Tamils - Knowledge

1377: 3433: 1368: 3989: 2416: 2898: 4180: 4950: 3707: 4348: 3214: 1423: 4383: 4095: 1278: 2394:, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government: "Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the Tamils who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners." Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in 1538: 2685: 64: 3842: 3530: 4374: 2091: 19298: 19897: 19921: 4588: 3299: 19909: 2522: 288: 1616: 1714: 2233: 19388: 19885: 19860: 4602: 4339: 19933: 679: 3094: 2797: 8592: 3985:. The knowledge was then passed on orally and through palm leaf manuscripts to the later generations. Siddha practitioners believe that all objects including the human body is composed of five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky which are present in food and other compounds, which is used as the basis for the drugs and other therapies. 8582: 5999:

There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of

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and is one of the largest industries of film production in India. Independent Tamil film production have also originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe. The concept of "Tent Cinema" was introduced in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open

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is of considerable antiquity compared to the contemporary literature from other Indian languages and represents one of the oldest bodies of literature in South Asia. The earliest epigraphic records have been dated to around the 3rd century BCE. Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive

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is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. It has been practised since

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community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms. The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.

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channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. The Sangam literature describe fertile lands and people organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers

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who accounted for 11.2%, 4.1% and 9.3% respectively of the country's population in 2011. Indian Origin Tamils were separately classified from the 1911 census onwards and the Sri Lankan government lists a substantial Tamil-speaking Muslim population under the distinct ethnicity of Moors. However,

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As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism. The migation of Tamils to other countries resulted in new Hindu temples being constructed in places with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, and countries with significant Tamil migrants. Sri

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was followed by a crackdown against the Tamils, which curtailed their rights. Following the declaration of state of emergency in 1981, state-backed Sinhalese mobs turned on Tamils, which led many Tamils to leave the country as refugees resulting in an exodus more than half a million to India and

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used to make weapons, originated in the mid-1st millennium BCE in South India. Locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras and the later trade introduced it to other parts of the world. Since the early Sangam age, war was regarded as an honourable

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The Aryachakaravarthi dynasty continued to rule over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until arrival of the Europeans on the island in the sixteenth century CE. Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 CE and the Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese due to its presence as a

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and spread to other parts such as Sri Lanka. There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old. The influence of Tamil culture had led to the construction of various temples outside India by the Tamil dispora. The

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in the Tamil language is still part of the Tamil tradition in Sri Lanka. Remains of settlements and megalithic burial sites of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India have been excavated at Pomparippu on the west coast and in

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by the government. However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.

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captured the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 205 BCE to 161 BCE. Tamil soldiers from Tamilakam came to Anuradhapura in large numbers in the seventh century CE with the local chiefs and kings relying on them. In the eighth century CE, various Tamil villages collectively known as

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for better administration. During the British colonial rule, Tamils held higher positions in the government and were favoured by the British for their qualification in English education. In the northern highlands, the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and

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originating from the Tamils and is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India. The word literally means perfection in Tamil and the system focuses on wholesome treatment based on various factors. As per Tamil tradition, the knowledge of Siddha medicine came from

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But Indian/south Indian history/archaeology has pushed the date back to 1500 B.C., and in Sri Lanka, there are definitely good radiometric dates coming from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur at least around 900 B.C. or 1000

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The island of Sri Lanka often saw attacks from the Indian mainland with the Cholas establishing their influence across the island and across several areas in Southeast Asia in the 10th century CE. This led to the spread of Tamil influence and contributed to the

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on the east coast of the island. These epigraphical evidence have been dated to a period between fifth century BCE and second century CE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the beginning of the

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and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the

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patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside. People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.

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genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.

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from 2nd century CE describes music notes and instruments. A Pallava inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation. The Pallava inscriptions from the period describe the playing of

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as the only official language of Sri Lanka, which forced many Tamils to resign as civil servants because they were not fluent in the language. The Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them. Anti-Tamil

2612:. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations. Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and around 3251:

were encased in clay and fired to melt the wax leaving a hollow mould, which would then be filled with molten metal and cooled to produce bronze statues. Tamil paintings are usually centered around natural, religious or aesthetic themes.

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A later chapter of the 'Great Chronicle' describes how the Chola prince Elara (Ellalan) of Thiruvarur invaded and captured the throne of Lanka in about 205 BCE but was later killed in battle by the Sinhala prince Dutugamunu in about

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in the region around twelfth century BCE. There were specific migration routes that extended from South India to the island. These people moved further to the South of the island, and intermingled with the existent people.

2616:, whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands. Historically, both the Tamil ethnic groups have identified themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s. 2607:

who accounted for 11.2%, and 4.1% respectively of the country's population in 2011. The Sri Lankan Tamils (or Ceylon Tamils) are the descendants of the Tamils of the old Jaffna Kingdom and east coast chieftainships called

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later controlled the Tamil territory in the north of the Sri Lanka from 13th to 17th century CE. European colonization began in the 17th century CE, and continued for two centuries until the middle of the 20th century.

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by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka. In the Sangam literature, there is a description of the rites performed by the priestesses in temples. Among the ancient Tamils, the practice of erecting memorial stones

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called the Tamils the last surviving classical civilization on Earth, because the Tamils have preserved substantial elements of their past regarding belief, culture, music, and literature despite the influence of

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in 1693. After several conflicts between the British and the French, the British established themselves as the major power in the eighteenth century CE. The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the

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kings and chieftains ruled certain territories and maintained relationship with the larger kingdoms. Urbanisation and mercantile activity developed along the coasts during the later Sangam period with the Tamils

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is based on the same and is generally used in contemporary times to check auspicious times for cultural and religious events. The calendar follows a 60-year cycle. There are 12 months in a year starting with

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Those who ruled over small territories were called Kurunilamannar. The area ruled by such a small ruler usually corresponded to a geographical unit. In Purananuru a number of such chieftains are mentioned;..

10888: 18219: 7788: 17255: 15441: 12189: 8383: 5624: 18598: 13507: 12062: 4326:), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm. Their worship probably emanated from the hero stone worship and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition. 3553:, a long staff of about 168 cm (66 in) in length, often made of wood such as bamboo. It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form. 16745: 14070: 14041: 12751: 5792: 2763:

for employment. A large emigration of Sri Lankan Tamils began in the 1980s, as they sought to escape the ethnic conflict there. The largest concentration of Eelam Tamils outside Sri Lanka is found in

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resulted in deaths of many Tamils and further escalated the conflict. More than a million Indian Tamil plantation workers were made stateless after Sri Lanka refused citizenship to them. In 1964, the

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from the 7th century CE, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster. Similar murals are found in temple walls, the most notable examples are the murals on the

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as their capital. The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture. Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas, the Pandyas and other kingdoms of

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weakened them further. With the Hoysalas later siding with the Pandyas, the Pandyas consolidated control over the region. The Pandya empire reached its zenith in the thirteenth century CE under

12357: 2501: 18655: 8160: 13641: 2064: 2224:(Tamil villages and lands) were established. In the ninth and tenth centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions started in the island which culminated with the Chola annexation of the island. 14370: 14271: 13305: 13205: 4812: 2720:. The descendants of these Tamils continued to live in these countries, and practice their original culture, tradition and language. They form significant proportion of the population in 11804: 11563: 5741: 9781: 9657: 8283: 16050: 11847: 5468: 5446: 2106:

states that Tamil replaced a previous language of an indigenous mesolithic population, who later became the Eelam Tamils and the cultural diffusion happened well before the arrival of

11132: 2263:, who belonged to a feudal family from Kanchipuram that migrated to Sri Lanka in the previous century and converted to Buddhism. He served as the chief minister of the Sinhalese king 12322: 12211: 4537:, a syncretic form of Buddhism and Shaivism in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of 16234: 15366: 14676: 12256: 11880: 16936: 14630: 18851: 15672: 11093: 2484:

for more than three decades. The conflict resulted in the deaths of at least 100,000 Tamils in the island and led to the flight of over 800,000 refugees. The war ended after the

18242: 16336: 13484: 11341: 11276: 10283: 4853: 1323:(Three glorified by heaven) in the Sangam literature. The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the 16897: 13651: 10593: 1710:, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundations of the empire for the next 150 years. 16396: 7146: 5687: 2493: 14708: 4565:

philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as Brahminical Hinduism.

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Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 and after the colonial rule ended, ethnic tension rose between the Sinhalese, who constituted a majority and the Tamils. In 1956, the

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which involve dancers balancing decorated pot(s) on their heads and arch shaped wooden sticks on their shoulders respectively while making dance movements with the body.

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in the eleventh century CE. Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units. Under his son

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of the ancient Tamil country. Epigraphical evidence of people identified as Damelas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) from the second century CE have been found in

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traditionally consumed across the coast and other meat preferred in the interiors. The Chettinadu cuisine is popular for its meat based dishes and generous usage of

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There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Pandiyanadu and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines. There are both vegetarian and meat dishes with

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to go with various cereals and pulses grown in the region. Nanjilnadu cuisine is milder and is usually based on fish and vegetables. Sri Lankan Tamil cuisine uses

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Due to its long history, the Tamil culture has seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. The Tamil visual art consists of a distinct

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It is necessary to draw attention to certain passages in early Tamil literature which throw a great deal of light upon this strange burial ceremonial ...

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Sangam period with the aim of keeping people fit. Proficiency in the sport was considered a virtue while untamable bulls were held as a pride of the owner.

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land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first Tamil talkie film was

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enacted in the 1970s further discriminated against the Tamils and various state-sponsored schemes led Sinhalese settlers into Tamil populated areas. The

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Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.

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Around the seventh century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas. Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the

1485:. There is evidence of emissaries sent to the Roman Emperor Augustus by the Pandya kings. An anonymous Greek traveler's account from first century CE, 12347: 7647: 3858:

is a major feature of Tamil culture. It was considered as a social obligation and offering food to guests was regarded as one of the highest virtues.

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peninsula and in parts of northern Sri Lanka. In the fourteenth century CE, the Aryacakaravarthi expansion into the south of the island was halted by

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is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.

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The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the

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movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884. Various Tamils were contributors to the Independence movement including

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icons. The bronze statues of the Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art. Models made of a special mixture of

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The British East India Company demanded tax collection rights, which led to constant conflicts with the local Palaiyakkarars and resulted in the

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Stokke, K. (2006). "Building the Tamil Eelam State: emerging state institutions and forms of governance in LTTE-controlled areas in Sri Lanka".

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were settled there as plantation workers. Tamils who migrated in the ninteenth century CE to work on tea plantations were later termed as the

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Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts

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of the Sinhalese also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India, which led to the emergence of new Sinhalese caste groups such as the

18085: 17609: 17401: 17363: 15630: 14967: 14757:"To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu" 8069: 17076: 15060: 13853: 11530: 10082: 9407: 9297:"Genocide Against Tamil People: Massacres, Pogroms, Destruction of Property, Sexual Violence and Assassinations of Civil Society Leaders" 8639: 7827: 5533: 4615: 3717:

Ancient literature and epigraphical records describe the various types of dresses worn by Tamil people. Tamil women traditionally wear a

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The Chola influence lasted until the latter half of the eleventh century CE and the Chola decline was followed by the restoration of the

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governor under Raya briefly took control of Madurai before it was restored to the empire. The Vijayanagara empire was defeated in the

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Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the

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which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded laborers to other British countries eventually forming the present

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entered into an agreement, based on which, about 300,000 would be granted Sri Lankan citizenship and about 975,000 Tamils would be

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Historical records mention that the three Tamil kingdoms were involved in the island's affairs from second century BCE. Chola king

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at Madurai. In the fourteenth century CE, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also faced repeated invasions by the

19846: 16303: 16106: 13922: 6107: 6077: 5443:"Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances" 4774: 4422:

existed from the Sangam period with inscriptions and drip-ledges from 1st century BCE to 6th century CE describing the same. The

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is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.

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Widdess, D. R. (1979). "The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation". In Picken, Laurence (ed.).

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Lankan Tamils predominantly worship Murugan with numerous temples existing throughout the island. There are also followers of

1951:, which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in 1138: 19532: 19409: 19303: 18955: 18929: 18906: 18887: 18861: 18837: 18718: 18690: 18629: 18592: 18561: 18532: 18442: 18335: 18296: 17918: 17798: 17713: 17684: 17659: 17589: 17560: 17487: 17457: 17432: 17395: 17320: 17132: 17107: 17070: 17039: 17010: 16969: 16930: 16891: 16848: 16821: 16739: 16708: 16578: 16535: 16492: 16465: 16267: 16172: 16146: 16044: 16017: 15980: 15941: 15846: 15732: 15666: 15624: 15585: 15546: 15508: 15403: 15264: 15173: 15132: 15054: 14869: 14739: 14670: 14532: 14489: 14446: 14403: 14364: 14265: 14222: 14183: 14145: 14102: 14035: 13992: 13886: 13847: 13804: 13762: 13719: 13688: 13581: 13524: 13399: 13372: 13327: 13299: 13265: 13240: 13166: 13124: 13049: 12936: 12905: 12862: 12823: 12784: 12745: 12553: 12099: 12009: 11982: 11952: 11841: 11798: 11755: 11712: 11677: 11611: 11524: 11378: 11237: 11198: 11167: 11126: 11087: 11045: 10860: 10818: 10529: 10462: 10433: 10318: 10254: 10010: 9499: 9456: 9342: 9228: 9203: 9174: 9130: 9070: 9027: 9002: 8977: 8804: 8738: 8683: 8554: 8416: 8133: 8045: 7978: 7821: 7734: 7678: 7565: 7513: 7486: 7461: 7436: 7359: 7327: 7245: 7218: 7179: 7140: 7109: 7046: 6849: 6798: 6754: 6708: 6653: 6461: 6347: 5823: 5407: 5343: 5301: 5270: 5199: 5152: 5077: 19264: 18765: 18302: 16854: 16273: 16178: 15947: 15907: 15881: 15793: 12942: 9621: 9505: 9462: 9328: 9274: 9097: 8810: 8344: 7519: 6760: 5083: 2537:, there were 69 million Tamil speakers, constituting about 5.7% of the Indian population. Tamils formed the majority in the 1241:

have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanization in the

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Note:Includes 88,000 primary Tamil speakers and 86,708 speakers of English language who speak Tamil as secondary language.

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deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare. Other festivals celebrated include

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respectively and headdresses perform movements imitating the animals. Other traditional dance forms include the war dance

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into the current shape. On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country". In 1965, Tamils

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The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics

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Singapore Census of Population 2020, Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion

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describes the public life and various unique cultural practices that existed during the period. The text talks about the

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lasted from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the various

19973: 16136: 7390: 3557:(or Kuttu varisai) is a martial art specializing in empty-hand techniques and application on vital points of the body. 3198:

made its entry upon in the urban landscape. In the later part of the century, the architecture witnessed a rise in the

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in 2009. Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating

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find mention in the Sangam literature and the traditional way of eating a meal involves having the food served on a

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is a Tamil traditional art of vital points which combines alternative medicine and martial arts, attributed to sage

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from Tamil Nadu indicates a continuous history of human occupation for more than 3,800 years. In the Sangam period,

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mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the

1272: 1197: 707: 341: 314: 18578: 18009: 15816: 10740:"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India" 4246:("the suprement one") and is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature. While 3194:

architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style. By the early 20th century, the

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the regional trade in the Indian Ocean region. Artifacts obtained from excavations indicate the presence of early

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meaning "self" and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of

811:(between 300 BCE and 300 CE). Tamils constitute about 5.7% of the Indian population and form the majority in the 18490:

Jain, Dhanesh (2003). "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).

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Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

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The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan

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Lippe, Aschwin (December 1971). "Divine Images in Stone and Bronze: South India, Chola Dynasty (c. 850–1280)".

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Narayanan, M. G. S. (September 1988). "The Role of Peasants in the Early History of Tamilakam in South India".

5324: 2390:, the island came to the control of the British in the early nineteenth century CE. Upon arrival in June 1799, 1691: 1604:

evolved from Tamil in the region and the socio-cultural transformation was altered further by the migration of

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inscriptions from the second century BCE refers to a confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms. The three kings called

1215: 1118: 977: 15254: 10175: 10142: 2050:. The state was further re-organised as a state for Tamils when the boundaries were redrawn linguistically in 19527: 15389: 14761: 10026: 9947: 1497:

and their commercial activity in detail. It also describes that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were

9863: 8315: 4813:

Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012 – Table A3: Population by district, ethnic group and sex

3692:, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after the release of India's first talking picture 1939:

captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four

1367: 18999: 16610: 12444:"Krishna Rajamannar with His Wives, Rukmini and Satyabhama, and His Mount, Garuda | LACMA Collections" 7637: 6310:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century

3162: 3142: 3134: 3133:) and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex. There are a number of early 3052: 2550: 2473: 2071:

economic policies and in the 2000s, the region has become one of the most urbanized states in the country.

1991: 1983: 1964: 1856: 1746: 1332: 1210:

points to the region being first inhabited by hominids more than 400 millennia ago. Artifacts recovered in

976:

is the major religion followed by the Tamils and the religious practices include the veneration of various

824: 665: 11872:

Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala

11643: 1967:, which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the 19341: 17277: 15026: 12091: 11974: 11639: 8322: 5844: 4968: 3988: 3917:

along with coconut and spices, which differentiates it from the other culinary traditions in the island.

3676: 2892: 2816: 1979: 1679: 1441:

The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the

358: 3451:

that originated from the Tamils. It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India. There are many

2692:

Significant emigration from Indian subcontinent began in the late 18th century, when the Tamils went as

2094:

A megalithic burial jar from north-western Sri Lanka, 5th-2nd century BCE, similar to the ones found in

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is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.

3158: 2741: 2604: 2586: 2404: 2400: 2145: 1880: 1832:

system and re-constructed some of the temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.

1730: 903: 839:(5%). Tamils have migrated world-wide since the 19th century CE and a significant population exists in 632: 18977: 18182: 9741: 9303: 3432: 1943:. By the late eighteenth century CE, the British had conquered most of the region and established the 942:, scultpure and other art forms. Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed 19248: 15500: 15165: 5915: 4290: 3427: 3036: 2876: 2791: 2641: 2489: 2460: 2383: 2276: 2068: 1864: 1392: 969: 503: 18364: 15162:

The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru

12530:

The bronze icons of the Early Chola period are one of India's greatest contributions to world art...

10706: 9543: 7849: 7673:. Oxford University Press, Delhi. p. xix, 349 p., p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm. 4949: 2827:

script originated in South India in the 3rd century BCE. Though the old Tamil preserved features of

19768: 19482: 19396: 19279: 19238: 19074: 18463: 17849: 17282: 17217: 17185: 17153: 16299: 15933: 14297: 13796: 10633: 10521: 10278: 10182: 9448: 8730: 8588: 8477: 5377: 4995: 4963: 4398: 4140: 3476: 2111: 2102:

There are various theories from scholars over the presence of Tamil people in Sri Lanka. Historian

2003: 1995: 1956: 1238: 1017: 508: 324: 17: 17477: 10960: 8092: 7909:

Yang, Anand A (2007). "Bandits and Kings:Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India".

6239: 1867:. Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The 1433:

Agriculture was an important occupation during the period, and there is evidence that networks of

19793: 19728: 19698: 19552: 19537: 19512: 18992: 18879: 15538: 14481: 14301: 14257: 14251: 14137: 13445: 13232: 13024: 11472: 11370: 9942: 7101: 6984: 6339:

The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties

5399: 5110: 5035: 4858: 4820: 4168: 3044: 2693: 2445: 2331: 1706:

and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia. According to historian

1487: 1207: 1114: 997: 870: 17735:

A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

17310: 16877: 14352:

Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity

12891: 3378:

There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as

3119:, which are monumental ornate towers at the entrance of the temples form a prominent feature of 2696:

and established businesses in other territories under the control of the British empire such as

2345:

to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings. The wrested Mannar during the

1808:

was forced to intervene in the conflict between their vassals, the Cholas and the Pandyas. The

1222:

urn burials, dating from back to 1500 BCE., which are also described in later Tamil literature.

19547: 19522: 18679:

They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World

18095: 17887: 17772: 17385: 17349: 16400: 16110: 13951: 13711: 13152: 12708: 12671: 12352: 12050: 11559: 11413: 11001: 9538: 8061: 3448: 3110: 3104: 2930: 2464: 2441: 2415: 2248: 1766: 1643:. After the defeat of the Pallavas, the Cholas became the dominant kingdom with the capital at 1526: 962: 939: 650: 605: 595: 368: 18737:"Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka" 17605: 17056: 16725: 16521: 16482: 16034: 15970: 15836: 15656: 15044: 14350: 14173: 14064: 14021: 13978: 13748: 13642:"On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents" 12964: 12735: 11968: 11827: 11784: 11510: 10090: 10056: 8649: 7811: 7724: 7695: 7208: 7095: 5543: 5287: 5262: 4434:

had an influence in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with ancient texts referring to a

3797:

and the number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32. The new year starts following the

19953: 19813: 19703: 19668: 19633: 19557: 19477: 19294: 19217: 18682: 18325: 17844: 17002: 16072: 15695: 15532: 14859: 14656: 14393: 13389: 11790: 11159: 11077: 9529: 9371: 8123: 7968: 6337: 6164: 6012:

Sivathamby, K. (December 1974). "Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept".

5374:

The Jātaka: together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births of Gotama Buddha

5105: 4676: 4650: 4427: 3710: 3013:

in 15th century CE. In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named

2948: 2856: 2729: 2596: 2553:(1.1 million). There were also significant Tamil population in other states of India such as 2055: 2031: 1845: 1774: 1193: 788: 655: 610: 498: 304: 14756: 13285: 11741: 10915: 8841:

Spencer, George W (1976). "The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon".

7879: 19773: 19763: 19723: 19688: 19678: 19673: 19517: 19371: 19243: 19222: 19053: 18622:

Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange

17739: 17212: 15297: 15083: 11445: 10340: 9978: 9653: 9093: 9062: 8704: 8644: 8198: 7062: 6953: 5986: 5714: 5709: 5538: 5000: 4574: 4458:, who patronized Buddhism and Jainism, became patrons of Hinduism following the revival of 4106: 3967: 3565:

and might form part of the training of other martial arts such as silambattam, adimurai or

3360: 3024: 2897: 2651: 2534: 2481: 2437: 2366: 2149: 2015: 1999: 1596:, the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas. The area west of the 700: 542: 309: 18035: 17180: 10807:

Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500

7954:

A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras

6930:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

2675: 2267:(1344–59 CE) and his descendant Vira Alakeshwara briefly became the king later before the 1050:

and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.

8: 19808: 19788: 19778: 19718: 19653: 19643: 19502: 19459: 19432: 19353: 19272: 19253: 18650: 17882: 17729: 17651: 16731: 16640: 16570: 15913: 15822: 14552: 14438: 14356: 13984: 13839: 13544: 13291: 11833: 11704: 11669: 10810: 9901: 8721: 8482: 8351: 7883: 6819: 5473: 5293: 5227: 4782: 3544: 3314: 3293: 3289: 3040: 2820: 2812: 2725: 2449: 2059: 2019: 1928: 1868: 1825: 1790: 1690:

and across Southeast Asia. The Cholas built many temples with the most notable being the

1403:

and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being

1304: 1242: 1079: 1047: 947: 911: 878: 836: 796: 566: 423: 16200: 12278: 5318: 3272:

and the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur. One of the major forms of Tamil painting is

19798: 19753: 19743: 19648: 19150: 19079: 18365:"Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast" 18278: 18001: 17993: 17964:

Cutler, Norman (1983). Clothey, Fred W.; Ramanujan, A. K.; Shulman, David Dean (eds.).

17358: 16792: 16367: 15194: 14994: 14959: 14828: 14662: 14625: 13646: 12897: 12521: 12513: 12216: 12184: 12152: 11970:

Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations

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of Sri Lanka, developed into a violent secessionist insurgency. This led to the bloody

2011: 1960: 1912: 1813: 1758: 1609: 1153: 1005: 800: 558: 428: 403: 16295: 13914: 12115: 7429:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900

6441: 6405:

Hirsh, Marilyn (1987). "Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Mamallapuram".

6099: 6069: 4242:(desert). Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the Sangam era, who was regarded as 3455:

forms that originated and are practiced in the region. Major folk dance forms include

2188:

in the north of the island have yielded several inscriptions including the mention of

1835: 19783: 19713: 19708: 19658: 19628: 19610: 19449: 19444: 19212: 19140: 19089: 19048: 18951: 18925: 18921: 18902: 18883: 18857: 18833: 18686: 18625: 18588: 18557: 18528: 18499: 18438: 18331: 18292: 18005: 17985: 17914: 17794: 17709: 17705: 17680: 17655: 17585: 17556: 17483: 17453: 17428: 17391: 17316: 17128: 17103: 17066: 17035: 17006: 16965: 16926: 16887: 16844: 16817: 16784: 16735: 16704: 16574: 16531: 16488: 16461: 16364:"India's pluralism: Traditional cuisines of Tamil Nadu largely about meat & fish" 16263: 16168: 16142: 16040: 16013: 15976: 15937: 15842: 15728: 15662: 15620: 15581: 15542: 15504: 15399: 15260: 15226: 15169: 15128: 15091: 15050: 14963: 14951: 14865: 14820: 14735: 14666: 14589: 14528: 14485: 14442: 14399: 14360: 14261: 14218: 14179: 14141: 14098: 14031: 13988: 13882: 13843: 13800: 13758: 13715: 13684: 13577: 13520: 13395: 13368: 13295: 13261: 13236: 13162: 13120: 13045: 12932: 12901: 12858: 12819: 12780: 12741: 12737:

Rajaraja Chola: Interplay Between an Imperial Regime and Productive Forces of Society

12549: 12525: 12095: 12005: 11978: 11948: 11837: 11794: 11751: 11708: 11673: 11607: 11520: 11516: 11480: 11374: 11233: 11194: 11163: 11122: 11083: 11041: 10925: 10856: 10814: 10776: 10691: 10553: 10525: 10458: 10429: 10373: 10250: 9597: 9495: 9452: 9403: 9391: 9338: 9224: 9199: 9170: 9151: 9126: 9066: 9023: 8998: 8973: 8870: 8800: 8734: 8679: 8640:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne" 8550: 8412: 8129: 8041: 8006: 7974: 7926: 7817: 7730: 7674: 7561: 7509: 7482: 7457: 7432: 7382: 7355: 7323: 7241: 7214: 7175: 7136: 7105: 7042: 6845: 6794: 6750: 6704: 6649: 6611: 6471: 6457: 6453: 6343: 5819: 5784: 5534:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne" 5403: 5297: 5266: 5251: 5195: 5148: 5073: 4654: 4007: 3929:

are popular breakfast dishes and other dishes cooked by to the Tamil people include

3329: 3276:, which originated in the 16th century CE where a base made of cloth and coated with 3253: 3081:(beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and 3032: 2936: 2928:(drama). The early Tamil literature was compiled and classified into two categories: 2908: 2600: 2582: 2350: 2312: 2080: 1944: 1936: 1935:, which fought the British in the Second Polygar War. In the later 18th century, the 1821: 1817: 1778: 1703: 1296: 1234: 828: 785: 660: 562: 530: 514: 468: 9560: 8284:"An inspiring saga of the Tamil diaspora's contribution to India's freedom struggle" 8222: 7039:

The Millennium Maritime Trade Revolution, 700–1700: How Asia Lost Maritime Supremacy

6273: 5910: 5469:"Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?" 4906: 4277:

is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. The worship of

4258:("God of the Tamils"). In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and 3213: 2841: 2110:

in Sri Lanka. Eelam Tamils consider themselves lineal descendants of the aboriginal

19925: 19901: 19803: 19748: 19733: 19693: 19638: 19497: 19437: 19377: 19359: 19171: 19145: 19135: 19125: 18947: 18871: 18825: 18800: 18553: 18050: 17977: 16776: 16700: 16636: 14943: 14910: 14812: 14027: 13754: 13516: 13364: 13200: 13001: 12928: 12505: 12054: 11944: 10921: 10762: 10754: 10671: 10561: 10514:

Ramasamy, Sumathi (1997). "Feminizing Language: Tamil as Goddess, Mother, Maiden".

10385: 9585: 9548: 9383: 8850: 8210: 7918: 7315: 6943: 6589: 6449: 6414: 6138: 6021: 5621:"How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script" 5590: 5258: 5191: 4662: 4538: 4526: 4474: 4423: 4394: 4191: 4067: 4011: 3921:

is a popular dish with several different versions prepared across various regions.

3902: 3818: 2956: 2888: 2836: 2721: 2667: 2647: 2590: 2424: 2306: 2107: 2007: 1940: 1920: 1805: 1707: 1672: 1664: 1632: 1624: 1581: 1569: 1556: 1268: 1046:

in Tamil language, which is eymologyically linked to the name of the language. The

985: 832: 804: 727: 518: 478: 473: 398: 201: 18710: 16767:

Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village".

15783: 14816: 12058: 10308: 7319: 6544: 4382: 4094: 3706: 1422: 19913: 19600: 19181: 19099: 19069: 19038: 18805: 18788: 18759: 18706: 18282: 18117: 16838: 16811: 16694: 16564: 16257: 16162: 15927: 15874: 15614: 15575: 15122: 14518: 14475: 14432: 14212: 14131: 14092: 13945: 13918: 13876: 13833: 13790: 13705: 13674: 13571: 13158: 13116: 13110: 13039: 12922: 12852: 12813: 12774: 12702: 12582: 12543: 11999: 11903: 11870: 11698: 11601: 11553: 11407: 11364: 11227: 11184: 11116: 11031: 10850: 9611: 9485: 9442: 9266: 9087: 9056: 8794: 7503: 7235: 6947: 6790: 6740: 6645: 5682: 5428: 5063: 4684: 4467: 4347: 4278: 4047: 4043: 4035: 3963: 3958: 3893:. The Kongunadu cuisine uses less spices and are generally cooked fresh. It uses 3407: 3399: 3335:

as a form of exercise for the fingers and the practice of singing musical hymns (

3145:

in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples, monoliths and

3048: 3010: 2982: 2828: 2737: 2663: 2655: 2624: 2623:

population in Sri Lanka. However, they are listed as a separate entity under the

2546: 2327: 2264: 1897: 1853: 1770: 1694:

at Thanjavur. The latter half of the eleventh century saw the union of Chola and

1636: 1565: 907: 820: 693: 550: 538: 534: 526: 418: 13609: 13077: 13005: 10998:

Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress

9803: 8125:

The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom

3355:

originated later which included rhythmic and structured music by composers such

19758: 19738: 19683: 19663: 19567: 19492: 19487: 19115: 19015: 18939: 18524: 18031: 17822: 16606: 15361: 14947: 14703: 13479: 11694: 11692: 10478: 10389: 10147: 9387: 8542: 7210:

Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia

7097:

Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra

5183: 4746: 4729: 4709: 4485:

was introduced due to the influence of the Muslim rulers from the north in the

4295: 4286: 4274: 4055: 4027: 4019: 3770: 3761: 3688: 3609: 3533: 3484: 3364: 3352: 3323: 3191: 3187: 3175: 3166: 2808: 2787: 2755:

in 1947. Since the 20th century, Tamils have migrated to other regions such as

2697: 2671: 2637: 2558: 2526: 2395: 2379: 2320: 2275:

overthrew him in 1409 CE after which the influence of his family declined. The

2252: 2237: 2039: 1987: 1948: 1804:

and ruled for almost two centuries. In the sixteenth century, Vijaynagara king

1729:'s reign in the thirteenth century CE. The Pandyas again reigned supreme under 1726: 1458: 1446: 1328: 1316: 1277: 1142: 1051: 1037: 931: 927: 923: 890: 852: 792: 617: 546: 522: 491: 438: 413: 393: 271: 228: 142: 130: 17911:

The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5

17058:

Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India

10566: 9589: 9552: 8214: 7922: 6198:"The ancient history behind the maritime trade route between India and Europe" 4937: 2847: 2684: 1537: 1404: 63: 19947: 19472: 19196: 19176: 19084: 18736: 18732: 18274: 17989: 16883: 16788: 16332: 15120: 14955: 14931: 14824: 14593: 11484: 11190: 11037: 9983: 9395: 7930: 6824:

The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission, ...

6746: 6736: 5788: 5775:"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study" 4680: 4620: 4593: 4498: 4490: 3938: 3863: 3850: 3798: 3767: 3659: 3625: 3617: 3566: 3460: 3444: 3437: 3150: 3060: 3019: 3000: 2966: 2913: 2868: 2860: 2776: 2760: 2733: 2659: 2468:

other countries. By the 1970s, initial non-violent political struggle for an

2342: 2152:, indicate a similar cultural connection with the people of South India. The 1932: 1884: 1841: 1809: 1597: 1545: 1312: 1308: 1292: 1285: 1258: 1161: 1122: 1022: 1013: 1001: 965: 919: 886: 882: 864: 808: 554: 433: 386: 319: 16566:

India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage

16397:"Flavours of Kongunadu: There are several Tamil Nadus when it comes to food" 15095: 11118:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu

7000:

The Land, Peasantry, and Peasant Life in India New Direction, Renewed Debate

3841: 3805:) in the Tamil calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the solar system: 1592:

towards the end of the sixth century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in

19937: 19889: 19864: 19467: 19347: 19191: 19186: 18847: 18584: 18157: 17677:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

16527: 14930:

Wijepala, W. M. T. B.; Young, Sansfica M.; Ishiga, Hiroaki (1 April 2022).

14792: 12447: 8516:(Report). Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. 7386: 6050:

Kamil Zvelebil (1991). "Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature".

4607: 4478: 4439: 4407: 4327: 4051: 3910: 3898: 3867: 3672: 3529: 3492: 3171: 3017:, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. 3005: 2872: 2824: 2801: 2705: 2620: 2419:

The northern and eastern areas of Sri Lanka with majority Tamil population.

2387: 2382:

captured the island later and ruled for more than a century. Following the

2316: 2268: 2260: 2197: 2153: 2140: 2119: 2103: 2035: 1952: 1904: 1872: 1797:. The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by 1742: 1734: 1699: 1687: 1660: 1620: 1585: 1498: 1442: 1246: 1230: 1211: 989: 840: 683: 627: 574: 570: 443: 408: 373: 176: 18876:

A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar

16775:(2). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75. 15084:"India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World" 10758: 10515: 3418:

from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events and functions.

3055:, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, notably 18972: 18761:

Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India

15748: 15723:

C. Monahan, Susanne; Andrew Mirola, William; O. Emerson, Michael (2001).

12470: 7128:'How Best Do We Survive?' A Modern Political History of the Tamil Muslims 4558: 4514: 4463: 4373: 4330:

forms a part of the Tamil Hindu culture similar to the Hindu traditions.

4314:. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these 4311: 4250:

worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the Tamil pantheon,

4136: 4079: 3926: 3879: 3855: 3645: 3629: 3558: 3540: 3510: 3500: 3368: 3347: 3154: 3146: 2995: 2864: 2756: 2566: 2538: 2469: 2369:

arrived in the island in 1669 and described the Tamil settlements in the

2244: 2128: 2095: 1968: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1888: 1753:

and captured parts of Sri Lanka. The Pandyas ruled from their capital of

1577: 1573: 1502: 1462: 1226: 958: 856: 812: 600: 13540: 9574:

McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination".

8727:

Early Tamil Epigraphy From The Earliest Times To The Sixth Century A. D.

7938: 7376: 4740: 4720: 2227: 2090: 1041: 19590: 19542: 19307: 18055: 17997: 17965: 16796: 15788: 15753: 13614: 13082: 12517: 12120: 10767: 10683: 10313: 10039: 8862: 8510: 7067: 6603: 6549: 6426: 6169: 6150: 6033: 5602: 5069: 4942: 4530: 4502: 4486: 4419: 4315: 4306: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4111: 4098: 4071: 4015: 3776: 3724: 3650: 3518: 3480: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3395: 3356: 3277: 3225: 3056: 3028: 2970: 2961: 2942: 2879:

such as Batticaloa Tamil, Jaffna Tamil and Negombo Tamil in Sri Lanka.

2542: 2453: 2362: 2184:, which points to the presence of Tamils in the region. Excavations in 1762: 1676: 1648: 1434: 1355: 993: 816: 622: 238: 17951:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 14832: 14796: 7854:

History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online

7671:

Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu

6865: 5581:

Codrington, K. De B. (October 1930). "Indian Cairn- and Urn-Burials".

3298: 2326:

logistical and strategic base for accessing the interior ruled by the

1994:

gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the

1974:

Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the

1784: 19365: 18521:

Muslim identity, print culture and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu

18495: 18288: 18247: 18214: 18090: 17769:

Tamil Civilization:Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University

17520: 17250: 17062: 16484:

Acceptable Genes? Religious Traditions and Genetically Modified Foods

16430: 15468: 15436: 15395: 15329: 14584: 13332: 12416: 12384: 11825: 11336: 11304: 11271: 10711: 10662:

Maloney, C. (1970). "The Beginnings of Civilization in South India".

10598: 10454: 10425: 10345: 10024:

Christophe Z Guilmoto (1993). "The Tamil Migration Cycle 1830–1950".

9648: 9491: 9334: 8378: 8288: 8256: 8155: 7783: 7669:

Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998).

7132: 6502: 6234: 5779: 5746: 4587: 4550: 4447: 4282: 4083: 4075: 4059: 4039: 3942: 3793: 3783: 3682: 3654: 3570: 3496: 3257: 3236:

Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed

3199: 2990: 2974: 2717: 2713: 2562: 2554: 2521: 2338: 2185: 2043: 1750: 1683: 1652: 1644: 1601: 1514: 1461:

with the ancient Tamilakam. Much of the commerce from the Romans and

1427: 1300: 1281: 1264: 1223: 943: 874: 860: 844: 331: 287: 245: 18405: 17549:

Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)

16780: 16427:"6 Breakfast Items From Tamil Nadu To Have Instead Of Idli and Dosa" 12509: 10675: 8854: 6894: 6594: 6577: 6418: 6142: 6025: 5594: 4446:

in 3rd century BCE and Buddhist relics from 4th century CE found in

4435: 4026:

is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the

3657:

was glorified in ancient Tamil literature. Defeated kings committed

2085: 1978:

system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the

1600:

became increasingly distinct from the eastern parts. A new language

19605: 17981: 17028:

Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia

15912:. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 14915: 14899:"Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in India" 14898: 13391:

Problems and prospects of handicraft artisans in Thanjavur district

10517:

Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970

9616: 9444:

The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance

7764:

The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company

4964:"Commuting Times, Median Rents and Language other than English Use" 4911: 4562: 4518: 4506: 4455: 4431: 4415: 4323: 4319: 4211: 4199: 4183: 4023: 3934: 3906: 3694: 3633: 3554: 3549: 3514: 3471:

are usually performed by women while singing songs. In dances like

3464: 3415: 3341: 3245: 3202: 3195: 2832: 2609: 2287: 2272: 2201: 2133: 2014:. The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the 1975: 1836:

Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)

1738: 1656: 1640: 1615: 1605: 1589: 1560: 1549: 1541: 1522: 1518: 1493: 1396: 1219: 1164: 973: 955: 181: 159: 15432:"From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema" 15391:

Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry

12212:"Five Hindu temples to visit outside India that are worth a visit" 5742:"Artifacts unearthed at Keeladi to find a special place in museum" 4892:. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–18. 3375:, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in Chennai. 2839:. The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the grammar book 1233:

dated between 15th and 20th century BCE indicate the use of early

19595: 19585: 19387: 19321: 19043: 18984: 18711:"The guardian deities of Sri Lanka: Skanda-Murgan and Kataragama" 15722: 13707:

Kaṭṭaikkūttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition

11606:. Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 123. 4649:

Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into three ethnicities by the

4554: 4510: 4459: 4451: 4411: 4391: 4318:

to bless them with victory. In rural areas, local deities called

4300: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4203: 4152: 4148: 4116: 4063: 3982: 3977: 3946: 3918: 3914: 3894: 3875: 3871: 3822: 3562: 3241: 3221: 3217: 3183: 3125: 3115: 3099: 2901: 2679: 2613: 2428: 2335: 2232: 2208: 1829: 1754: 1718: 1713: 1593: 1466: 1454: 1400: 1391:

The Sangam period rulers patronized multiple religions including

1252: 1098: 186: 17576:

Finkel, Irving (2004). "Round and Round the Houses: The Game of

16523:

Tamilnadu A Journey in Time Part II People, Places and Potpourri

12245:"A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj" 9242: 9240: 8408:

Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies

7310:"Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world". 4119:

is a traditional conatct sport that originated from the Tamils.

3410:

are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.

3073: 2307:

Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE)

1686:

in South East Asia. The Cholas had trade links with the Chinese

19129: 18741:

Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar

13835:

Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses

12148:"Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism" 11747: 8997:. Dynasty of Jaffna Kings' Historical Society. pp. 82–84. 8038:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

6869: 6742:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

6578:"Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala" 6506: 5934: 4522: 4443: 4356: 4338: 4227: 3890: 3830: 3727:

on traditional occasions. Young girls wear a long skirt called

3641: 3637: 3621: 3613: 3605: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3506: 3488: 3403: 3391: 3383: 3302: 3261: 3260:

and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of

3237: 3229: 3130: 3113:

is the distinct style of architecture of the Tamils. The large

3093: 2986: 2764: 2595:

Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into two ethnicities by the

2570: 2496:

through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the

2433: 2299: 2293: 2281: 2256: 2115: 2047: 1883:

obtained a grant for land from the Vijayanager emperor and the

1668: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1341: 1324: 1202: 1157: 1145: 951: 946:. The ancient Tamil country had its own system of music called 930:, induced the development of many Southeast Asian scripts. The 18243:"2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai" 13428:"Mathalam - Ancient music instruments mentioned in Thirumurai" 13272:..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people.. 13226: 12646:"Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments" 12380:"Chennai, a rich amalgamation of various architectural styles" 9167:

Sri Lanka: National Conflict and the Tamil Liberation Struggle

8040:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. 7431:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 5954:

Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–1930). Delhi, 1933, pp. 86–89

5171:

Tamilians, a group living in the southern state of Tamil Nadu.

4054:

is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated in the Tamil month of

2410: 1998:, which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the 1667:, the Chola empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as 1651:

conquering the entire Southern India and parts of present-day

1245:. Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use 18789:"Religious Beliefs and Social Hierarchy in Tamiḻ Nāḍu, India" 18210:"On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past" 17936:

Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100

17752: 17427:. Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo. p. 106. 16836: 13394:. Archers & Elevators Publishing House. pp. 38, 43. 12815:

Thanjavur Paintings: Materials, Techniques & Conservation

11156:

Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century

10832: 10830: 9804:"The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020" 9237: 8877: 8676:

Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy

6928:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay, eds. (2009).

5331: 4854:"A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012" 4482: 4247: 4235: 4219: 4120: 3994: 3972: 3826: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3468: 3411: 3379: 3372: 3332: 3306: 3265: 3248: 3179: 3071:

According to Tamil literature, there are 64 art forms called

2978: 2796: 2701: 1876: 1849: 1725:

The eventual decline of Chola power began towards the end of

1695: 1510: 1506: 1450: 1416: 1412: 894: 827:. They also form significant proportion of the population in 760: 363: 253: 171: 18853:

The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka

15814: 10371: 9644:"UN rights chief seeks sanctions against Sri Lanka generals" 8901: 5678:"Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?" 5501:"Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution" 3137:

cave-temples established by the various Tamil kingdoms. The

1438:

were limited through the adherence to an established order.

1113:

was first used as a self designation or a by outsiders. The

795:

and trace their ancestry mainly to the southern part of the

14348: 11226:

Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike (2011).

9998: 9487:

Security And Development: Investing in Peace And Prosperity

8913: 8563: 8199:"Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress" 7237:

The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526

5316: 4542: 4494: 3930: 3922: 3886: 3859: 3814: 3810: 3719: 3649:

sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshipped with

3387: 3120: 3027:

between 1924 and 1939, was amongst the first comprehensive

2845:

which incorporates facets from the old Tamil literary work

2709: 1482: 1009: 848: 16519: 15841:. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2017. p. 226. 15121:

Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

14249: 10827: 10176:"Image and Identity: Tamil Migration to the United States" 8759: 7213:. University Press of Florida. pp. 300–306, 321–322. 6858: 4497:

as their mother tongue. Tamil Muslims in India follow the

2247:. In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant 2025: 1671:

in the north and across the Indian Ocean. He defeated the

1491:, describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in 15159: 12811: 12587:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 459. 9746: 8949: 8747: 8374:"Tracing the demand to rename Madras State as Tamil Nadu" 7582:"Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal" 6525: 6274:"The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile" 6254: 5208: 5136: 3806: 3788: 3601: 3576:

Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as

3031:

published in the language. The 19th century gave rise to

2365:, who was helped by the Thanjavur Nayaks. English sailor 1737:. Though the Cholas were revived briefly with the aid of 922:

of the region. Scripts brought by Tamil traders like the

742: 736: 18036:"Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity" 17423:

Li, Ming; MacIntosh, Eric W.; Bravo, Gonzalo A. (2012).

16727:

Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism

15968: 15577:

Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping

13037: 11599: 11589:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 554. 11017:

Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure

10848: 9422: 9372:"Sri Lanka: racism and the politics of underdevelopment" 9036: 8937: 8925: 8619: 8607: 7456:. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 151, 154–158. 7263:

The New Cambridge History of India Vijayanagara Volume 1

6388: 6386: 5985:. Kerala Council for Historical Research. Archived from 5188:

The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India

4505:

schools while the Tamil Muslims in Sri Lanka follow the

2859:

of Tamil is spoken by the Tamils across regions such as

2141:

Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE)

1555:

From the fourth century CE, the region was ruled by the

1349:. The rulers of smaller territories were referred to as 18550:

Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives

16562: 15838:

Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People

14801:

and the Indian wrestler: the anatomy of a relationship"

12969:(in Tamil). Karanthai Tamil Sangam. 1976. p. 241. 11409:

Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944

9302:. People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka (PTSL). Archived from 8889: 6932:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 11–12. 4266:

is regarded as the eldest son, who is venerated as the

3351:) were sung along with playing of musical instruments. 3085:(fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama. 2156:

inscriptions on them indicate Tamil clan names such as

1327:

delta. They are mentioned in the inscriptions from the

906:. The major kingdoms to rule the region later were the 18743:. Paris: International Association of Tamil Research. 17516:"Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities" 15580:. New York: Shakti Press International. p. 6,15. 11225: 7966: 7668: 6927: 4675:

Includes all speakers of the Tamil language oncluding

3339:) in temples. From the 9th century CE, Shaivite hymns 1757:

and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.

19873: 18624:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 138. 15081: 14392:

Wolf, Gita; Geetha, V.; Ravishankar, Anushka (2003).

14391: 14250:

Soneji, Devesh; Viswanathan Peterson, Indira (2008).

12893:

Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1

12581:Ē. En̲ Perumāḷ (1983). Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲ (ed.). 12039:"The Tamil Gopura From Temple Gateway to Global Icon" 10374:"Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization" 10023: 9612:"Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis" 9330:

Narratives of Gendered Dissent in South Asian Cinemas

8701:

Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey

7726:

Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present

6383: 5879: 5393: 5285: 2228:

Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE)

2148:

potsherds found in Sri Lanka from the early reign of

1532: 1449:

and other epigraphical evidence from South India and

799:. The Tamil language is one of the longest-surviving 769: 748: 18944:

Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature

18620:

Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (2011).

17352:

The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years ...

17312:

A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns

16843:. University of California Press. pp. 156–157. 15082:

Srinivasan, Sharada; Ranganathan, Srinivasa (2004).

14991:

Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World

14754: 11645:

History of Indian and Eastern Architecture: Volume 1

11300:"Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars" 11154:

Nair, Rukmini Bhaya; de Souza, Peter Ronald (2020).

10414: 8151:"The great famine of Madras and the men who made it" 7973:. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 94. 6997: 6717: 5956:. Missouri Southern State University. Archived from 5891: 5562: 4583: 3149:. The Pallavas, who built the group of monuments in 2993:. Notable work from the post-Bhakti period included 1345:

chiefs and settlements headed by clan chiefs called

757: 745: 733: 16999:

Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia

14929: 11934: 11229:

Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India

9712:"Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN" 9221:

Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background

7124: 6100:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 231 by George L. III Hart" 6070:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 224 by George L. III Hart" 5425:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot

3077:. The art is classified into two broad categories: 2334:resisted contacts with the Portuguese and repelled 1911:was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by 1785:

Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)

1631:The Cholas were revived in the ninth century CE by 754: 739: 730: 17875: 17791:Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India 17648:Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion 15222:"Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood" 14066:Jhal Muri: Embracing Life's Unpredictable Flavours 11936: 10173: 8782:. Associated Newspapers of Ceylon. pp. 24–25. 7342: 7018: 7006: 6909: 6669:Jouveau-Dubreuil, Gabriel (1995). "The Pallavas". 6642:Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections 5250: 4285:, is thought to have been derived from an ancient 3521:manipulated by rods and strings attached to them. 1453:with Tamil writing found in excavations along the 13703: 13672: 12854:Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period: Volume 1 11438: 10113:"Strangers to their roots, and those around them" 8995:The Jaffna Dynasty: Vijayakalingan to Narasinghan 7206: 6895:John Allan; Wolseley Haig; Henry Dodwell (1934). 6195: 5356: 4553:in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts. 3165:, was later expanded by the Vijayanagara and the 2086:Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE) 2038:, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of 1947:with Madras as the capital. On 10 July 1806, the 1647:. The Chola influence expanded subsequently with 950:. Tamil performing arts include the theatre form 19945: 17447: 17422: 16809: 16667:(Report). National Siddha Council. August 2020. 16010:Tamil Culture: Religion, Culture, and Literature 15530: 14023:Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness 12036: 11901: 11826:Susan L. Huntington; John C. Huntington (2014). 11264: 10271:Tamil among the classical languages of the world 9483: 9148:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914 8186:. Working Committee of the Congress. p. 11. 7693: 7299:. Navakerala Co-op Publishing House. p. 47. 6942: 6668: 6379:. South Indian History Congress. pp. 28–34. 5873:Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature 5137:Frank Rennie, Robin Mason, ed. (December 2008). 2067:of the Tamils have consistently improved due to 1773:. In 1335, the Pandyan capital was conquered by 18619: 18273: 17635:. Directorate of Census Operations. p. 74. 17580:". In Mackenzie, Colin; Finkel, Irving (eds.). 16918: 16007: 15905: 14857: 14062: 13947:Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction 13227:Jeff Todd Titon; Svanibor Pettan, eds. (2015). 13196:"Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana" 13112:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments 12991: 12733: 11829:The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain 11782: 11584: 11362: 11079:The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism? 11014: 10995: 9971: 7374: 7282:Sri Brihadisvara, the Great Temple of Thanjavur 7279: 6374: 5870: 4151:are played across the region. In modern times, 1859:several times and defeated the Nawab after the 19964:Ethnic groups divided by international borders 18646:Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion 17966:"Tamil Religion: Melting Pot or Battleground?" 17025: 16919:Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). 16840:The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia 16227:"The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves" 16032: 14654: 13976: 13290:. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, 13283: 13229:The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology 12584:Heritage of the Tamils: Art & Architecture 12580: 12348:"Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing" 11551: 10624: 10477: 10372:Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay (3 August 2021). 9054: 8252:"Subramania Bharati: The poet and the patriot" 7479:Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs 7411: 7093: 6049: 5371: 5248: 5232:International Journal of Dravidial Linguistics 4426:, who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the 3975:, which was passed on to 18 holy men known as 1612:from Northern India in the eighth century CE. 1359:mentioning the names of many such chieftains. 1253:Sangam period (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE) 1078:, meaning "the proper process (of speaking)". 19280: 19000: 18715:The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies 17784: 17782: 16723: 16073:"Hospitality Characteristics of Tamil People" 15494: 15256:After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World 14549:"Martial Arts (Silambam & Kalaripayattu)" 14516: 14395:Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials 13874: 13509:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M 13108: 12541: 11939:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M 11658: 10378:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9935:Population by Ethnicity according to District 9742:"Sri Lankan president declares war 'victory'" 9017: 8796:Coromandel: A Personal History of South India 8716: 8714: 8411:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 105. 7970:History of Modern India:1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D 7694:Thilakavathy, M.; Maya, R. K. (5 June 2019). 7294: 7207:Gilmartin, David; Lawrence, Bruce B. (2000). 5342:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndarapala2007 ( 4529:originated as a result of the trade with the 4194:was classified into five categories known as 3573:is the traditional form of combat-wrestling. 2959:. Another book of the post Sangam era is the 2934:("Eighteen Greater Texts") consisting of the 2357:in 1591. After the conflicts, the Portuguese 1828:were the most prominent. They introduced the 1339:ruled over several hill tribes headed by the 1125:dated to the second century BCE, describes a 701: 18705: 18547: 18494:. Routledge language family series. London: 17630: 17243: 16875: 16692: 15654: 15007: 14349:Axel Michaels; Christoph Wulf, eds. (2012). 14300:, South Zone Cultural Center. Archived from 13109:Alastair Dick (1984). Sadie, Stanley (ed.). 11182: 11153: 11029: 10627:Credentials of Tamil as a classical language 10551: 10240: 7545:. Madras: K. R. Subramanian. pp. 52–53. 7454:Battles of the Honourable East India Company 7260: 7036: 6624: 5816:Social and Cultural History of Ancient India 5065:A South Indian Journey: The Smile of Murugan 2529:speakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1981) 1623:at its greatest extent, during the reign of 1203:Pre-historic period (before 4th century BCE) 1090:meaning "self-speak", or "our own speech". 62: 18240: 18116: 17948: 17815:"Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion" 17246:"Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'" 17122: 16480: 16262:. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 29. 16167:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2023. p. 41. 15975:. Asian Educational Services. p. 631. 15526: 15524: 15522: 15520: 15010:"Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal" 14861:Ashoka's Lions: The Warrior Spirit of India 14650: 14648: 12700: 10704: 10212:"New Beginnings: Tamil Heritage in Toronto" 10009:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 9864:"Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses" 9484:Picciotto, Robert; Weaving, Rachel (2006). 9164: 9122:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 9020:A critical history of Jaffna: the Tamil era 8836: 8834: 8832: 8669: 8667: 8637: 8184:The History of the Indian National Congress 8181: 8128:. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–25. 7540: 7501: 7348:Politics and Social Conflict in South India 6377:Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference 6335: 6306: 5230:(1998). "On the Origin of the word tamiz". 4734: 4679:individuals do not speak the language as a 4616:List of languages by first written accounts 3123:of the Dravidian style. They are topped by 2411:Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present) 2372:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 1659:, and increased Chola influence across the 1415:performed by the kings as described in the 19287: 19273: 19007: 18993: 18435:Survey of Buddhist temples and monasteries 18208:Nagarajan, Saraswathy (17 November 2011). 17788: 17779: 15929:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions 15693: 15387: 14896: 14729: 14621:"Dravidian martial art on a comeback mode" 14253:Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India 14097:. Parragon Publishing. 2012. p. 206. 13881:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 60–65. 13746: 13505: 12994:"Orality, writing and music in South Asia" 12772: 12318:Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority 12283:Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922 12180:"Ten Hindu temples to visit outside India" 11997: 11739: 11477:Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 11071: 11069: 10554:"Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai" 10448: 9369: 8967: 8711: 7779:"Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted" 7722: 7233: 7174:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. 6813: 6780: 6778: 6688:. Numismatic Society of India. p. 34. 6011: 5773:Jesudasan, Dennis S. (20 September 2019). 5580: 5389: 5387: 5337: 5226: 4513:are Tamils who were converted to Islam by 4310:) was prevalent and it continued till the 3992:Tamils decorate their homes with colorful 3845:A traditional meal served on a banana leaf 3801:in the middle of April. The days of week ( 3208: 3035:and writings and poems by authors such as 2981:literature became prominent following the 2511: 708: 694: 18846: 18804: 18327:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India 18207: 18054: 18030: 17728: 17390:. Human Kinetics. May 2010. p. 183. 16164:The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine 15778: 15776: 15650: 15648: 15573: 14914: 14732:Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art 14210: 14129: 13358: 12920: 12889: 12504:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: 29–79. 11638: 11600:Jose Joseph; L. Stanislaus, eds. (2007). 10955: 10953: 10913: 10855:. Asian Educational Services. p. 2. 10804: 10766: 10707:"Palani excavation triggers fresh debate" 10565: 9577:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 9573: 9542: 8955: 8883: 8799:. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 154. 8753: 8698: 8625: 8569: 7556:Bhosle, Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje (2017). 7476: 7312:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 7167: 6979:Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). 6703:. Harvard University Press. p. 104. 6593: 6128: 5772: 5396:Jesus of Nazareth: The Deep State of Rome 4481:to the Tamils between 52 and 70 CE. 3644:(discus) and theepandam (flaming baton). 3536:, a dagger that originated in South India 2985:in 7th century CE with hymns composed by 2456:to India over a period of fifteen years. 1919:in the first series of Polygar wars. The 18938: 18824: 18757: 18407:Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism 17753:Steven Rosen; Graham M. Schweig (2006). 17347: 17097: 17054: 16922:Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales 16837:Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). 16766: 16329:"Big, bold flavours from a small island" 16012:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 77. 15517: 14903:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 14897:Srinivasan, Sharada (15 November 1994). 14645: 14019: 13943: 13750:Ritual, State, and History in South Asia 13576:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 42–43. 13569: 13387: 13255: 12850: 12776:The World of Indian murals and paintings 12648:. 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Harper Collins. p. 31-36. 7755: 7743:from the original on 3 June 2024 7716: 7704:from the original on 3 June 2024 7687: 7662: 7630: 7600: 7574: 7549: 7534: 7495: 7470: 7445: 7420: 7405: 7188:from the original on 26 May 2023 6454:10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499 5923:from the original on 11 May 2011 5795:from the original on 3 June 2024 4948: 4919:from the original on 8 June 2014 4600: 4586: 4381: 4372: 4346: 4337: 4175:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam 4034:. Other major festivals include 3321:. Sangam literature such as the 2619:There also exists a significant 1871:arrived in 1522 followed by the 1375: 1366: 1273:Economy of ancient Tamil country 1198:Sources of ancient Tamil history 1040:. The people are referred to as 1036:is derived from the name of the 992:, and a small percentage follow 726: 677: 315:Sources of ancient Tamil history 286: 19847:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu 18817: 17582:Asian Games: The Art of Contest 16879:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 15259:. Public Affairs. p. 248. 15127:. Routledge. pp. 21, 386. 14214:Traditions of Indian Folk Dance 12818:. National Museum. p. 14. 12779:. Chillbreeze. pp. 55–57. 11697:; Vikramaditya Prakash (2017). 10889:"Overview of Sangam literature" 10483:Pre-history of Tamil literature 10415:R.E.Asher; E.Annamalai (2002). 9874:from the original on 9 May 2021 9223:. Nova Publishers. p. 87. 8699:Ragupathy, Ponnampalam (1987). 8345:States Reorganisation Act, 1956 8163:from the original on 9 May 2021 8149:Kolappan, B. (22 August 2013). 8103:from the original on 1 May 2015 7967:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). 7813:A global chronology of conflict 7791:from the original on 1 May 2023 7414:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 7368: 7336: 7303: 7288: 7273: 7254: 7234:Srivastava, Kanhaiya L (1980). 7227: 7200: 7161: 7118: 7087: 7055: 7030: 6991: 6972: 6936: 6921: 6888: 6829: 6807: 6729: 6692: 6677: 6662: 6633: 6618: 6576:Freeman, Rich (February 1998). 6569: 6537: 6433: 6398: 6368: 6329: 6300: 6266: 6222: 6189: 6157: 6122: 6092: 6062: 6043: 6005: 5972: 5942: 5903: 5864: 5832: 5807: 5766: 5734: 5702: 5669: 5639: 5612: 5574: 5525: 5493: 5461: 5435: 5416: 5365: 5350: 5310: 5279: 5242: 5220: 5176: 5130: 5098: 5062:Wood, Michael (2 August 2007). 5055: 4907:"Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide" 4703: 4694: 4669: 4533:. Mercantile groups introduced 4477:, is believed to have preached 4198:, which were associated with a 4186:, guardian folk deity of Tamils 3524: 3309:, traditional music instruments 3088: 2074: 1148:texts, there is a mention of a 1093:It is unknown whether the term 904:trade relations with the Romans 27:Dravidian ethnolinguistic group 19832:Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI 18764:. Ram Publishers. p. 98. 18094:. 22 July 2006. Archived from 17425:International Sport Management 17387:International Sport Management 16816:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. 15357:"Farewell to old cinema halls" 14217:. Clarion Books. p. 337. 14130:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). 11910:Archaeological Survey of India 11877:Archaeological Survey of India 10625:George L. Hart (August 2018). 10558:Acta Linguistica Petropolitana 10245:. Cambridge Language Surveys. 10059:. Institute of Asian Studies. 9196:University of California Press 8182:Sitaramayya, Pattabhi (1935). 7700:. MJP Publisher. p. 583. 7697:Facets of Contemporary history 7352:University of California Press 6785:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904). 5982:Perspectives on Kerala History 5532:John, Vino (27 January 2006). 5394:Tomás Morales y Durán (2020). 5325:Archaeological Survey of India 5286:Rama Shankar Tripathi (1942). 4931: 4643: 4470:led by Alwars and Nayanmars. 3666: 2940:("Eight Anthologies") and the 2502:massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils 1733:and defeated the Cholas under 1588:. The Pandyas were revived by 1568:in the sixth century CE under 1216:Archaeological Survey of India 910:(3rd–9th century CE), and the 13: 1: 18372:Journal of Marine Archaeology 17633:Arts and Crafts of Tamil Nadu 17100:Holiday Symbols & Customs 15727:. Prentice Hall. p. 83. 15697:Exploring The Riches Of India 15619:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 15464:"Weaving through the threads" 15388:Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). 14817:10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070 14762:Journal of Asian Martial Arts 14755:Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992). 13448:(in Tamil). Project Madurai. 12613:A centre for Arts and Culture 12279:"Indo-saracenic Architecture" 12059:10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.004 11298:Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014). 11232:. Primus Books. p. 107. 10917:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics 10027:Economic and Political Weekly 9974:"In search of a new identity" 8549:. Vijitha Yapa. p. 129. 7320:10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006 5647:"the eternal harappan script" 4757: 3663:, a form of ritual suicide. 2882: 2835:from other languages such as 2688:Distribution of Tamils (2013) 2486:Sri Lankan military offensive 1887:established trading posts at 1798: 1635:and the last Pallavas ruler 1058:might have been derived from 970:other traditional dance forms 55: 18897:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 18806:10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00100 18122:"Philosophy of Idol Worship" 17819:Hindu Heritage Study Program 17789:Neuenhofer, Christa (2012). 16611:National Institute of Siddha 16077:International Tamil Research 15049:. Vol. 2. p. 365. 13977:Allison Arnold, ed. (2017). 13475:"An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar" 13287:Musical Instruments of India 12921:Nijenhuis, Emmie te (1974). 12412:"Chennai looks to the skies" 11935:James G. Lochtefeld (2002). 11905:Cave-temples of the Pallavas 11555:Āya kalaikaḷ ar̲upattunān̲ku 11441:"Seeds of Tamil Renaissance" 10914:Takahashi, Takanobu (1995). 10664:The Journal of Asian Studies 9838:Council on Foreign Relations 9808:Harvard International Review 9370:Sivanandan, A. (July 1984). 9169:. Tamil Information Centre. 9165:Ponnambalam, Satchi (1983). 8843:The Journal of Asian Studies 7911:The Journal of Asian Studies 7543:The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore 7125:Kenneth McPherson · (2012). 6866:"Great Living Chola Temples" 6640:Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). 6582:The Journal of Asian Studies 5359:The Pali Literature of Burma 4002: 3053:Indian Independence Movement 2952:("Eighteen Lesser Texts"). 2751:, notably settled since the 2576: 2384:1795 invasion of the British 1992:Indian Independence movement 1965:Government of India Act 1858 1863:. This led to a short-lived 1816:in 1565 by a confederacy of 1747:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I 1559:, warriors belonging to the 1331:dated to third century BCE. 1167:received an ambassador from 1028: 984:. A smaller number are also 666:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 297: 7: 19984:Ethnic groups in South Asia 16487:. SUNY Press. p. 170. 15574:Boulanger, Chantal (1997). 13006:10.13140/RG.2.2.31623.96169 12498:Metropolitan Museum Journal 12092:University of Chicago Press 11975:National Geographic Society 11183:P.S.Sundaram (3 May 2002). 10594:"Several dialects of Tamil" 9055:Vriddhagirisan, V. (1942). 8993:Kunaraca, Kantaiya (2003). 8970:Jaffna Under the Portuguese 8968:Abeysinghe, Tikiri (1986). 8444:V. Shoba (14 August 2011). 8323:Madras Legislative Assembly 7810:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). 7608:"Origin of the Name Madras" 7560:. Notion press. p. 3. 7541:Subramanian, K. R. (1928). 6814:Srivastava, Balram (1973). 5911:"The Edicts of King Ashoka" 5845:National Geographic Society 5320:Epigraphia Indica Volume XX 4969:Government of United States 4741: 4721: 4579: 4430:in the 3rd–7th century CE. 4289:, and is also very common. 4158: 4155:is the most popular sport. 3952: 3874:as a part of a Tamil meal. 3755: 3701: 3677:Tamil television soap opera 2912:poetic assemblies known as 2893:Sri Lankan Tamil literature 2875:, Kumari Tamil and various 2819:. According to epigraphist 2781: 2749:Tamil community in Pakistan 1407:, a book of Tamil grammar. 1187: 1042: 1012:items, usually spiced with 359:Chronology of Tamil history 10: 20005: 19989:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka 19979:Ethnic groups in Singapore 19563:Kaveri River water dispute 19244:Pondicherry Tamil diaspora 18787:Maloney, Clarence (1975). 18183:"Tamil Virtual University" 17553:Greenwood Publishing Group 17315:. Har-Anand Publications. 17309:Gautier, François (2001). 17278:"Jallikattu bull festival" 17032:University of Hawaii Press 16201:"Serving on a banana leaf" 15694:Nick Huyes (10 May 2024). 15495:Parthasarathy, R. (1993). 15046:Ancient and Medieval India 15043:Manning, Charlotte Speir. 14948:10.1007/s41826-022-00046-0 14525:Cambridge University Press 14211:Vatsyayan, Kapila (1987). 14069:. Blue Rose. p. 207. 13792:Ethical Life in South Asia 13747:Heesterman, J. C. (1992). 13704:Hanne M. de Bruin (1999). 13681:University of Pennsylvania 13673:Richard Schechner (2010). 13570:Banerjee, Projesh (1983). 13506:Lochtefeld, James (2002). 13256:Ramkumar, Nithyau (2016). 12890:Rajagopal, Geetha (2009). 12704:Tamil Nadu, a Real History 12545:Art of the Imperial Cholas 11786:History of Interior Design 11406:Arooran, K. Nambi (1980). 10390:10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w 10247:Cambridge University Press 9388:10.1177/030639688402600102 9086:de Silva, Chandra (1972). 9022:. Gyan. pp. 113–117. 9018:Gnanaprakasar, S. (2020). 8780:Ceylon Today and Yesterday 8678:. I.B.Tauris. p. 90. 8446:"Chennai says it in Hindi" 7646:. India. 6 November 2009. 7267:Cambridge University Press 6903:Cambridge University Press 6842:Cambridge University Press 6836:Curtin, Philip D. (1984). 6787:The Early History of India 6671:Asian Educational Services 6336:Chakrabarty, D.K. (2010). 5357:Mabel Haynes Bode (1909). 5145:Information Age Publishing 5004:(Report). 17 August 2022. 4888:Mohan, Vasundhara (1987). 4631:Tamil population by nation 4626:Tamil population by cities 4572: 4517:while other clans such as 4406:During the Sangam period, 4172: 4162: 4104: 3956: 3848: 3759: 3670: 3425: 3287: 2969:. In the beginning of the 2886: 2855:("Tamil mother"). Various 2785: 2774: 2770: 2645: 2635: 2587:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka 2580: 2492:as a result of committing 2310: 2078: 1927:, formed a coalition with 1881:British East India Company 1262: 1256: 1191: 1182: 633:Christianity in Tamil Nadu 19974:Ethnic groups in Malaysia 19855: 19822: 19619: 19576: 19458: 19395: 19384: 19329: 19314: 19254:Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora 19249:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 19231: 19205: 19164: 19156:Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils) 19121:India (Sri Lankan Tamils) 19108: 19062: 19031: 19022: 18901:. New Age International. 17738:. Harappa. Archived from 17700:Clothey, Fred W. (2019). 17646:Hardy, Friedhelm (2015). 17631:Chandramouli, C. (2004). 17448:Murray, H. J. R. (1913). 17213:"Christmas in Tamil Nadu" 16810:J. Gordon Melton (2011). 16662:Siddha system of medicine 16481:Conrad Bunk, ed. (2009). 15531:Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). 15501:Columbia University Press 15166:Columbia University Press 15008:Sasisekharan, B. (1999). 14864:. VIJ Books. p. 38. 14730:Luijendijk, D.H. (2005). 13359:Kiruṣṇan̲, Rājam (2002). 12672:"The Ajanta of TamilNadu" 12037:Crispin Branfoot (2015). 12001:Cultural History of India 11902:K. R. Srinivasan (1964). 10567:10.30842/alp2306573714317 9834:"The Sri Lankan Conflict" 9590:10.1080/09557570701828592 9553:10.1080/01436590600850434 9192:Ethnic Groups in Conflict 9190:Horowitz, Donald (2001). 8215:10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4 7952:Caldwell, Robert (1881). 7923:10.1017/S0021911807001234 7816:. ABC—CLIO. p. 756. 7477:Ramaswami, N. S. (1984). 7314:. 2005. pp. 78–104. 7284:. Nile Books. p. 24. 6625:Subrahmanian, N. (1993). 5950:"Hathigumpha Inscription" 5916:Colorado State University 5072:. pp. x, xiii, xvi. 4735: 4713: 4089: 4010:is a major and multi-day 3428:Dance forms of Tamil Nadu 3037:Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai 2877:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 2815:and is one of the oldest 2792:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 2642:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 1894:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1865:Thanjavur Maratha kingdom 1840:In the 18th century, the 1793:was founded in 1336 1457:indicate the presence of 914:(14th–17th century CE). 504:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 234: 224: 216: 211: 200: 195: 153: 148: 141: 136: 125: 117: 109: 101: 93: 85: 77: 72: 54: 49: 40: 19239:Malaysian Tamil diaspora 18577:Abraham, George (2020). 18492:The Indo-Aryan Languages 18464:Government of Tamil Nadu 18287:(4th ed.). London: 18086:"'Hero stone' unearthed" 17949:Subramanium, N. (1980). 17850:Government of Tamil Nadu 17283:Government of Tamil Nadu 17218:Government of Tamil Nadu 17186:Government of Tamil Nadu 17154:Government of Tamil Nadu 17098:Chambers, James (2015). 16300:Government of Tamil Nadu 16036:Social Problems in India 16008:A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). 15934:Encyclopaedia Britannica 15906:S.K. Chatterjee (1998). 15658:Indian Art & Culture 15539:Rowman & Littlefield 14858:Henry Jesuadian (2021). 14298:Government of Tamil Nadu 14138:Rowman & Littlefield 14063:Gaurab Dasgupta (2024). 13944:Raghavan, M. D. (1971). 13797:Indiana University Press 13446:"11th TirumuRai Paurams" 12084:Michell, George (1988). 11783:Jeannie Ireland (2018). 11603:Communication as Mission 11366:The embodiment of bhakti 11363:Karen Prechilis (1999). 11015:S. Sundararajan (1991). 10996:T.V. Mahalingam (1981). 10634:Tamil Virtual University 10522:University of California 10279:Tamil Virtual University 10183:University of California 10174:Kelsey Clark Underwood. 9972:V. Suryanarayan (2001). 9946:(Report). Archived from 9449:Lynne Rienner Publishers 9146:Christie, Nikki (2016). 8731:Harvard University Press 8589:University of California 8478:Demography of Tamil Nadu 8036:Naravane, M. S. (2014). 7280:Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri (1998). 7171:Essays on Medieval India 7063:"Meenakshi Amman Temple" 6375:T.V. Mahalingam (1981). 5871:A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). 5423:Lal, Mohan, ed. (1992). 5378:University of California 5289:History of Ancient India 5253:A Brief History of India 4824:(Report). Archived from 4636: 4493:speak Tamil rather than 4399:Nallur Kandaswamy temple 3766:The Tamil calendar is a 3620:(spiked knuckleduster), 3283: 2946:("Ten Idylls"), and the 2516: 2349:in 1560 and killed king 2004:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1996:Indian National Congress 1984:Indian famine of 1896–97 1957:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1141:have been found. In the 1014:locally available spices 509:Malaysian Tamil diaspora 325:Keezhadi excavation site 41: 18978:Encyclopædia Britannica 18916:Singh, Upinder (2008). 18880:Oxford University Press 18330:. Penguin Books India. 18324:Eraly, Abraham (2011). 18129:Hindu Temple of Florida 17793:. Blurb, Incorporated. 17476:Russ, Laurence (1984). 17102:. Infobase Publishing. 17026:Alexandra Kent (2005). 16997:Roy, Christian (2005). 16256:Kalman, Bobbie (2009). 16033:Selwyn Stanley (2004). 15909:Indian Calendric System 14655:Chris Crudelli (2008). 14482:Oxford University Press 14258:Oxford University Press 14020:Madhavan, Arya (2010). 13361:When the Kurinji Blooms 13284:S.Krishnaswami (2017). 13233:Oxford University Press 13025:Oxford University Press 13023:. Vol. 2. London: 12851:Appasamy, Jaya (1980). 12773:Nayanthara, S. (2006). 11552:Centur̲aimuttu (1978). 11371:Oxford University Press 11019:. Navrang. p. 233. 10738:Abraham, S. A. (2003). 10243:The Dravidian Languages 9943:Government of Sri Lanka 8097:Encyclopædia Britannica 7452:Naravane, M.S. (2014). 7412:Heather Elgood (2000). 7102:Oxford University Press 7094:Cynthia Talbot (2001). 6985:Oxford University Press 5400:Amazon Digital Services 5372:Dines Andersen (1992). 5140:Bhutan: Ways of Knowing 5111:Oxford University Press 5036:Government of Singapore 4859:Government of Sri Lanka 4821:Government of Sri Lanka 4473:The Christian apostle, 4254:became regarded as the 4169:Dravidian folk religion 4131:in the 7th century CE. 3345:and Vaishnavite hymns ( 3209:Sculpture and paintings 3051:and others. During the 3003:in 12th century CE and 2965:, a book on ethics, by 2811:, which belongs to the 2545:(63.8 million) and the 2512:Geographic distribution 2470:independent Tamil state 2118:people of Sri Lanka. A 2065:Human Development Index 1980:Great Famine of 1876–78 1488:Periplus Maris Erytraei 1307:of monarchical states, 1208:Archaeological evidence 1115:Hathigumpha inscription 1097:and its equivalents in 1054:suggests that the term 871:Archaeological evidence 791:who natively speak the 19969:Ethnic groups in India 19415:Deputy chief ministers 18433:Malik, Akhtar (2007). 17773:University of Michigan 16724:James Stewart (2015). 16401:The New Indian Express 16111:The New Indian Express 15613:Lynton, Linda (1995). 14658:The Way of the Warrior 13952:University of Michigan 13875:Shobana Gupta (2010). 13712:University of Michigan 13161:. 1988. p. 1314. 12709:University of Michigan 12542:Vidya Dehejia (1990). 12353:The New Indian Express 12051:University of Michigan 11659:Francis Ching (1995). 11560:University of Michigan 11414:University of Michigan 11002:University of Michigan 10488:(Report). p. 16. 9774:"War on the Displaced" 9441:Sherman, Jake (2003). 9219:Nubin, Walter (2002). 8547:A History of Sri Lanka 8316:Andhra State Act, 1953 7295:P. K. S. Raja (1966). 6701:Atlas of the year 1000 6342:. Oxford. p. 84. 5814:Joshi, Anjali (2017). 4187: 4102: 3999: 3846: 3714: 3711:Kanchipuram silk saris 3537: 3449:Indian classical dance 3441: 3416:percussion instruments 3310: 3233: 3232:(12th–13th century CE) 3111:Dravidian architecture 3107: 3105:Dravidian architecture 2905: 2804: 2730:subsequent generations 2689: 2530: 2465:1977 anti-Tamil pogrom 2420: 2249:Aryacakravarti dynasty 2240: 2220:(Tamil villages), and 2099: 1767:Meenakshi Amman Temple 1722: 1628: 1552: 1430: 1288: 1171:. An inscription from 920:cultural Indianisation 651:Politics of Tamil Nadu 606:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu 596:Religion in Tamil Nadu 67: 18830:Sri Lanka – A History 18683:Bloomsbury Publishing 18677:Javier, A.G. (2014). 18519:More, J.B.P. (2007). 18404:Duraiswamy, Dayalan. 17953:. Ennes Publications. 17938:. Anmol Publications. 17934:Shashi, S.S. (1996). 17547:Craig, Steve (2002). 17003:Bloomsbury Publishing 16876:Roshen Dalal (2010). 16693:Abbie Mercer (2007). 16458:The Story of Our Food 15936:. 2008. p. 809. 15725:Sociology of Religion 15655:Anurag Kumar (2016). 15325:"Cinema and the city" 13799:. 2010. p. 105. 13573:Indian Ballet Dancing 12734:Raghavan Srinivasan. 11977:. 2008. p. 154. 11791:Bloomsbury Publishing 11519:. 2005. p. 125. 11160:Bloomsbury Publishing 11030:P.S.Sundaram (2005). 10759:10.1353/asi.2003.0031 10143:"Irregular migration" 9530:Third World Quarterly 9337:. 2012. p. 126. 9119:Knox, Robert (1681). 9058:The Nayaks of Tanjore 8122:Adcock, C.S. (2013). 7612:Corporation of Madras 7427:Bayly, Susan (2004). 7378:The Nayaks of Madurai 7261:Burton Stein (1990). 7037:Nick Collins (2024). 6629:. Ennes. p. 209. 4747:[t̪amiɻaɾɡaɭ] 4651:Sri Lankan government 4428:ancient Tamil country 4293:, the heroine of the 4182: 4097: 3991: 3844: 3709: 3532: 3483:, dancers dress like 3435: 3301: 3216: 3096: 2900: 2799: 2687: 2597:Sri Lankan government 2581:Further information: 2524: 2418: 2235: 2093: 2032:Independence of India 1846:Nawab of the Carnatic 1775:Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan 1716: 1618: 1572:, who ruled parts of 1540: 1425: 1280: 1263:Further information: 1194:History of Tamil Nadu 940:style of architecture 807:, dating back to the 789:ethnolinguistic group 780:), also known as the 656:Dravidian nationalism 611:Hinduism in Sri Lanka 499:Indian Tamil diaspora 305:History of Tamil Nadu 196:Related ethnic groups 66: 19420:Legislative Assembly 18793:American Ethnologist 18459:"Santhome Cathedral" 17970:History of Religions 17742:on 4 September 2006. 17730:Mahadevan, Iravatham 17675:Padmaja, T. (2002). 17123:Subodh Kant (2002). 17005:. pp. 462–463. 16958:Gajrani, S. (2004). 16732:Taylor & Francis 16571:Taylor & Francis 15253:Hiro, Dilip (2010). 14805:American Ethnologist 14707:. 18 February 2023. 14484:. pp. 71, 433. 14474:Lal, Ananda (2009). 14439:Taylor & Francis 14431:Liu, Siyuan (2016). 14357:Taylor & Francis 14260:. pp. 334–335. 13985:Taylor & Francis 13954:. pp. 274–275. 13840:Taylor & Francis 13832:Hume, Lynne (2020). 13519:. pp. 103–104. 13328:"Secular and sacred" 12900:. pp. 111–112. 12701:K. Rajayyan (2005). 12678:. 27 November 2005. 12356:. 2 September 2014. 12243:Metcalfe, Thomas R. 12094:. pp. 151–153. 11869:Dayalan, D. (2014). 11115:Padmaja, T. (2002). 10457:. pp. 129–132. 10341:"A rare inscription" 9780:. 19 February 2009. 9654:Agence France-Presse 9249:, pp. 177, 181. 9094:University of London 9063:Annamalai University 8722:Mahadevan, Iravatham 8705:University of Jaffna 8405:Sundari, S. (2007). 8197:Bevir, Mark (2003). 8062:"July, 1806 Vellore" 7502:Tony Jaques (2007). 7104:. pp. 281–282. 7071:. 30 November 2023. 6954:University of Madras 6793:. pp. 336–358. 6749:. pp. 364–365. 6648:. pp. 299–300. 6307:W.H. Schoff (1912). 6230:"On the Roman Trail" 6000:settlements ... 5979:P.J. Cherian (ed.). 5750:. 19 February 2023. 5710:"A rare inscription" 5653:. 27 November 2014. 5296:. pp. 199–201. 5228:Southworth, Franklin 5001:Government of Canada 4831:on 24 September 2015 4659:Indian Origin Tamils 4575:List of Tamil people 4489:and the majority of 4127:which originated as 4107:Sports in Tamil Nadu 4020:Tamil solar calendar 3968:traditional medicine 3837:Food and hospitality 3447:is a major genre of 3361:Muthuswami Dikshitar 3067:Art and architecture 3025:University of Madras 2694:indentured labourers 2652:Tamil South Africans 2605:Indian Origin Tamils 2482:Sri Lankan Civil War 2375:published in 1681. 2245:Polonnaruwa monarchy 2192:, a name related to 2150:Anuradhapura kingdom 2016:Indian National Army 2000:Theosophical Society 1898:French siege attempt 1791:Vijayanagara kingdom 1777:and the short-lived 1731:Maravarman Sundara I 567:Tamil New Zealanders 543:Tamil South Africans 310:History of Sri Lanka 19095:Trinidad and Tobago 18651:Government of India 18279:Rothermund, Dietmar 17909:Lal, Mohan (2006). 17890:on 10 December 2006 17883:The Hindustan Times 17825:on 14 November 2006 17652:Motilal Banarsidass 17524:. 17 January 2011. 17125:Indian Encyclopedia 16641:Government of India 16370:. 11 October 2015. 16335:. 28 January 2024. 15914:Government of India 15823:Motilal Banarsidass 15818:The Indian Calendar 15784:"Clothing in India" 15301:. 18 October 2013. 15230:. 25 January 2006. 15025:(4). Archived from 14580:"A stick in time …" 14553:Government of India 14094:Spirit of the Tiger 13545:Government of India 13434:on 19 January 2013. 13292:Government of India 13027:. pp. 115–150. 12420:. 31 October 2014. 12308:Jeyaraj, George J. 12220:. 29 October 2021. 12188:. 23 October 2021. 11998:Om Prakash (2005). 11834:Motilal Banarsidass 11740:David Rose (1995). 11705:John Wiley and Sons 11670:John Wiley and Sons 11332:"The Tamil Lexicon" 10961:Early Tamil society 10811:Motilal Banarsidass 10602:. 31 October 2023. 10524:. pp. 79–134. 9902:Government of India 9688:. 1 February 2021. 9656:. 27 January 2021. 9273:. 16 October 2023. 8483:Government of India 8354:. 14 September 1953 8352:Parliament of India 8325:. 14 September 1953 8292:. 7 November 2023. 8260:. 9 December 2019. 8091:Pletcher, Kenneth. 8007:"Madras Presidency" 7884:Government of India 7762:Keay, John (1993). 6820:National Book Trust 6686:Coins of the Cholas 6284:. 26 October 2021. 6242:on 10 November 2012 5960:on 17 November 2006 5474:The Washington Post 5445:. 31 January 2018. 5294:Motilal Banarsidass 5106:"Tamil, n. and adj" 4783:Government of India 4733:in the singular or 4683:, but instead as a 4361:Velankanni basilica 4299:is worshipped as a 4270:("foremost god"). 4058:and the worship of 3414:is from a group of 3294:Ancient Tamil music 3290:Music of Tamil Nadu 3163:Pandya architecture 3041:U.V.Swaminatha Iyer 3023:, published by the 3015:Thambiraan Vanakkam 2821:Iravatham Mahadevan 2817:classical languages 2813:Dravidian languages 2807:Tamil people speak 2736:, but instead as a 2569:(0.5 million), and 2216:(Tamil allotment), 2060:imposition of Hindi 2020:Subhas Chandra Bose 1929:Dheeran Chinnamalai 1826:Nayaks of Thanjavur 1692:Brihadisvara Temple 1582:Chalukyas of Badami 1243:Indo-Gangetic plain 1080:Franklin Southworth 1004:consist of various 912:Vijayanagara Empire 879:Three Crowned Kings 801:classical languages 797:Indian subcontinent 37: 18709:(September 1999). 18363:Rao, S.R. (1991). 18284:A History of India 18056:10.1353/fta.0.0031 17775:. 1987. p. 9. 17755:Essential Hinduism 17452:. Benjamin Press. 17450:A History of Chess 17359:The New York Times 16368:The Economic Times 16259:India: The Culture 15875:"Sixty year cycle" 15440:. 30 August 2020. 15333:. 9 January 2009. 15198:. 22 August 2013. 15195:The Times of India 14997:. pp. 99–100. 14995:Pitt Rivers Museum 14663:Dorling Kindersley 14626:The Economic Times 14140:. pp. 26–27. 13647:The Indian Express 13336:. 3 January 2013. 12898:Dorling Kindersley 12388:. 27 August 2020. 12217:The Times of India 12185:The Economic Times 12156:. 10 August 2010. 12153:The Times of India 10747:Asian Perspectives 10715:. Chennai, India. 10007:, pp. 3–5, 9. 9868:Human Rights Watch 9810:. 31 August 2020. 9778:Human Rights Watch 9685:Human Rights Watch 8910:, p. 100–102. 8886:, p. 214–215. 8793:Allen, C. (2017). 8451:The Indian Express 7856:. 21 August 2006. 7344:Eugene F. Irschick 7168:Raj Kumar (2003). 6534:, p. 135-140. 6263:, p. 125-127. 6203:The Indian Express 5546:on 2 February 2009 5509:. 1 January 2006. 5506:The Times of India 5340:, p. 155-156. 5194:. pp. 11–12. 4730:[t̪amiɻaɾ] 4268:Mudanmudar kadavul 4188: 4103: 4032:Gregorian calendar 4000: 3847: 3715: 3538: 3517:that uses various 3442: 3311: 3274:Thanjavur painting 3234: 3108: 2906: 2823:, the rudimentary 2805: 2690: 2531: 2450:Indian governments 2421: 2241: 2146:Black and red ware 2100: 2018:(INA), founded by 1961:British Parliament 1913:Rani Velu Nachiyar 1814:Battle of Talikota 1723: 1629: 1553: 1431: 1289: 1169:Pandyan of Dramira 982:ancient Tamil gods 68: 35: 19959:Dravidian peoples 19871: 19870: 19553:Sexual minorities 19538:Radio on Internet 19425:Political parties 19262: 19261: 18957:978-9-00409-365-2 18931:978-8-131-71120-0 18922:Pearson Education 18908:978-8-12241-198-0 18889:978-0-19560-686-7 18872:Sastri, Nilakanta 18863:978-9-55126-672-1 18839:978-0-95107-102-1 18826:de Silva, Chandra 18758:R. Ponnu (2000). 18692:979-8-21615-549-2 18631:978-9-81434-510-1 18594:978-1-64899-659-7 18563:978-1-4614-0447-7 18534:978-8-12502-632-7 18444:978-8-12613-259-1 18337:978-0-6700-8478-4 18298:978-0-415-32920-0 18098:on 1 October 2007 17920:978-81-260-1221-3 17800:978-1-457-99010-6 17715:978-3-11080-410-2 17706:Walter de Gruyter 17686:978-81-7017-398-4 17661:978-8-12083-816-1 17591:978-0-878-48099-9 17562:978-0-313-31600-5 17489:978-0-917-25619-6 17459:978-0-93631-701-4 17434:978-0-736-08273-0 17397:978-0-73608-273-0 17322:978-81-241-0795-9 17134:978-8-177-55257-7 17109:978-0-780-81365-6 17072:978-1-136-50704-5 17041:978-8-79111-489-2 17012:978-1-85109-689-3 16971:978-8-18205-061-7 16932:978-1-56308-576-5 16893:978-0-14341-421-6 16850:978-0-93074-198-3 16823:978-1-59884-206-7 16741:978-1-31762-398-4 16710:978-1-4042-3808-4 16580:978-1-00020-581-7 16537:978-1-63806-520-3 16494:978-1-43842-894-9 16467:978-8-17371-293-7 16433:. 27 March 2024. 16269:978-0-7787-9287-1 16174:978-1-350-12864-4 16148:978-8-18866-164-0 16046:978-8-17764-708-2 16019:978-8-18605-052-1 15982:978-8-12060-264-9 15943:978-1-59339-491-2 15848:978-9-81323-475-8 15825:. pp. 11–12. 15734:978-0-13025-380-4 15668:978-9-35094-484-4 15626:978-0-50028-378-3 15587:978-0-96614-961-6 15548:978-1-53810-686-0 15510:978-0-23107-849-8 15472:. 30 March 2012. 15405:978-0-415-39680-6 15266:978-1-56858-427-0 15227:Business Standard 15175:978-0-23151-252-7 15134:978-0-415-93919-5 15056:978-0-543-92943-3 14936:Asian Archaeology 14871:978-9-39043-993-5 14741:978-1-40922-626-0 14734:. Paladin Press. 14672:978-1-40533-750-2 14534:978-0-521-58822-5 14491:978-0-19569-917-3 14448:978-1-317-27886-3 14405:978-8-18621-147-2 14366:978-1-13670-392-8 14267:978-0-19569-084-2 14224:978-8-18512-022-5 14185:978-8-18205-061-7 14147:978-1-44225-749-8 14104:978-1-44545-472-6 14037:978-9-04202-799-2 13994:978-1-35154-438-2 13888:978-8-12411-337-0 13849:978-1-00018-987-2 13806:978-0-25335-528-7 13764:978-9-00409-467-3 13721:978-9-06980-103-2 13690:978-0-81227-929-0 13650:. 29 April 2023. 13583:978-0-391-02716-9 13526:978-0-82393-179-8 13401:978-8-11965-350-8 13374:978-8-12501-619-9 13301:978-8-12302-494-3 13267:978-9-352-01769-0 13242:978-0-199-35171-8 13168:978-8-12601-194-0 13126:978-0-943818-05-4 13051:978-9-38060-7-061 12938:978-9-00403-978-0 12907:978-8-12460-538-7 12864:978-8-17017-127-0 12825:978-8-18583-223-4 12786:978-8-19040-551-5 12747:978-9-35458-2-233 12652:on 14 August 2012 12555:978-0-23151-524-5 12101:978-0-22653-230-1 12011:978-8-12241-5-872 11984:978-1-42620-336-7 11954:978-0-82393-179-8 11843:978-8-12083-617-4 11800:978-1-50131-989-1 11757:978-1-85276-770-9 11714:978-1-11898-161-0 11679:978-0-4712-8451-2 11613:978-8-18458-006-8 11526:978-8-13170-520-9 11517:Pearson Education 11380:978-0-19512-813-0 11340:. 27 March 2011. 11239:978-9-380-60721-4 11200:978-9-351-18100-2 11169:978-1-35003-925-4 11128:978-8-17017-398-4 11089:978-1-00078-039-0 11047:978-9-35118-015-9 11004:. pp. 28–34. 10862:978-8-12060-955-6 10820:978-8-12081-215-4 10531:978-0-520-20804-9 10464:978-0-41533-323-8 10435:978-0-41518-788-6 10256:978-0-52177-111-5 9501:978-0-415-35364-9 9458:978-1-58826-172-4 9344:978-0-41596-117-2 9230:978-1-59033-573-4 9205:978-0-52092-631-8 9176:978-0-86232-198-7 9152:Pearson Education 9132:978-1-40691-141-1 9072:978-8-12060-996-9 9029:978-8-12122-063-7 9004:978-9-55845-500-5 8979:978-9-55552-000-3 8922:, p. 102–04. 8806:978-1-40870-540-7 8768:, pp. 30–32. 8740:978-0-67401-227-1 8685:978-1-85043-026-1 8556:978-9-55809-592-8 8418:978-8-176-29966-4 8135:978-0-199-99543-1 8047:978-8-131-30034-3 7980:978-8-126-90085-5 7882:(Press release). 7823:978-1-851-09667-1 7736:978-0-198-26377-7 7680:978-0-195-64399-2 7567:978-1-948-23095-7 7515:978-0-313-33538-9 7488:978-0-836-41262-8 7463:978-8-131-30034-3 7438:978-0-52189-103-5 7361:978-0-520-00596-9 7329:978-0-52125-484-7 7247:978-8-12150-224-5 7220:978-0-813-03099-9 7181:978-8-17141-683-7 7142:978-1-13619-833-5 7111:978-0-198-03123-9 7048:978-1-39906-016-5 7041:. Pen and Sword. 6851:978-0-521-26931-5 6800:978-8-17156-618-1 6756:978-0-143-02989-2 6710:978-0-674-54187-0 6699:John Man (1999). 6655:978-8-12600-365-5 6463:978-1-119-39991-9 6349:978-0-199-08832-4 6052:Archiv Orientální 5989:on 26 August 2006 5825:978-9-386-35269-9 5409:979-8-56272-624-7 5327:. pp. 86–89. 5303:978-8-12080-018-2 5272:978-1-59477-794-3 5201:978-3-447-01582-0 5154:978-1-60752-824-1 5079:978-0-14193-527-0 4946:(19th ed., 2016) 4719: 4655:Sri Lankan Tamils 4442:from the time of 4133:Traditional games 4018:according to the 3833:, in that order. 3791:enters the first 3735:. The men wear a 3628:(bow and arrow), 3596:(curling blade), 3330:string instrument 3103:is a hallmark of 3033:Tamil Renaissance 2949:Patinenkilkanakku 2931:Patinenmelkanakku 2800:Tamil written in 2747:There is a small 2676:Tamils in Réunion 2601:Sri Lankan Tamils 2583:Sri Lankan Tamils 2355:second expedition 2351:Puvirasa Pandaram 2313:Portuguese Ceylon 2218:Demelat-valademin 2081:Sri Lankan Tamils 1945:Madras Presidency 1941:Anglo-Mysore Wars 1931:and Kerala Varma 1848:with his seat at 1822:Nayaks of Madurai 1818:Deccan sultanates 1781:was established. 1779:Madurai Sultanate 1721:(13th century CE) 1704:Western Chalukyas 1673:Eastern Chalukyas 1297:Sangam literature 1237:. Excavations at 1235:Harappan language 1152:(Tamil dynasty). 1139:ancient Sri Lanka 877:was ruled by the 863:and parts of the 718: 717: 661:Tamil Nationalism 563:Tamil Seychellois 531:Tamil Indonesians 515:Tamil Australians 469:Sri Lankan Tamils 265: 264: 258: 250: 207: 206: 81:69,026,881 (2011) 59: 77 million 16:(Redirected from 19996: 19936: 19935: 19934: 19924: 19923: 19922: 19912: 19911: 19910: 19900: 19899: 19898: 19888: 19887: 19886: 19879: 19865:India portal 19863: 19862: 19861: 19390: 19378:Cirrochroa Thais 19301: 19300: 19299: 19289: 19282: 19275: 19266: 19265: 19009: 19002: 18995: 18986: 18985: 18961: 18948:Brill Publishers 18935: 18912: 18893: 18867: 18856:. Vijitha Yapa. 18843: 18811: 18810: 18808: 18784: 18778: 18777: 18775: 18773: 18755: 18749: 18748: 18729: 18723: 18722: 18703: 18697: 18696: 18674: 18668: 18667: 18665: 18663: 18642: 18636: 18635: 18617: 18611: 18610: 18608: 18606: 18574: 18568: 18567: 18554:Springer Science 18545: 18539: 18538: 18516: 18510: 18509: 18487: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18476: 18455: 18449: 18448: 18430: 18424: 18423: 18421: 18419: 18401: 18395: 18394: 18392: 18390: 18384: 18369: 18360: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18349: 18321: 18315: 18314: 18312: 18310: 18271: 18265: 18264: 18262: 18260: 18238: 18232: 18231: 18229: 18227: 18205: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18194: 18179: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18168: 18154: 18148: 18147: 18145: 18143: 18137: 18126: 18114: 18108: 18107: 18105: 18103: 18082: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18071: 18065: 18058: 18040: 18028: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18017: 17961: 17955: 17954: 17946: 17940: 17939: 17931: 17925: 17924: 17906: 17900: 17899: 17897: 17895: 17886:. Archived from 17873: 17867: 17866: 17864: 17862: 17841: 17835: 17834: 17832: 17830: 17821:. Archived from 17811: 17805: 17804: 17786: 17777: 17776: 17765: 17759: 17758: 17750: 17744: 17743: 17726: 17720: 17719: 17697: 17691: 17690: 17672: 17666: 17665: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17628: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17617: 17602: 17596: 17595: 17573: 17567: 17566: 17544: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17533: 17512: 17506: 17505: 17503: 17501: 17473: 17467: 17466: 17445: 17439: 17438: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17409: 17382: 17376: 17375: 17373: 17371: 17345: 17339: 17338: 17336: 17334: 17306: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17295: 17274: 17268: 17267: 17265: 17263: 17241: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17230: 17209: 17203: 17202: 17200: 17198: 17177: 17171: 17170: 17168: 17166: 17157:. 14 June 2023. 17145: 17139: 17138: 17120: 17114: 17113: 17095: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17084: 17052: 17046: 17045: 17023: 17017: 17016: 16994: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16983: 16955: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16944: 16916: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16905: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16864: 16862: 16834: 16828: 16827: 16807: 16801: 16800: 16764: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16753: 16721: 16715: 16714: 16701:Rosen Publishing 16690: 16684: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16673: 16666: 16658: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16633: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16622: 16603: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16592: 16560: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16549: 16517: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16506: 16478: 16472: 16471: 16453: 16447: 16446: 16444: 16442: 16423: 16417: 16416: 16414: 16412: 16403:. 22 July 2023. 16393: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16379: 16360: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16344: 16325: 16316: 16315: 16313: 16311: 16292: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16281: 16253: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16242: 16233:. 9 March 2015. 16223: 16217: 16216: 16214: 16212: 16197: 16191: 16190: 16188: 16186: 16159: 16153: 16152: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16103: 16097: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16069: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16030: 16024: 16023: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15972:Tamil dictionary 15966: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15955: 15924: 15918: 15917: 15916:. pp. 9–12. 15903: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15892: 15886: 15879: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15833: 15827: 15826: 15812: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15801: 15780: 15771: 15770: 15768: 15766: 15745: 15739: 15738: 15720: 15714: 15713: 15711: 15709: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15652: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15610: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15571: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15560: 15528: 15515: 15514: 15492: 15486: 15485: 15483: 15481: 15460: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15449: 15428: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15417: 15385: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15374: 15353: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15321: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15250: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15218: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15207: 15186: 15180: 15179: 15157: 15151: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15118: 15112: 15111: 15109: 15107: 15079: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15040: 15034: 15033: 15032:on 24 July 2015. 15031: 15014: 15005: 14999: 14998: 14993:(2nd ed.). 14986: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14927: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14894: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14855: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14844: 14793:Alter, Joseph S. 14789: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14778: 14752: 14746: 14745: 14727: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14695: 14689: 14688: 14686: 14684: 14652: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14616: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14605: 14575: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14545: 14539: 14538: 14514: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14503: 14471: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14428: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14389: 14383: 14382: 14380: 14378: 14346: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14320: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14309: 14290: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14247: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14208: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14170: 14164: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14089: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14078: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14028:Brill Publishers 14017: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13974: 13968: 13967: 13965: 13963: 13941: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13930: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13872: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13861: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13787: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13755:Brill Publishers 13744: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13670: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13627: 13610:"Bharata-natyam" 13606: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13595: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13537: 13531: 13530: 13517:Rosen Publishing 13514: 13503: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13492: 13483:. 26 July 2022. 13471: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13457: 13442: 13436: 13435: 13424: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13385: 13379: 13378: 13365:Orient BlackSwan 13356: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13345: 13324: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13260:. Frog in well. 13253: 13247: 13246: 13224: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13201:Deccan Chronicle 13191: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13106: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13095: 13078:"Karnatak music" 13074: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13016: 13010: 13009: 12989: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12961: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12931:. pp. 4–5. 12929:Brill Publishers 12918: 12912: 12911: 12887: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12770: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12759: 12731: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12698: 12692: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12625: 12618: 12607: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12408: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12327: 12314: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12229: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12176: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12087:The Hindu Temple 12081: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12034: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12023: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11945:Rosen Publishing 11942: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11823: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11667: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11640:Fergusson, James 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11193:. pp. 18–. 11180: 11174: 11173: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11073: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11012: 11006: 11005: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10976: 10965: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10924:. pp. 1–3. 10922:Brill Publishers 10911: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10891:. Tamil Sangam. 10885: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10852:Tamil Literature 10846: 10840: 10839:, p. 12-13. 10834: 10825: 10824: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10785: 10770: 10744: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10642: 10631: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10569: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10520:. Vol. 29. 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10494: 10487: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10423: 10418:Colloquial Tamil 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10309:"Tamil language" 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10288: 10275: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10218:. Archived from 10216:Heritage Toronto 10208: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10180: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10119:. Archived from 10108: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10089:, archived from 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10057:"Tamil Diaspora" 10053: 10044: 10043: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9982:. Archived from 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9952: 9939: 9931: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9911: 9898: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9546: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9376:Race & Class 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9309:on 28 April 2016 9308: 9301: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9263: 9250: 9244: 9235: 9234: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8838: 8827: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8671: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8648:. Archived from 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8579: 8573: 8572:, p. 53–54. 8567: 8561: 8560: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8515: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8349: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8320: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8093:"Vellore Mutiny" 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8068:. 17 July 2006. 8058: 8052: 8051: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7638:"Danish flavour" 7634: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7297:Mediaeval Kerala 7292: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6944:Nilakanta Sastri 6940: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6597: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6545:"Pandya dynasty" 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6499: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6413:(1/2): 109–130. 6402: 6396: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6131:Social Scientist 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6014:Social Scientist 6009: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5930: 5928: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5542:. Archived from 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5259:Inner Traditions 5256: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5224: 5218: 5217:, p. 10-16. 5212: 5206: 5205: 5192:Brill Publishers 5180: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5027: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4866:on 28 April 2017 4862:. Archived from 4850: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4779: 4771: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4718:romanized: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4677:multi-generation 4673: 4667: 4663:Sri Lankan Moors 4647: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4424:Kalabhra dynasty 4395:Meenakshi Temple 4385: 4376: 4350: 4341: 4273:The cult of the 4192:Sangam landscape 4068:Ganesh Chaturthi 4036:Karthikai Deepam 4012:harvest festival 3519:doll marionettes 3422:Performance arts 3045:Damodaram Pillai 2957:Five Great Epics 2909:Tamil literature 2889:Tamil literature 2668:Tamil Indonesian 2648:Tamil Malaysians 2591:Sri Lankan Moors 2525:Distribution of 2425:Sinhala Only Act 2251:established the 2108:Sinhalese people 2008:Subramaniya Siva 1921:Maruthu brothers 1806:Krishnadeva Raya 1803: 1800: 1796: 1708:Nilakanta Sastri 1684:Srivijaya Empire 1665:Rajendra Chola I 1633:Vijayalaya Chola 1625:Rajendra Chola I 1570:Mahendravarman I 1413:Vedic Sacrifices 1379: 1370: 1269:Sangam landscape 1179:(Tamil trader). 1045: 776: 772: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 756: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 710: 703: 696: 684:Tamil portal 682: 681: 680: 559:Tamil Pakistanis 551:Tamil Mauritians 479:Singapore Tamils 474:Malaysian Tamils 290: 267: 266: 256: 248: 209: 208: 97:1,800,000 (2016) 89:3,108,770 (2012) 60: 57: 50:Total population 44: 38: 34: 21: 20004: 20003: 19999: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19994: 19993: 19944: 19943: 19942: 19932: 19930: 19920: 19918: 19908: 19906: 19896: 19894: 19884: 19882: 19874: 19872: 19867: 19859: 19857: 19851: 19818: 19769:Tiruchirappalli 19615: 19601:Tiruchirappalli 19572: 19533:Protected areas 19454: 19410:Chief ministers 19391: 19382: 19332: 19325: 19310: 19297: 19295: 19293: 19263: 19258: 19227: 19201: 19160: 19104: 19058: 19027: 19018: 19013: 18969: 18964: 18958: 18940:Zvelebil, Kamil 18932: 18909: 18890: 18864: 18840: 18820: 18815: 18814: 18785: 18781: 18771: 18769: 18756: 18752: 18730: 18726: 18707:Pathmanathan, S 18704: 18700: 18693: 18675: 18671: 18661: 18659: 18644: 18643: 18639: 18632: 18618: 18614: 18604: 18602: 18595: 18587:. p. 104. 18575: 18571: 18564: 18556:. p. 150. 18546: 18542: 18535: 18517: 18513: 18506: 18488: 18484: 18474: 18472: 18457: 18456: 18452: 18445: 18431: 18427: 18417: 18415: 18402: 18398: 18388: 18386: 18382: 18367: 18361: 18357: 18347: 18345: 18338: 18322: 18318: 18308: 18306: 18299: 18291:. p. 105. 18272: 18268: 18258: 18256: 18239: 18235: 18225: 18223: 18206: 18202: 18192: 18190: 18181: 18180: 18176: 18166: 18164: 18156: 18155: 18151: 18141: 18139: 18135: 18124: 18118:Swami Sivananda 18115: 18111: 18101: 18099: 18084: 18083: 18079: 18069: 18067: 18063: 18043:Future Anterior 18038: 18032:Jarzombek, Mark 18029: 18025: 18015: 18013: 17962: 17958: 17947: 17943: 17932: 17928: 17921: 17907: 17903: 17893: 17891: 17874: 17870: 17860: 17858: 17845:"Amman temples" 17843: 17842: 17838: 17828: 17826: 17813: 17812: 17808: 17801: 17787: 17780: 17771:. Vol. 5. 17767: 17766: 17762: 17751: 17747: 17727: 17723: 17716: 17698: 17694: 17687: 17673: 17669: 17662: 17654:. p. 156. 17644: 17640: 17629: 17625: 17615: 17613: 17608:. Sporteology. 17604: 17603: 17599: 17592: 17574: 17570: 17563: 17545: 17541: 17531: 17529: 17514: 17513: 17509: 17499: 17497: 17490: 17474: 17470: 17460: 17446: 17442: 17435: 17421: 17417: 17407: 17405: 17398: 17384: 17383: 17379: 17369: 17367: 17346: 17342: 17332: 17330: 17323: 17307: 17303: 17293: 17291: 17276: 17275: 17271: 17261: 17259: 17242: 17238: 17228: 17226: 17211: 17210: 17206: 17196: 17194: 17179: 17178: 17174: 17164: 17162: 17147: 17146: 17142: 17135: 17121: 17117: 17110: 17096: 17092: 17082: 17080: 17073: 17065:. p. 155. 17053: 17049: 17042: 17024: 17020: 17013: 16995: 16991: 16981: 16979: 16972: 16956: 16952: 16942: 16940: 16933: 16917: 16913: 16903: 16901: 16894: 16886:. p. 406. 16874: 16870: 16860: 16858: 16851: 16835: 16831: 16824: 16808: 16804: 16781:10.2307/2797924 16765: 16761: 16751: 16749: 16742: 16734:. p. 126. 16722: 16718: 16711: 16691: 16687: 16677: 16675: 16671: 16664: 16660: 16659: 16655: 16645: 16643: 16635: 16634: 16630: 16620: 16618: 16605: 16604: 16600: 16590: 16588: 16581: 16561: 16557: 16547: 16545: 16538: 16518: 16514: 16504: 16502: 16495: 16479: 16475: 16468: 16454: 16450: 16440: 16438: 16425: 16424: 16420: 16410: 16408: 16395: 16394: 16387: 16377: 16375: 16362: 16361: 16352: 16342: 16340: 16327: 16326: 16319: 16309: 16307: 16294: 16293: 16289: 16279: 16277: 16270: 16254: 16250: 16240: 16238: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16210: 16208: 16199: 16198: 16194: 16184: 16182: 16175: 16161: 16160: 16156: 16149: 16135: 16134: 16130: 16120: 16118: 16113:. 9 July 2024. 16105: 16104: 16100: 16090: 16088: 16071: 16070: 16066: 16056: 16054: 16047: 16031: 16027: 16020: 16006: 16002: 15992: 15990: 15983: 15967: 15963: 15953: 15951: 15944: 15926: 15925: 15921: 15904: 15900: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15877: 15873: 15872: 15868: 15858: 15856: 15849: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15813: 15809: 15799: 15797: 15782: 15781: 15774: 15764: 15762: 15747: 15746: 15742: 15735: 15721: 15717: 15707: 15705: 15692: 15688: 15678: 15676: 15669: 15653: 15646: 15636: 15634: 15627: 15611: 15607: 15597: 15595: 15588: 15572: 15568: 15558: 15556: 15549: 15529: 15518: 15511: 15493: 15489: 15479: 15477: 15462: 15461: 15457: 15447: 15445: 15430: 15429: 15425: 15415: 15413: 15406: 15386: 15382: 15372: 15370: 15355: 15354: 15350: 15340: 15338: 15323: 15322: 15318: 15308: 15306: 15293:"A way of life" 15291: 15290: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15267: 15251: 15247: 15237: 15235: 15220: 15219: 15215: 15205: 15203: 15188: 15187: 15183: 15176: 15168:. p. 217. 15158: 15154: 15144: 15142: 15135: 15119: 15115: 15105: 15103: 15080: 15076: 15066: 15064: 15057: 15041: 15037: 15029: 15012: 15006: 15002: 14987: 14983: 14973: 14971: 14928: 14924: 14895: 14891: 14881: 14879: 14872: 14856: 14852: 14842: 14840: 14790: 14786: 14776: 14774: 14753: 14749: 14742: 14728: 14724: 14714: 14712: 14697: 14696: 14692: 14682: 14680: 14673: 14653: 14646: 14636: 14634: 14617: 14613: 14603: 14601: 14576: 14572: 14562: 14560: 14547: 14546: 14542: 14535: 14515: 14511: 14501: 14499: 14492: 14472: 14468: 14458: 14456: 14449: 14441:. p. 182. 14429: 14425: 14415: 14413: 14406: 14390: 14386: 14376: 14374: 14367: 14347: 14343: 14333: 14331: 14322: 14321: 14317: 14307: 14305: 14304:on 19 June 2009 14292: 14291: 14287: 14277: 14275: 14268: 14248: 14244: 14234: 14232: 14225: 14209: 14205: 14195: 14193: 14186: 14172: 14171: 14167: 14157: 14155: 14148: 14128: 14124: 14114: 14112: 14105: 14091: 14090: 14086: 14076: 14074: 14061: 14057: 14047: 14045: 14038: 14030:. p. 113. 14018: 14014: 14004: 14002: 13995: 13987:. p. 990. 13975: 13971: 13961: 13959: 13942: 13938: 13928: 13926: 13919:Merriam Webster 13913: 13912: 13908: 13898: 13896: 13889: 13878:Dances Of India 13873: 13869: 13859: 13857: 13850: 13830: 13826: 13816: 13814: 13807: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13774: 13772: 13765: 13757:. p. 465. 13745: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13714:. p. 344. 13702: 13698: 13691: 13671: 13667: 13657: 13655: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13625: 13623: 13608: 13607: 13603: 13593: 13591: 13584: 13568: 13564: 13554: 13552: 13539: 13538: 13534: 13527: 13512: 13504: 13500: 13490: 13488: 13473: 13472: 13465: 13455: 13453: 13444: 13443: 13439: 13426: 13425: 13421: 13411: 13409: 13402: 13386: 13382: 13375: 13367:. p. 124. 13357: 13353: 13343: 13341: 13326: 13325: 13321: 13311: 13309: 13302: 13282: 13278: 13268: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13235:. p. 370. 13225: 13221: 13211: 13209: 13192: 13188: 13178: 13176: 13169: 13159:Sahitya Akademi 13151: 13150: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13127: 13119:. p. 727. 13117:Macmillan Press 13115:. Vol. 3. 13107: 13103: 13093: 13091: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13061: 13059: 13052: 13036: 13032: 13021:Musica Asiatica 13017: 13013: 12990: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12963: 12962: 12958: 12948: 12946: 12939: 12919: 12915: 12908: 12888: 12884: 12874: 12872: 12865: 12849: 12845: 12835: 12833: 12826: 12810: 12806: 12796: 12794: 12787: 12771: 12767: 12757: 12755: 12748: 12732: 12728: 12718: 12716: 12711:. p. 188. 12699: 12695: 12685: 12683: 12670: 12669: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12644: 12643: 12639: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12616: 12608: 12604: 12594: 12592: 12579: 12575: 12565: 12563: 12556: 12540: 12536: 12510:10.2307/1512615 12494: 12490: 12480: 12478: 12467: 12463: 12453: 12451: 12450:on 16 July 2014 12442: 12441: 12437: 12427: 12425: 12410: 12409: 12405: 12395: 12393: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12346: 12345: 12341: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12292: 12290: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12262: 12260: 12241: 12237: 12227: 12225: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12193: 12178: 12177: 12173: 12163: 12161: 12146: 12145: 12141: 12131: 12129: 12114: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12082: 12078: 12068: 12066: 12035: 12031: 12021: 12019: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11985: 11967: 11966: 11962: 11955: 11947:. p. 399. 11933: 11929: 11919: 11917: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11884: 11867: 11863: 11853: 11851: 11844: 11836:. p. 313. 11824: 11820: 11810: 11808: 11801: 11793:. p. 224. 11781: 11777: 11767: 11765: 11758: 11738: 11734: 11724: 11722: 11715: 11707:. p. 320. 11693:Francis Ching; 11691: 11687: 11680: 11672:. p. 253. 11665: 11657: 11653: 11637: 11633: 11623: 11621: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11550: 11546: 11536: 11534: 11527: 11509: 11508: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11456: 11454: 11437: 11433: 11423: 11421: 11404: 11400: 11390: 11388: 11381: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11296: 11292: 11282: 11280: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11240: 11224: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11201: 11181: 11177: 11170: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11136: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11090: 11074: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11048: 11028: 11024: 11013: 11009: 10994: 10990: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10932: 10912: 10908: 10898: 10896: 10887: 10886: 10882: 10872: 10870: 10863: 10847: 10843: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10703: 10699: 10676:10.2307/2943246 10660: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10592: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10512: 10508: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10428:. p. 157. 10421: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10370: 10366: 10356: 10354: 10349:. 1 July 2009. 10339: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10249:. p. 480. 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10222:on 5 March 2016 10210: 10209: 10205: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10126: 10124: 10123:on 17 June 2013 10109: 10105: 10096: 10094: 10093:on 21 July 2011 10081: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10064: 10055: 10054: 10047: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9953:on 13 July 2017 9950: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9925: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9896: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9870:. 20 May 2010. 9862: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9787: 9785: 9772: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9718:. 20 May 2009. 9710: 9709: 9705: 9695: 9693: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9663: 9661: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9620:. 18 May 2019. 9610: 9609: 9605: 9572: 9568: 9544:10.1.1.466.5940 9525: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9502: 9494:. p. 171. 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9459: 9451:. p. 198. 9439: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9345: 9327: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9271:Minority Rights 9265: 9264: 9253: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9198:. p. 224. 9188: 9184: 9177: 9163: 9159: 9144: 9140: 9133: 9117: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9030: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8966: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8930: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8855:10.2307/2053272 8839: 8830: 8816: 8814: 8807: 8791: 8787: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8719: 8712: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8672: 8665: 8655: 8653: 8652:on 12 June 2008 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8543:de Silva, K. M. 8540: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8503: 8493: 8491: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8461: 8459: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8382:. 6 July 2023. 8372: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8267: 8265: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8232: 8230: 8195: 8191: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7950: 7946: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7824: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7775: 7771: 7760: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7554: 7550: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7516: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7425: 7421: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7293: 7289: 7278: 7274: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6996: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6956:. p. 301. 6941: 6937: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6893: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844:. p. 101. 6834: 6830: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6791:Clarendon Press 6783: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6697: 6693: 6682: 6678: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6646:Sahitya Akademi 6638: 6634: 6623: 6619: 6595:10.2307/2659023 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6501: 6500: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6438: 6434: 6419:10.2307/3249854 6403: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6350: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6165:"Grand Anaicut" 6163: 6162: 6158: 6143:10.2307/3517170 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6048: 6044: 6026:10.2307/3516448 6010: 6006: 5992: 5990: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5718:. 1 July 2009. 5708: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5683:The News Minute 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5613: 5595:10.2307/2790468 5589:(30): 190–196. 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5549: 5547: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5431:. p. 4283. 5429:Sahitya Akademi 5421: 5417: 5410: 5392: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5338:Indarapala 2007 5336: 5332: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5247: 5243: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5184:Zvelebil, Kamil 5181: 5177: 5164: 5162: 5155: 5147:. p. 247. 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5028: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4904: 4897: 4886: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4725: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4674: 4670: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4468:Bhakti movement 4404: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4342: 4177: 4171: 4161: 4109: 4092: 4048:Vaikasi Visakam 4044:Panguni Uthiram 4005: 3964:Siddha medicine 3961: 3959:Siddha medicine 3955: 3853: 3839: 3764: 3758: 3704: 3679: 3671:Main articles: 3669: 3580:(iron sickle), 3527: 3430: 3424: 3408:drum instrument 3400:reed instrument 3315:system of music 3296: 3286: 3211: 3141:, built by the 3091: 3069: 3049:V. Kanakasabhai 3011:Arunagirinathar 2983:Bhakti movement 2895: 2887:Main articles: 2885: 2829:Proto-Dravidian 2794: 2786:Main articles: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2682: 2664:Tamil Americans 2656:Tamil Canadians 2644: 2636:Main articles: 2634: 2593: 2579: 2573:(0.5 million). 2565:(0.7 million), 2557:(2.1 million), 2547:union territory 2519: 2514: 2506:sexual violence 2413: 2328:Kandyan kingdom 2323: 2309: 2277:caste structure 2265:Parakramabahu V 2230: 2143: 2122:totem known as 2088: 2083: 2077: 2069:reform-oriented 2028: 1896:and resisted a 1879:. In 1639, the 1838: 1801: 1787: 1771:Delhi Sultanate 1698:kingdoms under 1637:Aparajitavarman 1535: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1303:was ruled by a 1275: 1261: 1255: 1218:(ASI) indicate 1205: 1200: 1190: 1185: 1127:Tamira samghata 1031: 978:village deities 963:classical dance 928:Pallava scripts 821:union territory 805:written history 774: 770: 753: 729: 725: 714: 678: 676: 671: 670: 646: 638: 637: 586: 578: 577: 539:Tamil Americans 535:Tamil Canadians 513: 494: 484: 483: 459: 449: 448: 389: 379: 378: 300: 261: 241: 191: 167: 162: 158: 105:238,699+ (2017) 61: 58: 45: 42: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20002: 19992: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19941: 19940: 19928: 19916: 19904: 19892: 19869: 19868: 19856: 19853: 19852: 19850: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19834: 19828: 19826: 19820: 19819: 19817: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19794:Tiruvannamalai 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19729:Ramanathapuram 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19699:Mayiladuthurai 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19625: 19623: 19617: 19616: 19614: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19582: 19580: 19574: 19573: 19571: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19480: 19475: 19470: 19464: 19462: 19456: 19455: 19453: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19441: 19440: 19435: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19401: 19399: 19393: 19392: 19385: 19383: 19381: 19380: 19374: 19368: 19362: 19356: 19350: 19344: 19337: 19335: 19327: 19326: 19315: 19312: 19311: 19292: 19291: 19284: 19277: 19269: 19260: 19259: 19257: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19235: 19233: 19229: 19228: 19226: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19209: 19207: 19203: 19202: 19200: 19199: 19197:United Kingdom 19194: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19168: 19166: 19162: 19161: 19159: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19123: 19118: 19112: 19110: 19106: 19105: 19103: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19066: 19064: 19060: 19059: 19057: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19035: 19033: 19029: 19028: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19016:Tamil diaspora 19012: 19011: 19004: 18997: 18989: 18983: 18982: 18968: 18967:External links 18965: 18963: 18962: 18956: 18936: 18930: 18913: 18907: 18894: 18888: 18868: 18862: 18844: 18838: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18813: 18812: 18799:(1): 169–191. 18779: 18750: 18733:Bechert, Heinz 18724: 18698: 18691: 18669: 18637: 18630: 18612: 18593: 18569: 18562: 18540: 18533: 18525:Orient Longman 18511: 18504: 18498:. p. 57. 18482: 18450: 18443: 18425: 18396: 18355: 18336: 18316: 18297: 18275:Kulke, Hermann 18266: 18233: 18200: 18174: 18158:"Idol worship" 18149: 18109: 18077: 18023: 17982:10.1086/462931 17976:(4): 381–391. 17956: 17941: 17926: 17919: 17901: 17868: 17836: 17806: 17799: 17778: 17760: 17745: 17721: 17714: 17708:. p. 34. 17692: 17685: 17667: 17660: 17638: 17623: 17597: 17590: 17568: 17561: 17555:. p. 63. 17539: 17507: 17488: 17468: 17458: 17440: 17433: 17415: 17396: 17377: 17340: 17321: 17301: 17269: 17236: 17204: 17172: 17140: 17133: 17115: 17108: 17090: 17071: 17047: 17040: 17018: 17011: 16989: 16970: 16950: 16931: 16911: 16892: 16868: 16849: 16829: 16822: 16802: 16759: 16740: 16716: 16709: 16703:. p. 22. 16696:Happy New Year 16685: 16653: 16637:"About Siddha" 16628: 16598: 16579: 16555: 16536: 16512: 16493: 16473: 16466: 16448: 16418: 16385: 16350: 16317: 16296:"Food recipes" 16287: 16268: 16248: 16218: 16192: 16173: 16154: 16147: 16128: 16098: 16064: 16045: 16025: 16018: 16000: 15981: 15961: 15942: 15919: 15898: 15866: 15847: 15828: 15807: 15772: 15740: 15733: 15715: 15686: 15667: 15644: 15625: 15605: 15586: 15566: 15547: 15541:. p. 34. 15516: 15509: 15487: 15455: 15423: 15404: 15380: 15365:. 9 May 2011. 15362:Times of India 15348: 15316: 15284: 15265: 15245: 15213: 15181: 15174: 15152: 15133: 15113: 15074: 15055: 15035: 15000: 14981: 14922: 14916:10.5334/pia.60 14889: 14870: 14850: 14811:(2): 317–336. 14784: 14747: 14740: 14722: 14704:The Hans India 14690: 14671: 14665:. p. 36. 14644: 14611: 14570: 14540: 14533: 14527:. p. 84. 14509: 14490: 14466: 14447: 14423: 14404: 14384: 14365: 14341: 14315: 14285: 14266: 14242: 14223: 14203: 14184: 14165: 14146: 14122: 14103: 14084: 14055: 14036: 14012: 13993: 13969: 13936: 13906: 13887: 13867: 13848: 13842:. p. 88. 13824: 13805: 13782: 13763: 13739: 13720: 13696: 13689: 13683:. p. 65. 13665: 13633: 13601: 13582: 13562: 13541:"Bhartanatyam" 13532: 13525: 13498: 13480:Indian Express 13463: 13437: 13419: 13400: 13388:K.Leelavathy. 13380: 13373: 13351: 13319: 13300: 13276: 13266: 13248: 13241: 13219: 13186: 13167: 13144: 13125: 13101: 13069: 13050: 13030: 13011: 12984: 12956: 12937: 12913: 12906: 12882: 12863: 12843: 12824: 12804: 12785: 12765: 12746: 12726: 12693: 12663: 12637: 12602: 12573: 12554: 12534: 12488: 12469:Ganapathi, V. 12461: 12435: 12403: 12371: 12339: 12300: 12270: 12235: 12203: 12171: 12139: 12107: 12100: 12076: 12043:Ars Orientalis 12029: 12010: 11990: 11983: 11960: 11953: 11927: 11894: 11861: 11842: 11818: 11799: 11775: 11756: 11732: 11713: 11695:Mark Jarzombek 11685: 11678: 11651: 11631: 11612: 11592: 11577: 11544: 11525: 11502: 11464: 11431: 11398: 11379: 11355: 11323: 11290: 11257: 11238: 11218: 11199: 11186:Kamba Ramayana 11175: 11168: 11146: 11127: 11107: 11088: 11065: 11046: 11022: 11007: 10988: 10949: 10930: 10906: 10880: 10861: 10841: 10826: 10819: 10797: 10730: 10697: 10670:(3): 603–616. 10654: 10617: 10585: 10560:(3): 318–334. 10544: 10530: 10506: 10479:Kamil Zvelebil 10470: 10463: 10441: 10434: 10407: 10364: 10332: 10300: 10262: 10255: 10233: 10203: 10166: 10148:United Nations 10134: 10103: 10074: 10045: 10016: 9997: 9986:on 29 May 2008 9964: 9923: 9885: 9855: 9825: 9795: 9765: 9733: 9703: 9671: 9635: 9603: 9566: 9537:(6): 1021–40. 9519: 9500: 9476: 9457: 9433: 9431:, p. 262. 9421: 9362: 9343: 9320: 9288: 9251: 9236: 9229: 9211: 9204: 9182: 9175: 9157: 9138: 9131: 9111: 9096:. p. 96. 9078: 9071: 9065:. p. 80. 9047: 9045:, p. 166. 9035: 9028: 9010: 9003: 8985: 8978: 8960: 8958:, p. 275. 8956:Indrapala 2007 8948: 8946:, p. 121. 8936: 8934:, p. 104. 8924: 8912: 8900: 8888: 8884:Indrapala 2007 8876: 8849:(3): 405–419. 8828: 8805: 8785: 8770: 8758: 8756:, p. 157. 8754:Indrapala 2007 8746: 8739: 8733:. p. 48. 8710: 8707:. p. 223. 8691: 8684: 8663: 8630: 8626:Indrapala 2007 8618: 8616:, p. 129. 8606: 8574: 8570:Indrapala 2007 8562: 8555: 8534: 8501: 8469: 8436: 8417: 8397: 8365: 8336: 8307: 8275: 8243: 8189: 8174: 8141: 8134: 8114: 8083: 8053: 8046: 8028: 7998: 7979: 7959: 7944: 7917:(4): 881–896. 7901: 7871: 7841: 7822: 7802: 7769: 7754: 7735: 7729:. OUP Oxford. 7715: 7686: 7679: 7661: 7629: 7599: 7573: 7566: 7548: 7533: 7514: 7494: 7487: 7469: 7462: 7444: 7437: 7419: 7404: 7367: 7360: 7335: 7328: 7302: 7287: 7272: 7253: 7246: 7226: 7219: 7199: 7180: 7160: 7141: 7135:. p. 14. 7117: 7110: 7086: 7054: 7047: 7029: 7027:, p. 459. 7017: 7015:, p. 487. 7005: 6990: 6971: 6935: 6920: 6918:, p. 485. 6908: 6905:. p. 191. 6887: 6857: 6850: 6828: 6822:. p. 80. 6816:Rajendra Chola 6806: 6799: 6774: 6755: 6737:Thapar, Romila 6728: 6726:, p. 590. 6716: 6709: 6691: 6676: 6661: 6654: 6632: 6617: 6568: 6536: 6524: 6489: 6462: 6432: 6397: 6395:, p. 333. 6382: 6367: 6348: 6328: 6299: 6265: 6253: 6221: 6188: 6156: 6121: 6091: 6061: 6042: 6004: 5971: 5941: 5902: 5900:, p. 425. 5890: 5888:, p. 109. 5878: 5863: 5831: 5824: 5806: 5765: 5733: 5701: 5668: 5638: 5611: 5573: 5561: 5524: 5492: 5460: 5434: 5415: 5408: 5402:. p. 27. 5383: 5364: 5349: 5330: 5309: 5302: 5278: 5271: 5241: 5219: 5207: 5200: 5175: 5153: 5129: 5097: 5078: 5054: 5019: 4987: 4955: 4930: 4895: 4877: 4842: 4804: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4702: 4693: 4689:third language 4668: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4597: 4581: 4578: 4573:Main article: 4570: 4569:Notable people 4567: 4448:Kaveripattinam 4390: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4355: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4296:Cilappatikaram 4287:mother goddess 4281:, also called 4275:mother goddess 4160: 4157: 4105:Main article: 4091: 4088: 4028:Tamil calendar 4004: 4001: 3957:Main article: 3954: 3951: 3849:Main article: 3838: 3835: 3771:solar calendar 3762:Tamil calendar 3760:Main article: 3757: 3754: 3703: 3700: 3668: 3665: 3612:(fist blade), 3584:(deer horns), 3526: 3523: 3426:Main article: 3423: 3420: 3365:Shyama Shastri 3353:Carnatic music 3324:Silappatikaram 3319:Tamil Pannisai 3285: 3282: 3256:is a rock-cut 3228:and his mount 3210: 3207: 3192:Indo-Saracenic 3188:Gothic revival 3090: 3087: 3079:kavin kalaigal 3068: 3065: 2884: 2881: 2788:Tamil language 2783: 2780: 2775:Main article: 2772: 2769: 2742:third language 2672:Myanmar Tamils 2638:Tamil diaspora 2633: 2632:Tamil diaspora 2630: 2578: 2575: 2559:Andhra Pradesh 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2412: 2409: 2396:British Ceylon 2347:first invasion 2321:British Ceylon 2308: 2305: 2253:Jaffna Kingdom 2238:Jaffna kingdom 2229: 2226: 2142: 2139: 2087: 2084: 2079:Main article: 2076: 2073: 2040:Andhra Pradesh 2027: 2024: 1988:Tamil diaspora 1949:Vellore mutiny 1937:Mysore kingdom 1837: 1834: 1830:palayakkararar 1786: 1783: 1727:Kulottunga III 1534: 1531: 1459:Roman commerce 1393:vedic religion 1384: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1351:Kurunilamannar 1329:Mauryan Empire 1321:Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1204: 1201: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177:Dhamila-vaniya 1052:Kamil Zvelebil 1030: 1027: 968:, and various 948:Tamil Pannisai 932:Jaffna Kingdom 853:Southeast Asia 793:Tamil language 716: 715: 713: 712: 705: 698: 690: 687: 686: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 618:Tamil Buddhism 615: 614: 613: 608: 598: 593: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 547:Myanmar Tamils 527:Tamil Italians 523:British Tamils 512: 511: 506: 501: 495: 492:Tamil diaspora 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 460: 455: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:Numeral system 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 371: 369:Tamil Kingdoms 366: 361: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 329: 328: 327: 317: 312: 307: 301: 296: 295: 292: 291: 283: 282: 276: 275: 263: 262: 260: 259: 251: 242: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 205: 204: 198: 197: 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 151: 150: 146: 145: 139: 138: 134: 133: 131:Tamil diaspora 127: 123: 122: 121:174,708 (2020) 119: 115: 114: 113:237,890 (2021) 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 52: 51: 47: 46: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20001: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19949: 19939: 19929: 19927: 19917: 19915: 19905: 19903: 19893: 19891: 19881: 19880: 19877: 19866: 19854: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19829: 19827: 19825: 19821: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19626: 19624: 19622: 19618: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19583: 19581: 19579: 19575: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19543:Highest point 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19461: 19457: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19430: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19400: 19398: 19394: 19389: 19379: 19375: 19373: 19369: 19367: 19363: 19361: 19360:Gloriosa lily 19357: 19355: 19351: 19349: 19345: 19343: 19339: 19338: 19336: 19334: 19328: 19324: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19309: 19305: 19290: 19285: 19283: 19278: 19276: 19271: 19270: 19267: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19230: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19210: 19208: 19204: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19167: 19163: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19131: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19107: 19101: 19100:United States 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19075:French Guiana 19073: 19071: 19068: 19067: 19065: 19061: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19021: 19017: 19010: 19005: 19003: 18998: 18996: 18991: 18990: 18987: 18980: 18979: 18974: 18971: 18970: 18959: 18953: 18949: 18945: 18941: 18937: 18933: 18927: 18923: 18919: 18914: 18910: 18904: 18900: 18895: 18891: 18885: 18881: 18877: 18873: 18869: 18865: 18859: 18855: 18854: 18849: 18848:Indrapala, K. 18845: 18841: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18823: 18822: 18807: 18802: 18798: 18794: 18790: 18783: 18767: 18763: 18762: 18754: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18728: 18720: 18716: 18712: 18708: 18702: 18694: 18688: 18684: 18680: 18673: 18657: 18653: 18652: 18647: 18641: 18633: 18627: 18623: 18616: 18600: 18596: 18590: 18586: 18582: 18581: 18573: 18565: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18544: 18536: 18530: 18526: 18522: 18515: 18507: 18505:0-70071-130-9 18501: 18497: 18493: 18486: 18470: 18466: 18465: 18460: 18454: 18446: 18440: 18436: 18429: 18413: 18409: 18408: 18400: 18381: 18377: 18373: 18366: 18359: 18343: 18339: 18333: 18329: 18328: 18320: 18304: 18300: 18294: 18290: 18286: 18285: 18280: 18276: 18270: 18254: 18250: 18249: 18244: 18237: 18221: 18217: 18216: 18211: 18204: 18188: 18184: 18178: 18163: 18159: 18153: 18134: 18130: 18123: 18119: 18113: 18097: 18093: 18092: 18087: 18081: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18048: 18044: 18037: 18033: 18027: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17991: 17987: 17983: 17979: 17975: 17971: 17967: 17960: 17952: 17945: 17937: 17930: 17922: 17916: 17912: 17905: 17889: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17872: 17856: 17852: 17851: 17846: 17840: 17824: 17820: 17816: 17810: 17802: 17796: 17792: 17785: 17783: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17756: 17749: 17741: 17737: 17736: 17731: 17725: 17717: 17711: 17707: 17703: 17696: 17688: 17682: 17678: 17671: 17663: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17642: 17634: 17627: 17611: 17607: 17601: 17593: 17587: 17583: 17579: 17572: 17564: 17558: 17554: 17550: 17543: 17527: 17523: 17522: 17517: 17511: 17495: 17491: 17485: 17481: 17480: 17479:Mancala Games 17472: 17465: 17461: 17455: 17451: 17444: 17436: 17430: 17426: 17419: 17403: 17399: 17393: 17389: 17388: 17381: 17365: 17361: 17360: 17355: 17353: 17344: 17328: 17324: 17318: 17314: 17313: 17305: 17289: 17285: 17284: 17279: 17273: 17257: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17240: 17224: 17220: 17219: 17214: 17208: 17192: 17188: 17187: 17182: 17176: 17160: 17156: 17155: 17150: 17144: 17136: 17130: 17126: 17119: 17111: 17105: 17101: 17094: 17078: 17074: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17059: 17051: 17043: 17037: 17033: 17029: 17022: 17014: 17008: 17004: 17000: 16993: 16977: 16973: 16967: 16963: 16962: 16954: 16938: 16934: 16928: 16924: 16923: 16915: 16899: 16895: 16889: 16885: 16884:Penguin Books 16881: 16880: 16872: 16856: 16852: 16846: 16842: 16841: 16833: 16825: 16819: 16815: 16814: 16806: 16798: 16794: 16790: 16786: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16770: 16763: 16747: 16743: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16728: 16720: 16712: 16706: 16702: 16698: 16697: 16689: 16670: 16663: 16657: 16642: 16638: 16632: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16602: 16586: 16582: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16559: 16543: 16539: 16533: 16529: 16525: 16524: 16516: 16500: 16496: 16490: 16486: 16485: 16477: 16469: 16463: 16459: 16452: 16436: 16432: 16428: 16422: 16406: 16402: 16398: 16392: 16390: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16338: 16334: 16333:Deccan Herald 16330: 16324: 16322: 16305: 16301: 16297: 16291: 16275: 16271: 16265: 16261: 16260: 16252: 16236: 16232: 16228: 16222: 16206: 16202: 16196: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16166: 16165: 16158: 16150: 16144: 16140: 16139: 16132: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16102: 16086: 16082: 16078: 16074: 16068: 16052: 16048: 16042: 16038: 16037: 16029: 16021: 16015: 16011: 16004: 15988: 15984: 15978: 15974: 15973: 15965: 15949: 15945: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15930: 15923: 15915: 15911: 15910: 15902: 15883: 15876: 15870: 15854: 15850: 15844: 15840: 15839: 15832: 15824: 15820: 15819: 15811: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15785: 15779: 15777: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15750: 15749:"About Dhoti" 15744: 15736: 15730: 15726: 15719: 15703: 15699: 15698: 15690: 15674: 15670: 15664: 15660: 15659: 15651: 15649: 15632: 15628: 15622: 15618: 15617: 15609: 15593: 15589: 15583: 15579: 15578: 15570: 15554: 15550: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15535: 15527: 15525: 15523: 15521: 15512: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15491: 15475: 15471: 15470: 15465: 15459: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15427: 15411: 15407: 15401: 15398:. p. 2. 15397: 15393: 15392: 15384: 15368: 15364: 15363: 15358: 15352: 15336: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15320: 15304: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15288: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15257: 15249: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15223: 15217: 15201: 15197: 15196: 15191: 15185: 15177: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15156: 15140: 15136: 15130: 15126: 15125: 15117: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15078: 15062: 15058: 15052: 15048: 15047: 15039: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15019: 15011: 15004: 14996: 14992: 14985: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14926: 14917: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14893: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14863: 14862: 14854: 14838: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14800: 14794: 14788: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14751: 14743: 14737: 14733: 14726: 14710: 14706: 14705: 14700: 14694: 14678: 14674: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14659: 14651: 14649: 14632: 14628: 14627: 14622: 14615: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14574: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14544: 14536: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14521: 14513: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14478: 14470: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14435: 14427: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14397: 14396: 14388: 14372: 14368: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14353: 14345: 14329: 14326:. Nathalaya. 14325: 14319: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14289: 14273: 14269: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14254: 14246: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14216: 14215: 14207: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14177: 14176: 14169: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14134: 14126: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14096: 14095: 14088: 14072: 14068: 14067: 14059: 14043: 14039: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14016: 14000: 13996: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13981: 13973: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13940: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13871: 13855: 13851: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13828: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13798: 13794: 13793: 13786: 13770: 13766: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13743: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13708: 13700: 13692: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13677: 13669: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13637: 13621: 13617: 13616: 13611: 13605: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13575: 13574: 13566: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13528: 13522: 13518: 13511: 13510: 13502: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13476: 13470: 13468: 13451: 13447: 13441: 13433: 13429: 13423: 13407: 13403: 13397: 13393: 13392: 13384: 13376: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13355: 13339: 13335: 13334: 13329: 13323: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13280: 13273: 13269: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13244: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13223: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13190: 13174: 13170: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13155: 13148: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13105: 13089: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13073: 13057: 13053: 13047: 13043: 13042: 13034: 13026: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12988: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12960: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12925: 12917: 12909: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12894: 12886: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12847: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12817: 12816: 12808: 12792: 12788: 12782: 12778: 12777: 12769: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12730: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12705: 12697: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12622: 12615: 12614: 12610:Sudharsanam. 12606: 12590: 12586: 12585: 12577: 12561: 12557: 12551: 12547: 12546: 12538: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12492: 12476: 12472: 12465: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12407: 12391: 12387: 12386: 12381: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12311: 12304: 12288: 12285:. higman.de. 12284: 12280: 12274: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12249:History Today 12246: 12239: 12223: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12207: 12191: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12159: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12117: 12111: 12103: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12080: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12033: 12017: 12013: 12007: 12003: 12002: 11994: 11986: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11964: 11956: 11950: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11931: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11906: 11898: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11865: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11830: 11822: 11806: 11802: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11779: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11750:. p. 6. 11749: 11745: 11744: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11689: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11664: 11663: 11655: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11581: 11565: 11562:. p. 2. 11561: 11557: 11556: 11548: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11506: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11468: 11452: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11435: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11402: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11373:. p. 8. 11372: 11368: 11367: 11359: 11343: 11339: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11294: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11268: 11261: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11222: 11206: 11202: 11196: 11192: 11191:Penguin Books 11188: 11187: 11179: 11171: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11120: 11119: 11111: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11072: 11070: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11038:Penguin Books 11035: 11034: 11026: 11018: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10973: 10970:. p. 2. 10969: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10937: 10933: 10931:90-04-10042-3 10927: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10910: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10854: 10853: 10845: 10838: 10837:Zvelebil 1992 10833: 10831: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10801: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10605: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10589: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10548: 10533: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10510: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10466: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10445: 10437: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10419: 10411: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10368: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10336: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10304: 10285: 10281: 10280: 10272: 10266: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10188: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10154: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10138: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10107: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10041: 10037: 10034:(3): 111–20. 10033: 10029: 10028: 10020: 10012: 10006: 10005:de Silva 1987 10001: 9985: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9968: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9895: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9737: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9691: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9607: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9523: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9480: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9437: 9430: 9429:de Silva 1997 9425: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9324: 9305: 9298: 9292: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9248: 9247:de Silva 1997 9243: 9241: 9232: 9226: 9222: 9215: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9154:. p. 53. 9153: 9149: 9142: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9115: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9082: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9051: 9044: 9043:de Silva 1997 9039: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8989: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8952: 8945: 8944:de Silva 1997 8940: 8933: 8932:de Silva 1997 8928: 8921: 8920:de Silva 1997 8916: 8909: 8908:de Silva 1997 8904: 8898:, p. 76. 8897: 8896:de Silva 1997 8892: 8885: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8825: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8789: 8781: 8778:Mendis, G.C. 8774: 8767: 8766:de Silva 1997 8762: 8755: 8750: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8717: 8715: 8706: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8668: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8634: 8628:, p. 91. 8627: 8622: 8615: 8614:de Silva 1997 8610: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8401: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8353: 8346: 8340: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8279: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8247: 8240: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8185: 8178: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8049: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7963: 7955: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7806: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7773: 7765: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7690: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7363: 7357: 7354:. p. 8. 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7291: 7283: 7276: 7269:. p. 57. 7268: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7230: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7164: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7090: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7001: 6994: 6987:. p. 44. 6986: 6982: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6853: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6779: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6748: 6747:Penguin Books 6744: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407:Artibus Asiae 6401: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5936: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5651:Open magazine 5648: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5571:, p. 67. 5570: 5565: 5558: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5388: 5380:. p. 66. 5379: 5375: 5368: 5361:. p. 39. 5360: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5215:Zvelebil 1992 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4884: 4882: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4808: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4750:in the plural 4748: 4743: 4731: 4723: 4711: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4681:mother tongue 4678: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Kumari Kandam 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4598: 4595: 4594:Tamils portal 4589: 4584: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491:Tamil Muslims 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440:Nākappaṭṭinam 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4357:Erwadi Dargah 4349: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256:Tamil kadavul 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4234:(coasts) and 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4123:is a popular 4122: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3966:is a form of 3965: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3851:Tamil cuisine 3843: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3799:March equinox 3796: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3753: 3750: 3747:with typical 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3660:Vatakkiruttal 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3640:(boomerang), 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3545:martial dance 3542: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3513:is a type of 3512: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:Bharatanatyam 3439: 3438:Bharatanatyam 3434: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3204: 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Indrapala 2101: 2075:In Sri Lanka 2058:against the 2036:Madras state 2029: 1973: 1955:. After the 1953:Vellore Fort 1905:Polygar Wars 1902: 1839: 1788: 1743:Rajendra III 1735:Rajaraja III 1724: 1700:Kulottunga I 1688:Song Dynasty 1661:Indian Ocean 1630: 1621:Chola Empire 1586:Rashtrakutas 1554: 1492: 1486: 1440: 1432: 1408: 1390: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1320: 1290: 1247:Tamil Brahmi 1231:Indus script 1212:Adichanallur 1206: 1176: 1168: 1149: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1033: 1032: 1018:Michael Wood 944:bronze icons 937: 916: 869: 841:South Africa 813:South Indian 781: 721: 719: 628:Tamil Muslim 575:Dutch Tamils 571:Swiss Tamils 456: 429:Architecture 374:Tamilization 279: 177:Christianity 163: 154: 32:Ethnic group 29: 19774:Tirunelveli 19764:Thoothukudi 19724:Pudukkottai 19689:Krishnagiri 19679:Kanyakumari 19674:Kanchipuram 19429:Raj Bhavan 19376:Butterfly: 19223:New Zealand 19192:Switzerland 19187:Netherlands 18475:28 December 18309:7 September 17532:24 December 17500:24 December 17350:"NY Times: 17181:"Festivals" 16621:16 February 16231:India Times 15238:19 February 15067:15 November 14777:23 February 14604:11 February 14563:27 November 14294:"Oyilattam" 12676:The Tribune 12428:28 December 12364:28 December 12332:28 December 12293:28 December 12263:28 December 12090:. Chicago: 11316:25 December 10790:6 September 10768:10125/17189 10384:(1): 1–14. 10226:15 December 10127:8 September 10087:Tamilnation 9382:(1): 1–37. 8462:28 December 8300:15 November 8233:23 December 7991:23 December 7834:23 December 7795:28 December 7747:23 December 7708:23 December 7526:23 December 7397:23 December 6767:23 December 6532:Sastri 2002 6482:23 December 6393:Sastri 2002 6360:23 December 6261:Sastri 2002 5993:15 November 5964:15 November 5935:Satyaputras 5886:Sastri 2002 5631:26 February 5569:Sastri 2002 5261:. pp. 4835:29 February 4559:rationalist 4515:Nathar Shah 4487:middle ages 4466:during the 4464:Vaishnavism 4397:(left) and 4316:hero stones 4312:Middle ages 4218:(forests), 4137:Pallanguzhi 4129:Sathurangam 4080:Eid al-Fitr 3880:banana leaf 3856:Hospitality 3725:silk sarees 3667:Modern arts 3653:and heroic 3651:hero stones 3646:Wootz steel 3636:(trident), 3618:kuttu katai 3559:Varma kalai 3541:Silambattam 3511:Bommalattam 3461:Kavadiattam 3440:performance 3369:Villu Paatu 3348:Tiruvaymoli 3205:buildings. 3155:Kanchipuram 2996:Ramavataram 2943:Pattuppattu 2865:Kongu Tamil 2848:Tolkāppiyam 2757:Middle East 2567:Maharashtra 2535:2011 Census 2533:As per the 2454:repatriated 2427:designated 2367:Robert Knox 2353:during the 2129:Kathiraveli 2096:South India 1969:British Raj 1963:passed the 1925:Oomaithurai 1923:along with 1917:Kattabomman 1909:Puli Thevar 1802: 1370 1610:Indo-Aryans 1578:Kanchipuram 1574:South India 1503:malabathrum 1447:Roman coins 1405:Tolkāppiyam 1305:triumvirate 959:Bommalattam 900:influencing 857:Middle East 601:Tamil Hindu 337:Agriculture 19948:Categories 19809:Viluppuram 19789:Tiruvallur 19779:Tirupathur 19719:Perambalur 19654:Dharmapuri 19644:Coimbatore 19591:Coimbatore 19498:Literature 19483:Government 19445:High Court 19397:Governance 19308:Tamil Nadu 19090:Martinique 19080:Guadeloupe 19049:Seychelles 18654:(Report). 18418:9 February 18389:9 February 18348:8 February 18259:19 January 18102:5 December 17894:5 December 17861:1 December 17829:5 December 17616:16 October 17262:1 December 16982:8 February 16943:8 February 16861:30 October 16203:. ISCKON. 15800:12 January 15789:Britannica 15765:12 January 15754:Britannica 15416:20 October 15277:20 October 14699:"Adimurai" 14637:5 December 14334:1 December 13915:"Kolattam" 13626:1 December 13615:Britannica 13491:1 December 13083:Britannica 12686:1 December 12656:26 October 12630:26 October 12481:4 December 12473:. INTAMM. 12321:(Report). 12164:1 December 12132:20 January 12121:Britannica 11495:1 December 11348:1 December 10966:(Report). 10753:(2): 207. 10723:1 December 10632:(Report). 10610:1 December 10578:4 November 10537:8 February 10325:1 December 10314:Britannica 10282:(Report). 10097:4 December 9905:(Report). 9758:8 February 9490:. London: 9135:. 2596825. 8599:29 October 8494:1 December 8486:(Report). 8429:20 October 8390:1 December 8329:1 December 8268:1 December 8021:12 October 8011:Britannica 7622:25 January 7592:1 December 7079:1 December 7068:Britannica 6880:1 December 6724:Singh 2008 6561:1 December 6550:Britannica 6442:"Pallavas" 6321:7 December 6292:31 January 6170:Britannica 6104:Poetrynook 6074:Poetrynook 6058:: 345–359. 5927:1 November 5898:Singh 2008 5856:1 December 5758:1 December 5694:31 January 5485:9 February 5453:9 February 5190:. Leiden: 5122:24 January 5090:29 October 5070:Penguin UK 5039:(Report). 5012:12 October 4943:Ethnologue 4786:(Report). 4758:References 4742:Tamiḻarkaḷ 4726:pronounced 4531:Arab world 4519:Marakkayar 4475:St. Thomas 4244:Paramporul 4226:(plains), 4173:See also: 4163:See also: 4145:Gillidanda 4125:board game 4112:Jallikattu 4099:Jallikattu 4072:Navarathri 3777:Panchangam 3630:tantayutam 3624:(dagger), 3594:surul vaal 3592:(shield), 3501:Paraiattam 3481:Puliyattam 3473:Mayilattam 3457:Karakattam 3453:folk dance 3396:Nadaswaram 3357:Thyagaraja 3307:Thappattai 3288:See also: 3278:zinc oxide 3226:Satyabhama 3097:The large 3057:Bharathiar 3006:Tiruppugal 2971:middle age 2962:Tirukkural 2937:Ettuttokai 2920:(poetry), 2883:Literature 2853:Tamil̲taay 2716:, and the 2646:See also: 2551:Puducherry 2543:Tamil Nadu 2494:war crimes 2446:Sri Lankan 2363:Cankili II 2311:See also: 2236:Extent of 2030:After the 2012:Bharatiyar 1900:in 1759. 1889:Pondichéry 1869:Portuguese 1763:Marco Polo 1717:Extent of 1677:Chola navy 1649:Rajaraja I 1608:-speaking 1435:irrigation 1409:Purananuru 1356:Purananuru 1299:. Ancient 1220:megalithic 1192:See also: 1156:historian 1006:vegetarian 986:Christians 893:. Smaller 825:Puducherry 817:Tamil Nadu 623:Tamil Jain 404:Philosophy 399:Literature 239:Tamiḻ Nāṭu 202:Dravidians 19926:Singapore 19902:Sri Lanka 19799:Tiruvarur 19754:Thanjavur 19744:Sivaganga 19649:Cuddalore 19621:Districts 19568:State Day 19513:Education 19405:Governors 19372:Palm tree 19366:Jackfruit 19213:Australia 19141:Indonesia 19136:Singapore 19039:Mauritius 18874:(2002) . 18496:Routledge 18289:Routledge 18248:The Hindu 18215:The Hindu 18193:15 August 18091:The Hindu 18006:162366616 17990:0018-2710 17521:The Hindu 17408:22 August 17251:The Hindu 17063:Routledge 16789:0025-1496 16431:Times Now 16211:1 January 15469:The Hindu 15437:The Hindu 15396:Routledge 15330:The Hindu 15298:Frontline 15090:: 69–82. 14964:247355036 14956:2520-8101 14909:: 49–59. 14825:0094-0496 14594:0971-751X 14585:The Hindu 13333:The Hindu 12526:192943206 12417:The Hindu 12385:The Hindu 12116:"Gopuram" 11537:6 October 11485:1305-578X 11446:Frontline 11337:The Hindu 11305:The Hindu 11283:8 October 11272:The Hindu 11033:The Kural 10777:153420843 10712:The Hindu 10692:162291987 10599:The Hindu 10455:Routledge 10426:Routledge 10346:The Hindu 9979:Frontline 9649:France 24 9598:154770852 9539:CiteSeerX 9492:Routledge 9404:143870163 9396:0306-3968 9335:Routledge 8871:154741845 8645:Frontline 8379:The Hindu 8289:The Hindu 8257:The Hindu 8156:The Hindu 7931:0021-9118 7894:1 January 7784:The Hindu 7643:Frontline 7133:Routledge 6949:The Cōḷas 6739:(2003) . 6612:162294036 6472:240189630 6235:The Hindu 5799:12 August 5789:0971-751X 5780:The Hindu 5747:The Hindu 5715:Frontline 5539:Frontline 5165:19 August 4736:தமிழர்கள் 4653:, namely 4551:Ayyavazhi 4408:Ashivakam 4320:Aiyyan̲ār 4283:Mariamman 4210:(hills), 4184:Aiyyan̲ār 4084:Christmas 4076:Deepavali 4040:Thaipusam 4003:Festivals 3943:paniyaram 3903:groundnut 3787:when the 3784:Chithirai 3683:Kollywood 3655:martyrdom 3604:(spear), 3571:Malyutham 3563:Agastiyar 3497:Oyilattam 3258:monastery 2991:Nayanmars 2975:Vaishnava 2857:varieties 2833:loanwords 2753:partition 2726:Singapore 2724:(7%) and 2718:Caribbean 2714:Mauritius 2610:Vannimais 2599:, namely 2577:Sri Lanka 2563:Telangana 2555:Karnataka 2541:state of 2498:abduction 2339:Catholics 2332:Cankili I 2204:region. 2186:Poonakari 2158:Parumakal 2044:Karnataka 1761:explorer 1751:Kakatiyas 1653:Sri Lanka 1645:Thanjavur 1602:Malayalam 1557:Kalabhras 1523:sapphires 1515:spikenard 1463:Han China 1451:potsherds 1428:Tamilakam 1301:Tamilakam 1282:Tamilakam 1265:Tamilakam 1229:with the 1224:Neolithic 1173:Amaravati 1119:Udayagiri 1029:Etymology 875:Tamilakam 861:Caribbean 845:Mauritius 837:Singapore 835:(7%) and 831:(15.3%), 829:Sri Lanka 815:state of 786:Dravidian 784:, are a 347:Education 332:Tamilakam 246:Tamiḻakam 137:Languages 118:Singapore 86:Sri Lanka 19914:Malaysia 19784:Tiruppur 19714:Nilgiris 19709:Namakkal 19659:Dindigul 19629:Ariyalur 19606:Tiruppur 19548:Wildlife 19523:Politics 19493:Language 19358:Flower: 19346:Animal: 19232:See also 19151:Pakistan 19146:Maldives 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3126:kalasams 3116:gopurams 2902:Agathiar 2782:Language 2759:and the 2722:Malaysia 2386:and the 2297:and the 2288:Salagama 2273:Zheng He 2271:admiral 2202:Rajarata 2174:Ticaiyan 2134:Iron Age 2056:agitated 1982:and the 1976:Ryotwari 1875:and the 1857:attacked 1854:Marathas 1759:Venetian 1739:Hoysalas 1675:and the 1657:Maldives 1641:Aditya I 1606:Sanskrit 1590:Kadungon 1584:and the 1566:Pallavas 1561:Vellalar 1550:Pallavas 1542:Rock cut 1519:diamonds 1513:, silk, 1494:Damirica 1397:Buddhism 1239:Keezhadi 1188:In India 1165:Augustus 1143:Buddhist 1101:such as 1038:language 998:Buddhism 974:Hindusim 956:puppetry 908:Pallavas 833:Malaysia 819:and the 645:Politics 585:Religion 439:Calendar 419:Medicine 394:Language 352:Industry 272:a series 270:Part of 225:Language 182:Buddhism 164:Minority 160:Hinduism 155:Majority 149:Religion 94:Malaysia 18:Tamilian 19876:Portals 19804:Vellore 19749:Tenkasi 19734:Ranipet 19694:Madurai 19639:Chennai 19596:Madurai 19586:Chennai 19558:Tourism 19528:Temples 19488:History 19478:Economy 19473:Cuisine 19433:Chennai 19364:Fruit: 19333:symbols 19322:Chennai 19317:Capital 19206:Oceania 19177:Germany 19044:Réunion 18662:18 July 18070:24 July 17998:1062405 17578:Pachisi 17083:16 July 16904:16 July 16797:2797924 16752:16 July 16591:16 July 16548:16 July 16505:16 July 16280:16 July 16185:16 July 16121:11 July 16091:15 July 16057:15 July 15993:16 July 15954:16 July 15859:16 July 15708:16 July 15679:16 July 15637:16 July 15598:16 July 15559:16 July 15480:7 March 15448:29 June 15373:19 June 15341:1 March 15309:19 June 15145:16 July 15106:23 July 14882:16 July 14843:16 July 14683:16 July 14502:16 July 14459:16 July 14416:16 July 14377:16 July 14324:"Parai" 14278:16 July 14235:16 July 14196:16 July 14158:16 July 14115:16 July 14077:16 July 14048:16 July 14005:16 July 13962:16 July 13899:16 July 13860:16 July 13817:16 July 13775:16 July 13732:16 July 13594:16 July 13412:16 July 13312:16 July 13179:16 July 13137:16 July 13094:1 March 13062:16 July 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4117:Kabaddi 4064:Ayyanar 3983:Agastya 3981:led by 3978:Siddhar 3947:parotta 3919:Biryani 3915:jaggery 3895:coconut 3876:Bananas 3872:poriyal 3823:Jupiter 3819:Mercury 3803:kiḻamai 3733:dhavani 3689:Kalidas 3610:kattari 3590:kedayam 3317:called 3242:beeswax 3222:Rukmini 3218:Krishna 3184:Islamic 3176:British 3131:finials 3100:gopuram 2926:nadagam 2837:English 2771:Culture 2680:Malbars 2614:Colombo 2472:in the 2434:pogroms 2429:Sinhala 2359:secured 2330:. 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