Talaat Pasha - Knowledge

1848: 7498: 6153: 6166: 1885: 1380:. Talaat was able to procure an important loan from the Régie to ensure success in retaking Adrianople. The Ottomans soon joined the war, retaking the city even though the great powers had forced the Ottomans to surrender Adrianople only months earlier. Talaat symbolically joined the army and took part in the recapture. This was a failure of diplomacy by the great powers; for Talaat and the committee, this moment made them learn to not take international diplomacy seriously if the situation on the ground reflected otherwise. He led the negotiations with Bulgaria in the 1158: 2280: 906:, mass surveillance, and censorship. This autocracy in turn produced a culture of suspicion as well as a spirit of clandestine rebellion in many Ottoman citizens, young Talaat included. He was caught sending a telegram saying "Things are going well. I'll soon reach my goal." He was confronted by the police for this telegram, and claimed that the message was to his dalliance, who defended him. With two of his friends from the post office, he was charged with tampering with the official telegraph and was arrested in 1893. 2191: 922:), where he became a postal clerk in July 1898. Between 1898 and 1908 he served as a postman on the staff of the Salonika Post Office, during which he continued his revolutionary activities in secret. He was promoted to municipal chief clerk in April 1903, following which he could afford to bring his mother and sisters to Salonika. His job in the postal administration gave him the opportunity to smuggle into the city newspapers published by the dissidents abroad. That year he joined the Salonica Freemason Lodge 811: 1521: 2436: 1806:. He was a major force behind the policies regarding the resettlement of Kurds and wanted to be informed of whether the Kurds would really be turkified or not and how they got along with the Turkish inhabitants in the areas where they had been resettled too. Talaat outlined that nowhere in the Empire's vilayets should the Kurdish population be more than 5%. To that end, Balkan Muslim and Turkish refugees were prioritised to be resettled in 1328: 83: 1654: 1720: 1999:, which was accomplished by September. Spring 1918 was the zenith of Unionist power and Talaat Pasha's political career, followed by a slow realization of defeat in WWI over the summer. In a conversation with Cavid, Talaat felt trapped between three "fires": Enver Pasha, who was becoming increasingly erratic and overly optimistic after the breakthrough in the Caucasus; the new sultan 2237:

Turkey's entry into the war "by a recourse to a number of vile tricks and deceitful means". They were also accused of "the massacre and destruction of the Armenians" and of trying to "pile up fortunes for themselves" through "the pillage and plunder" of their possessions. The indictment alleged that "The massacre and destruction of the Armenians were the result of decisions by the

1866:, while also retaining the Ministry of the Interior. This made him the first member of parliament to become a Prime Minister in Ottoman (and Turkish) history. This move completed the Unionist party-state, as he was both Grand Vizier and chairman of the Union and Progress Party. Talaat, at the time he became Grand Vizier, gained the title "Pasha". 4343:'I wish,' Talaat now said, 'that you would get the American life insurance companies to send us a complete list of their Armenian policy holders. They are practically all dead now and have left no heirs to collect the money. It of course all escheats to the State. The Government is the beneficiary now. Will you do so?' 1694:"Talat told Dr. Mordtman, the man in charge of the Armenian desk and the dragoman at the German Embassy at Istanbul, that Turkey was "intent on taking advantage of the war in order to thoroughly liquidate its internal foes, i.e., the indigenous Christians, without being thereby disturbed by foreign intervention." 2037: 1368:

instead asserts a rule of diarchy, with Talaat leader of the civilian government and Enver the military, especially after Cemal Pasha's dispatch to Syria. Kieser asserts his Ottoman Empire was not a totalitarian state, but a balance of many factions maintained through kickbacks and corruption. Strong

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According to Hayriye, Talaat had prophesied his own assassination, recalling that he said to her: "One day, someone will shoot me' said he. 'I will collapse, blood spilling from my forehead. I will not have the luxury to die, lying on bed. It doesn't matter; let them shoot me; the motherland shall

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is now the new leader. He held regular correspondences with Mustafa Kemal from Berlin. Unlike Enver, Kemal had friendly relations with Talaat, with Kemal addressing Talaat as his "brother" in their communiques. Even though he effectively endorsed Mustafa Kemal as his "successor", from Berlin Talaat

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of 1 June 1915 to 8 February 1916 that allowed for the mass deportation of Armenians, a principal means of carrying out what is now recognized as a genocide against Armenians. The deportees did not receive any humanitarian assistance and there is no evidence that the Ottoman government provided the

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had to acquiesce to the Savior Officers demands, and the parliament was dissolved with a new election to take place in autumn of 1912. It was no longer safe for Unionists to be in the open, and it was plausible that the CUP would be banned by the government. Talaat had to once again lay low, hiding

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from his wife. They learned in 1911 that they were not able to have children, but they adopted an orphan, Münevver, as their daughter. Hayriye joined Talaat in Berlin in spring 1920 and returned to Turkey after her husband's assassination. She remarried with Hamdi Bafralı in 1946, and they had two

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In his posthumously published memoirs, he propagated a "national myth – that all Ottoman Armenians were rebels, betrayers, secessionists, and that they were responsible for the massacres that took place in 1915–1916". The memoirs were published many times especially when the Armenian genocide was

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The British government continued to monitor Talaat's activities after the war. The British government had intelligence reports indicating that he had gone to Germany, and the British High Commissioner pressured Ferid Pasha and the Sublime Porte to request that Germany extradite him to the Ottoman

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was crucial to German grand strategy in the war, and good relations were needed. Following Russian breakthrough in the Caucasus and signs that Greece would side with the Allied powers after all, the CUP was finally able to resume operations against the Greeks of the empire, and Talaat ordered the

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that ran the Ottoman government until the end of World War I in October 1918. However historian Hans-Lukas Kieser asserts that this state of rule by triumvirate was accurate for only the years 1913–1914, and thereafter Talaat was the sole dictator of the Ottoman Empire, especially once he became

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and brought to trial the Ottoman leaders who had held positions of responsibility between 1914 and 1918 for having perpetrated the Armenian genocide. İzzet Pasha was pressured early on by the British to arrest Talaat, but he didn't order his arrest nor order his extradition from Germany until a

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to close all Armenian political organizations operating within the Ottoman Empire and arrest Armenians connected to them, justifying the action by stating that the organizations were controlled from outside the empire, were inciting upheavals behind the Ottoman lines, and were cooperating with

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By January 1919, a report to Sultan Mehmed VI accused over 130 suspects, most of whom were high officials. The indictment accused the main defendants, including Talaat, of being "mired in an unending chain of bloodthirstiness, plunder and abuses". They were accused of deliberately engineering

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The Ottoman signature political animal held up a distorting mirror to Europe. It showed the worst yet nevertheless real sides of Europe, scaled up. Unconcerned by rules and ethics, arguing that he saw both broken numerous times by the European powers, he began to use the ruthless arms of a

2367:, attending on behalf of the exiled Kaiser Wilhelm II. The German foreign office sent a wreath with a ribbon saying, "To a great statesman and a faithful friend." Şakir, barely able to maintain his composure, read a funeral oration while the coffin was lowered into the grave, covered in an 1743:

It is no use for you to argue . . . we have already disposed of three quarters of the Armenians; there are none at all left in Bitlis, Van, and Erzeroum. The hatred between the Turks and the Armenians is now so intense that we have got to finish with them. If we don't, they will plan their

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due to the traumatic experience he had gone through during the genocide. Immediately after the assassination, Nazım and Şakir, the other two Turkish statesmen who were also staying in the area, received German police protection. Şakir would be assassinated a year later by another Dashnak.

1308:, as well as order the arrests against leading Freedom and Accord members and journalists in the subsequent state of emergency. However, with demands from the great powers to surrender Adrianople and a deteriorating military situation, Şevket Pasha and the CUP finally acknowledged defeat. 1881:, would later say similarly, Talaat Pasha believed that there was "only one civilization in the world , to be saved, must be joined to civilization." Another point brought up was cracking down on corruption, much of which he was responsible for and never followed through with. 2474:

described Talaat as "The strongest man of Young Turkey", a "man of will", a "unique and outstanding talent of statesmanship" who dominates "the whole state machine". Whereas "the sultan is a constitutional ruler, Talaat is an autocratic sultan." He called him "the Turkish

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Talaat had a powerful build and a dark complexion. His manners were gruff, which caused him to be expelled from the military secondary school at the age of sixteen without a certificate after a conflict with his teacher. Without earning a degree, he joined the staff of a

2015:, leaving no sufficient forces to check an advance on the Ottoman capital. With defeat certain (and growing unrest from years of unfettered corruption) Talaat Pasha announced his intention to resign on 8 October 1918 and lead a caretaker government for a few more days. 1193:, where the main topic of discussion was the CUP's lack of commitment to pluralism. The central committee voted against the opposition's points for cooperation, inflaming the already toxic political climate. On 21 November, 1911, the opposition united around the 1047:, what started out as an anti-Unionist demonstration in the capital quickly turned into an anticonstitutionalist-monarchist counter revolution where Abdul Hamid attempted to reestablish his autocracy. The Grand Vizier Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha was forced to resign for 917:

organization which was agitating against Abdul Hamid's autocracy. In 1896 he was imprisoned for having been part of a CUP cell together with his brother-in-law. Sentenced to three years in jail, Talaat was pardoned after serving two years but exiled to Salonika

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which this time included the CUP, and resumed fighting. Talaat and Enver urged Şevket Pasha to accept the Grand Vezierate, but mutual distrust between the generalissimo and the committee meant Talaat only came back as deputy Interior Minister, so he employed

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wanted the body; it would be a political liability to associate themselves with the man considered the worst criminal of World War I. Invitations from Hayriye and the Orient Club were sent to Talaat's funeral, and on 19 March, he was buried in the

2068:, Crimea and scattered from there. Before escaping the Ottoman Empire, he wrote a letter to İzzet Pasha promising his return to the country. Public opinion was shocked by the departure of Talaat Pasha, which left the country's politics in a sudden vacuum. 2601:, and farsighted founding father" in Turkey, where many schools, streets, and mosques are named after him. In Turkey, Talaat and the rest of the Three Pashas are only criticized for causing the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I and its subsequent 2103:

in the Netherlands. He was also able to travel to Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, and Denmark. In all of these visits, he lobbied against the new Allied world-order, specifically against their designs on the Ottoman Empire. Behind bars for his role in the

2099:, under the pseudonym "Ali Sâî Bey". Next to his apartment he founded the "Oriental Club" (Şark Kulübü), where anti-Entente Muslims and European activists met. Though he was a wanted man in the Ottoman Empire and Britain, Talaat managed to attend the 1739:." In another exchange, he demanded from Morgenthau the list of the holders of American insurance policies belonging to Armenians in an effort to appropriate the funds to the state. Morgenthau refused. Talaat told him in a later conversation that: 2531:

documents from the interior ministry that Hayriye stored away containing data on Armenian deportatation and resettlement of Muhacirs in their place. Bardakçı went on to publish these documents, and an interview with Hayriye 27 years later, in

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On 24 April 1915 the Ministry of the Interior ordered the arrest of Armenian parliamentary deputies, former ministers, and some intellectuals. Thousands were arrested, including 2,345 in the capital, most of whom were subsequently executed

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of the Turkish embassy, Şükri Bey, were held at Talaat's apartment. Afterwards, a large procession accompanied the coffin to Matthäus, where he was interred. Many prominent Germans paid their respects, including former foreign ministers

2261:, a British intelligence agent. During this interview, Talaat maintained at several points that the CUP had always sought British friendship and advice, but claimed that Britain had never replied to such overtures in any meaningful way. 2116:) and frequently visited him with Enver at Moabit prison. Despite his mobility as a fugitive, his exile was one of practical poverty. At one point wishing to start a newspaper, he didn't have enough money to do so, so he wrote his 1268:. Talaat volunteered for the war, but was dismissed from the army for distributing political propaganda. The CUP's headquarters in Salonika had to be relocated to Constantinople when the city fell to Greece, while his hometown of 3207: 10472: 1575:

With the expectation that the new war would free the Empire of its constraints on its sovereignty by the great powers, Talaat went ahead with accomplishing major goals of the CUP; unilaterally abolishing the centuries-old

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and massacre. Talaat, who was a telegraph operator from a young age, had installed a telegraph machine in his own home and sent "sensitive" telegrams during the course of the deportations. This was confirmed by his wife

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Oddly enough, had Zia Bey lived to see the success of the Young Turk movement, after the revolution of 1908, he might have salaamed to Talaat, the Grand Vizier of the Young Turks, a Pomak gipsy. Such are the ironies of

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to meet with Talaat and support his network that assisted the Turkish nationalist movement from abroad. Through these efforts, he cobbled together a disparate coalition of Turkish nationalists, German nationalists, and

4949: 7531: 7156: 2003:, an anti-Unionist who was more assertive than his deceased half brother, and the Allied armies advancing from the West and the South. In October 1918, the British defeated both Ottoman armies they faced in the 6120: 992:

was secretary-general of the external CUP. After the revolution, Talaat's more radical and militant internal CUP would see themselves supplant the older cadre of Young Turks that was Rıza's network of exiles.

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in December. Following rumors that the government was willing to surrender Adrianople which was still under siege, Talaat and Enver began plotting a coup. The coup launched on 23 January 1913, known as the

1067:) to organize a separate national assembly from the volatile situation in Constantinople, and declared the change in government illegal. Relief came in the form of pro-constitutionalist forces known as the 984:. Under Talaat's initiative, the Salonika-based OFC merged with Ahmed Rıza's Paris-based CUP in September 1907, and the group became the internal center of the CUP in the Ottoman Empire. Talaat was briefly 7114: 1075:, which stopped in Ayastefanos before marching on the capital; it was secretly agreed there that Abdul Hamid would be replaced by his brother. After the reactionary revolt was crushed, Talaat bullied the 6322: 1645:

created more friction between the two organisations. However, the Unionists were still not yet confident enough to purge Armenians from politics or pursue policies of ethnic engineering. Victory of the

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states that many Jews engaged in "open propaganda for him and CUP causes" despite Talaat's involvement in genocide, and that this continued even after his death into the late twentieth century.

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for Abdul Hamid's deposition, and convinced Tevfik Pasha to step down and return Hilmi Pasha to the premiership. With the fatwa, the parliament voted to depose Abdul Hamid II. Talaat and

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Between 1911 and 1914 the Ottoman Empire negotiated with the European powers and the Dashnak Party on reform in the East. He attended multiple meetings with leading Armenian politicians

7567: 7438: 6530: 1197:. Talaat already had to step down as Interior Minister in March 1911 for his fellow committee-man Halil Menteşe. As a new election was called for 1912, Talaat made sure to be appointed 2176:

Talaat offered comments in the subsequent press conference, criticizing the putschists for their dilettantism, exclaiming "A putsch without a cabinet ready at hand was just childish."

7228: 7168: 7432: 7107: 5708:"A Hundred Years Ago: The Assassination of Mehmet Talaat (15 March 1921) and the Berlin Criminal Proceedings against Soghomon Tehlirian (2/3 June 1921): Background, Context, Effect" 1430:, however lack of trust between the old allies of the committee and the Dashnaks and growing radicalism within the CUP slowed negotiations. Under overwhelming diplomatic pressure, 7517: 6315: 1833:

of some 3.7 million amounted to 14% of the prewar population. According to the Ottoman Interior Ministry, the population of Ottoman Armenians decreased to 284,000 from 1,256,000.

6150: 4076: 7651: 7486: 1822:. Kurds were also supposed to be resettled in abandoned Armenian property, however negligence by resettlement authorities still resulted in the deaths of many Kurds by famine. 7462: 7270: 5388: 761: 689:

as a reluctant partner. With the latter's assassination, an autocratic triumvirate of CUP Central Committee members lead the Ottoman Empire, consisting of himself, Enver, and

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During this time tensions flared between Talaat and Enver. Enver won out in a conflict over prioritizing rationing in favor of the army. In response Talaat established the

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of the Young Turks, and turned to more radical politics. He and other high ranking CUP leaders organized and gave speeches in a pro-war rally against the Balkan nations in

9227: 7390: 7100: 5829: 2614: 1400:, which almost started a war with Greece. Talaat was confronted by the sultan when the sultan learned of the deportations, but insisted that the stories of persecution of 1040:. Talaat was easily elected into parliament as Union and Progress's candidate for deputy of Adrianople, and then was elected the parliament's deputy-president under Rıza. 1010:

found themselves at the behest of a spontaneous revolution in 1908, which commenced with Niyazi and Enver's flight into the Albanian hinterlands. Talaat's role during the

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On 2 August 1915 Talaat told him that "that our Armenian policy is absolutely fixed and that nothing can change it. We will not have the Armenians anywhere in Anatolia.

1584:, and suspending the reform package for the Eastern Anatolian provinces that had been in effect for just seven months. This unilateral action prompted a joyous rally in 2500: 2229:, whose first order was the arrest of leading members of Union and Progress. Those who were caught were put under arrest at the Bekirağa division and were subsequently 1920:

was held in Turkish in a few select mosques in the capital. These pre-Kemalist secularisation and modernisation reforms paved the way for further and more far reaching

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in Tahsin's brother-in-law's house. By 1912 Talaat definitely abandoned the belief that constitutionalism and rule of law could unite the multi-ethnic and fragmented "

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was to organize a plot to assassinate the garrison commander of Salonika, Ömer Nazım, who was a Hamidian loyalist and spy master of the area. Nazım survived his hired

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extensive facilities and supplies that would have been necessary to sustain the life of hundreds of thousands of Armenian deportees during their forced march to the

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ships entered the Golden Horn. Talaat's remaining property was confiscated during Tevfik Pasha's premiership, which lasted until 4 March 1919. He was replaced by

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on 18 March though galvanized Talaat, and he decided to take action by starting the machinations of the destruction of Christian minorities in the Ottoman Empire.

10547: 7414: 3109: 1928: 7282: 9453: 9131: 7444: 1667: 855:, an experience that contributed to Talaat's nationalism. His father died when Talaat was eleven years old, putting his mother and two sisters under his care. 706: 2727: 1647: 1572:. The resulting declarations of war saw many resign from the government, including Cavid, which saddened Talaat. He became finance minister in Cavid's place. 7675: 7603: 1749: 7669: 10497: 7597: 7579: 7210: 760:

meant defeat for the Ottomans and the downfall of the CUP, whereupon he resigned. On the night of 2–3 November 1918, Talaat Pasha and other members of the

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meant Talaat had to come to terms with the reality on the ground, which made him fall into a depression. He worked to keep morale afloat on the crumbling

962: 953:(OFC) was formed as another secret Young Turk organization based in Salonika. The founders of the OFC included Talaat, the CUP's future general secretary 10542: 10246: 6012: 1678:

politicians, clergymen, physicians, authors, journalists, lawyers, and teachers, the majority of whom were eventually murdered, including his colleagues

1416: 9555: 9545: 7657: 5715: 938:, where he took classes to supplement his lackluster education. The government was still monitoring his activities, and he was almost exiled again to 185: 10180: 5632:

Adak, Hülya (2007). "Identifying the "Internal Tumors" of World War I: Talat Paşa's hatıraları , or the Travels of a Unionist Apologia into History".

4218: 1532:, the Ottoman Empire was diplomatically isolated, which it paid for dearly through territorial losses in the Balkans. Therefore, on 9 May, Talaat and 774:

for subverting the constitution, profiteering from the war, and organizing massacres against Greeks and Armenians. Exiled in Berlin, he supported the

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Numerous diplomats and notable figures confronted Talaat Pasha over the deportations and news of massacres. He had several conversations with the

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Talaat Pasha delivered a farewell speech in the last CUP congress on 1 November, where it was decided to dissolve the party. With Enver, Cemal,

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due to widespread employment of electoral fraud and violence. As a result, Freedom and Accord organized a group in the military known as the

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several weeks earlier, these mass arrests in Constantinople are considered by many commentators to be the start of the Armenian genocide.

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was finally produced in December 1914, but it would be soon terminated under wartime conditions and an about-face by the committee on the

725:. He is widely considered the main perpetrator of the genocide, and is thus held responsible for the death of around 1 million Armenians. 9428: 9349: 9031: 6004: 4041: 1869:

On 15 February, Talaat Pasha gave a speech to parliament of his program, expressing his will to reform Ottoman society to be on par with

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with a single bullet as he came out of his Hardenbergstraße flat to purchase a pair of gloves. His assassin was a Dashnak agent from

2153: 1384:, which resulted in a population exchange and formalizing Ottoman reassertion of sovereignty over Adrianople. Talaat would negotiate 1102: 639: 600: 150: 5378: 1224:, something he wrote that he regretted once Şevket Pasha did so in support of the Savior Officers. Eventually, pro-CUP Grand Vizier 8997: 7078: 6250: 6128: 4219:"Exiled Armenians starve in the desert; Turks drive them like slaves, American committee hears ;- Treatment raises death rate" 10532: 6412: 4130:"Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: The World War I Armenian Case and Its Contemporary Legal Ramifications" 2534: 2117: 2091:, signed the documents secretly allowing Talaat asylum in Germany, where he and Nazım settled in a flat at Hardenbergerstraße 4 ( 52: 10507: 9963: 5335: 5005: 2468:". Talaat's intentional falsehoods were noted by his contemporaries, and even some of his close friends considered him a liar. 2379:

rescinded Talaat's conviction, and then a house and a martyr's pension was granted to Talaat's family with a law passed by the

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from Çeplece, a nearby village. His mother Hürmüz was from a Turkish family that migrated to the region from Dedeler village,

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with injury, but the incident, as well as other assassinations carried out by the CUP during the revolution, intimidated the

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in his house while mob violence targeted MPs. Three days later, Talaat and 100 MPs escaped Constantinople for Ayastefanos (

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company as a postal clerk in Adrianople to provide for his family. His salary was not high, so he worked after hours as a

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of the society. He used both organizations as channels for his anti-Hamidian activism, as they were inaccessible for the

2326:)' " Mustafa Kemal Pasha remarked, "The motherland has lost her great son; the revolution has lost its great organizer." 1577: 1305: 1269: 5506: 4917: 3070:"Talat Paşa, 15 Mart 1921 yılında Sogomon Teyleryan (Makiryan) adlı bir Ermeni tarafından Berlin'de vurularak öldürüldü" 3013: 2986: 1771:, leading to the deaths of hundreds of thousands, however this anti-Assyrian policy couldn't be implemented nationally. 946:

was partial towards the secret committee and intervened, and Talaat returned to Salonika to work as a school principal.

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He was born in the province of Edirne (the westernmost part of Turkey) in 1874, the child of a farmer and a gypsy woman

2088: 2080: 1863: 1281: 1129:, wrote that Talaat was "the acknowledged head of the Committee of Union and Progress and the Young Turks." Biographer 875:. At the age of 21 Talaat was involved in a love affair with the daughter of the Jewish headmaster for whom he worked. 8698: 7843: 7831: 7789: 3634: 3383: 3106: 2307:, who had members of his family who were killed during the genocide. Tehlirian admitted to the shooting, but, after a 1847: 9577: 9423: 9156: 8831: 8479: 8216: 5778: 5480: 5290: 5038: 4999: 4897: 4872: 4137: 2940: 2897: 2751: 2380: 2288: 2161: 1988: 1830: 1779: 1708: 1671: 1122: 1056: 852: 795: 741: 568: 493: 7234: 868: 10567: 10037: 9461: 8976: 7354: 5933: 2623:

comparatively weak actor also wanting empire: extortion and aggression toward weaker ones who could not fight back.

2308: 2233:. Courts-martials were then organized to punish the CUP for the empire's ill-conceived involvement in World War I. 2185: 1716:, who stated that she often saw him using it to give direct orders to what she believed were provincial governors. 1675: 1217: 1098: 765: 6009: 2446:

Many of Talaat's contemporaries wrote of his charm but also of a melancholy spirit. Some occasionally noticed his

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Once Şevket Pasha was out of the picture due to his assassination on 12 July 1913, the CUP established a de facto

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wrote of the fall of Talaat and the CUP into a delusional "all or nothing" approach for salvation by war via the

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affirmed. Others drew similarities between Talaat and some of his contemporaries, such as Greek prime minister

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governors had much maneuverability to themselves, provided they execute Talaat and the central committee's new

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by organizing a counter government. Multiple crises in the Empire including the 31 March Incident, attacks on

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criticized Talaat and his colleagues for their policies during and immediately prior to the First World War.

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were put on hold as Germany wished for a Greek ally or neutrality, however for the sake of their alliance,

1246: 1025: 787: 757: 718: 619: 6994: 3154:. Modernity, Memory and Identity in South-East Europe. Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–36. 2415: 10597: 10552: 10537: 9780: 9641: 9516: 9279: 9257: 9207: 8886: 8876: 8781: 8494: 8484: 8474: 8311: 6256: 6025: 5232:

The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire

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Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2011). "Civil-Military Relations in the Second Constitutional Period, 1908–1918".

4458:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950" 1105:

in Hilmi Pasha's cabinet reshuffle, becoming the second Unionist with a cabinet position (first being

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Johnson, Ian (2016). "The Faustian Pact: Soviet-German Military Cooperation in the Interwar Period".

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They believed that he lacked race and breeding; they scornfully reported that he was of gypsy origin.

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Talaat Pasha is widely considered one of the main architects of the Armenian Genocide by historians.

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for architecture, arts, and music. One particular piece of controversial social reform was the 1917 "

1529: 1439: 1290: 775: 10366: 10356: 8673: 6880: 6652: 6634: 6616: 6232: 3359:İstanbul Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul 2010 3077: 2700:", after gaining the "Bey" title, until he became Grand Vizier in 1917 and gained the "Pasha" title. 2137: 9567: 9312: 9237: 8991: 8547: 8527: 8517: 7729: 7699: 7294: 7216: 7030: 7018: 6718: 5807: 4366: 4360: 2975:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

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not be stained with my death. For each Talaat passing away, one thousand Talaats shall come forth (

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in March 1918, with Talaat himself negotiating for the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the return of

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before 1908, but after late 1909 he had an increased interest in the new Central Committee member

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Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas, eds. (2019).

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Talaat and his committee hoped to save the Ottoman Empire by quickly and decisively establishing

1483: 1393: 1118: 950: 733: 10401: 10351: 8907: 6778: 6502: 3147: 2394:, Talaat's remains were disinterred from Germany and transported to Turkey, where he received a 2348: 1971:

However territorial loss in the south coincided with diplomatic success with the signing of the

1921: 1611:

by relaying false information of successes in wars in the Balkans which weren't even happening.

9619: 8912: 8891: 8806: 7777: 7759: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7645: 7539: 7144: 6976: 6766: 6754: 6460: 6436: 6406: 6376: 6358: 5994: 5280: 2554: 2333:, but neither the Ottoman government in Constantinople nor the Turkish nationalist movement in 1965: 1884: 1604: 1079: 710: 10406: 10391: 10266: 8101: 8089: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7336: 7300: 7258: 7024: 6952: 6826: 5921: 4025: 1683: 1427: 1421: 1216:

to bring down the CUP dominated legislature. Talaat urged for Şevket Pasha, who was appointed

1186: 972:. He served on the Central Committee of the OFC with Rahmi and Canbulat. Many officers of the 943: 229: 10587: 10502: 10316: 10170: 10094: 9721: 9317: 9141: 9090: 9074: 8663: 8427: 8422: 8392: 7615: 7318: 7060: 6904: 6892: 6802: 6388: 5578: 4698: 3232: 2889: 2840: 2484: 2012: 1819: 1732: 1537: 1431: 1412: 1190: 1011: 840: 627: 7963: 7915: 7705: 6970: 6814: 6808: 6796: 6000:

Interview with Talaat Pasha by Henry Morgenthau – American Ambassador to Constantinople 1915

2511:) on 19 March 1910. Talaat met Hayriye in 1909, while she was studying in the French girls' 2141: 1960:. This promise did not reflect ground conditions, as his first year as Grand Vizier saw the 967: 10512: 10462: 10457: 10084: 9785: 9436: 9110: 8966: 8713: 8603: 8583: 8372: 8276: 8131: 7633: 7408: 7342: 7192: 7174: 7054: 6940: 6592: 6262: 1842: 1600: 1072: 686: 8598: 7180: 7066: 6844: 6772: 6700: 6466: 5858:

Olson, Robert W. (1986). "The Remains of Talat: A Dialectic between Republic and Empire".

5414:"M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Talat Paşa, Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 39, Yıl 2010" 4726:"M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Talat Paşa, Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 39, Yıl 2010" 2579:

to describe what Talaat master minded against the Armenians and Assyrians, and later what

2245:

was stripped, and he, Enver, Cemal, Nazım, and Şakir were condemned to death in absentia.

8: 9993: 9806: 9758: 9672: 9267: 9064: 8796: 8658: 8512: 8291: 8232: 8107: 7969: 7945: 7933: 7897: 7873: 7837: 7813: 7783: 7747: 7036: 6874: 6712: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6664: 6646: 6058: 5801: 2528: 2371:. He asserted the assassination was "the consequence of imperialist politics against the 2105: 2020: 1961: 1949: 1897: 1344: 1182: 779: 697:) of whom Talaat was its civilian leader. Talaat and Enver were influential bringing the 671: 204: 190: 10241: 10175: 10165: 8841: 7366: 7222: 1365: 1208:

known as the "election of clubs", Union and Progress won a lopsided victory against the

1157: 10306: 9976: 9715: 9483: 9069: 8951: 8871: 8816: 8751: 8693: 8618: 8613: 8185: 8173: 8155: 8095: 8071: 7927: 7885: 7693: 7681: 7663: 7456: 7426: 7306: 7132: 7072: 7006: 6742: 6448: 5951: 5883: 5691: 4223: 3808: 3173: 3032:

Among the top party functionaries were Interior Minister Talaat Pasha (Bulgarian Gypsy)

2312: 2304: 2218: 2092: 1901: 1585: 1544:

to propose an alliance with Russia, which ended up falling through. Talaat, Enver, and

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Russian forces. This order resulted in the arrest on the night of 24–25 April 1915 of

1134: 1076: 989: 10200: 9998: 9846: 9737: 9705: 9471: 9164: 9059: 9040: 8786: 8766: 8688: 8623: 8507: 8412: 8367: 8342: 8301: 8256: 8179: 8161: 8149: 8113: 8077: 8065: 8059: 8047: 8041: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8005: 7993: 7987: 7957: 7951: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7468: 7288: 7252: 7162: 7150: 6922: 6910: 6856: 6850: 6838: 6832: 6760: 6670: 6628: 6598: 6490: 6478: 6382: 6112: 5961: 5937: 5907: 5875: 5839: 5825: 5811: 5768: 5734: 5695: 5660: 5641: 5584: 5286: 5235: 5034: 4995: 4893: 4868: 4819: 4568: 4565:

The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism

4315: 4276: 4249: 4154: 4146: 4108: 4031: 3812: 3800: 3338: 3326: 3283: 3257: 3238: 3211: 3177: 3163: 3152:

New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State

3129: 3098: 3091:

Young Turk leaders, Talat was not ethnically Turkish; rather he was of Pomak descent.

3039: 3005: 2978: 2936: 2893: 2878: 2747: 2591: 2550: 2476: 2403: 2363:, several military personnel who had served in the Ottoman Empire during the war and 2352: 2292: 2226: 2157: 2132:

was able to directly issue orders to Turkish commanders in the opening stages of the

2016: 1870: 1620: 1608: 1533: 1498:

citizens. Armenians and Assyrians within the Empire began organising themselves into

1435: 1377: 1225: 1130: 1044: 985: 923: 799: 770: 749: 722: 647: 596: 524: 505: 143: 10376: 10331: 8945: 8851: 8593: 8167: 6552: 2291:

organized a plot to assassinate the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide, known as

1276:

that were expelled from the Balkans. The scheduled election had to be canceled, and

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Blood and Soil: Genocide and Extermination in World History from Carthage to Darfur

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First World War.com: Talat Pasha's Alleged Orders Regarding the Armenian Massacres

5957:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 5637: 4314:(in Turkish) (4th ed.). Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Everest Yayınları. p. 211. 3795: 3778: 2254:

Empire. Germany was well aware of Talaat's presence but refused to surrender him.

1545: 1300:

politics to stay influential. He urged for the Empire to continue fighting in the

1178: 1162: 253: 10477: 10291: 10190: 10013: 9594: 9327: 9304: 8811: 8801: 8402: 8387: 8382: 8352: 7981: 6898: 6724: 6586: 6442: 6430: 6021: 6016: 5903: 5851: 5687: 5028: 4989: 4813: 4336: 4309: 4272:

Defining the horrific readings on genocide and Holocaust in the twentieth century

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wrote " the foremost partisan of war" for "whom and his disciples, this war was

2399: 2360: 2084: 1992: 1905: 1760: 1499: 1467: 1336: 415: 40: 10371: 10326: 10311: 10301: 10099: 8608: 7122: 6580: 6508: 3159: 2479:" upon his becoming Grand Vizier, a title which German journalist and companion 2190: 1060: 10185: 10114: 9880: 9727: 9665: 9624: 9079: 8826: 8791: 8761: 8746: 8261: 7544: 7127: 6557: 6335: 6209: 6165: 6160: 5417: 4729: 3708: 2873: 2859: 2813: 2633: 2570: 2542: 2520: 2258: 2145: 2113: 2096: 1996: 1917: 1788: 1783: 1638: 1634: 1569: 1541: 1471: 1463: 1021: 899: 810: 745: 643: 615: 580: 445: 387: 10473:

People sentenced to death in absentia by the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal

10341: 10231: 10210: 10104: 8678: 8638: 8568: 8357: 8125: 8083: 8053: 8035: 6496: 5752:

Operation Nemesis: Die Türkei, Deutschland und der Völkermord an den Armeniern

2808: 2480: 2112:(their previous encounter being on opposite sides of the negotiating table at 1389: 1277: 1142: 717:), most of them being ultimately murdered, and on 30 May 1915 promulgated the 10451: 10416: 9905: 9816: 9390: 8321: 7639: 6784: 6268: 5879: 5738: 5703: 5502: 4913: 4150: 3804: 2818: 2606: 2598: 2580: 2471: 2461: 2395: 2372: 2356: 2209: 1937: 1893: 1795: 1728: 1704: 1679: 1479: 1459: 1408: 1397: 1370: 1261: 1174: 1166: 1126: 1064: 930:. Talaat met then economics professor, later friend and CUP Finance Minister 903: 832: 10346: 9657: 8723: 8266: 6238: 4158: 3095:

Operation Nemesis: The Assassination Plot that Avenged the Armenian Genocide

927: 10321: 10251: 10195: 10145: 10109: 9922: 9826: 9466: 9380: 8633: 8417: 8296: 7975: 7939: 7891: 6868: 5895: 5797: 5746: 5308: 3626: 3375: 3275: 3002:

Age of Assassins: A History of Conspiracy and Political Violence, 1865–1981

2731: 2453: 2407: 2387: 2368: 2230: 2201: 2061: 1909: 1356: 1352: 1106: 976:

were recruited into the OFC, including the future heroes of the revolution

958: 931: 919: 694: 690: 611: 10029: 8683: 6204: 5750: 5476: 5379:"Talát Paşa'nın kara kaplı 'tehcir defteri'ni 90 yıl sonra yarın açıyorum" 2045: 1782:

was muted. The participation of the Ottoman Empire as an ally against the

1767:. Talaat ordered the governor of Van to remove the Assyrian population in 1138: 10421: 10336: 10236: 10089: 9900: 9895: 9385: 9375: 9084: 8653: 8578: 8450: 8281: 7999: 6748: 6472: 6424: 6394: 6370: 6352: 3148:"Revisiting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Deportations and Atrocities" 2832: 2457: 2411: 2173: 2149: 2136:

and hoped to use the commander as a puppet. He also kept in contact with

1763:

was also targeted by the Unionist government in what is now known as the

1687: 1642: 1641:

on atrocities committed by the Special Organisation against Armenians in

1630: 1626: 1564: 1553: 1487: 1475: 1360: 1348: 1250: 1146: 1097:

In August 1909 Mehmed Talaat led a 17-member parliamentary delegation to

1068: 981: 914: 732:, Talaat Pasha became Grand Vizier in 1917. He personally negotiated the 678: 655: 588: 564: 8628: 5729: 5452:

Il triangolo e la mezzaluna. I "Giovani Turchi" e la massoneria italiana

5383: 3779:"Young Turk Governance in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War" 2573:, then a law student who followed Talaat's trial, later coined the term 1520: 10361: 9821: 9285: 8552: 5887: 4347:'You will get no such list from me,' I said, and I got up and left him. 4101:

Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). "Tehcir Law". In Whitehorn, Alan (ed.).

2222: 2166: 2109: 2065: 2053: 1699: 1558: 1238: 1234: 1230: 860: 737: 667: 631: 479: 340: 44: 8201: 5803:

Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler

3128:

For more see: George Young, Constantinople, Barnes & Noble, 1992,

2553:

in 1903 during his time in the Ottoman Balkans. He was also the first

2023:

with the Allies, ending hostilities in the Middle East on 30 October.

1388:

too. This peace was very tenuous however, as Talaat, Enver Pasha, and

1376:

That summer came Bulgaria's attack on Greece and Serbia, starting the

1327: 9912: 9801: 9770: 9322: 9222: 8588: 8432: 5503:"Mehmet Talat Paşa | Hür ve Kabul Edilmiş Masonlar Büyük Locası" 4192: 2546: 2504: 2435: 2036: 2000: 1957: 1815: 851:(Istanbul) when their home was occupied by Russian troops during the 824: 599:, and was responsible for other ethnic cleansings during his time as 555:(1 September 1874 – 15 March 1921), commonly known as 383: 119: 9775: 9009: 5871: 2789: 2342:

in a well-attended ceremony. At 11:00 a.m., prayers led by the

2241:". The court released its verdict on 5 July 1919: Talaat's title of 9763: 8306: 8271: 4188: 2575: 2508: 2330: 1944: 1825:

Approximately 1.7 million Christians (including 200,000 Greeks and

1803: 1592: 1568:

to the Ottoman Empire, the three convinced Cemal Pasha to agree to

1438:. On 6 September, Talaat Pasha sent a telegram to the governors of 1173:

As tension built between the CUP and opposition, a meeting between

1091: 1016: 939: 883: 848: 714: 670:

and political pluralism, turning them into hard-line authoritarian

574: 393: 115: 9932: 5477:"Büyük Üstatlar | Hür ve Kabul Edilmiş Masonlar Büyük Locası" 2196: 1447: 1343:. He kept this post until the CUP's fall from power following the 4941:"Robert Fisk: My conversation with the son of Soghomon Tehlirian" 4818:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. pp. 134–135. 2447: 2300: 2071:

Talaat, Nazım, Şakir and some other Turkish officers wound up in

1984: 1753: 1273: 651: 4245:

Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide

1892:

Many social reforms were introduced, including modernization of

1686:. Although the mass killings of Armenian civilians had begun in 1024:

establishment enough to reopen the parliament and reinstate the

587:, which operated a one-party dictatorship in the Empire; during 9742: 2072: 1980: 1874: 1811: 1653: 1339:

in the Ottoman Empire. Talaat returned as interior minister in

1117:, as well as enforce imperial rule in revolting provinces like 872: 836: 411: 82: 4562: 4275:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 100. 1775: 1401: 1201:

in 22 January ,1912 so the election outcome could be certain.

9689: 9629: 8771: 5757:

Operation Nemesis: Turkey, Germany, and the Armenian Genocide

5580:

The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey

5093: 2687: 2666: 2242: 1913: 1764: 1719: 1451: 1443: 1083: 73: 57: 6010:

Mehmet Talaat (1874–1921) and his role in the Greek Genocide

5831:

Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide

2615:

Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide

1220:

after the 31 March Incident, to resign as in the lead-up to

32:

Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide

2343: 1976: 1807: 728:

In a move that established total Unionist control over the

5358: 3731: 3403: 3401: 2549:

and first became a member of the Salonica Freemason Lodge

2208:

The British government exerted diplomatic pressure on the

1113:). He continued Hamidian era anti-Zionist restrictions in 595:(prime minister). He has been called the architect of the 5141: 5139: 5071: 5069: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 4617: 4593: 4498: 4422: 4002: 3990: 3954: 3930: 2697: 1264:

achieved decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire in the

5634:

Raueme Des Selbst: Selbstzeugnisforschung Transkulturell

4971: 4969: 4967: 4510: 4439: 4437: 3860: 3858: 3678: 3676: 2329:

Initially, Talaat's friends hoped he could be buried in

2311:, he was found innocent by a German court on grounds of 642:. He played an important role in the downfall of Sultan 5260: 4665: 3546: 3534: 3466: 3464: 3413: 3398: 2954: 2952: 2911: 2909: 2597:

Talaat Pasha is viewed as a "great statesman, skillful

2503:(1895–1983) (later known as Hayriye Talat Bafralı), an 1668:

235 to 270 Armenian community leaders in Constantinople

1311: 9132:

Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

5900:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

5558: 5546: 5336:""Talat Paşa" dediklerine bakmayın asıl hedef Atatürk" 5248: 5211: 5187: 5163: 5151: 5136: 5066: 5047: 4844: 4780: 4768: 4744: 4677: 4531:"A devastating document is met with silence in Turkey" 1001: 5983:] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Doğan Kardeş Yayınları. 5609: 5457: 5315: 5199: 5081: 4964: 4756: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4605: 4486: 4434: 4410: 4398: 3978: 3966: 3942: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3760: 3758: 3743: 3688: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3606: 3582: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2248: 1272:

by the Bulgarians. The imperial capital swelled with

5534: 5432: 5175: 5124: 5112: 4104:

The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide

3594: 3570: 3558: 3488: 3476: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3301: 3299: 2949: 2906: 2221:

took the position of grand vizier the same day that

4386: 2524:sons. Hayriye died in İstanbul on 15 January 1983. 2519:in the Israelite School at Salonika, and picked up 2398:on 25 February 1943, attended by German ambassador 1862:(a puppet of the committee anyway) by becoming the 1580:, prohibiting foreign postal services, terminating 1506:, a Unionist paramilitary, started harassing them. 1392:, secretary of the local CUP branch, organized the 894:, who was an opponent of his Turkification policies 5716:International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 4939: 4706: 4581: 4027:Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam 3755: 2877: 2772: 2390:, at the request of the Prime Minister of Turkey, 2257:The last official interview Talaat granted was to 2213:Constantinople court demanded it. With the allied 878: 8987:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation 5033:(in Turkish). Turkey: Hiperlink Eğitim İletişim. 3355:Türk Basınında Talat Paşa Suikastı ve Yansımaları 3296: 2450:and others commented on his intimidation skills. 2418:gave the funeral oration as he was buried at the 1748:Talaat believed Armenian deportation avenged the 740:, regaining parts of Eastern Anatolia which were 10613:Assassinated politicians from the Ottoman Empire 10488:20th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire 10449: 9959:Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide 5234:. Princeton University Press. pp. 380–382. 4023: 2425: 2123:Questioned whether he would return and join the 1995:strengthened the Ottoman's position in a future 1780:German reaction to the deportations of Armenians 909:After being released from prison, he joined the 10523:People from the Ottoman Empire of Pomak descent 8882:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings 5930:Destroying the Armenians: History of a Genocide 5278: 4345:This was almost too much, and I lost my temper. 4189:"PBS effort to bridge controversy creates more" 2725: 2040:Talaat with his friends in exile, Holland, 1920 1888:Talaat Pasha at Berlin with his diplomatic team 1851:Talaat Pasha with Central Power negotiators at 10548:Political office-holders in the Ottoman Empire 9794: 6005:Talaat Pasha's report on the Armenian Genocide 5926:Détruire les Arméniens. Histoire d'un génocide 5576: 4019: 4017: 2283:Street where Talaat's assassination took place 942:. However the Inspector General for Macedonia 10045: 9687: 9673: 9025: 8217: 7525: 7108: 6887:Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha 6538: 6316: 6190: 6136: 5529:Consequences of Denial: The Armenian Genocide 5104:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetrossian2020 ( 4096: 4094: 2930: 2527:Her granddaughter, Ayşegül Bafralı, provided 2321: 1956:, promising to open up Jewish immigration to 752:. However breakthroughs by the Allies in the 5583:. Prometheus Books, Publishers. p. 77. 5454:, Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2011, p. 38. 4186: 3064: 3062: 2612:Kieser writes in his biography of Talaat in 2487:and de facto co-dictator of Germany General 2264: 1858:On 4 February 1917, Talaat finally replaced 1737:They can live in the desert but nowhere else 1125:. That year, Louis Rambert, director of the 902:, who ran a modern autocracy, complete with 10498:Committee of Union and Progress politicians 10059: 7397:Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha 4906: 4361:"Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Chapter 25" 4100: 4014: 3270: 3268: 3266: 2931:Kedourie, Sylvia; Wasti, S. Tanvir (1996). 2019:became the new Grand Vizier and signed the 1351:in 1918. Talaat, with Enver and commandant 1152: 996: 898:The Ottoman Empire was ruled by the sultan 618:. After the CUP succeeded in restoring the 572: 10543:Government ministers of the Ottoman Empire 10052: 10038: 9680: 9666: 9032: 9018: 8348:Association for Defence of National Rights 8224: 8210: 7532: 7518: 7115: 7101: 6545: 6531: 6323: 6309: 6197: 6183: 6143: 6129: 5099: 4811: 4334: 4211: 4091: 3512:"İttihat Terakki'nin 'yeminsiz' kadınları" 2926: 2924: 2060:, he fled the Ottoman capital on a German 1916:was translated into Turkish, and even the 1133:writes that he was under the influence of 1028:. For the first time in three decades, an 583:from 1913 to 1918. He was chairman of the 332:17 December 1908 – 8 October 1918 81: 8982:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk 5920: 5728: 5408: 5406: 4994:(in Turkish). Turkey: Yedigün Neşriyatı. 4528: 4516: 4066: 3794: 3349: 3347: 3237:(in Turkish). İmge Kitabevi. p. 53. 3059: 2853: 2744:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.003.0004 2736:The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials 1661:On 24 April 1915, Talaat Pasha issued an 1404:were fabricated by the Empire's enemies. 1282:peace negotiations with the Balkan League 1101:. He learned there that he was appointed 107:4 February 1917 – 8 October 1918 10528:People assassinated by Operation Nemesis 9185: 5673: 5654: 5376: 5030:Edebiyatta Siyaset: Vedat Türkali Örneği 4887: 4671: 4307: 3419: 3263: 2439:Tomb of Talaat Pasha in the cemetery of 2434: 2410:hoped to secure Turkish support for the 2278: 2189: 2035: 1912:. When it came to religious reform, the 1883: 1846: 1718: 1652: 1519: 1326: 1256:The Savior Officer-backed government of 1156: 882: 839:descent. His father, Ahmet Vasıf, was a 809: 805: 273:November 1914 – 4 February 1917 8887:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault 8231: 6281:Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha 5745: 5702: 5659:. Great Britain: Penguin Random House. 5570: 5285:. Altın Kitaplar Kitabevi. p. 92. 5266: 5145: 5060: 4975: 4867:. G. P. Putnam's sons ltd. p. 41. 4862: 4750: 4718: 4695: 4558: 4556: 4241: 4127: 3776: 2921: 2872: 2831: 2535:The Remaining Documents of Talaat Pasha 2515:in Constantinople. He learned to speak 2179: 1820:Kurds were deported to Central Anatolia 1794:Talaat was also a leading force in the 1709:deportees were subject to periodic rape 1509: 699:Ottoman Empire into the First World War 14: 10450: 7451:Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha 6022:Newspaper clippings about Talaat Pasha 5974: 5824: 5615: 5564: 5552: 5463: 5438: 5403: 5364: 5333: 5321: 5254: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5169: 5157: 5075: 5026: 4987: 4865:Ben Kendim: A Record of Eastern Travel 4850: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4683: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4504: 4492: 4443: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4358: 4268: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3764: 3749: 3737: 3694: 3682: 3667: 3655: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3509: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3407: 3386:from the original on 24 September 2021 3344: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3034:; For more see: Stephen R. Graubard, 2958: 2915: 2795: 2783: 2204:fled the country following World War I 1322: 163:12 June 1913 – 8 October 1918 27:Turkish Ottoman politician (1874–1921) 10608:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s 10033: 9661: 9039: 9013: 8205: 7550:Decline and Modernization (1789–1922) 7513: 7096: 6526: 6304: 6178: 6124: 5894: 5857: 5796: 5784:from the original on 22 November 2019 5483:from the original on 27 December 2019 5229: 5181: 5130: 5118: 5087: 4890:Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics 4832:from the original on 31 December 2023 4712: 4235: 4231:from the original on 2 February 2012. 4069:"Armenians mark massacre anniversary" 3505: 3503: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3305: 3274: 3234:Türkler ve Ermeniler: 1915 ve sonrası 3230: 3184:from the original on 5 September 2022 3145: 2933:Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics 2807: 1904:" which was a significant advance in 1827:100,000 Lebanese Christians and Druze 1090:headed the delegation to announce to 871:which served the Jewish community of 768:convicted and sentenced him to death 8862:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt 7157:Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha 5950: 5631: 5540: 5391:from the original on 28 October 2021 5346:from the original on 27 October 2021 4815:Modern Armenia people, nation, state 4800:The History of the Armenian Genocide 4567:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 341. 4553: 4541:from the original on 11 October 2022 4474:from the original on 3 November 2020 4392: 4199:from the original on 5 November 2013 4168:from the original on 31 January 2022 4079:from the original on 25 October 2012 3706: 3637:from the original on 5 November 2022 3522:from the original on 29 October 2021 3036:The Armenian Genocide in Perspective 2696:- Note that he was known as "Talaat 2680: 2656: 2406:, and Saracoğlu. With this gesture, 2287:With most CUP leaders in exile, the 2031: 1750:Muslim expulsions of the Balkan Wars 1657:Corpses of massacred Armenians, 1918 1614: 1355:, formed a group later known as the 1312:Union and Progress regime: 1913–1918 10558:Politicians from the Ottoman Empire 10518:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiators 10493:Recipients of Ottoman royal pardons 9949:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration 9637:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 9419:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration 7079:Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha 6251:Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha 5657:The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire 4529:Tavernice, Sabrina (9 March 2009). 3777:Zürcher, Erik Jan (13 April 2019). 3311: 3282:. London: John Murray. p. 67. 3251: 3208:Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2323:Bir Talât gider, bin Talât yetişir. 2026: 1002:Young Turk Revolution and aftermath 24: 9711:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari 9442:National Armenian Relief Committee 8533:Nationalist and Conservative Party 6413:Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger 6103:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 5597:from the original on 17 March 2023 5299:from the original on 17 March 2023 5008:from the original on 15 March 2023 4289:from the original on 17 March 2023 4044:from the original on 17 March 2023 3500: 3363: 2760:from the original on 23 April 2021 2249:Monitoring by British intelligence 2013:Bulgaria capitulated to the allies 1864:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 1829:) died during World War I and the 823:Mehmed Talaat was born in 1874 in 658:, and the power struggle with the 630:, he was elected as a deputy from 606:Talaat was an early member of the 61:, and there is no family name. 25: 10624: 10004:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora 9578:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day 8962:Confiscation of Armenian property 8832:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul 8480:Republican Villagers Nation Party 7439:Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha 6233:Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha 6227:Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha 6107:4 February 1917 – 8 October 1918 6053:4 February 1913 – 8 October 1918 5988: 5531:, p. 182, 2008, Karnac Books Ltd 5377:Bardakçı, Murat (24 April 2009). 4920:from the original on 8 March 2009 4455: 4138:Yale Journal of International Law 4067:Demourian, Avet (25 April 2009). 3719:from the original on 5 March 2016 3627:"Committee of Union and Progress" 2541:Talaat Pasha was a member of the 1987:to Ottoman rule after their loss 1698:He then issued the order for the 1625:A report presented to Talaat and 796:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 766:Ottoman Special Military Tribunal 666:disillusioned with multicultural 494:Ottoman Special Military Tribunal 320:Member of the Chamber of Deputies 217:August 1909 – March 1911 10583:Assassinated Turkish politicians 7496: 7355:Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha 6947:Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha 6287:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger 6275:Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder 6164: 6151: 6080:November 1914 – 4 February 1917 5934:Presses Universitaires de France 5521: 5509:from the original on 28 May 2022 5495: 5469: 5444: 5370: 5327: 5272: 5223: 5020: 4981: 4952:from the original on 26 May 2022 4932: 4881: 4856: 4805: 4792: 4689: 4374:from the original on 7 July 2022 4341:. Doubleday, Page. p. 339. 4311:Talât Paşa'nın evrak-ı metrûkesi 4030:. Lexington Books. p. 130. 3624: 3000:. For more see: Michael Newton, 2977:, Henry Holt and Company, 2010, 2935:. Psychology Press. p. 96. 2494: 2355:, along with the former head of 2127:, Talaat declined, arguing that 2064:that night where they landed in 1993:Caucasian states signed in Batum 1931:, and appointed a loyal friend, 1789:deportation of the Pontus Greeks 1756:in abandoned Armenian property. 1094:of his ascension to the throne. 926:and began a correspondence with 9886:Committee of Union and Progress 9366:Committee of Union and Progress 9055:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 8459:Committee of Union and Progress 8408:Turkish Resistance Organisation 7586:Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha 7061:Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha 7055:Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha 6263:Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha 5334:Özberk, Ferdi (13 March 2021). 4522: 4449: 4352: 4328: 4301: 4262: 4180: 4121: 4060: 3770: 3700: 3618: 3332: 3224: 3196: 3139: 3118: 3084: 3076:. 17 March 2014. Archived from 3025: 2991: 2964: 1774:Meanwhile, deportations of the 1318:Committee of Union and Progress 1145:and his more revolutionary and 911:Committee of Union and Progress 890:, Talaat's friend and Unionist 879:Activism against Abdul Hamid II 608:Committee of Union and Progress 10533:Armenian genocide perpetrators 10009:Assyrian independence movement 9868:Military of the Ottoman Empire 9070:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897) 8998:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez! 8867:Zirve Publishing House murders 8857:Assassination of Kemal Türkler 8822:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale 7235:Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha 7037:Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha 5960:. Princeton University Press. 4988:Yalçın, Hüseyin Cahit (1943). 4812:Libaridian, Gerald J. (2007). 4335:Morgenthau, Henry Sr. (1919). 4187:Josh Belzman (23 April 2006). 2866: 2847: 2825: 2801: 2798:, p. xi, 22–23, 247, 333. 2719: 2673: 2646: 2581:Germany committed against Jews 2430: 2075:on 10 November, the day after 1873:. Like first president of the 1836: 1548:were successful in securing a 1516:Ottoman entry into World War I 1494:to prepare for the arrests of 1199:Minister of Post and Telegraph 831:into a middle-class family of 788:assassinated in Berlin in 1921 701:. During World War I, he 610:(CUP), eventually leading its 13: 1: 10508:Ottoman people of World War I 10019:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 9733:Ottoman Empire in World War I 9477:Assassination of Talaat Pasha 9106:Ottoman Empire in World War I 7049:Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha 7007:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha 6731:Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha 4338:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 3796:10.1080/00263206.2019.1590820 3510:Boyutu, Yazı (8 April 2012). 3380:Turkey in the First World War 3093:For more see: Eric Bogosian, 2973:For more see: David Fromkin, 2707: 2426:Personality and relationships 2365:August von Platen-Hallermünde 2275:State funeral of Talaat Pasha 2271:Assassination of Talaat Pasha 2239:Central Committee of Ittihadd 2200:on 4 November 1918 after the 2129:Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) 1952:, Talaat reproached with the 1599:. But Enver Pasha's decisive 1570:a naval strike against Russia 1502:to protect themselves as the 780:Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) 764:fled the Ottoman Empire. The 742:occupied by Russia since 1878 721:; these events initiated the 709:of Armenian intellectuals in 436:Monument of Liberty, Istanbul 10578:Assassinated revolutionaries 10483:Deaths by firearm in Germany 9075:Young Turk Revolution (1908) 8847:Political violence in Turkey 7568:Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha 7271:Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha 7013:Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha 6689:Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha 6245:Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha 5975:Tunaya, Tarık Zafer (1952). 5688:10.1080/14683849.2011.572627 3146:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). 2712: 2688: 2667: 2215:occupation of Constantinople 2186:Istanbul trials of 1919–1920 2125:Turkish nationalist movement 1942:, as its head. In a play of 1761:Assyrian Christian community 1556:. Following the sale of the 1550:secret alliance with Germany 1331:Talaat in diplomatic costume 818: 784:Turkey's War of Independence 719:Temporary Law of Deportation 601:Minister of Interior Affairs 7: 10593:Greek genocide perpetrators 9647:Hitler's Armenian reference 9642:Assassination of Hrant Dink 9517:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh 8877:Assassination of Hrant Dink 8782:Turkish War of Independence 8312:Turkish Cypriot nationalism 7910:Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha 7241:Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha 7229:Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha 7169:Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha 7043:Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha 6026:20th Century Press Archives 5981:Political Parties in Turkey 5282:Başverenler, başkaldıranlar 4269:Hewitt, William L. (2004). 4248:. Oxford University Press. 3160:10.1007/978-3-030-59400-8_2 3004:, Faber & Faber, 2012, 2854:Rosenbaum, Alan S. (2001). 2738:. Oxford University Press. 2627: 2340:Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof 2162:Galip Kemali (Söylemezoğlu) 2134:Turkish War of Independence 1922:reforms by Atatürk's regime 988:of the internal CUP, while 853:1877–1878 Russo-Turkish war 829:Adrianople (Edirne) Vilayet 10: 10629: 8837:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 8490:Nationalist Movement Party 8012:Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha 7844:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha 7832:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha 7790:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha 7487:Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha 7433:Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha 7391:Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha 7349:Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha 7325:Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha 6833:Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha 6737:Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha 6563:Transformation (1550–1700) 5977:Türkiye'de Siyasi Partiler 5836:Princeton University Press 5625: 2268: 2183: 2108:, Talaat reconnected with 1991:. Another treaty with the 1908:and secularism in Ottoman 1840: 1618: 1513: 1345:Ottoman Empire's surrender 1341:Said Halim Pasha's cabinet 1315: 1241:", which was the original 1038:featured political parties 847:. Talaat's family fled to 567:activist, politician, and 38: 29: 10219: 10138: 10130:Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu 10067: 9986: 9941: 9860: 9839: 9751: 9698: 9612: 9546:Witnesses and testimonies 9538: 9492: 9452: 9411: 9358: 9295: 9250: 9119: 9047: 8972:Denial of Kurds by Turkey 8900: 8737: 8561: 8538:Rights and Equality Party 8467:Republican People's Party 8441: 8335: 8317:Turkish-Islamic synthesis 8239: 7628:Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha 7592:Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha 7557: 7509: 7494: 7475:Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha 7313:Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha 7277:Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha 7140: 7092: 7001:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha 6570: 6522: 6348: 6341:Classical Age (1453–1550) 6300: 6222: 6174: 6109: 6100: 6092: 6082: 6073: 6065: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6037: 6015:10 September 2016 at the 4892:. Routledge. p. 41. 4888:Kedourie, Sylvia (1996). 4024:Steven L. Jacobs (2009). 2564: 2359:, the ex-director of the 2265:Assassination and funeral 2172:After the failure of the 2079:fled the city due to the 1707:or after. Meanwhile, the 1530:Second Constitutional Era 1386:another peace with Greece 1382:Constantinople conference 1291:national unity government 1287:Raid on the Sublime Porte 1260:fell soon after when the 951:Ottoman Freedom Committee 869:Alliance Israelite School 646:the next year during the 546: 542: 538: 530: 518: 513: 499: 489: 477: 473: 469: 461: 451: 441: 431: 422:Manner of death 421: 401: 370: 365: 361: 336: 325: 318: 299: 287: 277: 266: 259: 247: 235: 221: 210: 198: 179: 167: 156: 149: 137: 125: 111: 100: 93: 89: 80: 68: 9268:Post-genocide population 8992:Armenian genocide denial 8757:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 8518:Independent Turkey Party 8252:Atatürk personality cult 7730:Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha 7718:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha 7700:Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha 7379:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha 7373:Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha 7361:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha 7331:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha 7217:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha 6989:Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha 6863:Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha 6809:Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha 5808:Harvard University Press 5765:Kiepenheuer & Witsch 5279:Ergun Hiçyılmaz (1993). 4863:Herbert, Aubrey (1925). 4367:Brigham Young University 4308:Bardakçı, Murat (2008). 4242:de Waal, Thomas (2015). 4128:Dadrian, Vahakn (1989). 2886:Harvard University Press 2856:Is the Holocaust Unique? 2734:; Gerry Simpson (eds.). 2726:Balint Jennifer (2013). 2639: 2513:Lycée Notre Dame de Sion 2217:, İzzet Pasha resigned. 2146:Abdülkadir Cami (Baykut) 2007:. Simultaneously on the 1831:total Ottoman war deaths 1791:of the Black Sea coast. 1648:defence of the Bosphorus 1597:the declaration of Jihad 1274:Rumelian Muslim refugees 1210:Freedom and Accord Party 1195:Freedom and Accord Party 1161:Talaat with CUP leaders 1153:Crisis for the committee 1103:Minister of the Interior 997:Rise to power: 1908–1913 660:Freedom and Accord Party 640:Minister of the Interior 585:Union and Progress Party 485:Premeditated mass murder 456:Union and Progress Party 426:Assassination by gunshot 151:Minister of the Interior 10568:Turkish revolutionaries 10061:Party leaders in Turkey 9928:Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde 9812:Flavianus Michael Malke 9433:Foreign aid and relief 9258:Pre-genocide population 9096:1914 Greek deportations 8957:Citizen, speak Turkish! 8398:Turkish Revenge Brigade 8247:16 Great Turkic Empires 8120:Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha 7688:Mehmed Said Galip Pasha 7562:Hassan Pasha of Algiers 7463:Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha 7421:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha 7385:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha 7247:Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha 6845:Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha 6821:Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha 6623:Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha 6605:Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha 6455:Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha 6086:Abdurrahman Vefik Sayın 5655:Gingeras, Ryan (2022). 5577:Muammer Kaylan (2005). 5027:Cansun, Şebnem (2020). 4465:University of Amsterdam 4365:Harold B. Lee Library, 2381:Grand National Assembly 2297:Talaat was assassinated 2101:Socialist International 1879:Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) 1270:Adrianople was besieged 949:In September 1906, the 913:(CUP), a revolutionary 762:CUP's central committee 734:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 306:Abdurrahman Vefik Sayın 9964:Paris Peace Conference 9620:Late Ottoman genocides 9412:International response 8913:Turkish History Thesis 8892:Murder of Deniz Poyraz 8807:Racism-Turanism trials 7778:Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha 7760:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha 7736:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha 7724:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha 7712:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha 7646:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha 7211:Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha 7205:Nişancı Süleyman Pasha 7145:Daltaban Mustafa Pasha 7133:Old Regime (1700–1789) 7025:Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II 6977:Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha 6881:Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha 6653:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha 6635:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha 6617:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha 6461:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha 6437:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha 6407:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha 6269:Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha 6257:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha 4914:"Operationnemesis.com" 4359:Morgenthau, Henry Sr. 3783:Middle Eastern Studies 3204:Talât Paşa'nın anıları 2821:pp. 165, 186–187. 2693: 2625: 2559:spies of Yıldız Palace 2443: 2416:Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) 2322: 2284: 2205: 2083:. The new chancellor, 2041: 1889: 1855: 1746: 1724: 1696: 1658: 1525: 1524:Ottoman Empire in 1914 1364:Grand Vizier in 1917. 1332: 1280:'s government started 1170: 895: 815: 707:arrest and deportation 573: 569:convicted war criminal 465:Hayriye Talaat Bafralı 10468:People from Kardzhali 10080:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 9722:Young Turk Revolution 9142:20 Hunchakian gallows 9091:1914 Armenian reforms 9080:Adana massacre (1909) 8940:1934 Resettlement Law 8777:Deportations of Kurds 8699:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu 8649:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 8528:People's Ascent Party 8428:Youth Union of Turkey 8423:Sultan Murad Division 8393:Peace at Home Council 7880:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha 7850:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha 7826:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha 7802:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha 7772:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha 7622:Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha 7616:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 7415:Silahdar Mehmed Pasha 7319:Seyyid Abdullah Pasha 6983:Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I 6965:Ermeni Süleyman Pasha 6929:Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I 6905:Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha 6893:Nevesinli Salih Pasha 6803:Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha 6485:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha 6389:Karamani Mehmed Pasha 6050:Minister of Interior 5230:Akçam, Taner (2012). 4699:Ohio State University 3231:Timur, Taner (2000). 3112:17 March 2023 at the 3097:, Hachette UK, 2015, 3053:17 March 2023 at the 3019:17 March 2023 at the 2841:Yale University Press 2620: 2485:Eliftherios Venizelos 2438: 2309:cursory two-day trial 2282: 2193: 2156:sent the ambassadors 2039: 1929:Ministry of Rationing 1887: 1871:European civilization 1850: 1741: 1733:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 1722: 1692: 1656: 1633:) by Dashnak members 1523: 1413:Karekin Pastermadjian 1330: 1191:Karekin Pastermadjian 1160: 1030:election was held for 1012:Young Turk Revolution 886: 813: 806:Early life: 1874–1908 705:on 24 April 1915 the 628:Young Turk Revolution 10573:Assassinated viziers 10563:Turkish nationalists 10352:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 10125:Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ 9873:Special Organization 9786:Near East Foundation 9437:Near East Foundation 9403:Special Organization 9161:Concentration camps 9111:Battle of Sarikamish 8604:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul 8277:Nine Lights Doctrine 8132:Mahmud Shevket Pasha 7652:Dervish Mehmed Pasha 7634:Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha 7610:Çelebi Mustafa Pasha 7445:Kalafat Mehmed Pasha 7409:Ivazzade Halil Pasha 7403:Moldovancı Ali Pasha 7343:Naili Abdullah Pasha 7193:Baltaji Mehmet Pasha 7175:Baltaji Mehmet Pasha 6995:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha 6959:Kara Dev Murad Pasha 6941:Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha 6779:Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha 6593:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 6503:Hadım Suleiman Pasha 5640:. pp. 151–169. 4467:. pp. 217–226. 3740:, pp. 137, 140. 3210:. 2000. p. 27. 2349:Richard von Kühlmann 2180:Trial and conviction 2142:Halide Edip (Adıvar) 1973:Brest-Litovsk treaty 1843:Talaat Pasha cabinet 1800:deportation of Kurds 1605:failure to take Suez 1601:defeat in Sarikamish 1510:Entering World War I 1504:Special Organisation 1390:Mahmud Celal (Bayar) 1165:and Enver Pasha and 1043:A year later in the 776:Turkish Nationalists 677:In 1913, Talaat and 672:Turkish nationalists 662:made Talaat and the 10407:Temel Karamollaoğlu 10392:Selahattin Demirtaş 10267:Hüsamettin Cindoruk 9994:Assyrians in Turkey 9942:Cultural depictions 9807:Shamoun Hanna Haydo 9693:(Assyrian genocide) 9494:Cultural depictions 9345:Rescue of Armenians 9263:Genocide casualties 9101:Congress at Erzerum 9065:Turkish nationalism 8935:Animal name changes 8797:1934 Thrace pogroms 8659:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt 8513:Bright Turkey Party 8495:Nation Party (1992) 8485:Nation Party (1962) 8475:Nation Party (1948) 8292:Sun Language Theory 8233:Turkish nationalism 8108:Ibrahim Hakki Pasha 8102:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 8090:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 7970:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha 7946:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha 7934:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha 7898:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha 7874:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha 7838:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha 7820:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 7814:Mustafa Naili Pasha 7808:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 7796:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 7784:Mustafa Naili Pasha 7766:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 7754:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 7748:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha 7742:Mustafa Reşid Pasha 7676:Deli Abdullah Pasha 7604:Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha 7337:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha 7301:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha 7295:Nişancı Ahmed Pasha 7259:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha 7187:Köprülü Numan Pasha 7031:Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha 7019:Sarı Süleyman Pasha 6953:Ibşir Mustafa Pasha 6875:Tayyar Mehmed Pasha 6827:Çerkes Mehmed Pasha 6719:Yemişçi Hasan Pasha 6713:Damat Ibrahim Pasha 6707:Cerrah Mehmed Pasha 6695:Damat Ibrahim Pasha 6683:Damat Ibrahim Pasha 6665:Serdar Ferhad Pasha 6647:Serdar Ferhad Pasha 6076:Minister of Finance 5952:Suny, Ronald Grigor 5932:] (in French). 5860:Die Welt des Islams 5730:10.51442/ijags.0009 5367:, pp. 381–385. 4626:, pp. 362–363. 4602:, pp. 322–323. 4507:, pp. 260–261. 4431:, pp. 257–258. 4011:, pp. 228–229. 3999:, pp. 225–226. 3963:, pp. 191–192. 3939:, pp. 170–171. 3713:İslâm Ansiklopedisi 3038:, Routledge, 2017, 2862:. pp. 122–123. 2441:Monument of Liberty 2420:Monument of Liberty 2377:Kemalist government 2295:. On 15 March 1921 2158:Bekir Sami (Kunduh) 2138:Tevfik Rüştü (Aras) 2106:Sparticist uprising 2093:Ernst-Reuter Square 2081:November Revolution 2021:Armistice of Mudros 1950:Balfour Declaration 1902:Temporal Family Law 1898:Istanbul University 1875:succeeding republic 1595:by capitalizing on 1428:Vartkes Serengülian 1394:deportations of Rûm 1359:. These men were a 1323:Consolidating power 1229:with Midhat Şükrü, 1187:Vartkes Serengülian 1183:İbrahim Hakkı Pasha 1073:Mahmud Şevket Pasha 1034:Chamber of Deputies 944:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 936:Salonika Law School 892:Minister of Finance 687:Mahmud Şevket Pasha 636:Chamber of Deputies 614:chapter during the 261:Minister of Finance 230:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 226:İbrahim Hakkı Pasha 10598:Murdered criminals 10553:People from Edirne 10538:Sayfo perpetrators 10382:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 10272:Aydın Güven Gürkan 9977:The Last Assyrians 9716:Hamidian massacres 9484:Treaty of Lausanne 9350:Turkish opposition 8952:The Twenty Classes 8918:Place name changes 8872:Gezi Park protests 8817:Battle of Tillyria 8752:Hamidian massacres 8614:Ali bey Huseynzade 8186:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 8174:Salih Hulusi Pasha 8156:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 8144:Mehmed Talat Pasha 8096:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 8072:Mehmed Ferid Pasha 7964:Mehmed Sadık Pasha 7928:Mahmud Nedim Pasha 7916:Hüseyin Avni Pasha 7886:Mahmud Nedim Pasha 7706:Reşid Mehmed Pasha 7694:Mehmed Selim Pasha 7682:Silahdar Ali Pasha 7664:Benderli Ali Pasha 7598:Hafiz Ismail Pasha 7580:Melek Mehmed Pasha 7457:Izzet Mehmed Pasha 7427:Izzet Mehmed Pasha 7307:Seyyid Hasan Pasha 7283:Yeğen Mehmed Pasha 7265:Gürcü Ismail Pasha 7073:Elmas Mehmed Pasha 6971:Gazi Hüseyin Pasha 6935:Gürcü Mehmed Pasha 6815:Mere Hüseyin Pasha 6797:Mere Hüseyin Pasha 6743:Kuyucu Murad Pasha 6449:Koca Mustafa Pasha 6038:Political offices 5826:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 5450:Angelo Iacovella, 5102:, pp. 99–100. 4224:The New York Times 3339:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 3327:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 3258:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 2587:under discussion. 2444: 2414:. Talaat's friend 2313:temporary insanity 2305:Soghomon Tehlirian 2285: 2219:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 2206: 2194:The front page of 2042: 1890: 1856: 1725: 1659: 1603:and Cemal Pasha's 1586:Sultanahmet Square 1582:Lebanon's autonomy 1526: 1333: 1306:relieve Adrianople 1258:Ahmed Muhtar Pasha 1247:Sultanahmet Square 1171: 1088:Ahmed Muhtar Pasha 1053:Khachatur Malumian 1049:Ahmed Tevfik Pasha 1036:, which this time 896: 816: 794:, a member of the 792:Soghomon Tehlirian 730:Ottoman government 571:who served as the 242:Mehmed Ferid Pasha 30:For the book, see 10445: 10444: 10367:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk 10357:İsmail Cem İpekçi 10277:Ülkü Söylemezoğlu 10247:Ahmet Nusret Tuna 10201:Necmettin Erbakan 10027: 10026: 9999:Assyrians in Iraq 9847:Defence of Iwardo 9835: 9834: 9738:Armenian genocide 9706:Assyrian homeland 9655: 9654: 9583:100th anniversary 9472:Operation Nemesis 9246: 9245: 9060:Armenian question 9041:Armenian genocide 9007: 9006: 8908:Atatürk's reforms 8787:Elza Niego affair 8772:Assyrian genocide 8767:Armenian genocide 8674:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu 8624:Zeki Velidi Togan 8599:Noman Çelebicihan 8508:Great Unity Party 8413:Turkists of Gebze 8368:Counter-Guerrilla 8343:9 September Front 8257:Idealism (Turkey) 8199: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8180:Damat Ferid Pasha 8162:Damat Ferid Pasha 8150:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 8114:Mehmed Said Pasha 8078:Mehmed Said Pasha 8066:Mehmed Said Pasha 8060:Halil Rifat Pasha 8048:Mehmed Said Pasha 8042:Ahmed Cevad Pasha 8030:Mehmed Said Pasha 8024:Ahmed Vefik Pasha 8018:Mehmed Said Pasha 8006:Mehmed Said Pasha 7994:Mehmed Said Pasha 7988:Ahmed Arifi Pasha 7958:Ahmed Vefik Pasha 7952:Ahmed Hamdi Pasha 7868:Mehmed Fuad Pasha 7862:Yusuf Kamil Pasha 7856:Mehmed Fuad Pasha 7505: 7504: 7469:Halil Hamid Pasha 7289:Ivaz Mehmed Pasha 7253:Topal Osman Pasha 7181:Çorlulu Ali Pasha 7163:Damat Hasan Pasha 7151:Rami Mehmed Pasha 7088: 7087: 7067:Sürmeli Ali Pasha 6923:Melek Ahmed Pasha 6911:Sofu Mehmed Pasha 6857:Topal Recep Pasha 6851:Hafiz Ahmed Pasha 6839:Damat Halil Pasha 6773:Güzelce Ali Pasha 6767:Öküz Mehmed Pasha 6761:Damat Halil Pasha 6755:Öküz Mehmed Pasha 6701:Hadım Hasan Pasha 6671:Lala Mehmed Pasha 6629:Hadim Mesih Pasha 6599:Semiz Ahmed Pasha 6518: 6517: 6491:Ayas Mehmed Pasha 6479:Piri Mehmed Pasha 6467:Hadım Sinan Pasha 6383:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 6377:Veli Mahmud Pasha 6359:Veli Mahmud Pasha 6296: 6295: 6119: 6118: 6113:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 6110:Succeeded by 6083:Succeeded by 6056:Succeeded by 5967:978-1-4008-6558-1 5943:978-2-13-062617-6 5922:Nichanian, Mikaël 5845:978-0-691-15762-7 5817:978-0-674-50479-0 5774:978-3-462-03468-4 5666:978-0-241-44432-0 5647:978-3-412-23406-5 5590:978-1-61592-897-2 5241:978-0-691-15956-0 4574:978-1-78831-241-7 4227:. 8 August 1916. 4037:978-0-7391-3589-1 3707:Hanioğlu, Şükrü. 3555:, pp. 82–83. 3543:, pp. 85–86. 3410:, pp. 46–49. 3289:978-0-7195-6592-2 3244:978-975-533-318-2 3217:978-975-458-195-9 3169:978-3-030-59400-8 2817:. New York City: 2686: 2679:Ottoman Turkish: 2665: 2592:Hans-Lukas Kieser 2551:Macedonia Risorta 2507:girl from Yanya ( 2404:Ahmet Emin Yalman 2353:Arthur Zimmermann 2293:Operation Nemesis 2227:Damat Ferid Pasha 2154:Ankara government 2144:, Celal (Bayar), 2077:Kaiser Wilhelm II 2032:Escape to Germany 2017:Ahmed İzzet Pasha 2005:Palestinian front 1962:loss of Jerusalem 1621:Armenian genocide 1615:Armenian genocide 1534:Ahmet İzzet Pasha 1436:Armenian question 1417:Bedros Hallachian 1378:Second Balkan War 1131:Hans-Lukas Kieser 1115:Ottoman Palestine 1059:, hid Talaat and 1045:31 March Incident 986:secretary-general 924:Macedonia Risorta 800:Operation Nemesis 723:Armenian genocide 648:31 March Incident 638:and later became 597:Armenian genocide 563:, was an Ottoman 550: 549: 525:Ottoman Armenians 144:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 16:(Redirected from 10620: 10317:Murat Karayalçın 10297:Yıldırım Akbulut 10176:Turhan Feyzioğlu 10171:Alparslan Türkeş 10166:Süleyman Demirel 10161:Mehmet Ali Aybar 10054: 10047: 10040: 10031: 10030: 9970:The Hidden Pearl 9852:Defense of Azakh 9792: 9791: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9659: 9658: 9600:notable visitors 9573:Hidden Armenians 9502:Ravished Armenia 9424:Imperial Germany 9333:Shabin-Karahisar 9305:Armenian militia 9273:Hidden Armenians 9183: 9182: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9011: 9010: 8842:Beyazıt massacre 8669:Abulfaz Elchibey 8664:Alparslan Türkeş 8504: 8471: 8463: 8462:(Ottoman Empire) 8455: 8454:(Ottoman Empire) 8287:Racism in Turkey 8226: 8219: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8138:Said Halim Pasha 7922:Ahmed Esad Pasha 7904:Ahmed Esad Pasha 7670:Hacı Salih Pasha 7658:Seyyid Ali Pasha 7574:Koca Yusuf Pasha 7534: 7527: 7520: 7511: 7510: 7500: 7481:Koca Yusuf Pasha 7367:Koca Ragıp Pasha 7223:Hacı Halil Pasha 7117: 7110: 7103: 7094: 7093: 6917:Kara Murat Pasha 6791:Kara Davud Pasha 6677:Koca Sinan Pasha 6659:Koca Sinan Pasha 6641:Koca Sinan Pasha 6611:Koca Sinan Pasha 6575:Kara Ahmed Pasha 6547: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6401:Koca Davud Pasha 6365:Rum Mehmed Pasha 6325: 6318: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6215:Rise (1299–1453) 6199: 6192: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6155: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6096:Said Halim Pasha 6093:Preceded by 6069:Mehmet Cavit Bey 6066:Preceded by 6059:Mustafa Arif Bey 6043:Preceded by 6035: 6034: 5984: 5971: 5947: 5917: 5891: 5849: 5821: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5783: 5762: 5742: 5732: 5712: 5699: 5670: 5651: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5527:Alayaria, Aida; 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5416:. 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Archived from 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4073:The Boston Globe 4064: 4058: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4021: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3798: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3507: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3372: 3361: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3143: 3137: 3122: 3116: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3080:on 7 April 2014. 3066: 3057: 3029: 3023: 2995: 2989: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2883: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2723: 2701: 2691: 2685:romanized: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2605:by the Allies. 2489:Erich Ludendorff 2375:". In 1922, the 2325: 2027:Exile: 1918–1921 2009:Macedonian front 1954:Zionist movement 1941: 1860:Said Halim Pasha 1752:, and resettled 1538:Czar Nicholas II 1496:Ottoman Armenian 1432:a reform package 1425: 1366:Erik Jan Zürcher 1302:First Balkan War 1266:First Balkan War 1177:, Cavid, Talat, 1127:Régie des Tabacs 1111:Finance Minister 1055:, leader of the 971: 955:Dr. Midhat Şükrü 865:Turkish language 758:Palestine fronts 652:Rumelian Muslims 578: 534:Around 1 million 521: 500:Criminal penalty 482: 408: 396: 381:1 September 1874 380: 378: 366:Personal details 357: 330: 314: 302: 290: 282:Said Halim Pasha 271: 250: 238: 215: 201: 194: 182: 174:Said Halim Pasha 161: 140: 132:Said Halim Pasha 128: 105: 85: 66: 65: 43:style name, the 21: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10402:Binali Yıldırım 10397:Ahmet Davutoğlu 10387:Numan Kurtulmuş 10292:Necdet Karababa 10215: 10191:Ferruh Bozbeyli 10151:Ragıp Gümüşpala 10134: 10120:Osman Bölükbaşı 10085:Kâzım Karabekir 10063: 10058: 10028: 10023: 10014:Simele massacre 9982: 9937: 9856: 9831: 9795:Notable victims 9790: 9747: 9694: 9686: 9656: 9651: 9608: 9595:Tsitsernakaberd 9534: 9488: 9448: 9407: 9396:Bahaeddin Şakir 9354: 9291: 9242: 9181: 9115: 9043: 9038: 9008: 9003: 8930:Language reform 8896: 8812:Istanbul pogrom 8802:Dersim massacre 8739: 8733: 8714:Yusuf Halaçoğlu 8704:Kemal Kerinçsiz 8584:Kâzım Karabekir 8557: 8548:Patriotic Party 8502: 8469: 8461: 8453: 8443: 8437: 8403:Turkish Hearths 8388:Ottoman Hearths 8383:Kuva-yi Milliye 8353:Alperen Hearths 8331: 8235: 8230: 8200: 8191: 7982:Hayreddin Pasha 7553: 7538: 7501: 7492: 7199:Ağa Yusuf Pasha 7136: 7121: 7084: 6899:Kara Musa Pasha 6725:Yavuz Ali Pasha 6587:Semiz Ali Pasha 6566: 6551: 6514: 6443:Hadim Ali Pasha 6431:Hadim Ali Pasha 6344: 6329: 6292: 6218: 6203: 6170: 6163: 6149: 6115: 6106: 6098: 6088: 6079: 6071: 6061: 6052: 6046: 6017:Wayback Machine 5991: 5968: 5944: 5914: 5904:Harry N. Abrams 5872:10.2307/1570757 5846: 5818: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5760: 5710: 5676:Turkish Studies 5667: 5648: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5420:on 5 March 2016 5412: 5411: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5302: 5300: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5269:, pp. 8–9. 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5100:Petrossian 2020 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5048: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4946:The Independent 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4732:on 5 March 2016 4724: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4561: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4099: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4065: 4061: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 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1935: 1910:matrimonial law 1845: 1839: 1623: 1617: 1609:Caucasian front 1528:Throughout the 1518: 1512: 1419: 1337:one-party state 1325: 1320: 1314: 1222:the coup d'état 1218:Minister of War 1214:Savior Officers 1155: 1077:Shaykh al-Islam 1004: 999: 965: 963:İsmail Canbulat 904:a secret police 881: 867:teacher in the 835:, Turkish, and 821: 808: 519: 478: 452:Political party 410: 406: 391: 382: 376: 374: 343: 331: 326: 308: 300: 288: 272: 267: 248: 236: 228: 216: 211: 199: 188: 180: 172: 162: 157: 138: 126: 118: 106: 101: 76: 71: 62: 41:Ottoman Turkish 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10626: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10603:Bektashi Order 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10377:Süleyman Soylu 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10332:Devlet Bahçeli 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10186:Mustafa Timisi 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10115:Adnan Menderes 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10057: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10034: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9883: 9881:Kurdish tribes 9877: 9876: 9875: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9685: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9625:Greek genocide 9622: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9548: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9498: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9469: 9464: 9462:Courts-martial 9458: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9431: 9429:Press coverage 9426: 9421: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9282: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9037: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8946:Varlık Vergisi 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8852:Maraş massacre 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8827:Sivas massacre 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8792:Zilan massacre 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8762:Greek genocide 8759: 8754: 8749: 8747:Adana massacre 8743: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8594:Ömer Seyfettin 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:National Party 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8523:Homeland Party 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500:Workers' Party 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8447: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262:Islamokemalism 8259: 8254: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8229: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8206: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8168:Ali Rıza Pasha 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7545:Ottoman Empire 7537: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7128:Ottoman Empire 7120: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6558:Ottoman Empire 6550: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6336:Ottoman Empire 6328: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6210:Ottoman Empire 6202: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6172: 6171: 6161:Ottoman Empire 6148: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6108: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6054: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6019: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5989:External links 5987: 5986: 5985: 5972: 5966: 5948: 5942: 5918: 5913:978-1585673346 5912: 5892: 5866:(1/4): 46–56. 5855: 5844: 5822: 5816: 5794: 5773: 5743: 5704:Hofmann, Tessa 5700: 5682:(2): 177–189. 5671: 5665: 5652: 5646: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5608: 5589: 5569: 5567:, p. xii. 5557: 5555:, p. 313. 5545: 5543:, p. 151. 5533: 5520: 5494: 5468: 5456: 5443: 5431: 5402: 5369: 5357: 5326: 5314: 5291: 5271: 5259: 5257:, p. 286. 5247: 5240: 5222: 5220:, p. 214. 5210: 5198: 5196:, p. 329. 5186: 5174: 5172:, p. 419. 5162: 5160:, p. 420. 5150: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5092: 5090:, p. 232. 5080: 5078:, p. 405. 5065: 5046: 5039: 5019: 5000: 4980: 4963: 4931: 4905: 4898: 4880: 4873: 4855: 4853:, p. 382. 4843: 4825:978-1412813518 4824: 4804: 4802:, pp. 323–324. 4791: 4789:, p. 381. 4779: 4777:, p. 388. 4767: 4755: 4743: 4717: 4705: 4688: 4686:, p. 385. 4676: 4664: 4662:, p. 379. 4652: 4650:, p. 372. 4640: 4638:, p. 369. 4628: 4616: 4614:, p. 323. 4604: 4592: 4580: 4573: 4552: 4535:New York Times 4521: 4519:, p. 204. 4517:Nichanian 2015 4509: 4497: 4495:, p. 260. 4485: 4448: 4446:, p. 259. 4433: 4421: 4419:, p. 239. 4409: 4407:, p. 292. 4397: 4395:, p. 269. 4385: 4351: 4327: 4321:978-9752895607 4320: 4300: 4281: 4261: 4255:978-0199350711 4254: 4234: 4210: 4179: 4120: 4114:978-1610696883 4113: 4090: 4059: 4036: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3987:, p. 224. 3977: 3975:, p. 222. 3965: 3953: 3951:, p. 215. 3941: 3929: 3927:, p. 208. 3917: 3915:, p. 200. 3905: 3903:, p. 160. 3893: 3891:, p. 177. 3881: 3879:, p. 176. 3869: 3867:, p. 146. 3854: 3852:, p. 144. 3842: 3840:, p. 143. 3830: 3828:, p. 219. 3818: 3789:(6): 897–913. 3769: 3754: 3752:, p. 138. 3742: 3730: 3699: 3697:, p. 125. 3687: 3685:, p. 211. 3672: 3670:, p. 130. 3660: 3658:, p. 121. 3648: 3617: 3615:, p. 117. 3605: 3593: 3591:, p. 116. 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3422:, p. 178. 3412: 3397: 3362: 3343: 3331: 3310: 3295: 3288: 3262: 3250: 3243: 3223: 3216: 3195: 3168: 3138: 3117: 3083: 3058: 3024: 2990: 2963: 2948: 2941: 2920: 2905: 2898: 2865: 2860:Westview Press 2846: 2843:. p. 414. 2824: 2819:Holt & Co. 2814:A Shameful Act 2800: 2788: 2771: 2752: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2672: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2634:Symon Petliura 2629: 2626: 2571:Raphael Lemkin 2566: 2563: 2543:Bektashi order 2529:Murat Bardakçı 2496: 2493: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2266: 2263: 2259:Aubrey Herbert 2250: 2247: 2181: 2178: 2097:Charlottenburg 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 1918:call to prayer 1906:women's rights 1838: 1835: 1784:Entente powers 1723:Talaat in 1916 1639:Vahan Papazian 1635:Arshak Vramian 1619:Main article: 1616: 1613: 1542:Sergei Sazanov 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1398:Smyrna Vilayet 1324: 1321: 1316:Main article: 1313: 1310: 1239:Ottoman nation 1154: 1151: 1135:Bahattin Şakir 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 990:Bahattin Şakir 900:Abdul Hamid II 880: 877: 849:Constantinople 820: 817: 814:Early portrait 807: 804: 750:Caucasus front 744:, and won the 711:Constantinople 693:(known as the 644:Abdul Hamid II 581:Ottoman Empire 579:leader of the 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 528: 527: 522: 516: 515: 511: 510: 501: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 483: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 459: 458: 453: 449: 448: 443: 439: 438: 433: 429: 428: 423: 419: 418: 409:(aged 46) 403: 399: 398: 388:Ottoman Empire 372: 368: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358: 338: 334: 333: 323: 322: 316: 315: 303: 297: 296: 291: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 264: 263: 257: 256: 251: 245: 244: 239: 233: 232: 223: 219: 218: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 183: 177: 176: 169: 165: 164: 154: 153: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 129: 123: 122: 113: 109: 108: 98: 97: 91: 90: 87: 86: 78: 77: 72: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10625: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10427:Muharrem İnce 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10417:Fatih Erbakan 10415: 10413: 10412:Meral Akşener 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10307:Doğu Perinçek 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10282:Rahşan Ecevit 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10257:Yıldırım Avcı 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10227:Turgut Sunalp 10225: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10206:Bülent Ecevit 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10181:Hüseyin Balan 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10055: 10050: 10048: 10043: 10041: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9972: 9971: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9906:Mehmed Reshid 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:Leonard Melki 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9692: 9691: 9683: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9556:United States 9554: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9152:Forced labour 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9028: 9023: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8729:Bülent Ecevit 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8709:Meral Akşener 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8694:Doğu Perinçek 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644:Nejdet Sançar 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8619:Ahmet Ağaoğlu 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8460: 8457: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336:Organizations 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322:Turkification 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8215: 8213: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7640:Hurshid Pasha 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7541:Grand Viziers 7535: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7124:Grand Viziers 7118: 7113: 7111: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6785:Dilaver Pasha 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6554:Grand Viziers 6548: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6332:Grand Viziers 6326: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6206:Grand Viziers 6200: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6157:Grand Viziers 6154: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6045:Hacı Adil Bey 6041: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5896:Mango, Andrew 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5798:Ihrig, Stefan 5795: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5763:(in German). 5758: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5747:Hosfeld, Rolf 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5638:Böhlau Verlag 5635: 5630: 5629: 5618:, p. 29. 5617: 5612: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5466:, p. 44. 5465: 5460: 5453: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5324:, p. 90. 5323: 5318: 5310: 5298: 5294: 5292:9789754053807 5288: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5208:, p. 62. 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5184:, p. 52. 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5148:, p. 76. 5147: 5142: 5140: 5133:, p. 46. 5132: 5127: 5121:, p. 55. 5120: 5115: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5063:, p. 10. 5062: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5040:9786257845212 5036: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5007: 5003: 5001:9786051557564 4997: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4901: 4899:0-7146-4718-7 4895: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4874:0-7146-4718-7 4870: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4765:, p. 18. 4764: 4759: 4753:, p. 16. 4752: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4674:, p. 76. 4673: 4672:Gingeras 2022 4668: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4557: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4456:Üngör, Umut. 4452: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4095: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625:Atlı, Altay. 3621: 3614: 3609: 3603:, p. 93. 3602: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3579:, p. 64. 3578: 3573: 3567:, p. 63. 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3497:, p. 75. 3496: 3491: 3485:, p. 74. 3484: 3479: 3473:, p. 72. 3472: 3467: 3465: 3458:, p. 70. 3457: 3452: 3446:, p. 68. 3445: 3440: 3434:, p. 53. 3433: 3428: 3421: 3420:Hanioğlu 2011 3416: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3376:"Talat Pasha" 3371: 3369: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3353:Ahmet Aslan, 3350: 3348: 3341:(2018), p. 43 3340: 3335: 3329:(2018), p. 44 3328: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:Mango, Andrew 3271: 3269: 3267: 3260:(2018). p. 41 3259: 3254: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2961:, p. 41. 2960: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2942:0-7146-4718-7 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2918:, p. xi. 2917: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2899:9780674003132 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2759: 2755: 2753:9780199671144 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2676: 2669: 2668:Mehmed Talʿat 2663: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2607:Mustafa Kemal 2604: 2600: 2599:revolutionary 2595: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Hayriye Hanım 2495:Personal life 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2472:Alfred Nossig 2469: 2467: 2463: 2462:Krikor Zohrab 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:state funeral 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Deutsche Bank 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2210:Ottoman Porte 2203: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150:Nuri (Conker) 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:drive on Baku 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1853:Brest Litovsk 1849: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1818:, while some 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Turkification 1792: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:United States 1721: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1705:Syrian Desert 1701: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629:(governor of 1628: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Capitulations 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Mamuretülaziz 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:Krikor Zohrab 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1371:Turkification 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Balkan League 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243:raison d'être 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:1912 election 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Halil Menteşe 1176: 1175:Krikor Zohrab 1168: 1167:Alfred Nossig 1164: 1159: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:Dashnak Party 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 964: 960: 959:Mustafa Rahmi 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 893: 889: 885: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 812: 803: 801: 798:, as part of 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:a coup d'état 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 576: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553:Mehmed Talaat 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 523: 517: 512: 508: 507: 502: 498: 495: 492: 488: 484: 481: 480:Conviction(s) 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 454: 450: 447: 444: 440: 437: 434: 432:Resting place 430: 427: 424: 420: 417: 413: 405:15 March 1921 404: 400: 395: 389: 385: 373: 369: 364: 360: 355: 351: 347: 342: 339: 335: 329: 324: 321: 317: 312: 307: 304: 298: 295: 292: 286: 283: 280: 276: 270: 265: 262: 258: 255: 254:Halil Menteşe 252: 246: 243: 240: 234: 231: 227: 224: 220: 214: 209: 206: 203: 197: 192: 187: 184: 178: 175: 170: 166: 160: 155: 152: 148: 145: 142: 136: 133: 130: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 104: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 75: 70:Mehmed Talaat 67: 64: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49:Mehmed Talaat 46: 42: 37: 33: 19: 10588:Talaat Pasha 10503:Pan-Turkists 10372:Masum Türker 10327:Hikmet Çetin 10322:Deniz Baykal 10312:Tansu Çiller 10302:Mesut Yılmaz 10287:Mehmet Yazar 10262:Ahmet Tekdal 10252:Cezmi Kartay 10220:1980–present 10196:Behice Boran 10146:Ekrem Alican 10110:Hikmet Bayur 10100:Nuri Demirağ 10075:Talaat Pasha 10074: 9975: 9968: 9923:Simko Shikak 9891:Talaat Pasha 9890: 9861:Perpetrators 9827:Ashur Yousif 9728:Adana (1909) 9688: 9522: 9515: 9501: 9467:Malta exiles 9370: 9359:Perpetrators 9309:By location 9284: 9170:Ra's al-'Ayn 9147:Confiscation 8996: 8944: 8922: 8689:Attilâ İlhan 8634:Papa Eftim I 8609:Yusuf Akçura 8574:Talaat Pasha 8573: 8418:TurkHackTeam 8297:Turkish Left 8143: 7976:Saffet Pasha 7940:Midhat Pasha 7892:Midhat Pasha 7548: 7131: 6869:Bayram Pasha 6581:Rüstem Pasha 6561: 6509:Rüstem Pasha 6339: 6213: 6101: 6074: 6049: 5980: 5976: 5956: 5929: 5925: 5899: 5863: 5859: 5852:Google Books 5830: 5802: 5786:. Retrieved 5756: 5751: 5723:(1): 67–90. 5720: 5714: 5679: 5675: 5656: 5633: 5611: 5599:. Retrieved 5579: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5528: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5497: 5485:. Retrieved 5471: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5441:, p. 4. 5434: 5422:. Retrieved 5418:the original 5393:. Retrieved 5382: 5372: 5360: 5348:. Retrieved 5339: 5329: 5317: 5309:Google Books 5307:– via 5301:. Retrieved 5281: 5274: 5267:Hosfeld 2005 5262: 5250: 5231: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5146:Hofmann 2020 5126: 5114: 5095: 5083: 5061:Hosfeld 2005 5029: 5022: 5010:. Retrieved 4990: 4983: 4978:, p. 9. 4976:Hosfeld 2005 4954:. Retrieved 4945: 4934: 4922:. Retrieved 4908: 4889: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4814: 4807: 4799: 4798:V. Dadrian, 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4751:Hosfeld 2005 4746: 4734:. Retrieved 4730:the original 4720: 4708: 4697: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4564: 4543:. Retrieved 4534: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476:. Retrieved 4464: 4451: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4376:. Retrieved 4364: 4354: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4310: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4271: 4264: 4244: 4237: 4222: 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4182: 4170:. Retrieved 4142: 4136: 4123: 4107:. ABC-CLIO. 4103: 4081:. Retrieved 4072: 4062: 4053: 4046:. Retrieved 4026: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3745: 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3712: 3709:"Talat Paşa" 3702: 3690: 3663: 3651: 3639:. Retrieved 3631:Turkey's War 3630: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524:. Retrieved 3515: 3490: 3478: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3388:. Retrieved 3379: 3358: 3354: 3334: 3279: 3253: 3233: 3226: 3206:. Istanbul: 3203: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3151: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3078:the original 3073: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2932: 2879: 2868: 2855: 2849: 2836: 2833:Kiernan, Ben 2827: 2812: 2809:Akçam, Taner 2803: 2791: 2786:, p. 2. 2762:. Retrieved 2735: 2732:Kevin Heller 2721: 2675: 2648: 2621: 2613: 2611: 2603:partitioning 2596: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2555:Grand Master 2540: 2533: 2526: 2498: 2470: 2466:tout ou rien 2465: 2454:Mehmed Cavid 2452: 2445: 2408:Adolf Hitler 2388:World War II 2385: 2369:Ottoman flag 2328: 2318: 2286: 2256: 2252: 2235: 2207: 2202:Three Pashas 2195: 2171: 2122: 2070: 2062:torpedo boat 2043: 1970: 1943: 1926: 1894:the calendar 1891: 1868: 1857: 1824: 1793: 1773: 1758: 1747: 1742: 1731:ambassador, 1726: 1697: 1693: 1670:, including 1660: 1624: 1590: 1574: 1563: 1557: 1527: 1440:Hüdâvendigâr 1406: 1375: 1373:programmes. 1357:Three Pashas 1334: 1296: 1255: 1242: 1231:Hasan Tahsin 1203: 1172: 1139:Mehmed Nazım 1096: 1092:Prince Reşad 1042: 1026:constitution 1015: 1005: 982:İsmail Enver 978:Ahmed Niyazi 948: 932:Mehmed Cavid 920:Thessaloniki 908: 897: 888:Mehmed Cavid 857: 822: 769: 746:race to Baku 727: 695:Three Pashas 681:carried out 679:Ismail Enver 676: 626:in the 1908 620:constitution 616:Hamidian era 605: 593:Grand Vizier 560: 557:Talaat Pasha 556: 552: 551: 504: 407:(1921-03-15) 337:Constituency 327: 301:Succeeded by 294:Mehmed Cavid 278:Grand Vizier 268: 249:Succeeded by 222:Grand Vizier 212: 205:Mustafa Arif 200:Succeeded by 168:Grand Vizier 158: 139:Succeeded by 102: 95:Grand Vizier 63: 56: 48: 36: 10513:Young Turks 10463:1921 deaths 10458:1874 births 10422:Ali Babacan 10342:Altan Öymen 10337:Recai Kutan 10242:Erdal İnönü 10237:Necdet Calp 10232:Turgut Özal 10211:Kemal Satır 10105:Celâl Bayar 10095:İsmet İnönü 10090:Fethi Okyar 10068:Before 1960 9901:Djevdet Bey 9896:Enver Pasha 9563:Reparations 9551:Recognition 9524:The Promise 9454:Prosecution 9177:Terminology 9165:Deir ez-Zor 9087:(1912–1913) 9085:Balkan Wars 8977:Article 301 8967:Surname Law 8679:Namık Kemal 8654:Peyami Safa 8639:Nihal Atsız 8579:Enver Pasha 8569:Ziya Gökalp 8503:(left-wing) 8470:(1923–1944) 8451:Young Turks 8378:Grey Wolves 8358:Atsız Youth 8327:Ulusalcılık 8282:Pan-Turkism 8188:(1920–1922) 8170:(1919–1920) 8158:(1918–1919) 8146:(1917–1918) 8140:(1913–1917) 8128:(1912–1913) 8126:Kâmil Pasha 8116:(1911–1912) 8110:(1910–1911) 8104:(1909–1910) 8086:(1908–1909) 8084:Kâmil Pasha 8074:(1903–1908) 8068:(1901–1903) 8062:(1895–1901) 8054:Kâmil Pasha 8044:(1891–1895) 8038:(1885–1891) 8036:Kâmil Pasha 8032:(1882–1885) 8008:(1880–1882) 8000:Kadri Pasha 7996:(1879–1880) 7984:(1878–1879) 7948:(1877–1878) 7942:(1876–1877) 7936:(1876–1876) 7930:(1875–1876) 7918:(1874–1875) 7912:(1873–1874) 7900:(1872–1873) 7888:(1871–1872) 7882:(1866–1871) 7876:(1866–1867) 7870:(1863–1866) 7858:(1861–1866) 7846:(1860–1861) 7840:(1859–1860) 7828:(1858–1859) 7822:(1857–1858) 7810:(1856–1857) 7804:(1855–1856) 7798:(1854–1855) 7786:(1853–1854) 7780:(1852–1853) 7756:(1848–1852) 7744:(1846–1848) 7738:(1842–1846) 7732:(1841–1842) 7726:(1840–1841) 7720:(1839–1840) 7714:(1833–1839) 7708:(1829–1833) 7702:(1828–1829) 7696:(1824–1828) 7690:(1823–1824) 7678:(1822–1823) 7672:(1821–1822) 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7147:(1702–1703) 7081:(1697–1702) 7075:(1695–1697) 7069:(1694–1695) 7057:(1692–1693) 7051:(1691–1692) 7045:(1689–1691) 7039:(1688–1689) 7027:(1687–1688) 7021:(1685–1687) 7015:(1683–1685) 7009:(1676–1683) 7003:(1661–1676) 6997:(1656–1661) 6955:(1654–1655) 6949:(1653–1654) 6943:(1652–1653) 6937:(1651–1652) 6925:(1650–1651) 6919:(1649–1650) 6913:(1648–1649) 6907:(1647–1648) 6895:(1645–1647) 6889:(1644–1645) 6883:(1638–1644) 6871:(1637–1638) 6865:(1632–1637) 6853:(1631–1632) 6847:(1628–1631) 6841:(1626–1628) 6835:(1625–1626) 6829:(1624–1625) 6823:(1623–1624) 6811:(1622–1623) 6787:(1621–1622) 6775:(1619–1621) 6769:(1619–1619) 6763:(1616–1619) 6757:(1614–1616) 6751:(1611–1614) 6749:Nasuh Pasha 6745:(1606–1611) 6733:(1604–1606) 6727:(1603–1604) 6721:(1601–1603) 6715:(1599–1601) 6709:(1598–1599) 6703:(1597–1598) 6697:(1596–1597) 6679:(1595–1596) 6661:(1593–1595) 6655:(1592–1593) 6649:(1591–1592) 6643:(1589–1591) 6637:(1586–1589) 6631:(1585–1586) 6625:(1584–1585) 6619:(1582–1584) 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