2633:
875:
2622:
103:
906:. This extinction event occurred near the beginning of the epoch and led to an extended period of low diversity when two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost worldwide. Global diversity rose dramatically by the end probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the
832:
International
Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. References to the Middle Permian still exist. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico. The International Chronostratigraphic Chart V2021/07 provides a numerical age of 273.01 ± 0.14 – 259.51 ± 0.21 mya.
917:
may be a possible cause. Extreme environments were observed from the
Permian of Kansas which resulted from a combination of hot climate and acidic waters particularly coincident with Olson's Extinction. Whether this climate change was a result of Earth's natural processes or exacerbated by another
831:
The
Guadalupian is the second and middle series or epoch of the Permian. Previously called Middle Permian, the name of this epoch is part of a revision of Permian stratigraphy for standard global correlation. The name "Guadalupian" was first proposed in the early 1900s, and approved by the
933:
The first two-thirds of the epoch were the continuation of a temperate and tropical climate. This started to dry out and the coal forming of the previous epoch stopped. The change in climate also provided a new environment for new tetrapods, reptiles, fish, plants, and invertebrates.
1755:
Isozaki, Yukio; Kawahata, Hodaka; Ota, Ayano (2007). "A unique carbon isotope record across the
Guadalupian–Lopingian (Middle–Upper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic paleo-atoll carbonates: The high-productivity "Kamura event" and its collapse in Panthalassa".
978:
Fauna did not recover fully from Olson's
Extinction before the impact of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Estimates of recovery time vary, where some authors indicated recovery was prolonged, lasting 30 million years into the Triassic.
1248:
930:
was a supercontinent and had very hot dry summers and cold bitter winters. At this time on the equator there was a desert that reached 74 degrees
Celsius. The coasts were tropical and had monsoons.
937:
In the last third the temperature started to drop and many coral reefs died out. If that was not enough, increased volcano activity brought a reduction in oxygen, a greenhouse and mass extinction.
1863:
1791:
Isozaki, Yukio; Aljinović, Dunja (2009). "End-Guadalupian extinction of the
Permian gigantic bivalve Alatoconchidae: End of gigantism in tropical seas by cooling".
2002:
902:. This extinction was originally called Olson's Gap because it was thought to be a problem in preservation of fossils. Since the 1990s it has been renamed
704:
630:
1137:
1027:
The top of the
Wordian (the base of the Capitanian Stage) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont species
1602:
Zambito, J.J. IV.; Benison, K.C (2013). "Extreme high temperatures and paleoclimate trends recorded in
Permian ephemeral lake halite".
1356:"On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996"
1131:
1703:
Bond, D. P. G.; Wignall, P. B.; Joachimski, M. M.; Sun, Y.; Savov, I.; Grasby, S. E.; Beauchamp, B.; Blomeier, D. P. G. (2015-04-14).
1207:
Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006).
1046:
The
Guadalupian ended with a deteriorating environment, Greenhouse conditions, and several series of mass-extinctions; both the great
986:, a group that includes the evolutionary ancestors of mammals. Further research on the recently identified primitive therapsid of the
1995:
1705:"An abrupt extinction in the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of the Boreal Realm (Spitsbergen) and its link to anoxia and acidification"
1870:
559:
501:
1101:
This climatic cooling may have caused the end-Capitanian extinction event among species that lived in warm water, like larger
1050:, other taxa on land and various invertebrates in the sea. They would be succeeded by new types of therapsids, especially the
1419:
1331:
1282:
1074:
899:
450:
1988:
1209:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)"
1497:
1645:
1461:
1095:
914:
722:
648:
468:
1058:
816:
1567:
Bond, David; Hilton, Jason (2010). "The Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans".
2666:
1016:
first appear. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Getaway Ledge in the
2011:
548:
871:. After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Guadalupian.
2661:
1005:
The base of the Wordian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of
975:
was a worldwide loss of terrestrial vertebrate life that occurred during the Roadian and Wordian.
2284:
2279:
1856:
295:
1660:
1436:
107:
Map of Earth as it appeared 260 million years ago during the Guadalupian epoch, Capitanian stage
1834:
611:
1321:
1485:
972:
903:
808:
768:
593:
486:
1299:
2656:
1800:
1765:
1719:
1611:
1576:
1411:
1227:
982:
Several important events took place during Olson's Extinction, most notably the origin of
8:
2615:
1208:
1066:
1017:
990:(Dashankou locality) in China of Roadian age may provide more information on this topic.
788:
634:
1804:
1769:
1723:
1615:
1580:
1388:
1704:
1685:
1627:
1544:
1519:
2413:
2377:
1816:
1737:
1631:
1549:
1493:
1486:"Chapter 4. The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosauriangrade Synapsids"
1415:
1355:
1327:
1278:
987:
1777:
1689:
1588:
2507:
2382:
2351:
2148:
1808:
1773:
1727:
1675:
1619:
1584:
1539:
1531:
1407:
1223:
812:
799:, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the
2607:
2603:
2599:
2476:
2372:
2310:
2205:
2174:
2143:
1812:
1513:
1511:
1509:
888:
772:
583:
30:
2632:
2626:
2445:
2315:
2210:
2179:
1110:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1011:
848:
619:
335:
1980:
1506:
1069:
in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the
2650:
2346:
2336:
2305:
2268:
2200:
2169:
1964:
1959:
1820:
1741:
1047:
907:
879:
737:
724:
663:
650:
642:
417:
408:
259:
61:
874:
2637:
2568:
2418:
2341:
1553:
1535:
1354:
Ganelin, V.G.; Goman'kov, A.V.; Grunt, T.A.; Durante, M.V. (January 1997).
1062:
864:
856:
1680:
2563:
2432:
2408:
2048:
1182:
1141:
1051:
36:
2558:
2518:
2461:
2361:
2258:
2132:
2032:
1948:
1922:
1892:
1040:
983:
954:
868:
844:
804:
792:
780:
399:
363:
304:
81:
46:
2621:
2573:
2523:
2497:
2456:
2403:
2248:
2224:
2105:
2095:
2084:
1927:
1917:
1902:
1732:
1623:
1102:
1087:
893:
860:
840:
800:
784:
372:
354:
326:
235:
86:
1297:
2533:
2528:
2492:
2392:
2325:
2294:
2189:
2158:
2119:
2069:
2043:
2019:
1912:
1006:
693:
615:
345:
282:
248:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2547:
2487:
2237:
2074:
2058:
1943:
1938:
1879:
1848:
1435:
Cohen, K.M.; Harper, D.A.T.; Gibbard, P.L.; Car, N. (July 2021).
1164:
1106:
999:
966:
950:
946:
776:
712:
390:
381:
270:
102:
91:
66:
1353:
1094:
values. The change in carbon isotopes in the sea water reflects
1091:
843:
became the dominant land animals in Guadalupian, displacing the
2583:
2466:
2100:
1114:
1061:) occurred at the end of this epoch, which was associated with
927:
852:
708:
1661:"New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids"
1520:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"
1021:
796:
716:
638:
1320:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1273:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1073:. This extinction event may be related to the much larger
926:
The climate resembled that of much of central Asia today.
847:. Therapsids evolved from a group of pelycosaurs called
1702:
945:
There are three stages in the guadalupian, they are the
1524:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1490:
Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology
1434:
913:
There is no agreed cause for the Olson's Extinction.
1206:
1652:
119:
1754:
1793:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1646:"Kansas was unbearably hot 270 million years ago"
1319:
1272:
1043:Stage was between 265.1 ± 0.4 – 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya.
1002:Stage was between 268.8 ± 0.5 – 265.1 ± 0.4 Mya.
969:Stage was between 272.3 ± 0.5 – 268.8 ± 0.5 Mya.
2648:
1790:
1748:
1484:Huttenlocker, Adam. K.; Rega, Elizabeth (2012).
1483:
2010:
1601:
819:. The Guadalupian was previously known as the
1996:
1864:
1492:. Indiana University Press. pp. 90–119.
1658:
1517:
1090:from the Capitanian Age show an increase in
1077:that followed about 10 million years later.
500:Subdivision of the Permian according to the
1595:
1462:"Synapsid Classification & Apomorphies"
1326:. Cambridge University Press. p. 254.
1171:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1157:
898:in the early Guadalupian before the larger
507:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
2003:
1989:
1871:
1857:
1566:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1442:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
1404:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences
1298:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1125:Subdivisions that are sometimes used are,
883:, top of the food chain in the Guadalupian
1731:
1679:
1543:
1437:"International chronostratigraphic chart"
1406:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1057:A significant mass extinction event (the
1696:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1187:International Commission on Stratigraphy
873:
1472:
1360:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
2649:
1712:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1401:
826:
779:. The Guadalupian was preceded by the
497:
451:Permian-Triassic mass extinction event
16:Second series and epoch of the Permian
1984:
1852:
1370:
1120:
851:. Therapsida consists of four major
1659:Liu, J.; Rubidge, B; Li, J. (2009).
1488:. In Chinsamy-Turan, Anusuya (ed.).
1412:10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001
1291:
1266:
476:
458:
440:
2602:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
13:
2606:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1878:
14:
2678:
2610:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1518:Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008).
1075:Permian–Triassic extinction event
900:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2631:
2620:
694:Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri
101:
34:
1827:
1784:
1778:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.006
1638:
1589:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004
1560:
1454:
1428:
1395:
1228:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003
1059:End-Capitanian extinction event
940:
835:
817:end-Capitanian extinction event
469:end-Capitanian extinction event
1347:
1313:
1277:. Cambridge University Press.
1241:
1200:
1175:
1117:corals, and Waagenophyllidae.
439:
29:273.01 ± 0.14 – 259.51 ± 0.21
1:
2049:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1835:"GeoWhen Database - Kazanian"
1668:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1249:"Linked Data - Object Viewer"
1150:
1034:
867:, and the mostly carnivorous
1813:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.022
7:
2012:Geological history of Earth
1758:Global and Planetary Change
620:Jinogondolella nanginkensis
498:
229:
10:
2683:
2285:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2280:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2044:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1323:A geologic time scale 2004
1275:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
1096:cooling of global climates
1029:Jinogondolella postserrata
993:
960:
921:
2597:
2582:
2569:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2546:
2506:
2475:
2444:
2431:
2419:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2391:
2360:
2324:
2293:
2267:
2236:
2223:
2188:
2157:
2131:
2118:
2083:
2057:
2031:
2018:
1886:
1134:or Maokovian (in Europe)
767:is the second and middle
753:
700:
688:Upper boundary definition
687:
679:
626:
608:Lower boundary definition
607:
599:
589:
579:
574:
566:
554:
544:
539:
531:
523:
518:
117:
112:
100:
26:
21:
2564:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2409:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2254:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2106:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2096:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1402:Allaby, Michael (2015).
1183:"GSSP for Roadian Stage"
1105:(Verbeekninidae), large
787:. It is named after the
122:
2559:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2524:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2519:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2462:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2352:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2259:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2070:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1389:"The Guadalupian Epoch"
896: million years ago
225:−250 —
215:−255 —
205:−260 —
195:−265 —
185:−270 —
175:−275 —
165:−280 —
155:−285 —
145:−290 —
135:−295 —
125:−300 —
2529:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2498:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2457:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2404:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2249:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2075:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1536:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
884:
2667:Permian geochronology
2534:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2493:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2414:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2101:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1681:10.4202/app.2008.0071
1569:Earth-Science Reviews
877:
2574:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2467:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2347:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2337:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1839:www.stratigraphy.org
1169:www.stratigraphy.org
783:and followed by the
738:23.6953°N 109.3211°E
691:FAD of the Conodont
664:31.8767°N 104.8768°W
2629: •
2618: •
2616:Geologic time scale
2378:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2342:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2311:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2206:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2175:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1805:2009PPP...284...11I
1770:2007GPC....55...21I
1724:2015GSAB..127.1411B
1718:(9–10): 1411–1421.
1616:2013Geo....41..587Z
1581:2010ESRv..102..100B
1018:Guadalupe Mountains
827:Name and background
789:Guadalupe Mountains
754:Upper GSSP ratified
734: /
701:Upper boundary GSSP
680:Lower GSSP ratified
660: /
635:Guadalupe Mountains
627:Lower boundary GSSP
600:Time span formality
2627:Geology portal
2488:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2383:Early (470–485 Ma)
2316:Early (393–419 Ma)
2211:Early (247–252 Ma)
2180:Early (174–201 Ma)
2149:Early (100–145 Ma)
2144:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1253:vocabs.ardc.edu.au
1165:"Chart/Time Scale"
1121:Other subdivisions
973:Olson's Extinction
918:event is unknown.
904:Olson's Extinction
885:
863:, the carnivorous
859:, the herbivorous
811:and a significant
809:Olson's Extinction
705:Penglaitan Section
669:31.8767; -104.8768
590:Stratigraphic unit
580:Chronological unit
567:Time scale(s) used
487:Olson's Extinction
2662:Geological epochs
2644:
2643:
2542:
2541:
2508:Paleoproterozoic
2427:
2426:
2373:Late (444–458 Ma)
2306:Late (359–383 Ma)
2219:
2218:
2201:Late (201–237 Ma)
2170:Late (145–164 Ma)
2114:
2113:
2035:(present–2.58 Ma)
2023:(present–66.0 Ma)
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1421:978-0-19-965306-5
1333:978-0-521-78673-7
1284:978-0-521-78673-7
988:Xidagou Formation
761:
760:
743:23.6953; 109.3211
631:Stratotype Canyon
540:Usage information
513:
512:
493:
492:
475:
474:
457:
456:
2674:
2638:World portal
2636:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2587:
2551:
2511:
2480:
2477:Mesoproterozoic
2449:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2396:
2365:
2329:
2298:
2272:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2193:
2162:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2088:
2062:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1889:
1888:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1733:10.1130/B31216.1
1709:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1648:. 28 March 2013.
1642:
1636:
1635:
1624:10.1130/G34078.1
1599:
1593:
1592:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1530:(1636): 759–65.
1515:
1504:
1503:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1368:
1367:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1161:
897:
749:
748:
746:
745:
744:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
675:
674:
672:
671:
670:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
482:
477:
464:
459:
446:
441:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
338:
330:
329:
319:
318:
308:
307:
290:
287:
286:
275:
273:
253:
251:
240:
238:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
105:
96:
33:
19:
18:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2619:
2611:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2549:
2538:
2509:
2502:
2478:
2471:
2447:
2446:Neoproterozoic
2436:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2435:
2434:
2433:Proterozoic Eon
2423:
2394:
2387:
2363:
2356:
2327:
2320:
2296:
2289:
2270:
2263:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2191:
2184:
2160:
2153:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2086:
2079:
2060:
2053:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2009:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1953:
1932:
1882:
1877:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1785:
1753:
1749:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1600:
1596:
1565:
1561:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1482:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1123:
1081:Carbon isotopes
1037:
1031:first appears.
996:
963:
943:
924:
892:
889:mass extinction
838:
829:
813:mass extinction
742:
740:
736:
733:
728:
725:
723:
721:
720:
719:
668:
666:
662:
659:
654:
651:
649:
647:
646:
645:
514:
509:
508:
506:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
437:
436:
432:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
416:
413:
412:
407:
404:
403:
398:
395:
394:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
376:
371:
368:
367:
362:
359:
358:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
340:
336:
332:
331:
325:
324:
321:
320:
314:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
269:
267:
264:
263:
255:
254:
247:
245:
242:
241:
234:
232:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
108:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2642:
2641:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2269:Carboniferous
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2087:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2061:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:Permian Period
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1799:(1–2): 11–21.
1783:
1764:(1–3): 21–38.
1747:
1695:
1674:(3): 393–400.
1651:
1637:
1610:(5): 587–590.
1594:
1575:(1): 100–116.
1559:
1505:
1499:978-0253005335
1498:
1471:
1453:
1427:
1420:
1394:
1369:
1346:
1332:
1312:
1290:
1283:
1265:
1240:
1222:(4): 253–262.
1199:
1174:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1122:
1119:
1111:Alatoconchidae
1071:Emeishan Traps
1054:among others.
1048:dinocephalians
1036:
1033:
1012:Jinogondolella
995:
992:
962:
959:
942:
939:
923:
920:
915:Climate change
865:biarmosuchians
857:dinocephalians
837:
834:
828:
825:
821:Middle Permian
759:
758:
755:
751:
750:
702:
698:
697:
689:
685:
684:
681:
677:
676:
628:
624:
623:
609:
605:
604:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
572:
571:
570:ICS Time Scale
568:
564:
563:
556:
555:Regional usage
552:
551:
546:
545:Celestial body
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:Name formality
521:
520:
516:
515:
511:
510:
495:
494:
491:
490:
485:
483:
473:
472:
467:
465:
455:
454:
449:
447:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
424:
423:
415:
414:
406:
405:
397:
396:
388:
387:
379:
378:
370:
369:
361:
360:
352:
351:
343:
342:
337:Early Triassic
334:
333:
323:
322:
312:
311:
301:
300:
294:
293:
279:
278:
266:
265:
257:
256:
244:
243:
231:
230:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
98:
97:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2545:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2443:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2225:Paleozoic Era
2222:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:(66.0–145 Ma)
2130:
2127:
2125:
2123:(66.0–252 Ma)
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1966:
1965:Changhsingian
1963:
1961:
1960:Wuchiapingian
1958:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1366:(2): 126–130.
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:acidification
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:gorgonopsians
1049:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
980:
976:
974:
970:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
938:
935:
931:
929:
919:
916:
911:
909:
908:Wuchiapingian
905:
901:
895:
890:
882:
881:
880:Titanophoneus
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:sphenacodonts
846:
842:
833:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:event called
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
752:
747:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
538:
534:
532:Name ratified
530:
526:
522:
517:
505:
504:, as of 2022.
503:
496:
488:
484:
479:
478:
470:
466:
461:
460:
452:
448:
443:
442:
419:
418:Changhsingian
410:
409:Wuchiapingian
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
339:
328:
317:
306:
297:
296:Pennsylvanian
289:
288:
274:
272:
262:
261:
252:
250:
239:
237:
121:
116:
111:
104:
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
2612:
2548:Archean Eon
2510:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2395:(485–539 Ma)
2364:(444–485 Ma)
2328:(419–444 Ma)
2297:(359–419 Ma)
2271:(299–359 Ma)
2253:
2240:(252–299 Ma)
2228:(252–539 Ma)
2192:(201–252 Ma)
2161:(145–201 Ma)
2120:Mesozoic Era
2020:Cenozoic Era
1897:
1838:
1829:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1671:
1667:
1654:
1640:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1527:
1523:
1489:
1465:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1430:
1403:
1397:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1322:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1293:
1274:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1219:
1215:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1124:
1100:
1079:
1056:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1010:
1004:
997:
981:
977:
971:
964:
944:
941:Subdivisions
936:
932:
925:
912:
886:
878:
839:
836:Biodiversity
830:
820:
764:
762:
692:
618:
499:
315:
281:
268:
258:
246:
233:
2657:Guadalupian
2584:Hadean Eon
2362:Ordovician
2133:Cretaceous
2033:Quaternary
1898:Guadalupian
1233:13 December
1192:13 December
1142:New Zealand
869:theriodonts
845:pelycosaurs
815:called the
765:Guadalupian
741: /
729:109°19′16″E
667: /
655:104°52′36″W
22:Guadalupian
2651:Categories
2586:(4–4.6 Ga)
2550:(2.5–4 Ga)
2479:(1–1.6 Ga)
2085:Paleogene
1949:Capitanian
1923:Artinskian
1893:Cisuralian
1466:tolweb.org
1151:References
1138:Braxtonian
1103:fusulinids
1041:Capitanian
1035:Capitanian
984:therapsids
955:Capitanian
861:anomodonts
841:Therapsids
805:extinction
803:, a minor
801:therapsids
793:New Mexico
781:Cisuralian
726:23°41′43″N
652:31°52′36″N
575:Definition
400:Capitanian
364:Artinskian
305:Cisuralian
113:Chronology
2613:See also:
2393:Cambrian
2326:Silurian
2295:Devonian
2190:Triassic
2159:Jurassic
1928:Kungurian
1918:Sakmarian
1903:Lopingian
1821:0031-0182
1742:0016-7606
1632:130574975
1258:9 January
1088:limestone
891:occurred
785:Lopingian
519:Etymology
373:Kungurian
355:Sakmarian
236:Paleozoic
2238:Permian
2059:Neogene
1913:Asselian
1690:55062279
1554:18198148
1446:12 March
1339:15 April
1216:Episodes
1132:Kazanian
1107:bivalves
1014:aserrata
1009:species
1007:conodont
616:Conodont
558:Global (
346:Asselian
316:Guadalup
1944:Wordian
1939:Roadian
1801:Bibcode
1766:Bibcode
1720:Bibcode
1612:Bibcode
1604:Geology
1577:Bibcode
1545:2596898
1305:10 July
1300:"Chart"
1000:Wordian
994:Wordian
967:Roadian
961:Roadian
951:Wordian
947:Roadian
922:Climate
777:Permian
775:of the
713:Guangxi
614:of the
481:←
463:←
445:←
391:Wordian
382:Roadian
271:Permian
220:–
210:–
200:–
190:–
180:–
170:–
160:–
150:–
140:–
130:–
2592:
1819:
1740:
1688:
1630:
1552:
1542:
1496:
1418:
1330:
1281:
1115:rugose
1113:) and
1085:marine
1063:anoxia
953:, and
928:Pangea
855:: the
853:clades
769:series
709:Laibin
603:Formal
594:Series
527:Formal
435:
430:
425:
1708:(PDF)
1686:S2CID
1664:(PDF)
1628:S2CID
1440:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1022:Texas
797:Texas
773:epoch
717:China
639:Texas
584:Epoch
549:Earth
327:Lopin
1817:ISSN
1738:ISSN
1550:PMID
1494:ISBN
1448:2022
1416:ISBN
1341:2019
1328:ISBN
1307:2018
1279:ISBN
1260:2022
1235:2020
1194:2020
1140:(in
1065:and
1039:The
998:The
965:The
795:and
763:The
757:2004
683:2001
535:1996
37:PreꞒ
1809:doi
1797:284
1774:doi
1728:doi
1716:127
1676:doi
1620:doi
1585:doi
1573:102
1540:PMC
1532:doi
1528:275
1408:doi
1224:doi
1083:in
1020:of
957:.
894:273
791:of
643:USA
612:FAD
560:ICS
502:ICS
2653::
2608:Ga
2604:Ma
2600:ka
1837:.
1815:.
1807:.
1795:.
1772:.
1762:55
1760:.
1736:.
1726:.
1714:.
1710:.
1684:.
1672:54
1670:.
1666:.
1626:.
1618:.
1608:41
1606:.
1583:.
1571:.
1548:.
1538:.
1526:.
1522:.
1508:^
1474:^
1464:.
1414:.
1372:^
1362:.
1358:.
1251:.
1220:29
1218:.
1214:.
1185:.
1167:.
1144:)
1098:.
1092:δC
1024:.
949:,
910:.
887:A
823:.
715:,
711:,
707:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
285:Tr
249:Mz
87:Pg
31:Ma
2004:e
1997:t
1990:v
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
1841:.
1823:.
1811::
1803::
1780:.
1776::
1768::
1744:.
1730::
1722::
1692:.
1678::
1634:.
1622::
1614::
1591:.
1587::
1579::
1556:.
1534::
1502:.
1468:.
1450:.
1424:.
1410::
1391:.
1364:5
1343:.
1309:.
1287:.
1262:.
1237:.
1226::
1196:.
1109:(
771:/
562:)
260:C
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
