
1403:
1394:
1387:Ayduz, Salim.
1368:
1361:
1338:van Donzel, E.
1326:Bearman, P. J.
1321:"Taḳī al- Dīn"
1310:
1301:
1281:
1260:
1240:
1229:
1209:
1185:
1168:
1126:
1108:
1079:
1057:
1050:
1015:
995:
970:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
945:
942:
941:
940:
933:nūr ḥaqīqat al
920:
917:
916:
915:
885:
853:
850:
849:
848:
837:alā mustawī al
827:rūḥ fī rasm al
819:
798:
776:
730:
727:
725:
722:
705:
702:
698:Ottoman Empire
686:pocket watches
682:Grand Vizier's
677:
674:
660:
657:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
604:Parallel ruler
597:
596:
595:
592:
578:
577:
576:
569:
555:
539:
536:
464:
461:
417:
414:
365:headed by the
306:Ottoman Syrian
281:
278:
132:
131:
128:
127:
102:
98:
97:
91:
90:
85:
84:Known for
81:
80:
77:Ottoman Empire
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:Ottoman Empire
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4530:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:Adab al-Tabib
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Ophthalmology
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:ʽImad Shirazi
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Ibn al-Khatib
3979:
3977:
3976:Ibn al-Akfani
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Ibn al‐Raqqam
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Ibn al-Baitar
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Al-Shahrazuri
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Ibn Abi Sadiq
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Ibn al-Jazzar
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:Observatories
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Triangulation
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Heliocentrism
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Shadow square
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:Zij-i Sultani
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:Zij-i Ilkhani
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Kadızade Rumi
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Ibn al-Shatir
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Ibn al-Kammad
2352:
2350:
2347:
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2268:Ibn al-Saffar
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2024:
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2019:
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2014:
2012:
2009:
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2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
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1981:
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1956:
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1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:Bianquis, Th.
1770:
1765:
1764:"Taḳī al-Dīn"
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
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1719:
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1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Bianquis, Th.
1327:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1274:. p. 87.
1273:
1272:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:2-503-51095-7
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
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1172:
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1137:
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1122:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:9781402044250
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1012:0-8160-6259-5
1009:
1005:
999:
985:
981:
975:
971:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
922:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:saniyya fī al
893:
889:
886:
883:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
856:
855:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
828:
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820:
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813:
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748:
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736:
733:
732:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:steam turbine
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
666:
656:
654:
649:
644:
641:
624:Contributions
618:
613:
610:
607:
605:
601:
600:
598:
593:
590:
586:
585:
583:
579:
574:
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544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:of the time,
483:
479:
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446:
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277:
275:
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263:
262:steam turbine
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
240:
239:Zij-i Sultani
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
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150:
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138:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
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92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
4518:Globe makers
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4173:18th century
4137:17th century
4127:
4091:16th century
4040:15th century
4031:Zayn-e-Attar
3954:14th century
3905:Ibn al-Nafis
3843:13th century
3742:12th century
3723:Ibn al-Wafid
3631:11th century
3505:10th century
3436:Ali al-Ridha
3159:Institutions
3010:Eccentricity
2970:Astrophysics
2864:Compass rose
2799:
2792:
2785:
2773:
2766:
2751:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2627:
2577:Ibn al-Majdi
2552:Abd al‐Wajid
2511:Al-Wabkanawi
2506:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
2395:Jamal ad-Din
2364:Omar Khayyam
2192:Al-ʻIjliyyah
2167:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
2152:Ibn al-A'lam
2071:Al-Khwarizmi
1869:
1845:
1836:
1833:L'Astronomie
1832:
1823:
1814:
1795:
1788:
1753:
1744:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1666:
1662:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1582:
1553:
1545:
1508:
1500:
1473:
1418:
1397:
1388:
1352:
1345:
1313:
1304:
1291:
1284:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1219:
1212:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1171:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1070:
1033:
1003:
998:
987:. Retrieved
983:
974:
936:
932:
928:
924:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
822:
815:
811:
808:
804:
800:
786:
782:
778:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
713:
707:
679:
665:Grand Vizier
662:
645:
637:
564:was used to
541:
494:Grand Vizier
482:Grand Vizier
466:
441:Galata Tower
438:
434:Müneccimbaşı
419:
411:
408:
399:Jacob Golius
395:
390:
385:
378:
368:müneccimbaşı
366:
348:
344:
340:
328:
321:
294:Ottoman Arab
291:
259:
244:
237:
229:
227:
208:
136:
135:
94:
4423:1585 deaths
4418:1521 births
4264:De Gradibus
3910:Ibn al-Quff
3414:9th century
3393:8th century
3369:Masarjawaih
3337:7th century
3145:Tusi couple
3135:Trepidation
3100:Salah times
3035:Geocentrism
2909:Planisphere
2889:Graph paper
2816:Instruments
2768:Huihui Lifa
2649:Ehmedê Xanî
2608:Al-Birjandi
2587:al-Kubunani
2344:Abu al-Salt
2293:Al-Isfizari
2253:Ibn al-Samh
2132:Abu al-Wafa
2117:al-Khojandi
2021:Al-Farghani
1936:Astronomers
1886:PDF version
1704:: 135–140.
1623:(1): 1–28.
1298:, p. 1
1248:Ibn Haytham
873:bankāmāt al
823:Rayḥānat al
768:i Ulugh Beg
759:Shāhinshāhī
382:Sinan Pasha
363:astrologers
359:astronomers
251:Tycho Brahe
215:observatory
192:mathematics
188:engineering
113:engineering
105:Mathematics
30:Taqi al-Din
4412:Categories
4375:Influenced
4349:Influences
4335:Bimarestan
4205:Psychology
4159:Tunakabuni
4072:Nurbakhshi
3971:Ibn Shuayb
3961:Al-Nagawri
3895:Ibn Tumlus
3875:As-Suwaydi
3860:Al-Dakhwar
3799:Ibn Tufayl
3794:Ibn Jumay‘
3698:Ibn Butlan
3587:Ibn Juljul
3562:Al-Kaŝkarī
3431:Albubather
3329:Physicians
3249:Influenced
3218:Influences
3090:Precession
3070:Multiverse
2975:Axial tilt
2955:Almucantar
2939:Triquetrum
2879:Equatorium
2628:Takiyüddin
2501:al-Battiwi
2496:Ibn Shuayb
2491:Al-Khalili
2334:Al-Khazini
2329:Al-Kharaqī
2324:Ibn Tufail
2314:Al-Bitruji
2248:Al-Zarqālī
2212:al-Majriti
2162:Al-Saghani
2157:Al-Nayrizi
2142:al-Battani
2061:Iranshahri
2046:Al-Marwazi
1950:by century
989:2018-04-24
862:Kawākib al
779:Jarīdat al
562:Triquetrum
314:Abu Qubays
170:active in
161:Takiyüddin
4271:Al-Tasrif
4011:Nakhshabi
3789:Ibn Habal
3708:Ibn Jazla
3703:Ibn Hindu
3653:Al-Biruni
3567:Al-Natili
3471:Masawaiyh
3446:Bukhtishu
3426:Al-Ruhawi
3400:Bukhtishu
3364:Ibn Uthal
3354:Bukhtishu
3125:Supernova
3080:Obliquity
3065:Moonlight
2965:Astrology
2844:Astrolabe
2623:Piri Reis
2613:al-Khafri
2582:al-Wafa'i
2567:Ulugh Beg
2547:Ali Kuşçu
2521:al-Jadiri
2440:al-Abhari
2238:al-Biruni
2172:Ibn Yunus
2147:Al-Qabisi
2122:al-Khazin
2031:Al-Mahani
1794:Volume X:
1726:163964366
1645:171015647
1351:Volume X:
1097:cite book
1089:261324840
908:Banū Mūsā
904:rūḥāniyya
882:Alī Pasha
805:tarjīḥ li
801:Dustūr al
729:Astronomy
718:al-Jazarī
655:numbers.
573:Astrolabe
566:calculate
532:Murad III
515:Murad III
510:Sa'deddin
506:Murad III
498:Sa'deddin
490:Murad III
280:Biography
234:Ulugh Beg
211:Murad III
196:mechanics
180:astronomy
117:mechanics
109:astronomy
4366:Ayurveda
4193:Concepts
3986:Jaghmini
3966:Aqsara'i
3804:Ibn Zuhr
3784:Averroes
3779:Avempace
3733:Masawaih
3678:Avicenna
3612:Muvaffak
3421:Al-Kindi
3199:Maragheh
3150:Universe
3120:Sunlight
3085:Parallax
3075:Muwaqqit
3015:Ecliptic
2948:Concepts
2914:Quadrant
2834:Aperture
2349:Averroes
2319:Avempace
2263:Avicenna
2197:Nastulus
2187:al-Sijzi
2112:Al-Adami
2026:Al-Kindi
1787:(eds.).
1344:(eds.).
944:See also
929:abṣar wa
892:Ṭuruq al
877:dawriyya
845:sundials
743:falak al
648:Ottomans
528:Anatolia
478:Istanbul
463:Politics
373:quadrant
310:Ayyubids
176:Istanbul
168:polymath
73:Istanbul
55:Damascus
4323:Centers
4299:Al-Hawi
3055:Inertia
3045:Gravity
2980:Azimuth
2929:Sundial
2919:Sextant
2869:Dioptra
2859:Compass
2824:Alidade
2435:al-Urdi
2258:Alhazen
2182:Ma Yize
2127:al-Qūhī
2102:al-Sufi
1847:clocks.
1706:Bibcode
1637:4028254
1162:1595839
900:ālāt al
653:Ottoman
492:'s new
445:Tophane
165:Ottoman
157:Turkish
3030:Galaxy
3025:Equant
2960:Apogee
2904:Octant
2681:Topics
1876:
1802:
1783:&
1724:
1683:230643
1681:
1643:
1635:
1589:
1521:
1488:
1426:
1359:
1340:&
1227:
1204:
1160:
1087:
1077:
1048:
1010:
841:suṭūḥ,
816:tasṭīḥ
755:Zīj al
747:dawwār
526:, and
524:Persia
202:, and
200:optics
184:clocks
141:Arabic
121:optics
101:Fields
4215:Works
3617:Qumri
3095:Qibla
2884:Globe
2691:Works
1767:. In
1722:S2CID
1679:JSTOR
1641:S2CID
1633:JSTOR
1563:(PDF)
1324:. In
1296:(PDF)
1158:JSTOR
966:Notes
937:Anẓar
812:id al
789:is a
787:fikar
712:. In
704:Steam
502:Egypt
474:Egypt
470:Syria
391:ulama
386:ulama
318:Syria
172:Cairo
2637:17th
2601:16th
2540:15th
2479:14th
2378:13th
2307:12th
2226:11th
2095:10th
1874:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1663:Isis
1587:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1236:29).
1225:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1103:link
1085:OCLC
1075:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1008:ISBN
910:and
809:qawā
520:Iraq
472:and
361:and
304:and
266:spit
253:and
174:and
69:1585
66:Died
51:1526
48:Born
2753:Zij
2107:Ibn
1999:9th
1958:8th
1837:119
1796:T–U
1714:doi
1671:doi
1625:doi
1515:162
1478:doi
1353:T–U
1196:in
1150:doi
1038:doi
791:zīj
764:Zīj
571:An
550:An
316:in
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