Inca Empire - Knowledge

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the domestic sphere, women came to be known as weavers, although there is significant evidence to suggest that this gender role did not appear until colonizing Spaniards realized women's productive talents in this sphere and used it to their economic advantage. There is evidence to suggest that both men and women contributed equally to the weaving tasks in pre-Hispanic Andean culture. Women's everyday tasks included: spinning, watching the children, weaving cloth, cooking, brewing chichi, preparing fields for cultivation, planting seeds, bearing children, harvesting, weeding, hoeing, herding, and carrying water. Men on the other hand, "weeded, plowed, participated in combat, helped in the harvest, carried firewood, built houses, herded llama and alpaca, and spun and wove when necessary". This relationship between the genders may have been complementary. Onlooking Spaniards believed women were treated like slaves, because women did not work in Spanish society to the same extent, and certainly did not work in fields. Women were sometimes allowed to own land and herds because inheritance was passed down from both the mother's and father's side of the family. Kinship within the Inca society followed a parallel line of descent. In other words, women descended from women and men descended from men. Due to the parallel descent, a woman had access to land and other assets through her mother.

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wife. Marriages were typically within classes and resembled a more business-like agreement. Once married, the women were expected to cook, collect food and watch over the children and livestock. Girls and mothers would also work around the house to keep it orderly to please the public inspectors. These duties remained the same even after wives became pregnant and with the added responsibility of praying and making offerings to Kanopa, who was the god of pregnancy. It was typical for marriages to begin on a trial basis with both men and women having a say in the longevity of the marriage. If the man felt that it would not work out or if the woman wanted to return to her parents' home the marriage would end. Once the marriage was final, the only way the two could be divorced was if they did not have a child together. Marriage within the Empire was crucial for survival. A family was considered disadvantaged if there was not a married couple at the center because everyday life centered around the balance of male and female tasks.

1108: 9907: 4221: 1746: 2253: 2870:, were also utilized. Vicuñas were hunted through collective drives (chacos), sheared with tools like stones, knives, and metal axes, and then released to maintain their population. Guanacos were hunted for their highly valued meat. Chronicles indicate that all camelid meat was consumed, but due to restrictions on slaughter, its consumption was likely considered a luxury. Fresh meat was probably accessible mainly to the military or during ceremonial occasions involving widespread distribution of sacrificed animals. During the colonial period, pastures diminished or degraded due to the massive presence of introduced Spanish animals and their feeding habits, significantly altering the Andean environment. 3605: 83: 2367:. It is believed that the ancient Incas learned to mummify their dead to show reverence to their leaders and representatives. Mummification was chosen to preserve the body and to give others the opportunity to worship them in their death. The ancient Inca believed in reincarnation, so preservation of the body was vital for passage into the afterlife. Since mummification was reserved for royalty, this entailed preserving power by placing the deceased's valuables with the body in places of honor. The bodies remained accessible for ceremonies where they would be removed and celebrated with. The ancient Inca mummified their dead with various tools. 2078:. For the Incas, this ceremony indicated that the child had entered the stage of "ignorance". During this ceremony, the family would invite all relatives to their house for food and dance, and then each member of the family would receive a lock of hair from the child. After each family member had received a lock, the father would shave the child's head. This stage of life was categorized by a stage of "ignorance, inexperience, and lack of reason, a condition that the child would overcome with time". For Inca society, in order to advance from the stage of ignorance to development the child must learn the roles associated with their gender. 2753: 2050: 2022:. Defined by mutual intelligibility, Quechua is actually a family of languages rather than one single language, parallel to the Romance or Slavic languages in Europe. Most communities within the empire, even those resistant to Inca rule, learned to speak a variety of Quechua (forming new regional varieties with distinct phonetics) in order to communicate with the Inca lords and mitma colonists, as well as the wider integrating society, but largely retained their native languages as well. The Incas also had their own ethnic language, which is thought to have been closely related to or a dialect of 2430: 3778: 3687:... el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña, de diez o doce palmos de ruedo, hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana, iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga, tendida y tiesa, sin que ondease al aire, y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas, porque cada uno las escogía diferentes, aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste y dos culebras tendidas a lo largo paralelas con la borda que le servía de corona, a las cuales solía añadir por divisa y blasón cada rey las que le parecía, como un león, un águila y otras figuras. 1766: 3552: 2890: 2280: 526: 3407: 967: 498: 484: 468: 452: 4096: 1018:. The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years. Thus, many of the characteristics of the Inca Empire derived from earlier multi-ethnic and expansive Andean cultures. To those earlier civilizations may be owed some of the accomplishments cited for the Inca Empire: "thousands of kilometres/miles of roads and dozens of large administrative centers with elaborate stone construction...terraced mountainsides and filled in valleys", and the production of "vast quantities of goods". 3046: 10317: 4023:. As 12 lunar months fall 11 days short of a full 365-day solar year, those in charge of the calendar had to adjust every winter solstice. Each lunar month was marked with festivals and rituals. Apparently, the days of the week were not named and days were not grouped into weeks. Similarly, months were not grouped into seasons. Time during a day was not measured in hours or minutes, but in terms of how far the sun had travelled or in how long it had taken to perform a task. 1265: 8237: 3706: 3563:, of llamas and alpacas were the most common ritual effigies used in the highlands of modern-day Peru and Bolivia. These devotional objects were often buried in the animals' corrals to bring protection and prosperity to their owners and fertility to the herds. The cylindrical cavities in their backs were filled with offerings to the gods in the form of a mixture including animal fat, coca leaves, maize kernels and seashells. 3489: 1636: 2662: 4077:, by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds. Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful. Survival rates were 80–90%, compared to about 30% before Inca times. According to chronicler Bernabé Cobo, they also had a deep knowledge of herbalism, and the Spanish soldiers trusted the hands of an indigenous surgeon more than one of the 3930: 2718:) was present in some areas. In return, the state provided security, food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources, agricultural projects (e.g. aqueducts and terraces) to increase productivity, and occasional feasts hosted by Inca officials for their subjects. While mit’a was used by the state to obtain labor, individual villages had a pre-inca system of communal work, known as 2030:

native or original language of the Incas. However, the Incas left a linguistic legacy, in that they introduced Quechua to many areas where it is still widely spoken today, including Ecuador, southern Bolivia, southern Colombia, and parts of the Amazon basin. The Spanish conquerors continued the official usage of Quechua during the early colonial period, and transformed it into a literary language.

1513: 425: 7098:, (1615/1616), pp. 256, 286, 344, 346, 400, 434, 1077, this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book. Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373, 515, 558, 1077. On pp. 83, 167–71 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention, a shield, to place certain totems related to Inca leaders. 2843: 3480:–1100) in what is now Bolivia. The rocks were sculpted to fit together exactly by repeatedly lowering a rock onto another and carving away any sections on the lower rock where the dust was compressed. The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable, despite the ongoing challenge of earthquakes and volcanic activity. 1145: 2037:). These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu, which are also found in textiles. Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication (e.g. heraldry, or glyphs), however this remains unclear. The Incas also kept records by using 4133:

The Incas had no iron or steel and their weapons were not much more effective than those of their opponents so they often defeated opponents by sheer force of numbers, or else by persuading them to surrender beforehand by offering generous terms. Inca weaponry included "hardwood spears launched using

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patterns "seem to have expressed concepts of commonality, and, ultimately, unity of all ranks of people, representing a careful kind of foundation upon which the structure of Inkaic universalism was built." Rulers wore various tunics throughout the year, switching them out for different occasions and

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In the Inca Empire, the age of marriage differed for men and women: men typically married at the age of 20, while women usually got married about four years earlier at the age of 16. Men who were highly ranked in society could have multiple wives, but those lower in the ranks could only take a single

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The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages, cultures and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour. The following quote

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and acquiesced peacefully. Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest. Following conquest the local rulers were executed. The ruler's children were brought to Cuzco to learn about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate

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system of mandatory public service. Every able bodied male Inca of fighting age had to take part in war in some capacity at least once and to prepare for warfare again when needed. By the time the empire reached its largest size, every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war.

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was produced by specially-appointed women and men. Generally, textile-making was practiced by both men and women. As emphasized by certain historians, only with European conquest was it deemed that women would become the primary weavers in society, as opposed to Inca society where specialty textiles

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and the effects of bacterial activity on the body. The bodies were then stuffed with natural materials such as vegetable matter and animal hair. Sticks were used to maintain their shape and poses. In addition to the mummification process, the Inca would bury their dead in the fetal position inside a

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According to some historians, such as Terence N. D'Altroy, male and female roles were considered equal in Inca society. The "indigenous cultures saw the two genders as complementary parts of a whole". In other words, there was not a hierarchical structure in the domestic sphere for the Incas. Within

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According to mid-17th-century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo, the Inca designated officials to perform accounting-related tasks. These officials were called quipo camayos. Study of khipu sample VA 42527 (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin) revealed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant

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says that in the Inca army each company had its particular banner and that the imperial standard, high above all, displayed the glittering device of the rainbow, the armorial ensign of the Incas." A 1917 world flags book says the Inca "heir-apparent ... was entitled to display the royal standard of

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The royal standard or banner was a small square flag, ten or twelve spans around, made of cotton or wool cloth, placed on the end of a long staff, stretched and stiff such that it did not wave in the air and on it each king painted his arms and emblems, for each one chose different ones, though the

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signified the onset of menstruation, upon which the girl would go into the forest alone and return only once the bleeding had ended. In the forest she would fast, and, once returned, the girl would be given a new name, adult clothing, and advice. This "folly" stage of life was the time young adults

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and twice that amount of silver. The Inca fulfilled this ransom, but Pizarro deceived them, refusing to release the Inca afterwards. During Atahualpa's imprisonment, Huascar was assassinated elsewhere. The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was used as one of the charges

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between individuals and among individuals, groups, and Inca rulers. "Taxes" consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire. The Inca rulers (who theoretically owned all the means of production) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory

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The people of the Andes, including the Incas, were able to adapt to high-altitude living through successful acclimatization, which is characterized by increasing oxygen supply to the blood tissues. For the native living in the Andean highlands, this was achieved through the development of a larger

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There are several common misconceptions about the history of Quechua, as it is frequently identified as the "Inca language". Quechua did not originate with the Incas, had been a lingua franca in multiple areas before the Inca expansions, was diverse before the rise of the Incas, and it was not the

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Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization, military strength and wealth. He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles

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Between the ages of 20 and 30, people were considered young adults, "ripe for serious thought and labor". Young adults were able to retain their youthful status by living at home and assisting in their home community. Young adults only reached full maturity and independence once they had married.

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or "Sun festival" attended by soldiers, mummified rulers, nobles, clerics and the general population of Cusco beginning on the June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca. Moreover, Cusco was considered cosmologically central,

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Pachacuti had named his favorite son, Amaru Yupanqui, as his co-ruler and successor. However, as co-ruler Amaru showed little interest in military affairs. Due to this lack of military talent, he faced much opposition from the Inca nobility, who began to plot against him. Despite this, Pachacuti

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Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people. The minute he proclaimed that, he turned to stone. They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object. Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone. Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters

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Complex patterns and designs were meant to convey information about order in Andean society as well as the Universe. Tunics could also symbolize one's relationship to ancient rulers or important ancestors. These textiles were frequently designed to represent the physical order of a society, for

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For as is well known to all, not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters. There were even provinces where, when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute, the Inca ordered that each

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who argues instead that it was the social and political framework of the Mapuche that posed the main difficulty in imposing imperial rule. Silva does accept that the battle of the Maule was a stalemate, but argues the Incas lacked incentives for conquest they had had when fighting more complex

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based armor, putting them at significant technological disadvantage—none of their weapons could pierce the Spanish steel armor. In addition, due to the absence of horses in Peru, the Inca did not develop tactics to fight cavalry. However, the Inca were still effective warriors, being able to

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Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchaysuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE). Pachacuti is thought to have built

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Gordon McEwan wrote that the Incas were able to construct "one of the greatest imperial states in human history" without the use of the wheel, draft animals, knowledge of iron or steel, or even a system of writing. Notable features of the Inca Empire included its monumental

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noting that in Cuzco, the upper half was more important, while in Ica, the lower half held more significance.Pease also points out that both halves were integrated through reciprocity. In Cuzco, "Hanan" and "Hurin" were opposites yet complementary, like human hands in the

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Although "defeat" often implies an unwanted loss in battle, many of the diverse ethnic groups ruled by the Inca "welcomed the Spanish invaders as liberators and willingly settled down with them to share rule of Andean farmers and miners". Many regional leaders, known as

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but also to the Inca nobles, and some theorize its meaning could be broader. In that sense, the Inca nobles were a small percentage of the total population of the empire, probably numbering only 15,000 to 40,000, but ruling a population of around 10 million people.

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Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold. Where this staff landed, the people would live. They traveled for a long time. On the way, Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power. His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred

2400:, these terms were understood as "high or low," "right or left," "male or female," "inside or outside," "near or far," and "front or back." Though the specific functions of each part are unclear, it is documented that one leader was subordinate to the other, with 1181:, the founder of the Inca. It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands. When the time came, Manco Capac turned to stone like his brothers before him. His son, Sinchi Roca, became the second emperor of the Inca. 1887:

The number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 4–37 million. Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14 million. In spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their

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as well as numerous Amazonian languages on the frontier regions. The exact linguistic topography of the pre-Columbian and early colonial Andes remains incompletely understood, owing to the extinction of several languages and the loss of historical records.

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The center cave at Tambo Tocco (Tampu T’uqu) was named Capac Tocco (Qhapaq T’uqu, "principal niche"). The other caves were Maras Tocco (Maras T’uqu) and Sutic Tocco (Sutiq T’uqu). Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave. They were:

1033:. Chuño, which can be stored for long periods, is made of potato dried at the freezing temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern Andean highlands. Such a link between the Inca state and chuño has been questioned, as other crops such as 2467:

It was important to the Inca that they not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased not be incinerated. Burning would cause their vital force to disappear and threaten their passage to the after world. The Inca nobility practiced

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would need to follow a long road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that could see in the dark was required. Most Incas imagined the after world to be like an earthly paradise with flower-covered fields and snow-capped mountains.

1540:, reaching Inca territory by 1526. It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its 3578:

style of ceramics. In a culture without a written language, ceramics portrayed the basic scenes of everyday life, including the smelting of metals, relationships and scenes of tribal warfare. The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the

3153:(lit. "he who sees all") or inspectors. The highest such inspector, typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca, acted independently of the conventional hierarchy, providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence. 3739:

has been wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu and displayed as a symbol of Inca heritage by some groups in Peru and Bolivia. The city of Cusco also flies the Rainbow Flag, but as an official flag of the city. The Peruvian president

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plant as sacred/magical. Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious and health purposes. The Spaniards took advantage of the effects of chewing coca leaves. The

1646:"the kings", a 17th-century Cusco painting with the Inca lineages mentioned by colonial chronicles and their relationship with the royal queens of Cuzco, which hide behind a complex representation of the Inca social organization. 7710:

The sling was the most deadly projectile weapon. Spear, long-handled axe and bronze-headed mace were the effective weapons. Protection was afforded by a wooden helmet covered with bronze, long quilted tunic and flexible quilted

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had spread from Central America. The first epidemic of European disease in the Inca Empire was probably in the 1520s, killing Huayna Capac, his designated heir, and an unknown, probably large, number of other Inca subjects.

1833:, smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire. The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Other diseases, including a probable 3451:. The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework. These constructs have survived for centuries, with no use of mortar to sustain them. 2073:

when they were born. Most families did not invest very much into their child until they reached the age of two or three years old. Once the child reached the age of three, a "coming of age" ceremony occurred, called the

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Colonial sources are not entirely clear or in agreement about Inca government structure, such as exact duties and functions of government positions. But the basic structure can be broadly described. The top was the

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sign of the Incas was the rainbow and two parallel snakes along the width with the tassel as a crown, which each king used to add for a badge or blazon those preferred, like a lion, an eagle and other figures.

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The next important ritual was to celebrate the maturity of a child. Unlike the coming of age ceremony, the celebration of maturity signified the child's sexual potency. This celebration of puberty was called

1792:, attempted to claim Cusco. Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco in 1536, but the Spanish retook the city afterwards. Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of 4070:, although they can no longer be decoded. Originally it was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data. Quipus are also believed to record history and literature. 2106:

At the end of life, the terms for men and women denote loss of sexual vitality and humanity. Specifically, the "decrepitude" stage signifies the loss of mental well-being and further physical decline.

4911: 2922:, or "children of the sun", and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor. The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals, notably during the 5360: 3764:"The official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag, it did not belong to their historic context". 816:) for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations and production in a difficult environment, and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor. 7334: 2914:

on the coast, were officially venerated. Following Pachacuti, the Sapa Inca claimed descent from Inti, who placed a high value on imperial blood; by the end of the empire, it was common to

1800:, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them. In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler, 7146: 860:, noted that scholars have previously described it as "feudal, slave, socialist," as well as "a system based on reciprocity and redistribution; a system with markets and commerce; or an 1055:

As a third point Troll pointed out irrigation technology as advantageous to Inca state-building. While Troll theorized concerning environmental influences on the Inca Empire, he opposed

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The symbols present within the tunics suggest the importance of "pictographic expression" within Inca and other Andean societies far before the iconographies of the Spanish Christians.

2568:) – Known for his courage and sent to Earth to become first king of the Incas. Taught people how to grow plants, make weapons, work together, share resources and worship the other gods 2397: 2376:

vessel intended to mimic the womb for preparation of their new birth. A ceremony would be held that included music, food, and drink for the relatives and loved ones of the deceased.

1044:, the Incas' pack animal, can be found in their largest numbers in this very same region. The maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the distribution of llamas and 1770: 1366:. Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti's death in 1471. Túpac Inca's most important conquest was the Kingdom of 1818:

labor system for colonial aims, sometimes brutally. One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at

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patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the "farm account books" kept by the khipukamayuq (accountant or warehouse keeper) to facilitate the closing of accounting books.

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Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) "Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina", Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3-4, págs. 249-251. Lima: UNALM.

2472:. They wrapped tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to shape their soft skulls into a more conical form, thus distinguishing the nobility from other social classes. 2771:

It was the main economic activity in the Tawantinsuyu, followed by livestock raising. It was a mixed economy with agrarian technology based on ancestral knowledge such as the

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signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land".

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ceremony included dancing, fasting, tasks to display strength, and family ceremonies. The boy would also be given new clothes and taught how to act as an unmarried man. The

9887: 2601:(upper world, celestial or supraterrestrial): Reserved for the righteous, it was inhabited by gods and accessible only through a bridge of hair. It was symbolized by the 10357: 7427:

Cobo, B. (1983 ). Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo. Vol. 1. Edited and preliminary study By Francisco Mateos. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. 91. Madrid: Ediciones Atlas.

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added a small portion of land to the north in what is today Ecuador. At its height, the Inca Empire included modern-day Peru, what are today western and south central

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was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at

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inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice, which was the Inca's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute.

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History of the Inca Empire : an account of the Indians' customs and their origin, together with a treatise on Inca legends, history, and social institutions

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is usually presumed to have spread through the Empire before the arrival of the Spaniards, the devastation is also consistent with other theories. Beginning in

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in 1527. The Incas performed child sacrifices around important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine. These sacrifices were known as

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or "the storehouse of Ollantay". These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies (and possibly shelter) ready as they traveled.

1441:. Nevertheless, Silva agrees on the claim that the bulk of the Inca conquests were made during the late 15th century. At the time of the Inca Civil War an 13449: 1807:

After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system, known as the

1104:(Mama Rawa), Mama Huaco (Mama Waqu) and Mama Coea (Mama Qura). Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans. 7526: 4692: 1137:. The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land, but Mama Huaca was a good fighter. When the enemy attacked, she threw her 6284:

Heydt-Coca, Magda von der (1999). "When Worlds Collide: The Incorporation Of The Andean World Into The Emerging World-Economy In The Colonial Period".

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The sophistication of Inca administration, calendrics and engineering required facility with numbers. Numerical information was stored in the knots of

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were built one day's travelling distance from each other, so an army on campaign could be fed and rested. This can be seen in names of ruins such as

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Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner. However, it represented the Inca (emperor), not the empire.

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There would be periodic attempts by indigenous leaders to expel the Spanish colonists and re-create the Inca Empire until the late 18th century. See

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in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north. Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro,

7323: 4054:. It is likely that Inca mathematics at least allowed division of integers into integers or fractions and multiplication of integers and fractions. 3248:

and government varied greatly, the basic organization was decimal. Taxpayers – male heads of household of a certain age range – were organized into

2910:(or Chief Priest), the head of lower Cusco, was second to the emperor. Local religious traditions continued and in some cases such as the Oracle at 7368: 1338: 3499:

Tunics were created by skilled Inca textile-makers as a piece of warm clothing, but they also symbolized cultural and political status and power.

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were established they were roughly of equal size and only later changed their proportions as the empire expanded north and south along the Andes.

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and served as the preeminent center of politics and religion. While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives and the royal

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s (roughly 3,280 km or 1,270 sq mi). It seems likely that distance was often interpreted as one day's walk; the distance between

2828:(Cuzco), Castrovirreyna (Huancavelica) and Carania (Yauyos), through circular terraces where the products of the entire empire were reproduced. 2033:

The Incas were not known to develop a written form of language; however, they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups (

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s, or about 7.7 km (4.8 mi); careful study has shown that a range of 4.0 to 6.3 km (2.5 to 3.9 mi) is likely. Next was the

3493: 11869: 2317:(poets). They learned languages, accounting, astronomy, about wars and political application strategies. The non-formalized education for the 13012: 9847: 4155:

Ceremonial metal breastplates, of copper, silver, and gold, have been found in burial sites, some of which may have also been used in battle.

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decided to take a blind eye to his son's lack of capability. Following a revolt during which Amaru almost led the Inca forces to defeat, the

6520: 2574:– Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha. People give her offerings of coca leaves and beer and pray to her for major agricultural occasions 13444: 13078: 11035: 8156: 2949:

The Inca Empire was a decentralized government consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four regional quarters, or

13439: 8824: 8447: 5596: 4123:

The Inca army was the most powerful at that time, because any ordinary villager or farmer could be recruited as a soldier as part of the

3940:

Physical measures used by the Inca were based on human body parts. Units included fingers, the distance from thumb to forefinger, palms,

1804:, Manco's son, was captured and executed. This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state. 1639: 1246:

in the Acamama Valley; therefore, the couple decided to remain there and informed the inhabitants of the area that they were sent by the

666: 7895:

Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur: desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín : siglos XVI y XVII

2986:

were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire reached its largest territorial extent. At the time the

2691:. Coastal chiefdoms within the Inca Empire punctually traded with outside regions, although they did not operate a substantial internal 2675: 1892:, knowledge of how to read them was lost as almost all fell into disuse and disintegrated over time or were destroyed by the Spaniards. 1165: 1107: 7057: 4975: 3628:, messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages, chewed coca leaves for extra energy. Coca leaves were also used as an 2862:, were raised in large herds and used for various purposes within the Inca production system. Additionally, two wild camelid species, 13346: 9852: 1024:

has argued that the development of the Inca state in the central Andes was aided by conditions that allow for the elaboration of the

8105: 13419: 9947: 8856: 7860: 3752:

said, "I bet my life, the Inca never had that flag, it never existed, no chronicler mentioned it". Also, to the Peruvian newspaper

3225:

Cusco; 4 from Chinchaysuyu; 2 from Cuntisuyu; 4 from Collasuyu; and 2 from Antisuyu. This weighting of representation balanced the

1242:; the message was clear: in the place where the golden staff sank, they would establish a city and settle there. The staff sank at 1133:

Finally, they reached Cusco. The staff sank into the ground. Before they arrived, Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child,

981:. The Andean civilization is one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine." The concept of a 1717:, the Spanish benefited from and made little effort to change the society and culture of the former Inca Empire until the rule of 10283: 8093: 3539:

was a men's garment similar to a tunic. It was an upper-body garment of knee-length; Royals wore it with a mantle cloth called ''

3443:

Architecture was the most important of the Inca arts, with textiles reflecting architectural motifs. The most notable example is

985:

refers to a civilization that has developed independently of external influences and is not a derivative of other civilizations.

3748:'s presidential palace. However, according to the Peruvian historiography, the Inca Empire never had a flag. Peruvian historian 3570:

were painted using the polychrome technique portraying numerous motifs including animals, birds, waves, felines (popular in the

13404: 13394: 10784: 6950:

The Getty Murua: Essays on the Making of Martin de Murua's "Historia General del Piru", J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16

3659:... todos venían repartidos en sus escuadras con sus banderas y capitanes que los mandan, con tanto concierto como turcos. 3709:

Two crowning snakes united by a rainbow without certain royal badge was used as the Inca sign according to Spanish chronicler

1670:

with his army of 80,000 troops, that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools (knives and lassos for hunting llamas).

12822: 12204: 10940: 10789: 10500: 10337: 10258: 8844: 8021: 7966: 7945: 7924: 7903: 7734: 7680: 7647: 7620: 7593: 7012: 6985: 6958: 6712: 6430: 6251: 6221: 6168: 5985: 5726: 5397: 5342: 5236: 5124: 5068: 5004:

Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden)".

4985: 4958: 4870: 4791: 4622: 4595: 1822:. When a family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family was required to send a replacement. 933:

nowadays is translated as "ruler" or "lord" in Quechua, this term does not simply refer to the "king" of the Tawantinsuyu or

13361: 10041: 5717:

Covey, R. Alan (1947). "Inca Gender Relations: from household to empire". In Brettell, Caroline; Sargent, Carolyn F. (eds.)

11122: 10608: 10094: 10001: 9758: 8873: 6553: 3666:... all of them came distributed into squads, with their flags and captains commanding them, as well-ordered as Turks. 3596:

Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Inca empire was melted down by the conquistadors, and shipped back to Spain.

2846:

Camelids were a vital resource in Tahuantinsuyo. The Inca state ensured a supply of both meat and fiber from these animals.

1433:

Silva also disputes the date given by traditional historiography for the battle: the late 15th century during the reign of

819:

The Inca Empire functioned largely without money and without markets. Instead, exchange of goods and services was based on

12728: 6460: 3389:

We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain.

3149:. Customs, expectations and traditional local power holders governed behavior. The state had legal force, such as through 1689:

and convert to Christianity. Atahualpa dismissed the message and asked them to leave. After this, the Spanish began their

11372: 10988: 9817: 8868: 8746: 8216: 4407: 3292:, in effect directly responsible for one unit of 100 tax-payers and less directly responsible for nine other such units. 2904:

The Sapa Inca, the head of upper Cusco, was conceptualized as divine and was effectively head of the state religion. The

2741: 1507: 1203: 820: 640: 307: 4721: 2396:

were divided into two parts that could be Hanan or Hurin, Alaasa or Massaa, Uma or Urco, Allauca or Ichoc; according to

12874: 11874: 11367: 10495: 10437: 10223: 10201: 10074: 9872: 8851: 8490: 6054: 6002: 740:

Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined modern-day

6188: 4036:

digits, the same base used by the Quechua language and in administrative and military units. These numbers, stored in

3069:

and much of the northern Andes. At its largest extent, it extended through much of what are now Ecuador and Colombia.

2586:– meaning "water mother", represented as a snake, transformed into a great river (also Illapa) when she came to Earth. 13068: 13005: 11518: 11202: 10523: 9811: 8880: 7510: 6141: 5944: 5911: 5874: 5820: 5787:

Gouda, F. (2008). Colonial Encounters, Body Politics, and Flows of Desire. Journal of Women's History, 20(3), 166–80.

5764: 5568: 5422: 5181: 5151: 5084: 1745: 1480:. However, most of the southern portion of the Inca empire, the portion denominated as Qullasuyu, was located in the 947:

to what the natives knew as Tawantinsuyu. The name "Inca Empire" originated from the Chronicles of the 16th century.

856:

The Inca economy, especially in the past, was often the subject of scholarly debate. Darrell E. La Lone, in his work

6080: 5675: 920:

was, therefore, a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces. The Spanish normally transliterated the name as

13341: 13230: 11207: 10613: 9632: 9321: 8149: 6500: 4397: 3757: 2699:

were used along the northern coast, where the custom of reciprocity was not in place, presumably by the provincial

1999: 3017:, a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains. Both Cuzco as a district and the four 2252: 1343:

them into the Inca nobility and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire.

13038: 12500: 11107: 10352: 10194: 10101: 9702: 9332: 9014: 8829: 8440: 8038: 4521: 4351: 2620:(world below or world of the dead): Involving the dead and everything below the earth's surface, it was ruled by 1629: 659: 11662: 5614:, pp. 93–96. The 10 million population estimate in the info box is a mid-range estimate of the population.. 13083: 11471: 10953: 10290: 9794: 9637: 8485: 6269: 5846:

Karen B. Graubart (2000). "Weaving and the Construction of a Gender Division of Labor in Early Colonial Peru".

4894: 17: 10056: 9773: 9049: 5633: 4454:

The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu.

4146:

Helmets made of wood, cane, or animal skin, often lined with copper or bronze; some were adorned with feathers

3813:("songs") with wind and percussion instruments, lacking string instruments. Key wind instruments included the 2479:. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca 13409: 12938: 10703: 10683: 10589: 10462: 10445: 10425: 9783: 9024: 8528: 7986: 7534: 6267:

Reinhard, Johan (November 1999). "A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo".

4786:(1st ed.). Lima, Perú: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. pp. 95–121. 4700: 4209:

are also adapted to living in high-altitudes, although the adaptation is different from that of the Andeans.

3760:

has determined that the flag is a fake by citing the conclusion of the National Academy of Peruvian History:

2879: 2069:

The high infant mortality rates that plagued the Inca Empire caused all newborn infants to be given the term

1740: 32:"Inca", "Incan", and "Incas" redirect here. For a general view of Inca civilization, people and culture, see 10302: 9799: 4572:""La catastrophe démographique" (The Demographical Catastrophe"), L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007, p. 17" 3802:), though these practices reflected social inequalities, as some dances and songs were reserved for nobles. 1370:, the Inca's only serious rival for the coast. Túpac Inca's empire then stretched north into what are today 13321: 12998: 12933: 12817: 11238: 11233: 11005: 10970: 10678: 10596: 10382: 10295: 10216: 10079: 9940: 9877: 9805: 9769: 8839: 7724: 3029:

divisions. As the Inca did not have written records, it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent

475: 6948: 2287:

It was extremely classist and formal: only the children of the central nobility and certain levels of the

1296:

means "the turn of the world". The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the tribe of the

13424: 13240: 13095: 12943: 11980: 11092: 11051: 11025: 10727: 9471: 9343: 8929: 8671: 8480: 8323: 8142: 7770: 5300: 4285: 2680: 2420: 1663: 1160: 1079:

tells two main origin stories: the legends of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo, and that of the Ayar brothers.

582: 7372: 5269: 4908: 4865:(1st ed.). Lima, Perú: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. p. 31. 13021: 11271: 11256: 10857: 10852: 10673: 10530: 9996: 9698: 9582: 9425: 8433: 8062: 7567: 7394: 4182:

lung capacity, and an increase in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and capillary beds.

2638: 1754: 861: 652: 443: 7461: 7438: 7186: 4050:. Calculation was facilitated by moving piles of tokens, seeds or pebbles between compartments of the 3980:

way-stations varies widely in terms of distance, but far less in terms of time to walk that distance.

3503:

was the fine, tapestry-woven woolen cloth that was produced and necessary for the creation of tunics.

779:

The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many of the features associated with civilization in the

13414: 12901: 12049: 11613: 11243: 11168: 11097: 10933: 10477: 10233: 6521:"Sistemática, taxonomía y domesticación de alpacas y llamas: nueva evidencia cromosómica y molecular" 4642: 3492:

Tunic worn by an Inca of high rank, in vicuña wool and cotton (1450-1540 CE), kept at the Washington

2938: 2448:

until early Spanish colonists recorded them; however, some scholars claim that they were recorded on

1198: 1056: 459: 37: 7956: 7751: 3284:

in each decimal level could serve as the head of one of the nine groups at a lower level, so that a

2897: 2459:. After death, the passage to the next world was fraught with difficulties. The spirit of the dead, 1693:

against the mostly unarmed Inca, captured Atahualpa as hostage, and forced the Inca to collaborate.

13245: 12859: 12834: 12684: 12343: 12338: 11445: 11295: 11056: 10111: 10106: 9405: 9009: 8934: 8811: 8786: 8500: 8401: 8052: 6237: 4417: 3972:

s (roughly 232 km or 144 mi). To measure area, 25 by 50 wingspans were used, reckoned in

3924: 3033:. However, colonial records allow us to reconstruct a partial list. There were likely more than 86 1991: 7980: 4295: 13235: 13073: 13043: 12926: 12807: 12348: 12301: 12244: 11943: 11887: 11635: 11352: 11190: 10872: 10817: 10807: 10767: 10698: 10668: 10551: 10535: 10518: 10316: 10143: 9933: 9481: 9154: 8651: 7990: 6132:

Vergara, Teresa (2000). "Tahuantinsuyo: El mundo de los Incas". In Teodoro Hampe Martínez (ed.).

5688: 5119:] (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. p. 298. 4161: 10187: 10133: 9706: 8082: 7672: 4201:

may have been taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude. The

3604: 3272:

in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy; a

2049: 1758: 1681:

in a golden cup, which the Spanish rejected. The Spanish interpreter, Friar Vincente, read the "

1611:. In contrast, the Inca used weapons made out of wood, stone, copper and bronze, while using an 1329:, either as a family home or summer retreat, although it may have been an agricultural station. 1250:. They then proceeded to teach them agriculture and weaving. Thus, the Inca civilization began. 13356: 13299: 13165: 13145: 12948: 12849: 12844: 12532: 12480: 12400: 12333: 12237: 12222: 12115: 11882: 11836: 11677: 11564: 11112: 11082: 10779: 10688: 10655: 10601: 10347: 8206: 8110: 8000:

Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region in The Inca and Aztec States: 1400–1800

7829: 4475: 4325: 4250: 3133:, located along the southern coast of modern Peru, extending into the highlands towards Cusco. 3101: 2734:, a system of ecological complementarity in accessing resources and the cultural foundation of 2617: 2607: 2598: 1395: 1049: 982: 761: 625: 45: 9124: 7985:. no. 143 v. 2 Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Vol. 2. 7914: 7610: 7583: 7029: 6418: 6241: 5590: 4889:, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations. 3520:. According to historians Kenneth Mills, William B. Taylor, and Sandra Lauderdale Graham, the 1567:, and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire. Perhaps more importantly, 1517: 13314: 13289: 12879: 12839: 12652: 12527: 11591: 11581: 11540: 11511: 11197: 11020: 10754: 10268: 10084: 9627: 9476: 9109: 8863: 8834: 8633: 8608: 8573: 8011: 7830:"Altitude acclimatization, A historical introduction emphasizing the regulation of breathing" 7637: 5558: 5171: 5167: 5141: 3645: 3142: 2837: 2752: 2429: 1959: 1857: 702: 41: 12767: 8761: 7705: 7502: 7496: 7132: 6211: 4046:, grids with squares of positionally varying mathematical values, perhaps functioning as an 3749: 2401: 2011: 1677:, met with the Inca, who had brought only a small retinue. The Inca offered them ceremonial 13434: 13384: 13309: 13271: 13209: 12972: 12802: 12772: 12647: 12578: 12549: 12468: 11802: 11640: 11630: 11390: 11347: 11317: 11173: 11153: 10978: 10926: 10759: 10744: 10713: 10584: 10420: 10372: 10367: 10325: 10263: 9911: 9778: 9642: 9607: 9527: 9216: 8924: 8819: 8801: 8701: 8425: 8173: 7083:

Verdadera relación de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cusco, llamada la Nueva Castilla

4946: 4402: 4226: 2731: 2648: 2054: 1808: 1674: 1545: 978: 956: 710: 596: 33: 12752: 9104: 2323:

was given in daily life, in practice; it was also given in the assemblies of the ayllu or

827:

Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred

8: 13090: 13063: 13058: 12664: 12544: 12510: 12412: 12232: 12227: 12039: 11758: 11694: 11569: 11554: 11415: 11261: 11178: 11000: 10862: 10837: 10396: 10021: 9744: 9506: 8538: 8518: 8201: 6318:

Salomon, Frank (1 January 1987). "A North Andean Status Trader Complex under Inka Rule".

3777: 3728: 2704: 2610:(world of the present and here): The earthly world where humans live, represented by the 2469: 1995: 1785: 1718: 1710: 1690: 1617: 1411: 1352: 1114:, First Inca, 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings, Probably mid-18th century. Oil on canvas. 845:—their sun god—and imposed its sovereignty above other religious groups, such as that of 620: 142: 12380: 12370: 8736: 6374:

Murra, John V.; Rowe, John Howland (1 January 1984). "An Interview with John V. Murra".

5361:"Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526" 4951:

Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time

4838: 3420:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3201:, literally the "priest who recounts", the High Priest of the Sun. However, beneath the 13351: 13255: 13053: 13048: 12777: 12757: 12740: 12691: 12556: 12365: 12316: 12249: 12167: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12054: 12024: 11916: 11814: 11682: 11657: 11425: 11332: 11163: 11148: 11102: 11015: 10893: 10799: 10708: 10660: 10643: 10561: 10415: 10342: 10238: 10162: 10138: 10123: 9965: 9867: 9857: 9763: 9587: 9496: 9275: 9019: 8964: 8939: 8603: 8598: 8568: 8563: 8007: 7811: 7665: 7329: 7235: 6820: 6399: 6391: 6335: 5900: 5693: 5659: 5539: 5531: 4546: 3868:

Dances were categorized as nobiliary dances for the sapa inca and the panacas, such as

3214: 3092:

and much of the southern Andes, reaching what is now Argentina and as far south as the

2558:) – Created wisdom to civilize the people, taught women to weave cloth and build houses 1967: 1907: 1686: 1454: 1434: 1363: 1309: 1238:"sacred place of origin") and marched north. They carried a golden staff, given by the 126: 7004:

The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera

6975: 4185:

Compared to other humans, the Andeans had slower heart rates, almost one-third larger

3123:, was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes. Its name is the root of the word "Andes". 1713:, as they had served the Inca overlords. Other than efforts to spread the religion of 1305: 705:. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of 13250: 13204: 13194: 13155: 12886: 12782: 12718: 12713: 12642: 12539: 12254: 12182: 12177: 12019: 11948: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11721: 11672: 11362: 11342: 11337: 11322: 11281: 11185: 11158: 11070: 11030: 10812: 10749: 10693: 10377: 10089: 9892: 9822: 9788: 9511: 9501: 9211: 9179: 9059: 8989: 8721: 8696: 8628: 8618: 8456: 8076: 8017: 7962: 7941: 7920: 7899: 7841: 7803: 7730: 7676: 7643: 7616: 7589: 7506: 7008: 6981: 6954: 6708: 6426: 6403: 6247: 6217: 6164: 6137: 6088: 5981: 5977: 5950: 5940: 5917: 5907: 5880: 5870: 5826: 5816: 5810: 5770: 5760: 5754: 5730: 5722: 5697: 5564: 5543: 5523: 5418: 5393: 5338: 5232: 5177: 5147: 5120: 5064: 4981: 4954: 4890: 4866: 4787: 4618: 4591: 4538: 4487: 4275: 4032:

strings, allowing for compact storage of large numbers. These numbers were stored in

3822: 3794:

Ancient Andean inhabitants shared their experiences through singing and dancing with

3540: 3438: 3394: 2825: 2666: 2625: 2015: 2007: 1987: 1901: 1765: 1533: 1269: 789: 773: 552: 547: 311: 259: 167: 130: 112: 9089: 8954: 8920: 7815: 6537: 6107: 5651: 3571: 3551: 1971: 1861: 1651: 13294: 13276: 13177: 12735: 12522: 12517: 12473: 12460: 12390: 12358: 12353: 12217: 12212: 12194: 12155: 12088: 12071: 12012: 12002: 11997: 11938: 11894: 11864: 11824: 11807: 11790: 11753: 11504: 11435: 11405: 11357: 11307: 11266: 11136: 11117: 10902: 10867: 10847: 10842: 10822: 10774: 10739: 10362: 10273: 10228: 9592: 9532: 9516: 9399: 9363: 9270: 9174: 8974: 8791: 8766: 8583: 8578: 8303: 8196: 8186: 7793: 7785: 7698: 7126: 6812: 6803:

Zuidema, R. T. (Spring 1983). "Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization".

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Moon, sun, and witches : gender ideologies and class in Inca and colonial Peru

5683: 5515: 5015: 4530: 4004: 3806: 3741: 3252:

units (often doubling as military units) that formed the state's muscle as part of

2998: 2889: 2688: 2644: 2023: 1975: 1947: 1919: 1915: 1793: 1789: 1544:. This approval was received as detailed in the following quote: "In July 1529 the 1446: 1277: 1259: 877: 688: 615: 605: 587: 416: 138: 134: 66: 8057: 7439:"An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perú)" 7111:

Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals...

5563:. Dumbarton Oaks Other Titles in Pre-Columbian Studies. Harvard University Press. 4255: 13281: 13150: 13118: 12953: 12921: 12794: 12762: 12745: 12701: 12696: 12674: 12669: 12627: 12620: 12595: 12455: 12450: 12291: 12172: 12066: 12061: 12029: 11854: 11844: 11738: 11731: 11726: 11711: 11667: 11549: 11535: 11464: 11382: 11276: 11221: 11087: 10961: 10832: 10618: 9715: 9394: 9353: 9338: 9301: 9265: 9159: 9054: 8969: 8944: 8905: 8890: 8711: 8548: 8371: 8123:

Ancient Peruvian art: contributions to the archaeology of the empire of the Incas

8072: 7935: 7893: 7109: 7002: 6700: 6596: 6158: 6028: 5600: 5387: 5332: 5058: 4915: 4612: 4392: 3934: 3612: 3556: 3516:

within an empire. Many tunics have a "checkerboard effect" which is known as the

3081: 2863: 2476: 2279: 1951: 1911: 1906:

The empire was linguistically diverse. Some of the most important languages were

1697: 1465: 1301: 1115: 989: 801: 572: 430: 116: 12375: 10051: 8131: – A digital version of the Corónica, scanned from the original manuscript. 6559: 5019: 4099: 3710: 3249: 2355:

Due to the dry climate that extends from modern-day Peru to what is now Chile's

1379: 13199: 13187: 12896: 12891: 12854: 12829: 12812: 12723: 12708: 12679: 12637: 12485: 12445: 12440: 12395: 12321: 12281: 12271: 12261: 12076: 11955: 11849: 11716: 11598: 11400: 11327: 10993: 10907: 10510: 10157: 9646: 9612: 9456: 9431: 9388: 9378: 9368: 9358: 9316: 9099: 8910: 8900: 8593: 8553: 8543: 8331: 8313: 8253: 8226: 8211: 8088: 7976: 7722: 6918: 6913: 6446: 4512: 4372: 4367: 4202: 4078: 4020: 4016: 3799: 3448: 2692: 2591: 2445: 2424: 2274: 2058: 1979: 1963: 1943: 1877: 1797: 1734: 1552: 1503: 1438: 1407: 1076: 966: 784: 726: 722: 635: 630: 577: 567: 491: 324: 286: 209: 9748: 9732: 9552: 8351: 8128: 7889: 4807: 3105: 2707:

in which households were required to pay tributes, usually in the form of the

2561: 1801: 1215: 1178: 1148: 1111: 13378: 13140: 13123: 12990: 12977: 12864: 12659: 12632: 12605: 12583: 12561: 12328: 12311: 12296: 12140: 12093: 12081: 12007: 11899: 11773: 11768: 11743: 11625: 11480: 11440: 11430: 11312: 10826: 10566: 10556: 9602: 9446: 9415: 9383: 9327: 9295: 9134: 9094: 9084: 9079: 9069: 9064: 8999: 8994: 8949: 8513: 8470: 7562: 6092: 5527: 5265: 4740:"The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand" 4542: 4491: 4265: 4198: 4170: 4135: 4095: 3466: 3001:, like Washington, DC or Mexico City. The city sat at the center of the four 2957: 2867: 2859: 2809:

was the staple food with over 200 species and 5000 different varieties while

2760: 2456: 2372: 2360: 2019: 1955: 1682: 1529: 1422: 1144: 1000: 733: 163: 153: 12405: 12385: 9693: 9689: 8681: 8676: 5970: 5954: 5884: 5830: 5774: 5110: 4534: 4516: 4152:

Cloth tunics padded with cotton and small wooden planks to protect the spine

3045: 795: 525: 13172: 13135: 12869: 12610: 12600: 12566: 12495: 12490: 12417: 12207: 12189: 12150: 12145: 12125: 12120: 11992: 11985: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11859: 11797: 11778: 11763: 11699: 11420: 11395: 11248: 9685: 9661: 9617: 9567: 9562: 9451: 9436: 9420: 9285: 9236: 9231: 9206: 9184: 9149: 9029: 8731: 8666: 8623: 8391: 8308: 8245: 7807: 6696: 6184: 6160:

Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records

5921: 4362: 4300: 4260: 4240: 3818: 3736: 3590: 3536: 3444: 3085: 3062: 2854:, camelids played a crucial role in the economy. The domesticated species, 2611: 2489: 2480: 2356: 1935: 1873: 1714: 1701:

against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him, in August 1533.

1612: 1604: 1469: 1461: 1326: 1072: 901: 892:

is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four

718: 562: 533: 221: 9169: 7845: 6605: 5734: 4517:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 4159:

Roads allowed quick movement (on foot) for the Inca army. Shelters called

4066:

The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings, known as

1276:

Under the leadership of Manco Capac, the Inca formed the small city-state

988:

The Inca Empire was preceded by two large-scale empires in the Andes: the

12588: 12573: 12422: 12135: 12044: 11960: 11608: 11603: 11485: 9681: 9290: 9074: 9044: 8751: 8643: 8523: 8376: 8366: 8221: 7798: 4377: 4310: 4189:

capacity, about 2 L (4 pints) more blood volume and double the amount of

4074: 3716: 3567: 3245: 3192: 3097: 3093: 2821: 2580:

Sachamama – meaning "tree mother", represented as a snake with two heads.

2364: 1812: 1472:

in 1527. The empire extended into corners of what are today the north of

1403: 1134: 1126:. When he went into the cave, they trapped him inside to get rid of him. 1089: 1068: 1025: 1004: 838: 6933:

Mills, Kenneth, Taylor, William B., and Graham, Sandra Lauderdale, eds.

3756:, the flag dates to the first decades of the 20th century, and even the 2006:

In order to manage this diversity, the Inca lords promoted the usage of

943:

When the Spanish arrived in the Empire of the Incas, they gave the name

12615: 12432: 12306: 12266: 12199: 10046: 9719: 9557: 9537: 8979: 8771: 8533: 8346: 8341: 8293: 7789: 7462:"Knot numbers used as labels for identifying subject matter of a khipu" 6395: 5270:"¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?" 4550: 4270: 4190: 3629: 3268:

status was hereditary and typically served for life, the position of a

3146: 2975: 2969: 2924: 2911: 2906: 2795:(artificial lakes); and the improvement of cultivation tools, like the 2696: 2551: 2545: 2524: 2518: 2497: 1846: 1778: 1625: 1243: 1219: 1152: 1097: 1093: 1021: 13160: 9164: 6824: 6339: 5535: 5468:

Duke University Press: Durham, pages 19-30, 56-57. ISBN 9780822353102.

4073:

The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. They performed successful

2539:– Sun god and patron deity of the holy city of Cusco (home of the sun) 2329:, where they were mainly taught the three moral and legal principles: 1560: 896:("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital. The four 290: 233: 12505: 12276: 12160: 12130: 11911: 11785: 11576: 11010: 10206: 9740: 9736: 9711: 9461: 8796: 8686: 8386: 8336: 8298: 8181: 7612:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West

4315: 4305: 4245: 4206: 4090: 4012: 3988: 3126: 3089: 3077: 2963: 2786: 2719: 2577:

Quchamama – meaning "lake mother", represents the goddess of the sea.

2571: 2504: 2434: 2062: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1838: 1750: 1667: 1655: 1572: 1564: 1556: 1481: 1473: 1442: 1359: 1289: 1285: 1284:). In 1438, they began a far-reaching expansion under the command of 1101: 935: 913: 909: 850: 846: 780: 753: 732:

From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western

542: 294: 272: 245: 197: 178: 9245: 8915: 6665: 6387: 5173:

Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World

4585: 4474:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

4112: 3952:, or one pace. The next largest unit was reported by Cobo to be the 3233:

divisions of the empire, both within Cuzco and within the Quarters (

3037:, with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast. 2918:

wed brother and sister. He was "son of the sun", and his people the

2711: 2533:– Goddess of lightning and thunder (also Yakumama, goddess of water) 1819: 1815: 1333:

and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects.

11906: 11689: 11647: 11586: 10182: 9925: 9727: 9577: 9119: 9114: 9004: 8984: 6816: 6584:] (in Spanish) (3 ed.). Lima: Amaru Editores. p. 297. 6331: 5652:"Comparing chronicles and Andean visual texts. Issues for analysis" 5519: 5006: 4726:

The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland.

4280: 4125: 3996: 3984: 3840: 3470: 3253: 3120: 3109: 2982:

The four corners of these quarters met at the center, Cuzco. These

2708: 2652: 2583: 2387: 1842: 1830: 1826: 1600: 1568: 1512: 1477: 1450: 1391: 1375: 1227: 1096:(Ayar Kachi), Ayar Auca (Ayar Awka) and Ayar Uchu (Ayar Uchi); and 1015: 905: 757: 9139: 8283: 7662: 7258:

Salas, Samuel J.A.; Pauletto, Pedro I.; Salas, Pedro J.S. (1938).

6860: 6858: 4739: 4290: 3593:

and the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History.

3585:(Cuzco bottles or "aryballos"), mainly used for the production of 3488: 2773: 2764: 2756: 2384:

The basic organizational principle of Inca society was duality or

1658:, Ecuador, on the Pacific Coast; Pizarro then founded the city of 1029: 11819: 11748: 11704: 11559: 10623: 9956: 9723: 9260: 9144: 8885: 8781: 8756: 8741: 8661: 8656: 8613: 8588: 8558: 8381: 8288: 8273: 8099: 4033: 4008: 3992: 3641: 3625: 3513: 1850: 1722: 1621: 1580: 1541: 1415: 1387: 1383: 1371: 1297: 1264: 1192: 1059:, arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization. 769: 749: 745: 171: 11620: 10918: 9189: 8236: 7982:

The Handbook of South American Indians: The Andean Civilizations

6421:. In Nuccetelli, Susana; Schutte, Ofelia; Bueno, Otávio (eds.). 6352:

Earls, J. The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture. pp. 1–29

5143:

Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism

3705: 3256:

service. Each unit of more than 100 tax-payers were headed by a

3156:

The Inca had three moral precepts that governed their behavior:

2661: 1635: 13128: 11652: 11527: 9666: 9656: 9039: 9034: 8959: 8895: 8776: 8726: 8716: 8691: 8414: 8263: 7290: 7266: 7174: 7172: 6855: 6757: 6452:

The greatest mystery of the Inca Empire was its strange economy

5331:

Starn, Orin; Kirk, Carlos Iván; Degregori, Carlos Iván (2009).

5085:"The Great Inka Road: Engineering an Empire - Creation Stories" 4345: 4320: 4194: 4166: 4116: 4104: 4047: 4042: 4000: 3723:, shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags. In his 1847 book 3586: 3455: 3066: 2997:

or province. Rather, it was probably somewhat akin to a modern

2915: 2806: 2656: 2602: 2530: 2368: 2306: 2288: 1889: 1834: 1811:

model of agriculture. Spanish colonial officials used the Inca

1706: 1685:" that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King 1678: 1608: 1588: 1587:

The forces led by Pizarro consisted of 168 men, along with one

1576: 1537: 1427: 1367: 1045: 402: 8134: 8125:, a four volume work from 1902 (fully available online as PDF) 7771:"Developmental Functional Adaptation to High Altitude: Review" 6947:

Cummins, Thomas B. F.; Anderson, Barbara (23 September 2008).

6745: 6307:. Translated by B. Iceland, Harry. Cambridge University Press. 3929: 2297:

curaca) received systematic education. They had to attend the

1753:

of the empire, was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533.

1650:

The first engagement between the Inca and the Spanish was the

1362:

decided to replace the co-ruler with another one of his sons,

977:

The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of

12286: 11410: 9306: 9250: 9241: 9129: 8706: 8409: 8361: 8278: 8268: 8258: 7262:. Buenos Aires: Editorial José Joaquín de Araujo. p. 13. 5560:

El Niño, Catastrophism, and Culture Change in Ancient America

4356: 4339: 4139: 4067: 4028: 3941: 3848: 3814: 3786: 3575: 3217:, a "Council of the Realm" was composed of 16 nobles: 2 from 2855: 2851: 2621: 2449: 2438: 2393: 2038: 1774: 1659: 1596: 1592: 1399: 1138: 1123: 1041: 1034: 829: 807: 765: 737: 706: 557: 102: 9888:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

8455: 8085:

360-degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.

7861:"Tibertans inherited high-altitude gene from ancient humans" 7723:

Peter Von Sivers; Charles Desnoyers; George B. Stow (2012).

7324:"Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Incan Mystery" 7225: 7213:

Mapa de los instrumentos musicales de uso popular en el Perú

7211:

Bolaños, C.; García, F.; Pineda, J. R.; Salazar, A. (1978).

7169: 6894: 6558:(in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. Archived from 6502:

La papa: tesoro de los andes: de la agricultura a la cultura

5060:

Royal Commentaries of the Incas, and General History of Peru

10949: 8356: 6937:. Denver: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 14-18. 6784: 6701:"La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía" 5417:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 76. 4571: 4564: 4186: 3781: 3745: 3620: 3608: 2893: 2814: 2810: 2736: 2536: 2257: 2034: 1313: 1312:(Tupa Yupanki) brought much of the modern-day territory of 1247: 1239: 1223: 1184: 1156: 1050:

the only large domesticated animals in Pre-Hispanic America

842: 741: 725:

began the conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 and by 1572,

714: 11496: 7756:

Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Señe I, Prehistoria y Arqueología

7349: 7210: 7107: 7030:"What Happened to the Treasure Hoard of the Inca Emperor?" 6733: 5557:

Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Quilter, Jeffrey (31 January 2009).

2594:, there were three different worlds created by Viracocha: 7302: 7278: 6870: 6843: 6653: 6456: 5146:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. 4947:"Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases" 3546: 8129:"Guaman Poma – El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno" 6980:. Internet Archive. Aylesbury : Shire. p. 57. 6677: 6629: 6617: 6081:"Comparing Mummification Processes: Egyptian & Inca" 4413:

Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

2842: 2730:. The economy rested on the material foundations of the 2703:

trading class, most households in the empire lived in a

1696:

Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the

1673:

Pizarro and some of his men, most notably a friar named

13400:

16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization

6721: 5906:. Hamilton, Roland. Austin: University of Texas Press. 5483: 3918: 3112:

as likely being the foremost Inca settlement in Chile.

1922:, respectively mainly spoken in the Central Andes, the 701: "land of four parts"), was the largest empire in 8013:

The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru

7476: 7409: 7260:

Historia de la Música. Segundo volumen: América Latina

6882: 6831: 6641: 6598:

An Introduction to American Archaeology: South America

1497: 9883:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

7695: 6355: 5796:

Gerard, K. (1997). Ancient Lives. New Moon, 4(4), 44.

5140:

Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984).

4758: 4614:

After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies

3809:(using notes re, fa, sol, la, and do). They composed 3589:. Many of these pieces are on display in Lima in the 3213:, perhaps similar to a Prime Minister. Starting with 2937:

lines as the geographic center of the Four-Quarters;

1272:

in his "absolute chronology", developed in 1944–1945.

973:'s reconstruction of Inca imperial expansion in 1992. 768:

into a state comparable to the historical empires of

13390:

15th-century establishments in the Inca civilization

7716: 5471: 5431: 5038: 5026: 4818: 4216: 4015:, as two calendars were maintained in parallel, one 3454:

This process was first used on a large scale by the

2437:

Inca sculpture from Amarucancha archeological site,

1437:(1471–93). Instead, he places it in 1532 during the 7937:

The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development

7663:Father Bernabe Cobo; Roland Hamilton (1 May 1990). 7108:Preble, George Henry; Charles Edward Asnis (1917). 6935:

Colonial Latin America : A Documentary History

6601:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. pp. 173–75. 6029:"Mummification: The lost art of embalming the dead" 4737: 3886:for young nobles; masked men's war dances, such as 3197:as a symbol of power. Below that may have been the 2722:. This system survives to the modern day, known as 2714:labor, and military obligations, though barter (or 1709:, continued to serve the Spanish overlords, called 1551:When the conquistadors returned to Peru in 1532, a 1536:and his brothers explored south from what is today 800:) reaching all corners of the empire, finely-woven 7697: 7664: 7322: 7257: 6994: 5969: 5899: 5330: 4604: 4197:from the lungs to the rest of the body. While the 3021:as administrative regions were grouped into upper 1082: 7656: 6203: 5133: 4663: 3859:(a large drum with a stick), silver rattles, and 3264:, a lower, non-hereditary status. However, while 2099:were allowed to have sex without being a parent. 13376: 7635: 6213:Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas 6026: 5676:"Royal Tocapu in Guacan Poma: An Inca Heraldic?" 5556: 4473: 3944:and wingspans. The most basic distance unit was 3845:(a long flute). Percussion instruments included 3615:, Colombia, approached by the Inca for many uses 2392:, which was based on kinship relationships. The 2303:(house of knowledge) in Cusco to learn from the 1075:area around the 12th century. Indigenous Andean 792:, especially stonework, extensive road network ( 7608: 7575: 7215:. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura del Perú. 6946: 6703:. In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). 5363:. bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Archived from 5310:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 5298: 5176:. New York: Fawcett Columbine. pp. 60–62. 5117:Words of the Andes: essays on Andean onomastics 5112:Voces del Ande: ensayos sobre onomástica andina 5108: 4610: 4398:History of smallpox § Epidemics in the Americas 1319: 13020: 9863:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 9848:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 7642:. University of California Press. p. 77. 7629: 7581: 7459: 7436: 7369:"Supplementary Information for: Heggarty 2008" 7052: 7050: 6919:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 6778:Daily Life in Peru under the Last of the Incas 6695: 5626: 5358: 5264: 5139: 4678:Morris, Craig and von Hagen, Adrianna (2011), 4511: 4149:Round or square shields made from wood or hide 3494:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 2542:Kuychi – Rainbow god, connected with fertility 1414:where they met determined resistance from the 1346: 13430:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 13006: 11512: 10934: 9941: 8441: 8150: 7314: 7253: 7251: 6210:Burger, Richard L.; Salazar, Lucy C. (2004). 6209: 6055:"The Fascinating Afterlife of Peru's Mummies" 6003:"The Fascinating Afterlife of Peru's Mummies" 5869:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5324: 4919:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, p. 65 4611:Schwartz, Glenn M.; Nichols, John J. (2010). 4476:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 4084: 4061: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3685: 3677: 3664: 3657: 3580: 3190: 2944: 2800: 2784: 2778: 2406: 2385: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2298: 2292: 1190: 928: 805: 793: 660: 58: 12969:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 7954: 7919:. W.W. Norton, Incorporated. pp. 221–. 7689: 7296: 7272: 6900: 6864: 6790: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6689: 6671: 6611: 6551: 6479: 6477: 6302: 6053:Magazine, Smithsonian; Heaney, Christopher. 6001:Magazine, Smithsonian; Heaney, Christopher. 5808: 5689:10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.200401.016 5412: 5406: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5226: 4932:Stanford University Press: Stanford, page 77 4668:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 5. 7615:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 7602: 7058:"Cocaine's use: From the Incas to the U.S." 7047: 5864: 5334:The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics 5292: 5214:Une cronología aproximada del Tahuantinsuyu 5166: 4999: 4997: 4940: 4938: 4885:Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), 4505: 4233: 3209:, who was a confidant and assistant to the 347:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) 13450:States and territories established in 1438 13013: 12999: 11519: 11505: 10941: 10927: 9948: 9934: 8448: 8434: 8157: 8143: 7560: 7248: 7240:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7124: 6498: 6425:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 137–38. 6283: 6230: 6106:Morveli, Fidelus Coraza (14 August 2018). 6052: 6000: 5452:Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquest 4176: 3382: 3088:. It encompassed what is now the Bolivian 2500:who worshipped many gods. These included: 2044: 1845:together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, 1784:The Spanish installed Atahualpa's brother 1410:claims the advance south halted after the 1214:). It narrates the adventure of a couple, 667: 653: 81: 13347:List of the last monarchs in the Americas 9853:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 7933: 7797: 7768: 7501:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 7494: 7466:Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática 7443:Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática 6536: 6483: 6474: 6373: 6150: 5976:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 5759:. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1992. 5687: 5660:Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena 5489: 5389:Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas 5385: 5245: 4728:29 May 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013. 4467: 3913: 2521:– Rain god, prayed to when they need rain 1728: 1292:(Pachakutiy Kusi Yupanki), whose epithet 1212: The Royal Commentaries of the Inca 837:, but the Inca leadership encouraged the 9542: 8457:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 7852: 7752:"Armas de metal en el Perú prehispánico" 7729:. Oxford University Press. p. 505. 7096:El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno 6575: 6423:A Companion to Latin American Philosophy 6266: 6078: 5673: 5449: 5211: 4994: 4935: 4836: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4682:, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 48–58 4111: 4094: 3928: 3776: 3732:the rainbow in his military campaigns." 3721:El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno 3704: 3653:Francisco López de Jerez wrote in 1534: 3603: 3550: 3508:were produced by men and women equally. 3487: 3276:could be appointed to the position by a 3044: 2888: 2841: 2751: 2676:El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno 2660: 2428: 2278: 2251: 2048: 1764: 1744: 1741:Society in the Spanish Colonial Americas 1634: 1511: 1336:Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a 1263: 1185:The Legend of Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo 1166:El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno 1143: 1106: 965: 87:The Inca Empire at its greatest extent, 12793: 8006: 7975: 7749: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7228:La musique des Incas et ses survivances 7226:D'Harcourt, R.; D'Harcourt, M. (1935). 7131:. National Geographic Society. p. 6973: 6837: 6802: 6659: 6647: 6623: 6376:The Hispanic American Historical Review 6361: 6317: 6134:Historia del Perú. Incanato y conquista 6131: 6105: 5934: 5501: 5302:An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador 3260:, while smaller units were headed by a 2941:called it "the navel of the universe". 2112:Table 7.1 from R. Alan Covey's Article 1516:The first image of the Inca in Europe, 1177:After that, Ayar Manco became known as 849:. The Incas considered their king, the 14: 13377: 7997: 7912: 7888: 7827: 7482: 7415: 7355: 7320: 7308: 7284: 7000: 6888: 6876: 6849: 6775: 6727: 6683: 6635: 6594: 6445: 6416: 6236: 5967: 5611: 5477: 5454:. Boston: Brill Academic. p. xiv. 5437: 5229:Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui 5044: 5032: 4973: 4824: 4764: 3892:; and collective dances for laborers ( 3574:) and geometric patterns found in the 3547:Ceramics, precious metals and textiles 2527:– Hot-tempered god, causes earthquakes 1853:in 1618, all ravaged the Inca people. 1037:can also be dried with only sunlight. 888:is a suffix naming a group, so that a 145:and scores of other smaller languages. 12994: 11500: 10922: 9929: 8429: 8138: 8083:Inca Artifacts, Peru and Machu Picchu 7671:. University of Texas Press. p. 7609:Geoffrey Parker (29 September 2008). 7114:Vol. 1. N. L. Brown. p. 85. 6571: 6569: 6518: 6486:Los Incas y el poder de sus ancestros 6243:Human sacrifice: in history and today 6156: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5842: 5840: 5804: 5802: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5196: 4860: 4781: 4770: 3744:(2001–2006) flew the Rainbow Flag in 3646:Rainbow flag § Andean indigenism 3635: 1421:This view is challenged by historian 1014:–1100 AD), centered near the city of 872:The Inca referred to their empire as 9955: 8113:, lecture on Inca suspension bridges 7549: 6270:National Geographic, Spanish version 6191:from the original on 4 November 2016 5897: 5756:Incas : lords of gold and glory 5719:Gender in cross-cultural perspective 5212:José Antonio, del Busto Duthurburu. 5056: 5003: 4944: 4639:"Quechua, the Language of the Incas" 4408:Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru 4011:. The Inca calendar was essentially 3919:Measures, calendrics and mathematics 3767:National Academy of Peruvian History 3400: 2993:Cuzco was likely not organized as a 2283:Representation of the Inca worldview 1934:), and the area of the north coast ( 1595:. The conquistadors were armed with 1308:). During his reign, he and his son 13445:Post-Classic period in the Americas 13035:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies 8881:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 7858: 7639:Music in Aztec & Inca Territory 7636:Robert Stevenson (1 January 1968). 7588:. Simon and Schuster. p. 144. 7337:from the original on 3 January 2022 7147:"¿Bandera gay o del Tahuantinsuyo?" 7027: 6953:. Getty Publications. p. 127. 6525:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 6488:. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la PUCP. 5392:. Compass Point Books. p. 52. 4837:Prescott, William Hickling (1847). 4590:. University of Texas Press. 2015. 4007:. They could not, however, predict 2831: 2548:– Means "Mother Moon", wife of Inti 1508:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1498:Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest 1253: 1208: 1204:Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas 24: 13440:Indigenous culture of the Americas 10496:Plurinational Constitutional Court 10042:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 9873:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 8852:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 8111:Engineering in the Andes Mountains 7321:Neuman, William (2 January 2016). 6566: 5853: 5837: 5799: 5740: 5721:(7th ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire. 5704: 5634:"Origins And Diversity of Quechua" 4641:. 11 November 2013. Archived from 3772: 25: 13461: 10948: 9486: 8864:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 8835:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 8032: 7778:American Journal of Human Biology 6079:Williams, Emma J. (22 May 2018). 6027:Tom Garlinghouse (15 July 2020). 5939:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. 5674:Eeckhout, Peter (11 April 2004). 5502:Wiedner, Donald L. (April 1960). 5359:Juan de Samano (9 October 2009). 5109:Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2008). 4814:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. 4744:Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange 4480:Journal of World-Systems Research 3904:), and the ayllu in their tasks ( 3725:A History of the Conquest of Peru 3465:–AD 300) peoples to the south in 3179: 2452:, Andean knotted string records. 2350: 698: 36:. For the Carolina parakeet, see 27:1438–1533 empire in South America 13342:List of monarchs in the Americas 13079:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10315: 10274:Plurinational State Constitution 9905: 8857:Archaeological sites in Colombia 8830:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 8235: 8100:"The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec" 7821: 7762: 7743: 7561:Cartwright, Mark (19 May 2016). 7519: 7488: 7453: 7430: 7421: 7387: 7371:. Arch.cam.ac.uk. Archived from 7361: 7219: 7204: 7139: 7118: 7101: 7088: 7075: 7021: 6967: 6940: 6927: 6906: 6796: 6769: 5935:Malpass, Michael Andrew (1996). 4219: 4138:, arrows, javelins, slings, the 3758:Congress of the Republic of Peru 3405: 2824:experimentation centers such as 1488:describes a method of taxation: 717:highlands sometime in the early 524: 496: 482: 466: 450: 423: 409: 395: 13420:Former empires in South America 8840:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 8164: 7881: 7582:Kim MacQuarrie (17 June 2008). 7153:. 19 April 2010. Archived from 6588: 6545: 6538:10.4067/S0716-078X2007000200001 6512: 6492: 6439: 6410: 6367: 6346: 6311: 6296: 6277: 6260: 6177: 6125: 6099: 6072: 6046: 6020: 5994: 5961: 5928: 5891: 5790: 5781: 5667: 5644: 5617: 5593:Silent Killers of the New World 5584: 5550: 5504:"Forced Labor in Colonial Peru" 5495: 5458: 5443: 5379: 5351: 5220: 5205: 5190: 5160: 5102: 5077: 5050: 4974:Hardoy, Jorge Henríque (1973). 4967: 4922: 4900: 4879: 4854: 4840:History of the Conquest of Peru 4830: 4800: 4731: 4715: 4685: 4617:. University of Arizona Press. 4522:International Studies Quarterly 4448: 4352:Amazonas before the Inca Empire 4332: 3673:Chronicler Bernabé Cobo wrote: 3065:, which encompassed the former 2817:were considered sacred plants. 2247: 2012:the variety of what is now Lima 1226:and emerged from the depths of 1083:The Legend of the Ayar Brothers 858:The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy 115:; before Huayna Capac's reign, 7898:(in Spanish). BPR Publishers. 7769:Frisancho, A. Roberto (2013), 7750:Maestro, Carmen Pérez (1999). 7696:Cottie Arthur Burland (1968). 7495:Somervill, Barbara A. (2005). 6614:, pp. 86–89, 111, 154–55. 6508:. International Potato Center. 6087:(EXARC Journal Issue 2018/2). 5450:Raudzens, George, ed. (2003). 5057:Vega, Garcilaso de la (1966). 4672: 4657: 4631: 4578: 4431: 3991:. Inca astronomers understood 2747: 1449:, subduing a revolt among the 961: 853:, to be the "son of the Sun". 756:, the southwesternmost tip of 13: 1: 13405:16th century in South America 13395:15th century in South America 13322:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76) 10590:Plurinational Electoral Organ 9784:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 8845:Archaeological sites in Chile 7998:Julien, Catherine J. (1982). 7987:Biodiversity Heritage Library 7955:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2014). 7940:. Stanford University Press. 7934:Sanderson, Steven E. (1992). 7180:"La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo" 6484:Hernández, Francisco (2012). 6163:. University of Texas Press. 6108:"Funeral Rites in Inca Times" 5937:Daily life in the Inca empire 5848:The American Indian Quarterly 5809:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2002). 5464:Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012), 5413:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). 5063:. University of Texas Press. 4461: 3474: 3459: 2880:Government of the Inca Empire 2873: 2515:) – Created all living things 1882: 1628:the Spanish as they expanded 1008: 993: 88: 10217:Bolivian National Revolution 10129:Treaty of Defensive Alliance 10080:Bolivian War of Independence 9878:Mesoamerican writing systems 9835: 8874:Archaeological sites in Peru 8102:, poetry of an Inca emperor. 8089:Ancient Civilizations – Inca 8063:Resources in other libraries 7185:(in Spanish). Archived from 6552:Rostworowski, María (1995). 6419:"Pre-Columbian Philosophies" 6303:Rostworowski, María (1999). 5227:Rostworowski, María (2008). 5197:de Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento. 4812:American Heritage Dictionary 4738:La Lone, Darrell E. (1982). 3837:(a five-voice whistle), and 3559:. Small stone figurines, or 2371:corn beer was used to delay 2268: 1895: 1320:Reorganization and formation 1268:Inca expansion according to 867: 772:. Its official language was 748:, western and south central 7: 11526: 11373:Water supply and sanitation 10785:Water supply and sanitation 10501:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 10102:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 10095:Declaration of Independence 10057:Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II 9774:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 8094:"Ice Treasures of the Inca" 8073:Conquest nts.html Inca Land 8002:. New York: Academic Press. 7916:The Incas: New Perspectives 7460:Sáez-Rodríguez, A. (2013). 7437:Sáez-Rodríguez, A. (2012). 6705:La frontera del estado Inca 6576:Espinoza, Waldemar (1997). 6417:Maffie, J. (5 March 2013). 6246:. Morrow. pp. 261–62. 5865:Silverblatt, Irene (1987). 5680:Boletin de Arqueologia PUCP 5386:Somervill, Barbara (2005). 5020:10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02 4909:The Incas: New Perspectives 4666:The Incas: New Perspectives 4286:Pambamarca Fortress Complex 4212: 3591:Larco Archaeological Museum 3555:Camelid Conopa, 1470–1532, 3447:, which was constructed by 2681:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 2421:Religion in the Inca Empire 2414: 2260:, traveling the Qhapaq Ñan. 2256:The Inka and his wife, the 2238: 1946:. Other languages included 1777:, built on the base of the 1460:The empire's push into the 1347:Expansion and consolidation 1161:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 908:(east; the Amazon jungle), 824:feasts for their subjects. 10: 13466: 13022:Monarchies in the Americas 11368:Water resources management 10790:Water resources management 9800:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 9703:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 7913:McEwan, Gordon F. (2008). 7585:The Last Days of the Incas 7568:World History Encyclopedia 7397:. History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk 7125:McCandless, Byron (1917). 6595:Willey, Gordon R. (1966). 6555:Historia del Tahuantinsuyo 5682:. Nº 8, 2004 (8): 305–23. 4906:McEwan, Gordon F. (2006), 4664:McEwan, Gordon F. (2006). 4385: 4088: 4085:Weapons, armor and warfare 4062:Communication and medicine 3922: 3639: 3436: 3377: 2945:Organization of the empire 2884: 2877: 2835: 2642: 2639:Economy of the Inca Empire 2636: 2632: 2418: 2379: 2272: 2123:Social Value of Life Stage 1899: 1871: 1867: 1796:and established the small 1738: 1732: 1501: 1350: 1257: 954: 950: 876:, "the suyu of four ". In 862:Asiatic mode of production 804:, use of knotted strings ( 683:, officially known as the 362:• Early 16th century 31: 13334: 13264: 13218: 13111: 13104: 13028: 12962: 12914: 12431: 11835: 11534: 11458: 11381: 11303: 11294: 11229: 11220: 11144: 11135: 11078: 11069: 11044: 10969: 10960: 10887: 10798: 10735: 10726: 10651: 10642: 10577: 10544: 10509: 10488: 10478:Vice President of Bolivia 10436: 10408: 10404: 10395: 10333: 10324: 10313: 10251: 10173: 10067: 10052:Rebellion of Túpac Katari 10032: 10012: 9989: 9973: 9964: 9901: 9843: 9834: 9754: 9677: 9652: 9623: 9598: 9573: 9548: 9523: 9492: 9467: 9442: 9411: 9374: 9349: 9312: 9281: 9256: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9025:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 8810: 8642: 8499: 8463: 8400: 8322: 8244: 8233: 8172: 8096:National Geographic site. 8058:Resources in your library 7726:Patterns of World History 7667:Inca Religion and Customs 7081:Francisco López de Jerez, 7001:Berrin, Kathleen (1997). 6305:History of the Inca Realm 6216:. Yale University Press. 5815:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 5663:. 46, Nº 1, 2014: 91–113. 5337:. Duke University Press. 4980:. Routledge. p. 24. 4887:Encyclopedia of the Incas 4165:and storage silos called 4040:, could be calculated on 4003:passages, along with the 3686: 3678: 3665: 3658: 3483: 3469:and later in the city of 3414:This article needs to be 3053:or quarters of the empire 2939:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 2687:The Inca Empire employed 2198:Maturity (body and mind) 2156:Ignorance (not speaking) 2111: 2053:"The Maiden", one of the 1698:room he was imprisoned in 1476:and part of the southern 1199:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 1062: 1057:environmental determinism 374: 370: 360: 356: 351: 343: 338: 334: 321: 304: 283: 275:created the Tawantinsuyu 269: 265: 255: 251: 239: 227: 215: 203: 191: 187: 177: 159: 149: 122: 108: 98: 80: 75: 53: 38:Incas (Carolina parakeet) 13223:colonies in the Americas 10112:War of the Confederation 10107:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War 9912:Civilizations portal 8869:Cultural periods of Peru 6674:, pp. 42–43, 86–89. 6499:Graves, C., ed. (2000). 6286:Dialectical Anthropology 5591:Millersville University 5299:Ernesto Salazar (1977). 4953:. Springer. p. 86. 4928:Spalding, Karen (1984), 4914:11 December 2022 at the 4861:Pease, Franklin (2011). 4782:Pease, Franklin (2011). 4693:"The Inca - All Empires" 4424: 4418:History of South America 4234:Inca archeological sites 3925:Mathematics of the Incas 3805:Incaic Andean music was 3784:Cusi Chimbo playing the 3697:Historia del Nuevo Mundo 2673:(Andean foot plough) in 2184:Folly (sexually active) 2057:. Inca human sacrifice, 1771:Convent of Santo Domingo 1189:Legend collected by the 999:–1100 AD), based around 13362:Araucania and Patagonia 13231:Courland and Semigallia 11026:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 10144:Puna de Atacama dispute 9806:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 8652:Mesoamerican chronology 8016:. Thames & Hudson. 8008:Moseley, Michael Edward 7991:Smithsonian Institution 6707:. Editorial Abya Yala. 5599:3 November 2006 at the 5266:Silva Galdames, Osvaldo 4535:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4177:Adaptations to altitude 3853:(a simple small drum), 3599: 3531: 3383:Monumental architecture 3136: 3040: 2045:Age and defining gender 1290:Pachacuti Cusi Yupanqui 1222:, who were sent by the 1067:The Inca people were a 1040:Troll also argued that 983:"pristine" civilization 744:, what are now western 685:Realm of the Four Parts 109:Official languages 55:Realm of the Four Parts 13357:Afro-Bolivian monarchy 10614:Movement for Socialism 10602:Atacama border dispute 8509:Archaeological periods 8079:(published 1912–1922). 7758:(in Spanish): 319–346. 7028:Minster, Christopher. 6974:Feltham, Jane (1989). 6776:Baudin, Louis (1961). 5968:Davies, Nigel (1995). 5898:Cobo, Bernabé (1979). 5168:Weatherford, J. McIver 4359:, agricultural terrace 4326:The Chilean Inca Trail 4251:El Fuerte de Samaipata 4205:in Asia living in the 4120: 4109: 4081:who accompanied them. 3987:were strongly tied to 3937: 3914:Science and technology 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3791: 3770: 3713: 3703: 3671: 3619:The Incas revered the 3616: 3581: 3564: 3496: 3391: 3191: 3141:The Inca state had no 3054: 2929:loaded as it was with 2901: 2898:José Bernardo de Tagle 2847: 2801: 2785: 2779: 2768: 2684: 2624:and symbolized by the 2511:) (also Pachacamac or 2441: 2407: 2386: 2363:occurred naturally by 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2261: 2066: 1781: 1762: 1729:End of the Inca Empire 1647: 1525: 1495: 1426:societies such as the 1402:, at the north of the 1273: 1191: 1174: 1118: 974: 929: 806: 794: 692: 59: 46:Incan (disambiguation) 40:. For other uses, see 13112:Indigenous monarchies 13069:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12939:Medieval great powers 11208:Regions and provinces 10117:Bolivia-Argentina War 10085:Chuquisaca Revolution 9812:List of Conquistadors 9699:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 9110:Quebrada de Humahuaca 8529:Caddoan Mississippian 8119:of Inca Empire events 7527:"Incan skull surgery" 7007:. Thames and Hudson. 6699:; Gordon, A. (1998). 5274:Cuadernos de Historia 5199:Historia de los Incas 5089:americanindian.si.edu 4945:Gade, Daniel (2016). 4380:, Inca religious site 4296:Pukara of La Compañia 4115: 4098: 3933:Quipu, 15th century. 3932: 3780: 3762: 3708: 3675: 3655: 3607: 3554: 3512:example, the flow of 3491: 3387: 3048: 2892: 2845: 2838:Inca animal husbandry 2755: 2664: 2643:Further information: 2455:The Inca believed in 2432: 2282: 2255: 2052: 1960:Uru-Chipaya languages 1858:Juan Santos Atahualpa 1768: 1748: 1638: 1515: 1490: 1288:("paramount leader") 1267: 1147: 1110: 969: 729:was fully conquered. 703:pre-Columbian America 123:Common languages 42:Inca (disambiguation) 13410:Andean civilizations 13272:Barbados (1966–2021) 12949:European colonialism 12934:Ancient great powers 11123:World Heritage Sites 10421:President of Bolivia 10353:Environmental issues 10279:Constituent Assembly 10264:Cochabamba Water War 10234:Ñancahuazú Guerrilla 10188:Treaty of Petrópolis 10134:Battle of Río Grande 10002:Spanish colonization 9779:Francisco de Montejo 9707:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 8820:Andean civilizations 8747:Shaft tomb tradition 7700:Peru Under the Incas 6519:Marín, Juan (2007). 6157:Urton, Gary (2009). 6136:. Barcelona: Lexus. 6059:Smithsonian Magazine 6007:Smithsonian Magazine 4977:Pre-Columbian Cities 4403:Muisca Confederation 4342:, the "chosen women" 4227:Civilizations portal 3735:In modern times the 3357:Pichkachunka kamayuq 3337:Pichkapachaka kuraka 3317:Pichkawaranqa kuraka 3301:Number of Taxpayers 3115:The second smallest 2896:, as represented by 2732:vertical archipelago 2649:Vertical archipelago 2055:Llullaillaco mummies 1930:), the south coast ( 1809:vertical archipelago 1749:Atahualpa, the last 1675:Vincente de Valverde 1626:strategically defeat 1555:between the sons of 1455:Copiapó and Coquimbo 1316:under Inca control. 979:Andean civilizations 957:History of the Incas 325:last Inca resistance 34:History of the Incas 13219:European monarchies 13039:Antigua and Barbuda 12944:Modern great powers 11006:War of Independence 10463:Chamber of Senators 10446:Chamber of Deputies 10022:Viceroyalty of Peru 9745:Manco Inca Yupanqui 9050:Manteño-Huancavilca 8519:Ancestral Puebloans 7828:Kellog, RH (1968). 7157:on 27 November 2012 6914:"All T'oqapu Tunic" 6562:on 2 February 2009. 6463:on 10 December 2015 6185:"The Incas of Peru" 5850:24, no. 4: 537–561. 5367:on 18 December 2012 4703:on 29 February 2024 4102:, the largest Inca 3729:William H. Prescott 3280:. Furthermore, one 3013:was governed by an 2763:of the Incas, near 2742:reciprocal exchange 2705:traditional economy 2470:cranial deformation 2173:Thaski (or P'asña) 1996:Barbacoan languages 1786:Manco Inca Yupanqui 1725:from 1569 to 1581. 1719:Francisco de Toledo 1654:, near present-day 1518:Pedro Cieza de León 1468:was stopped by the 1412:Battle of the Maule 727:the last Inca state 13425:History of Ecuador 13352:Kingdom of Redonda 13282:Guyana (1966–1970) 13277:Brazil (1822–1889) 11272:Telecommunications 11016:War of the Pacific 10704:Telecommunications 10239:Teoponte Guerrilla 10212:Military Socialism 10139:Litoral Department 10124:War of the Pacific 9868:Columbian exchange 9858:Portal:Mesoamerica 9010:La Tolita (Tumaco) 8825:Indigenous peoples 8564:Hopewell tradition 8491:Indigenous peoples 8117:A Map and Timeline 7989:/ Washington, DC: 7977:Steward, Julian H. 7790:10.1002/ajhb.22367 7704:. Putnam. p. 7498:Empire of the Inca 7395:"Inca mathematics" 7358:, p. 183-185. 7330:The New York Times 7311:, pp. 185–87. 7299:, pp. 150–54. 7287:, pp. 179–80. 7275:, pp. 246–47. 7128:Flags of the world 6879:, pp. 114–15. 6867:, pp. 233–34. 6852:, pp. 121–27. 6766:, pp. 235–36. 6686:, pp. 113–14. 6638:, pp. 138–39. 6449:(3 January 2012), 5638:www.quechua.org.uk 4697:www.allempires.com 4515:(September 1997). 4437:Also known as the 4193:, which transfers 4121: 4110: 3960:, measuring 6,000 3938: 3792: 3750:María Rostworowski 3714: 3636:Banner of the Inca 3632:during surgeries. 3617: 3565: 3497: 3215:Topa Inca Yupanqui 3143:separate judiciary 3080:, named after the 3057:The most populous 3055: 2902: 2848: 2769: 2685: 2446:transmitted orally 2442: 2341:(don't steal) and 2285: 2262: 2190:Wayna (unmarried) 2187:Sipas (unmarried) 2067: 1837:outbreak in 1546, 1782: 1763: 1687:Charles I of Spain 1648: 1624:, who later would 1526: 1445:was, according to 1435:Topa Inca Yupanqui 1378:. Topa Inca's son 1364:Topa Inca Yupanqui 1274: 1175: 1155:, children of the 1119: 975: 736:, centered on the 323:• End of the 210:Topa Inca Yupanqui 127:Quechuan languages 13370: 13369: 13330: 13329: 12988: 12987: 12910: 12909: 12875:Polish–Lithuanian 12050:Gurjara-Pratihara 11494: 11493: 11454: 11453: 11343:List of Peruvians 11290: 11289: 11216: 11215: 11203:Political parties 11169:Foreign relations 11131: 11130: 11065: 11064: 11031:Internal conflict 11021:Colombia–Peru War 10916: 10915: 10883: 10882: 10722: 10721: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10597:Foreign relations 10456:Chamber President 10391: 10390: 10311: 10310: 10296:COVID-19 pandemic 10202:Revolutionary era 10195:Manuripi campaign 10090:La Paz revolution 9923: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9893:Pre-Columbian art 9829: 9828: 9823:Francisco Pizarro 9789:Pedro de Alvarado 9105:Pucará de Tilcara 8423: 8422: 8207:Invasion of Chile 8039:Library resources 8023:978-0-500-28277-9 7968:978-1-118-61059-6 7947:978-0-8047-2021-2 7926:978-0-393-33301-5 7905:978-956-8303-02-0 7736:978-0-19-533334-3 7682:978-0-292-73861-4 7649:978-0-520-03169-2 7622:978-0-521-73806-4 7595:978-0-7432-6050-3 7192:on 13 August 2011 7014:978-0-500-01802-6 6987:978-0-7478-0014-9 6977:Peruvian textiles 6960:978-0-89236-894-5 6754:, pp. 87–88. 6730:, pp. 37–38. 6714:978-9978-04-977-8 6662:, p. 185–92. 6626:, pp. 81–85. 6432:978-1-118-61056-5 6253:978-0-688-03755-0 6223:978-0-300-09763-4 6170:978-0-292-77375-2 5987:978-0-87081-360-3 5727:978-0-415-78386-6 5399:978-0-7565-1061-9 5344:978-0-8223-8750-3 5238:978-2-84734-462-2 5126:978-9972-42-856-2 5070:978-0-608-08701-6 4987:978-0-8027-0380-4 4960:978-3-319-20849-7 4872:978-9972-42-949-1 4793:978-9972-42-949-1 4624:978-0-8165-2936-0 4597:978-1-4773-0392-4 4276:Moray (Inca ruin) 3968:, composed of 30 3701: 3439:Inca architecture 3435: 3434: 3395:Francisco Pizarro 3375: 3374: 3244:While provincial 3129:was the smallest 2791:(raised fields), 2783:(sunken fields), 2335:(don't be lazy), 2236: 2235: 2016:official language 1988:Catacao languages 1902:Quechua languages 1553:war of succession 1534:Francisco Pizarro 1270:John Howland Rowe 916:(west). The name 711:Inca civilization 677: 676: 626:Invasion of Chile 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 436: 435: 403:Kingdom of Chimor 312:Francisco Pizarro 260:Pre-Columbian era 241:• 1532–1533 229:• 1525–1532 217:• 1493–1525 205:• 1471–1493 193:• 1438–1471 168:absolute monarchy 131:Aymaran languages 113:Classical Quechua 16:(Redirected from 13457: 13415:Former countries 13265:Sovereign states 13109: 13108: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12992: 12991: 12791: 12790: 12456:Austro-Hungarian 12156:Chagatai Khanate 11521: 11514: 11507: 11498: 11497: 11474: 11467: 11301: 11300: 11252: 11227: 11226: 11142: 11141: 11076: 11075: 11036:Political crisis 10989:Spanish conquest 10979:Ancient cultures 10967: 10966: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10920: 10919: 10896: 10733: 10732: 10664: 10649: 10648: 10473:Senate President 10406: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10331: 10330: 10319: 10259:Contemporary era 10229:Operation Condor 10224:Dictatorship era 9971: 9970: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9927: 9926: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9832: 9831: 9818:Spanish Conquest 9795:Spanish Conquest 9770:Spanish Conquest 9759:Spanish Conquest 9201: 9200: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8427: 8426: 8402:Inca mathematics 8304:Inca agriculture 8239: 8217:Spanish conquest 8197:History of Cusco 8187:Kingdom of Cusco 8159: 8152: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8027: 8003: 7994: 7972: 7951: 7930: 7909: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7801: 7775: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7670: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7558: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7533:. Archived from 7523: 7517: 7516: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7375:on 12 March 2013 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7099: 7092: 7086: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7025: 7019: 7018: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6944: 6938: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6459:, archived from 6443: 6437: 6436: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5975: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5905: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5862: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5806: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5751: 5738: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5466:Vertical Empire, 5462: 5456: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5262: 5243: 5242: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4942: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4904: 4898: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4735: 4729: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4699:. Archived from 4689: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4471: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4435: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4222: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3742:Alejandro Toledo 3693: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3584: 3479: 3476: 3464: 3461: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3298:Kuraka in Charge 3295: 3294: 3288:might also be a 3196: 3175:: Do not be lazy 2999:federal district 2850:In pre-Hispanic 2832:Animal husbandry 2820:They also built 2804: 2790: 2782: 2689:central planning 2665:Illustration of 2645:Inca agriculture 2477:human sacrifices 2444:Inca myths were 2410: 2391: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2311:(wises) and the 2310: 2302: 2296: 2109: 2108: 1790:Diego de Almagro 1664:Hernando de Soto 1522:Crónica del Perú 1447:Diego de Rosales 1278:Kingdom of Cuzco 1260:Kingdom of Cusco 1254:Kingdom of Cuzco 1244:Mount Guanacaure 1213: 1210: 1196: 1013: 1010: 998: 995: 971:Martti Pärssinen 932: 811: 799: 700: 669: 662: 655: 641:Spanish conquest 616:History of Cusco 606:Kingdom of Cusco 528: 514: 513: 500: 499: 486: 485: 478: 470: 469: 462: 454: 453: 446: 440: 439: 427: 426: 417:Kingdom of Cusco 413: 412: 399: 398: 392: 391: 376: 375: 308:Spanish conquest 139:Mochica language 135:Puquina language 93: 90: 85: 70: 62: 51: 50: 21: 13465: 13464: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13455: 13454: 13375: 13374: 13371: 13366: 13326: 13260: 13220: 13214: 13100: 13024: 13019: 12989: 12984: 12973:American Empire 12958: 12954:African empires 12906: 12789: 12481:Central African 12427: 12245:Romano-Germanic 11831: 11565:Middle Assyrian 11538: 11530: 11525: 11495: 11490: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11450: 11377: 11353:Public holidays 11286: 11250: 11212: 11127: 11108:Protected areas 11103:Natural regions 11061: 11040: 10956: 10947: 10917: 10912: 10899: 10892: 10879: 10858:Public holidays 10853:National anthem 10794: 10718: 10674:Cement Industry 10662: 10630: 10619:Civic Community 10573: 10540: 10531:Law enforcement 10505: 10484: 10468:current members 10451:current members 10432: 10387: 10320: 10307: 10284:2009 referendum 10247: 10169: 10063: 10028: 10008: 9985: 9960: 9954: 9924: 9915: 9906: 9904: 9897: 9839: 9830: 9820: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9761: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9716:Quemuenchatocha 9714: 9705: 9701: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9645: 9514: 9423: 9397: 9386: 9333:Human Sacrifice 9330: 9322:Human Sacrifice 9319: 9293: 9266:Mayan Languages 9194: 8806: 8638: 8495: 8476:Genetic history 8459: 8454: 8424: 8419: 8396: 8318: 8240: 8231: 8202:Chimor–Inca War 8168: 8163: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8024: 7993:. p. 1935. 7969: 7948: 7927: 7906: 7884: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7857: 7853: 7826: 7822: 7773: 7767: 7763: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7559: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7513: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7458: 7454: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7123: 7119: 7106: 7102: 7093: 7089: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7061:Boca Raton News 7056: 7055: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7026: 7022: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6928: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6593: 6589: 6574: 6567: 6550: 6546: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6482: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6447:Newitz, Annalee 6444: 6440: 6433: 6415: 6411: 6388:10.2307/2514748 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6316: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6282: 6278: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6104: 6100: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6035: 6033:livescience.com 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5966: 5962: 5947: 5933: 5929: 5914: 5896: 5892: 5877: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5823: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5767: 5753: 5752: 5741: 5716: 5705: 5672: 5668: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5601:Wayback Machine 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5263: 5246: 5239: 5225: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4916:Wayback Machine 4905: 4901: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4780: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4736: 4732: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4677: 4673: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4645:on 27 June 2019 4637: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4587:The Inka Empire 4584: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4393:History of Peru 4388: 4383: 4348:, Inca teachers 4335: 4330: 4236: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4179: 4119:heads for maces 4093: 4087: 4064: 3935:Brooklyn Museum 3927: 3921: 3916: 3775: 3773:Music and Dance 3765: 3691: 3683: 3662: 3648: 3638: 3613:Meta Department 3602: 3557:Brooklyn Museum 3549: 3534: 3486: 3477: 3462: 3441: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3189:, who wore the 3182: 3139: 3043: 3009:lineages, each 2947: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2840: 2834: 2750: 2659: 2641: 2635: 2496:The Incas were 2475:The Incas made 2427: 2417: 2382: 2353: 2277: 2271: 2250: 2241: 2090:for girls. The 2047: 1904: 1898: 1885: 1880: 1872:Main articles: 1870: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1510: 1502:Main articles: 1500: 1466:Chinchipe River 1396:a large portion 1355: 1353:Chimor–Inca War 1349: 1322: 1304:(in modern day 1302:Inca-Chanca war 1262: 1256: 1211: 1187: 1116:Brooklyn Museum 1085: 1065: 1011: 996: 964: 959: 953: 927:While the term 870: 762:a large portion 673: 621:Chimor–Inca War 497: 483: 476: 467: 460: 451: 444: 431:Aymara kingdoms 424: 410: 396: 363: 327: 314: 297: 276: 242: 230: 218: 206: 194: 170: 117:Aymara language 94: 91: 71: 64: 56: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13463: 13453: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13338: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13268: 13266: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13225: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13166:Western Huetar 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13146:Eastern Huetar 13138: 13133: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13115: 13113: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13084:United Kingdom 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13025: 13018: 13017: 13010: 13003: 12995: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12975: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12918: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12810: 12805: 12799: 12797: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12738: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12711: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12689: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12650: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12576: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12520: 12515: 12514: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12483: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12368: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11995: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11841: 11839: 11837:Post-classical 11833: 11832: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11817: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11692: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11636:Middle Kingdom 11633: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11592:Neo-Babylonian 11589: 11584: 11582:Old Babylonian 11574: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11532: 11531: 11524: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11476: 11475: 11468: 11460: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11304: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11262:Stock Exchange 11259: 11254: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10994:Neo-Inca State 10991: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10946: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10923: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10898: 10897: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10699:Stock Exchange 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10515: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10442: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10418: 10412: 10410: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10358:Extreme points 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10271: 10266: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10158:Chiriguano War 10150: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10075:Early Republic 10071: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9977: 9975: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: articles 9953: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9930: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9827: 9826: 9815: 9792: 9767: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9730: 9709: 9696: 9679: 9678:Notable Rulers 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9647:Neo-Inca State 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9520: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9418: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9392: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9325: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8866: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8453: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8430: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8332:Inca mythology 8328: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8314:Inca aqueducts 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8254:Inca education 8250: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8227:Neo-Inca State 8224: 8219: 8214: 8212:Inca Civil War 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8162: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033:External links 8031: 8029: 8028: 8022: 8004: 7995: 7979:, ed. (1946). 7973: 7967: 7952: 7946: 7931: 7925: 7910: 7904: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7859:Gibbons, Ann. 7851: 7820: 7761: 7742: 7735: 7715: 7688: 7681: 7655: 7648: 7628: 7621: 7601: 7594: 7574: 7563:"Inca Warfare" 7548: 7537:on 13 May 2012 7518: 7511: 7487: 7485:, p. 183. 7475: 7452: 7429: 7420: 7418:, p. 185. 7408: 7386: 7360: 7348: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7247: 7218: 7203: 7168: 7138: 7117: 7100: 7087: 7074: 7063:. 4 April 1985 7046: 7020: 7013: 6993: 6986: 6966: 6959: 6939: 6926: 6905: 6903:, p. 233. 6893: 6891:, p. 123. 6881: 6869: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6817:10.2307/481241 6795: 6783: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6713: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6652: 6650:, p. 262. 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6587: 6565: 6544: 6531:(2): 121–140. 6527:(in Spanish). 6511: 6491: 6473: 6438: 6431: 6409: 6366: 6354: 6345: 6332:10.2307/482266 6310: 6295: 6276: 6259: 6252: 6229: 6222: 6202: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6142: 6124: 6098: 6071: 6045: 6019: 5993: 5986: 5960: 5945: 5927: 5912: 5890: 5875: 5852: 5836: 5821: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5765: 5739: 5703: 5666: 5643: 5625: 5616: 5604: 5583: 5569: 5549: 5520:10.2307/978993 5514:(4): 357–383. 5494: 5490:Sanderson 1992 5482: 5470: 5457: 5442: 5430: 5423: 5405: 5398: 5378: 5350: 5343: 5323: 5291: 5276:(in Spanish). 5244: 5237: 5231:. Tallandier. 5219: 5204: 5189: 5182: 5159: 5152: 5132: 5125: 5101: 5076: 5069: 5049: 5037: 5025: 4993: 4986: 4966: 4959: 4934: 4921: 4899: 4878: 4871: 4853: 4829: 4817: 4799: 4792: 4769: 4767:, p. 221. 4757: 4730: 4714: 4684: 4671: 4656: 4630: 4623: 4603: 4596: 4577: 4563: 4513:Rein Taagepera 4504: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4447: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4373:Paria, Bolivia 4370: 4368:Inca aqueducts 4365: 4360: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4214: 4211: 4178: 4175: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4089:Main article: 4086: 4083: 4063: 4060: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3898:), shepherds ( 3800:chicha de jora 3774: 3771: 3719:'s 1615 book, 3695:Bernabé Cobo, 3637: 3634: 3601: 3598: 3572:Chavin culture 3548: 3545: 3533: 3530: 3485: 3482: 3449:Inca engineers 3437:Main article: 3433: 3432: 3426:September 2024 3413: 3411: 3404: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3367:Chunka kamayuq 3363: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3347:Pachaka kuraka 3343: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3327:Waranqa kuraka 3323: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3290:waranqa kuraka 3286:pachaka kuraka 3278:waranqa kuraka 3274:pachaka kuraka 3221:Cusco; 2 from 3181: 3180:Administration 3178: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3163:: Do not steal 3138: 3135: 3042: 3039: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2946: 2943: 2933:and radiating 2886: 2883: 2878:Main article: 2875: 2872: 2836:Main article: 2833: 2830: 2822:agrobiological 2749: 2746: 2693:market economy 2679:(ca. 1615) by 2637:Main article: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2615: 2605: 2592:Inca mythology 2588: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2559: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2425:Inca mythology 2416: 2413: 2398:Franklin Pease 2381: 2378: 2352: 2351:Burial customs 2349: 2275:Inca education 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2059:Salta province 2046: 2043: 1900:Main article: 1897: 1894: 1884: 1881: 1878:Inca education 1869: 1866: 1862:Túpac Amaru II 1798:Neo-Inca State 1769:Facade of the 1735:Neo-Inca State 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1662:in July 1532. 1652:Battle of Puná 1559:Huayna Capac, 1546:Queen of Spain 1504:Inca Civil War 1499: 1496: 1439:Inca Civil War 1408:historiography 1406:. Traditional 1398:of modern-day 1348: 1345: 1321: 1318: 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1186: 1183: 1100:(Mama Uqllu), 1092:(Ayar Manqu), 1084: 1081: 1064: 1061: 963: 960: 955:Main article: 952: 949: 869: 866: 785:Anthropologist 764:of modern-day 713:rose from the 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 633: 631:Neo-Inca State 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 600: 599: 593: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 537: 536: 530: 529: 521: 520: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 494: 492:Neo-Inca State 488: 487: 480: 472: 471: 464: 456: 455: 448: 437: 434: 433: 428: 420: 419: 414: 406: 405: 400: 388: 387: 382: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 305: 302: 301: 298: 284: 281: 280: 277: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 257: 256:Historical era 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 240: 237: 236: 231: 228: 225: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 201: 200: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 124: 120: 119: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 86: 78: 77: 76:1438–1533/1572 73: 72: 57: 54: 26: 18:Tahuantin Suyu 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13462: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13373: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13333: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13263: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13016: 13011: 13009: 13004: 13002: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12979: 12978:Soviet empire 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963:Miscellaneous 12961: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12792: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12690: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12562:German Empire 12560: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12302:Turco-Persian 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12243: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12051: 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11302: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11134: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10944: 10939: 10937: 10932: 10930: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10487: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10394: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9946: 9944: 9939: 9937: 9932: 9931: 9928: 9914: 9913: 9900: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9824: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9765: 9764:Hernán Cortés 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9427: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8812:South America 8809: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8634:Weeden Island 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8609:Poverty Point 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8574:Mississippian 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8501:North America 8498: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8471:Paleo-Indians 8469: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8446: 8444: 8439: 8437: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8324:Inca religion 8321: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8106:Inca Religion 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8077:Hiram Bingham 8074: 8071: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7799:2027.42/96751 7795: 7791: 7787: 7784:(2): 151–68, 7783: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7719: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7692: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7668: 7659: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7514: 7512:0-8160-5560-2 7508: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7396: 7390: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7325: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7297:D'Altroy 2014 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7273:D'Altroy 2014 7269: 7261: 7254: 7252: 7243: 7237: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7207: 7188: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7121: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7097: 7094:Guaman Poma, 7091: 7084: 7078: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6943: 6936: 6930: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6902: 6901:D'Altroy 2014 6897: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6866: 6865:D'Altroy 2014 6861: 6859: 6851: 6846: 6840:, p. 48. 6839: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6793:, p. 99. 6792: 6791:D'Altroy 2014 6787: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6764:D'Altroy 2014 6760: 6753: 6752:D'Altroy 2014 6748: 6742:, p. 87. 6741: 6740:D'Altroy 2014 6736: 6729: 6724: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6672:D'Altroy 2014 6668: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6612:D'Altroy 2014 6608: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6480: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6382:(4): 633–53. 6381: 6377: 6370: 6364:, p. 44. 6363: 6358: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6238:Davies, Nigel 6233: 6225: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6145: 6143:9972-625-35-4 6139: 6135: 6128: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6085:EXARC Journal 6082: 6075: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5946:0-313-29390-2 5942: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5913:0-292-73008-X 5909: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5876:0-691-07726-6 5872: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5822:0-631-17677-2 5818: 5814: 5813: 5805: 5803: 5793: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5766:0-8094-9870-7 5762: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5572: 5570:9780884023531 5566: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5492:, p. 76. 5491: 5486: 5480:, p. 31. 5479: 5474: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5446: 5440:, p. 79. 5439: 5434: 5426: 5424:9780631176770 5420: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5327: 5311: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5216:. p. 18. 5215: 5208: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5183:0-449-90496-2 5179: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5155: 5153:0-521-31896-3 5149: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5053: 5047:, p. 69. 5046: 5041: 5035:, p. 57. 5034: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5014:(4): 301–16. 5013: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4827:, p. 93. 4826: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4766: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Inca-Caranqui 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:Huánuco Pampa 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4228: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:Conquistadors 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4171:Ollantaytambo 4168: 4164: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4075:skull surgery 4071: 4069: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3901:guayayturilla 3896: 3890: 3884: 3880:, as well as 3878: 3872: 3871:uaricsa arawi 3866: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3828:huayla quippa 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3674: 3670: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3481: 3478: AD 400 3472: 3468: 3467:Lake Titicaca 3463: 300 BC 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3429: 3417: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3390: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205:also sat the 3204: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147:codified laws 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102:Central Chile 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958:Chinchay suyu 2956: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2766: 2762: 2761:Sacred Valley 2758: 2754: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2590:According to 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457:reincarnation 2453: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2377: 2374: 2373:decomposition 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:mummification 2358: 2348: 2347:(don't lie). 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2281: 2276: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2245: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086:for boys and 2085: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2020:lingua franca 2017: 2013: 2010:, especially 2009: 2004: 2001: 2000:Cañari–Puruhá 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1849:in 1614, and 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:Requerimiento 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1630:further south 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616:successfully 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:conquistadors 1523: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1423:Osvaldo Silva 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339:fait accompli 1334: 1330: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1310:Topa Yupanqui 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Lake Titicaca 1225: 1221: 1217: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1071:tribe in the 1070: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1006: 1002: 1001:Lake Titicaca 991: 986: 984: 980: 972: 968: 958: 948: 946: 941: 938: 937: 931: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 884:is four and - 883: 879: 875: 865: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 825: 822: 817: 815: 810: 809: 803: 798: 797: 791: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:South America 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 695: 690: 686: 682: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 602: 601: 598: 595: 594: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 535: 532: 531: 527: 523: 522: 519: 516: 515: 495: 493: 490: 489: 481: 479: 477:New Andalusia 474: 473: 465: 463: 458: 457: 449: 447: 442: 441: 438: 432: 429: 422: 421: 418: 415: 408: 407: 404: 401: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 373: 369: 365: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 337: 333: 329: 326: 320: 316: 313: 309: 303: 299: 296: 292: 288: 282: 278: 274: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 223: 220: 214: 211: 208: 202: 199: 196: 190: 186: 182: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 155: 154:Inca religion 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 84: 79: 74: 68: 61: 52: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 13372: 13182: 12729:Contemporary 12579:Indo-Persian 12567:Nazi Germany 12511:Contemporary 12413:Vijayanagara 12312:Great Seljuk 12223:Thessalonica 12151:Golden Horde 12034: 11791:Carthaginian 11570:Neo-Assyrian 11555:Neo-Sumerian 11421:Machu Picchu 11391:Architecture 11348:Prostitution 11318:Demographics 11239:Central Bank 11174:Human rights 11154:Constitution 10983: 10818:Coat of arms 10808:Architecture 10768:Demographics 10669:Central Bank 10552:Armed Forces 10536:Human rights 10519:Constitution 10303:Coups d'état 10269:Gas conflict 10252:21st century 10174:20th century 10068:19th century 10033:18th century 10013:17th century 9997:Colonial era 9990:16th century 9980: 9974:Pre-colonial 9903: 9836: 9686:Moctezuma II 9671: 9643:Inca history 9568:Andean Music 9512:Architecture 9507:Architecture 9502:Architecture 9497:Architecture 9493:Architecture 9487:Gender Roles 9232:Tenochtitlan 9221: 9155:Timoto–Cuica 9150:Tierradentro 8935:Casma–Sechin 8667:Chalcatzingo 8392:Willka Raymi 8309:Inca cuisine 8246:Inca society 8191: 8165: 8053:Online books 8043: 8012: 7999: 7981: 7957: 7936: 7915: 7894: 7890:Bengoa, José 7882:Bibliography 7868:. Retrieved 7864: 7854: 7840:(1): 37–57. 7837: 7834:Physiologist 7833: 7823: 7781: 7777: 7764: 7755: 7745: 7725: 7718: 7709: 7699: 7691: 7666: 7658: 7638: 7631: 7611: 7604: 7584: 7577: 7566: 7541:25 September 7539:. Retrieved 7535:the original 7531:Science News 7530: 7521: 7497: 7490: 7478: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7423: 7411: 7401:24 September 7399:. Retrieved 7389: 7379:24 September 7377:. Retrieved 7373:the original 7363: 7351: 7339:. Retrieved 7328: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7259: 7227: 7221: 7212: 7206: 7194:. Retrieved 7187:the original 7159:. Retrieved 7155:the original 7150: 7141: 7127: 7120: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7090: 7082: 7077: 7065:. Retrieved 7060: 7037:. Retrieved 7033: 7023: 7003: 6996: 6976: 6969: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6929: 6917: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6845: 6838:Zuidema 1983 6833: 6811:(2): 49–75. 6808: 6805:Ethnohistory 6804: 6798: 6786: 6780:. Macmillan. 6777: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6704: 6697:Dillehay, T. 6691: 6679: 6667: 6660:Steward 1946 6655: 6648:Steward 1946 6643: 6631: 6624:Moseley 2001 6619: 6607: 6597: 6590: 6581: 6577: 6560:the original 6554: 6547: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6501: 6494: 6485: 6465:, retrieved 6461:the original 6451: 6441: 6422: 6412: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6362:Moseley 2001 6357: 6348: 6326:(1): 63–77. 6323: 6320:Ethnohistory 6319: 6313: 6304: 6298: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6268: 6262: 6242: 6232: 6212: 6205: 6193:. Retrieved 6179: 6159: 6152: 6133: 6127: 6115:. Retrieved 6111: 6101: 6084: 6074: 6062:. Retrieved 6058: 6048: 6036:. Retrieved 6032: 6022: 6010:. Retrieved 6006: 5996: 5971: 5963: 5936: 5930: 5901: 5893: 5866: 5847: 5811: 5792: 5783: 5755: 5718: 5679: 5669: 5658: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5574:. Retrieved 5559: 5552: 5511: 5508:The Americas 5507: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5433: 5414: 5408: 5388: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5365:the original 5353: 5333: 5326: 5314:. Retrieved 5312:. p. 13 5301: 5294: 5282:. Retrieved 5277: 5273: 5228: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5198: 5192: 5172: 5162: 5142: 5135: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5092:. Retrieved 5088: 5079: 5059: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5011: 5005: 4976: 4969: 4950: 4929: 4924: 4907: 4902: 4886: 4881: 4862: 4856: 4844:. Retrieved 4839: 4832: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4783: 4760: 4748:. Retrieved 4743: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4705:. Retrieved 4701:the original 4696: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4665: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4643:the original 4633: 4613: 4606: 4586: 4580: 4566: 4554:. Retrieved 4526: 4520: 4507: 4497:16 September 4495:. Retrieved 4483: 4479: 4469: 4450: 4442: 4439:Incan Empire 4438: 4433: 4363:Inca cuisine 4333:Inca-related 4301:Quispiguanca 4261:Huchuy Qosqo 4241:Choquequirao 4184: 4180: 4160: 4158: 4132: 4124: 4122: 4108:(fortresses) 4103: 4100:Sacsayhuamán 4072: 4065: 4056: 4051: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3867: 3825:, pututo or 3810: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3766: 3763: 3753: 3737:rainbow flag 3734: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711:Bernabé Cobo 3696: 3694: 3676: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3618: 3595: 3566: 3560: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3453: 3445:Machu Picchu 3442: 3423: 3415: 3392: 3388: 3366: 3356: 3346: 3336: 3326: 3316: 3306: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250:corvée labor 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3207:Inkap rantin 3206: 3202: 3198: 3186: 3183: 3172: 3169:: Do not lie 3166: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3140: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3108:singled out 3104:. Historian 3086:Qulla people 3076:by area was 3073: 3072:The largest 3071: 3067:Chimú Empire 3063:Chinchaysuyu 3058: 3056: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2950: 2948: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2920:Intip churin 2919: 2916:incestuously 2905: 2903: 2849: 2819: 2797:chaquitaclla 2796: 2792: 2777:(terraces), 2772: 2770: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2700: 2686: 2674: 2671:chaki taklla 2670: 2667:Inca farmers 2589: 2566:Manqu Qhapaq 2565: 2555: 2512: 2508: 2495: 2490:qhapaq hucha 2488: 2484: 2481:Huayna Capac 2474: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2443: 2402:Rostworowski 2383: 2357:Norte Grande 2354: 2286: 2263: 2248:Gender roles 2242: 2226:Decrepitude 2170:Development 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2032: 2028: 2005: 1936:Chinchaysuyu 1905: 1886: 1874:Inca society 1855: 1824: 1806: 1783: 1759:Luis Montero 1715:Christianity 1711:encomenderos 1703: 1695: 1672: 1649: 1643: 1613:Alpaca fiber 1586: 1550: 1527: 1521: 1491: 1486: 1462:Amazon Basin 1459: 1432: 1428:Chimú Empire 1420: 1386:, southwest 1380:Huayna Capac 1356: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327:Machu Picchu 1323: 1293: 1281: 1275: 1235: 1231: 1202: 1201:in his work 1188: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1086: 1077:oral history 1066: 1054: 1039: 1028: 1020: 987: 976: 944: 942: 934: 926: 922:Tahuatinsuyo 921: 918:Tawantinsuyu 917: 912:(south) and 902:Chinchaysuyu 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 874:Tawantinsuyu 873: 871: 857: 855: 834: 828: 826: 818: 813: 790:architecture 778: 752:, northwest 731: 719:13th century 694:Tawantinsuyu 693: 684: 680: 678: 610: 597:Inca history 553:Architecture 534:Inca society 517: 385:Succeeded by 384: 379: 222:Huayna Capac 172:semi-diarchy 60:Tawantinsuyu 29: 13435:Inca states 13385:Inca Empire 13096:Netherlands 13074:Saint Lucia 13044:The Bahamas 12317:Khwarezmian 12250:Carolingian 12055:Rashtrakuta 11759:Shaishunaga 11658:Hellenistic 11641:New Kingdom 11631:Old Kingdom 11257:Electricity 11234:Agriculture 11191:enforcement 11093:Earthquakes 11052:Demographic 11001:Viceroyalty 10984:Inca Empire 10689:Natural Gas 10656:Agriculture 10438:Legislative 10348:Departments 10291:2019 crisis 10163:Federal War 10153:Liberal Era 9981:Inca Empire 9749:Túpac Amaru 9733:Manco Cápac 9682:Moctezuma I 9593:Agriculture 9588:Agriculture 9583:Agriculture 9574:Agriculture 9517:Road System 9406:Mathematics 9271:Muysc Cubun 9125:San Agustín 9075:Monte Verde 8752:Teotihuacan 8644:Mesoamerica 8539:Coles Creek 8524:Anishinaabe 8481:Archaeology 8377:Urcuchillay 8367:Pacha Kamaq 8352:Manco Cápac 8222:Ransom Room 8192:Inca Empire 8166:Inca Empire 8044:Inca Empire 7865:Science.org 7483:McEwan 2008 7449:(1): 62–88. 7416:McEwan 2008 7356:McEwan 2008 7309:McEwan 2008 7285:McEwan 2008 7161:16 December 7039:13 February 6889:Julien 1982 6877:McEwan 2008 6850:Julien 1982 6728:Bengoa 2003 6684:McEwan 2008 6636:McEwan 2008 5612:McEwan 2008 5478:McEwan 2008 5438:McEwan 2008 5316:16 February 5045:McEwan 2008 5033:McEwan 2008 4825:McEwan 2008 4765:McEwan 2008 4707:27 December 4556:7 September 4443:Inka Empire 4378:Tampukancha 4311:Tambo Viejo 4005:Venus cycle 3821:and bone), 3754:El Comercio 3717:Guaman Poma 3630:anaesthetic 3307:Hunu kuraka 3246:bureaucracy 3193:maskaypacha 3151:tukuy rikuq 3106:José Bengoa 3098:Maule river 2748:Agriculture 2599:Hanan Pacha 2562:Manco Capac 2513:Pacha Kamaq 2498:polytheists 2365:desiccation 2320:hatun runas 2142:Conception 2128:Female Term 1609:long swords 1605:steel armor 1404:Maule River 1300:during the 1216:Manco Capac 1197:chronicler 1179:Manco Capac 1149:Manco Cápac 1135:Sinchi Roca 1112:Manco Capac 1026:staple food 962:Antecedents 839:sun worship 821:reciprocity 681:Inca Empire 611:Inca Empire 573:Engineering 548:Agriculture 518:Inca Empire 445:New Castile 380:Preceded by 92: 1525 13379:Categories 12887:Portuguese 12768:Revival Le 12758:Vietnamese 12401:Later Tran 12371:Vietnamese 12267:Singhasari 12255:Holy Roman 11879:Bulgarian 11815:Satavahana 11786:Phoenician 11722:Achaemenid 11683:Indo-Greek 11663:Macedonian 11577:Babylonian 11416:Literature 11333:Irrigation 11251:(currency) 11164:Government 11149:Censorship 10838:Literature 10755:Irrigation 10663:(currency) 10661:Boliviano 10047:Upper Peru 9720:Tisquesusa 9694:Cuauhtémoc 9690:Cuitláhuac 9020:Lauricocha 8990:Gran Chaco 8980:Cupisnique 8965:Chinchorro 8940:Chachapoya 8930:Caral–Supe 8772:Tlaxcaltec 8762:Teuchitlán 8677:Chupícuaro 8604:Plum Bayou 8599:Plaquemine 8569:Marksville 8534:Chichimeca 8347:Mama Killa 8342:Coricancha 8294:Warachikuy 7472:(1): 4–19. 7067:2 February 6292:(1): 1–43. 6195:15 October 6112:Cuzco Eats 5371:10 October 5284:10 January 4930:Huarocochí 4895:0804715165 4722:"The Inca" 4529:(3): 497. 4486:(2): 222. 4462:References 4271:Llaqtapata 4191:hemoglobin 3923:See also: 3807:pentatonic 3640:See also: 3611:leaves in 3522:collcapata 3518:collcapata 3239:hurin suyu 3235:hanan suyu 3199:Willaq Umu 3173:Ama quella 3167:Ama llulla 3100:in modern 3084:-speaking 3025:and lower 2976:Qulla suyu 2970:Kunti suyu 2925:Inti Raymi 2912:Pachacamac 2907:Willaq Umu 2874:Government 2697:axe-monies 2556:Mama Uqllu 2552:Mama Ocllo 2546:Mama Killa 2525:Ayar Cachi 2519:Apu Illapu 2419:See also: 2344:ama llulla 2332:ama quella 2300:yachaywasi 2212:Infirmity 2096:qikuchikuy 2092:warachikuy 2088:qikuchikuy 2084:warachikuy 2076:rutuchikuy 1984:Chachapoya 1976:Mapudungun 1883:Population 1847:diphtheria 1802:Topa Amaru 1794:Vilcabamba 1779:Coricancha 1739:See also: 1644:Qhapaqkuna 1601:arquebuses 1351:See also: 1220:Mama Ocllo 1153:Mama Ocllo 1130:remained. 1098:Mama Ocllo 1094:Ayar Cachi 1090:Ayar Manco 1022:Carl Troll 1012: 600 1007:or Huari ( 1003:, and the 997: 300 796:Qhapaq Ñan 461:New Toledo 366:12 million 352:Population 160:Government 13210:Talamanca 12880:Couronian 12518:Ethiopian 12506:Manchukuo 12461:Brazilian 12307:Ghaznavid 12277:Srivijaya 12228:Trebizond 12213:Byzantine 12195:North Sea 12190:Norwegian 12178:Almoravid 12161:Ilkhanate 12131:Majapahit 12104:Muromachi 12013:Solomonic 11998:Ethiopian 11912:Caliphate 11845:Aragonese 11673:Ptolemaic 11363:Squatting 11338:Languages 11323:Education 11282:Transport 11244:Companies 11159:Elections 11098:Mountains 11071:Geography 11011:Guano Era 10760:Languages 10745:Education 10714:Transport 10679:Companies 10585:Elections 10562:Air Force 10489:Judiciary 10409:Executive 10383:Volcanoes 10373:Provinces 10368:Mountains 10326:Geography 10207:Chaco War 9741:Atahualpa 9737:Pachacuti 9712:Nemequene 9578:Chinampas 9400:Astronomy 9389:Astronomy 9369:Mythology 9364:Mythology 9359:Mythology 9354:Mythology 9350:Mythology 9180:Wankarani 9170:Tuncahuán 9060:Marajoara 9015:Las Vegas 8901:Atacameño 8797:Xochipala 8737:Purépecha 8697:Epi-Olmec 8687:Cuicuilco 8629:Troyville 8619:St. Johns 8387:Viracocha 8372:Pariacaca 8299:Inca army 8182:Sapa Inca 7961:. Wiley. 7958:The Incas 7341:2 January 7236:cite book 7034:ThoughtCo 6582:The Incas 6578:Los Incas 6467:4 January 6404:222285111 6093:2212-8956 5972:The Incas 5812:The Incas 5735:962171839 5698:190129569 5544:147198034 5528:0003-1615 5415:The Incas 4863:The Incas 4784:The Incas 4750:10 August 4680:The Incas 4649:5 January 4543:0020-8833 4492:1076-156X 4316:Tumebamba 4306:Rumicucho 4246:Cojitambo 4207:Himalayas 4091:Inca army 4013:lunisolar 3997:solstices 3993:equinoxes 3989:astronomy 3985:calendars 3865:(bells). 3862:chilchile 3817:(made of 3211:Sapa Inca 3203:Sapa Inca 3187:Sapa Inca 3127:Kuntisuyu 3090:Altiplano 3078:Qullasuyu 3049:The four 2964:Anti suyu 2787:waru waru 2618:Uku Pacha 2608:Kay Pacha 2572:Pachamama 2509:Wiraqucha 2505:Viracocha 2485:capacocha 2461:camaquen, 2435:Viracocha 2326:camachico 2314:haravicus 2269:Education 2133:Male Term 2063:Argentina 2014:, as the 1968:Humahuaca 1940:Chan Chan 1938:) around 1932:Kuntisuyu 1928:Qullasuyu 1924:Altiplano 1896:Languages 1839:influenza 1825:Although 1751:Sapa Inca 1668:Cajamarca 1656:Guayaquil 1640:Capaccona 1573:influenza 1565:Atahualpa 1557:Sapa Inca 1482:Altiplano 1474:Argentina 1464:near the 1451:Diaguitas 1443:Inca army 1360:Sapa Inca 1294:Pachacuti 1286:Sapa Inca 1280:(Quechua 1102:Mama Raua 936:Sapa Inca 914:Kuntisuyu 910:Qullasuyu 904:(north), 868:Etymology 851:Sapa Inca 847:Pachamama 781:Old World 754:Argentina 636:Civil War 578:Mythology 568:Education 317:1533/1572 300:1529–1532 295:Atahualpa 287:Civil war 273:Pachacuti 246:Atahualpa 198:Pachacuti 179:Sapa Inca 150:Religion 143:Barbacoan 13241:Portugal 13188:Neo-Inca 13151:Garabito 12860:Japanese 12823:Scottish 12803:American 12795:Colonial 12724:Imperial 12692:Moroccan 12628:Japanese 12606:Afsharid 12465:Burmese 12451:Austrian 12406:Later Le 12381:Early Le 12366:Venetian 12292:Tiwanaku 12205:Hellenic 12168:Moroccan 12099:Kamakura 12089:Japanese 12072:Saffarid 12025:Georgian 11939:Chalukya 11917:Rashidun 11907:Calakmul 11875:Bruneian 11754:Haryanka 11732:Sasanian 11727:Parthian 11678:Bactrian 11668:Seleucid 11648:Goguryeo 11626:Egyptian 11560:Assyrian 11550:Akkadian 11541:Colonies 11481:Category 11436:Religion 11358:Religion 11308:Abortion 11267:Taxation 11198:Military 11137:Politics 11118:Wildlife 11057:Economic 11045:By topic 10971:Timeline 10954:articles 10903:Category 10873:Olympics 10863:Religion 10578:Politics 10545:Military 10397:Politics 10183:Acre War 9837:See also 9755:Conquest 9728:Zoratama 9395:Calendar 9384:Calendar 9379:Calendar 9375:Calendar 9344:Religion 9339:Religion 9328:Religion 9317:Religion 9313:Religion 9302:Numerals 9296:Numerals 9257:Language 9237:Multiple 9175:Valdivia 9160:Tiwanaku 9120:Saladoid 9115:Quimbaya 9005:Kuhikugu 8985:Diaguita 8975:Chorrera 8792:Veraguas 8787:Veracruz 8767:Tlatilco 8579:Mogollon 8486:Cultures 8464:Americas 8010:(2001). 7892:(2003). 7816:33055072 7808:24065360 7335:Archived 7230:. París. 6273:: 36–55. 6240:(1981). 6189:Archived 6117:4 August 6064:2 August 5955:33405288 5885:14165734 5831:46449340 5775:25371192 5597:Archived 5576:7 August 5268:(1983). 5170:(1988). 5007:Erdkunde 4912:Archived 4281:Oroncota 4213:See also 4203:Tibetans 4136:throwers 4019:and one 4009:eclipses 3841:pincullo 3626:chasquis 3568:Ceramics 3525:feasts. 3471:Tiwanaku 3121:Antisuyu 3110:Quillota 2799:and the 2780:wachaque 2767:, Cuzco. 2701:mindaláe 2695:. 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