554:
1455:
135:
1448:
1473:
122:
414:
436:
or mates. In life, they were over 3 metres (10 ft) in length and massed around 1.5 to 2 tonnes (3,300 to 4,400 lb), making them among the largest animals of their time.
725:
442:
is known from a number of skulls and postcranial bones. The skull is large with a heavily pachyostotic skull roof, a massive bony frontals and a short weak
1538:
640:
Day, M.O.; Rubidge, B.S. (2020-06-01). "Biostratigraphy of the
Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa".
711:
397:. Based on the only remains of the skull known at the time—a poorly-preserved partial snout—he believed it had a low, broad skull similar to
746:
424:
These stocky, barrel-bodied animals were characterised by a massive bony skull roof and short weak snout. It is thought that, like other
605:
Saniye
Atayman, Bruce S. Rubidge & Fernando Abdala (December 2009). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of tapinocephalid dinocephalians".
1602:
1525:
1607:
799:
1597:
1612:
820:
770:
542:, of which it is the namesake. It is not particularly common. It was one of several tapinocephalids in the ecosystem.
589:
Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil
Reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum
737:
714:, 1988 "Anomodontia" Part 17 C, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York.
536:
473:
1454:
134:
1447:
792:
516:
is another synonym differing only in that the transition from the frontals to the snout is not abrupt.
1592:
380:
1617:
1476:
754:
1569:
1493:
1543:
387:, who described and named the species in 1876. He initially considered it a close relative of
1564:
1556:
785:
275:
686:
8:
559:
890:
657:
567:
433:
429:
303:
129:
604:
1551:
1381:
1251:
665:
622:
1409:
1372:
1341:
649:
614:
350:
218:
1402:
1274:
1260:
1240:
1032:
1003:
398:
231:
1388:
1285:
1205:
1164:
484:
425:
618:
1586:
1516:
1361:
1226:
1144:
1121:
1103:
1090:
1079:
1049:
1042:
1013:
991:
983:
669:
661:
626:
64:
762:
1330:
1267:
1178:
950:
928:
902:
859:
808:
653:
488:
389:
384:
358:
354:
343:
294:
251:
205:
1423:
1354:
1315:
1155:
1137:
1130:
1110:
975:
968:
511:
107:
39:
1530:
1294:
1171:
1021:
480:
465:
394:
192:
111:
84:
49:
1219:
1065:
875:
850:
841:
340:
179:
146:
89:
33:
1487:
121:
1510:
1395:
1308:
1233:
832:
444:
166:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
1322:
1301:
413:
347:
94:
69:
1185:
826:
777:
457:
156:
491:
461:
336:
405:, from Greek ταπεινός "low, depressed" and κεφαλή "head".
472:
are known from the Lower, Middle, and Upper part of the
549:
379:
were collected and donated to the
British Museum by
1584:
697:, 43 Part 3 pp. 137–169, 17 figs, plate 4.
420:shoulder girdle and front limb, specimen 5611.
793:
600:
598:
948:
800:
786:
639:
595:
120:
874:
744:
412:
367:is now considered valid for this genus.
580:
370:
1585:
773:from the original on November 6, 2021.
633:
335:("low, depressed head") is an extinct
1492:
1491:
819:
781:
586:
704:Zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo).
13:
695:Annals of the South African Museum
393:and classified both as members of
14:
1629:
718:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1446:
807:
747:"The early mammal-like reptiles"
642:South African Journal of Geology
552:
133:
37:
1603:Guadalupian synapsids of Africa
519:
451:
505:is considered as a synonym of
408:
1:
1608:Fossil taxa described in 1876
591:. London: Taylor and Francis.
573:
346:that lived during the Middle
1598:Prehistoric therapsid genera
401:. Owen accordingly named it
7:
751:Izico. Museums of Cape Town
545:
497:
16:Extinct genus of therapsids
10:
1634:
1613:Taxa named by Richard Owen
680:
440:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
432:, possibly to compete for
430:intraspecific head-butting
418:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
377:Tapinocephalus atherstonii
364:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
288:Tapinocephalus atherstonei
1500:
1467:
1443:
1371:
1349:
1340:
1284:
1250:
1214:
1203:
1154:
1120:
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1002:
963:
959:
944:
925:
901:
883:
870:
815:
619:10.13140/RG.2.1.3932.6482
527:fossils are found in the
383:. They were described by
381:William Guybon Atherstone
309:
302:
281:
274:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
23:
693:and its near relatives"
700:1969. The fauna of the
607:Palaeontologia Africana
654:10.25131/sajg.123.0012
587:Owen, Richard (1876).
421:
1565:Paleobiology Database
757:on February 12, 2006.
416:
689:1956, "The skull of
466:postcranial elements
371:Discovery and naming
560:Paleontology portal
485:Lower Beaufort Beds
267:T. atherstonei
32:264.28–259.51
767:Abstracts, Ra - Ru
740:on March 18, 2006.
726:"Tapinocephalia -
568:List of therapsids
428:, they engaged in
422:
1580:
1579:
1552:Open Tree of Life
1494:Taxon identifiers
1485:
1484:
1463:
1462:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1382:Criocephalosaurus
1252:Estemmenosuchidae
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1059:
1058:
940:
939:
936:
935:
921:
920:
706:Ann. S. Afr. Mus.
328:
327:
322:
255:
1625:
1593:Tapinocephalians
1573:
1572:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1410:Struthiocephalus
1373:Tapinocephalinae
1347:
1346:
1342:Tapinocephalidae
1212:
1211:
1096:
1095:
1072:
1071:
961:
960:
957:
956:
946:
945:
881:
880:
872:
871:
865:
864:
817:
816:
802:
795:
788:
779:
778:
774:
758:
753:. Archived from
741:
736:. Archived from
712:King, Gillian M.
674:
673:
637:
631:
630:
602:
593:
592:
584:
562:
557:
556:
555:
426:tapinocephalians
320:
290:
286:
250:
243:
230:
219:Tapinocephalidae
217:
204:
138:
137:
124:
106:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1618:Capitanian life
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1496:
1486:
1481:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1403:Riebeeckosaurus
1367:
1336:
1280:
1275:Parabradysaurus
1261:Estemmenosuchus
1246:
1241:Styracocephalus
1208:
1191:
1150:
1116:
1085:
1068:
1055:
1033:Phreatosuchidae
1027:
1004:Rhopalodontidae
998:
953:
932:
917:
897:
866:
822:
821:
811:
806:
761:
724:
721:
683:
678:
677:
638:
634:
603:
596:
585:
581:
576:
558:
553:
551:
548:
540:Assemblage Zone
535:subzone of the
533:Styracocephalus
522:
500:
477:Assemblage Zone
454:
411:
399:labyrinthodonts
373:
353:in what is now
298:
292:
284:
283:
270:
249:
241:
232:Tapinocephalina
228:
215:
202:
132:
115:
105:
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102:
97:
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87:
82:
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72:
67:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1506:
1504:
1502:Tapinocephalus
1498:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1417:Tapinocephalus
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1389:Keratocephalus
1385:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1286:Titanosuchidae
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1206:Tapinocephalia
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1165:Australosyodon
1160:
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1149:
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1007:
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782:
776:
775:
759:
745:M. A. Cluver.
742:
728:Tapinocephalus
720:
719:External links
717:
716:
715:
709:
702:Tapinocephalus
698:
691:Tapinocephalus
687:Boonstra, L.D.
682:
679:
676:
675:
648:(2): 149–164.
632:
594:
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577:
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572:
571:
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563:
547:
544:
538:Tapinocephalus
525:Tapinocephalus
521:
518:
507:Tapinocephalus
499:
496:
481:Capitanian age
475:Tapinocephalus
470:Tapinocephalus
453:
450:
410:
407:
403:Tapinocephalus
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344:dinocephalians
332:Tapinocephalus
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25:Tapinocephalus
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1362:Tapinocaninus
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1145:Titanophoneus
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1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1122:Anteosaurinae
1119:
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1112:
1108:
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1104:Archaeosyodon
1101:
1100:
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1094:
1092:
1091:Anteosauridae
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:Admetophoneus
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1050:Phreatosuchus
1047:
1045:
1044:
1043:Phreatosaurus
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:Phthinosaurus
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
994:
993:
992:Tappenosaurus
989:
986:
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984:Phthinosuchus
981:
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489:South African
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459:
449:
448:-like snout.
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276:Binomial name
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1331:Titanosuchus
1329:
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1268:Molybdopygus
1266:
1259:
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1179:Pampaphoneus
1177:
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951:Dinocephalia
929:Dinocephalia
927:
903:Dinocephalia
860:Eutherapsida
855:
846:
837:
809:Dinocephalia
766:
755:the original
750:
738:the original
733:
727:
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520:Paleoecology
510:
506:
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469:
455:
452:Distribution
443:
439:
438:
423:
417:
402:
390:Pareiasaurus
388:
385:Richard Owen
376:
374:
363:
362:
359:type species
355:South Africa
331:
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266:
265:
245:
244:
206:Dinocephalia
186:
173:
24:
18:
1424:Ulemosaurus
1355:Mormosaurus
1316:Lamiasaurus
1156:Syodontinae
1138:Sinophoneus
1131:Anteosaurus
1111:Microsyodon
1066:Anteosauria
976:Novocynodon
969:Microurania
763:"NAPC 2001"
512:Phocosaurus
409:Description
375:Fossils of
357:. Only the
341:herbivorous
321:Broom, 1912
313:Phocosaurus
108:Guadalupian
1587:Categories
1295:Dinartamus
1172:Notosyodon
1022:Rhopalodon
912:see below↓
851:Therapsida
574:References
514:megischion
395:Dinosauria
225:Subtribe:
199:Suborder:
193:Therapsida
112:Capitanian
1220:Brithopus
891:Synapsida
876:Synapsida
842:Synapsida
825:Kingdom:
670:1012-0750
662:1996-8590
627:0078-8554
613:: 87-90.
529:Diictodon
483:) of the
460:remains (
434:territory
339:of large
260:Species:
180:Synapsida
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
1511:Wikidata
1477:Category
1396:Moschops
1309:Jonkeria
1234:Orthopus
833:Chordata
831:Phylum:
827:Animalia
771:Archived
708:56:1–73.
546:See also
498:Taxonomy
445:Moschops
304:Synonyms
212:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1557:4128609
1544:1446315
1531:4819221
1517:Q134559
1323:Scullya
1302:Enobius
734:Palaeos
681:Sources
503:Taurops
487:of the
348:Permian
318:Taurops
285:†
264:†
238:Genus:
110:epoch,
101:↓
1186:Syodon
668:
660:
625:
458:fossil
351:Period
297:, 1876
254:, 1876
1570:38991
1539:IRMNG
856:Clade
847:Clade
838:Clade
658:eISSN
492:Karoo
468:) of
462:skull
337:genus
187:Clade
174:Clade
114:stage
1526:GBIF
889:see
666:ISSN
623:ISSN
464:and
456:The
295:Owen
252:Owen
40:PreꞒ
650:doi
646:123
615:doi
1589::
1567::
1554::
1541::
1528::
1513::
858::
849::
840::
769:.
765:.
749:.
732:.
664:.
656:.
644:.
621:.
611:44
609:.
597:^
509:.
494:.
361:,
189::
176::
90:Pg
34:Ma
1326:?
1035:?
1017:?
1006:?
995:?
987:?
979:?
801:e
794:t
787:v
730:"
672:.
652::
629:.
617::
531:–
479:(
242:†
229:†
216:†
203:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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