Pachacuti - Knowledge

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rose up to fight on Yupanqui's side. At the battle of Yahuar Pampa, the Inka army won a decisive victory over the Chankas and asserted it's dominance. Cusi Yupanqui captured many Chanka leaders, who he presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Yupanqui that the honor of the ritual belonged to the designated heir, Urco. Yupanqui protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha tried to have the general assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination failed. Viracocha went into exile while Inca Yupanqui returned in triumph to Cusco, and, following a short civil war during which the co-ruler, Urco, died, was crowned

1158: 1250: 998: 1323:(called "Collao"), were one of the first of Pachacuti's targets. Following the construction of the Qurikancha, the "temple of gold" dedicated to the sun, Pachacuti sent an army near the border with the Colla chiefdom, before joining his forces not long after. The Colla king or Colla Capac, informed of this, gathered his forces and awaited the Inca at the town of Ayaviri. During the ensuing battle, the Incas forced the Colla army to retreat, capturing the king, Colla Capac. Following the victory, Pachacuti occupied the principal city, 2443: 174: 70: 1073: 524: 1234:(colonists) of loyal areas to unstable provinces, or alternatively placing loyal peoples to strategic positions in the Empire. As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacuti. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous 1561: 504: 1415: 29: 3254: 801:

concepts and meanings decipherable from it, and the lack of physical representations as well archeological evidence occasionally refuting the history of his reign as presented by colonial sources contradicted his historical image and made some scholars come to the conclusion that Pachacuti was an Incan ideological and cosmological concept.

1394:, an army of around 200.000 men was assembled, commanded by Amaru Topa Inca, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to put it down. After having put down the revolt, the Inca army continued passed Inca territory and conquered the nations of Sora, Caranga, Caracaras Quillaqua, Charca, Chui and Chicha, near and around 1452:, the Yauyos and the Atavillos. At Huaylas, Capac Yupanqui established the military center of Maraycalle, from where the Inca forces conquered the confederated chiefdoms of Huaylas, Piscopampas, Pincos, Huaris and Conchucos. The Inca armies, in chasing the escaped Chanka forces, eventually arrived at the 1618:

Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any recorded dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, even though some colonial sources hint at Pachacuti's abdication prior to his death. But in

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do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "Son of the Sun". According to various historians and anthropologists, Pachacuti initiated the "Pax Incaica" or "Inca peace", notably by imposing peace to the regional chiefdoms that comprised the alliance of structures united around the

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Local kurakas (lords) were integrated using the principle of reciprocity and the "attachment system", where the Inca emperor held personal relations with allied local socio-political structures, and "gifts", in the form of feasts, women, or materials, were exchanged in return for submission, reduced

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The ruler, Inca Viracocha, and his co-ruler Urco, fled the scene, while Cusi Yupanqui rallied the army, accompanied by four of Viracocha's generals, and prepared the defense of the city. During the subsequent assault on Cusco, the Chankas were repelled, so severely that legend tells even the stones

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His first military campaign, led by the emperor and his general Apo Mayta, was set against the Chankas' allies and confederates, and the chiefdoms surrounding Cusco. Pachacuti conquered the Soras and Rucanas, the Vilcas, the Lucanas, the Chalcas, and the Cotabambas. The conquest of the chiefdom of

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Pachacuti is often considered the first historical Incan emperor, despite various mythological elements. Various historians associated Pachacuti with the rewriting of the previous Inca rulers' reigns, in order to justify Incan imperial expansion. The nature of Pachacuti's tale, the cosmological

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and Mayta Capac, while the state-wide imperial administration had only one. In 1945, Rowe devised an imperial chronology, stating Pachacuti reigned from 1438 to 1471, while archeological data suggests the early 15th century to be the beginning of Pachacuti's reign. The former

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anthropologist Reiner Tom Zuidema criticized Rowe and Rostworowski for methodological practices, and studied the symbolical cosmological territorial organization of the administration and of Cusco and it's surroundings. Examining the dualist philosophy of the

1096:, the stocking of produce, the creation of an army, and the improvement of infrastructure. Using the means of reciprocity, Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each 1666:

of the Inca, by the name of Yamqui Yupanqui. At the death of Pachacuti, instead of confirming his own power, Yamqui Yupanqui rather confirmed Tupac Inca Yupanqui as successor to his father. Some historians, however, doubt the internal organization of

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concluded that, based on Andean traditions of succession, which allowed for the "most capable" to take power, Pachacuti was not the son of Inca Viracocha, rendering him illegitimate in the eyes of the Spaniards, who believed in European concepts of

1092:(chiefs) to Cusco, and prepared "lavish feasts and ceremonies", tactically displaying much generosity and sharing gifts, including the booty of the war against the Chankas, before articulating gradually growing demands such as the construction of 1637:

Pachacuti initially nominated his son Amaru Topa Inca to be co-ruler and heir to the throne. However, due to the lack of military talent found in the joint prince, Pachacuti changed his decision and instead decided to name another of his sons,

1606:) stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists, called 1807:, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition. 1206:

led an army to Chincha, gaining the recognition and submission of the local kings with the help of "reciprocal gifts", in exchange for which the Chincha allowed the construction of administrative centers, the usage of land cultivated by

1049:) to form the imperial lineage of Hatun Ayllu, failing in his attempt to fuse the two factions. To record the history of the previous Inca rulers of Cusco, Pachacuti ordered the creation of painted wooden panels, which, in relation to 1732:

and Huayna Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the region of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Some ethno-historians however think that Capac Yupanqui was the co-ruler or

781:. The form <Pachacutec> (*pacha kuti-q) reconstructed by Garcilaso was ungrammatical in Quechua, and the meaning of 'he who goes around the world' would have instead required an expression similar to *pacha kuti-chi-q. 214:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 114:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 1502:, who led military campaign in the northern reaches of the Empire, and consolidated the conquests made during the campaign of Capac Yupanqui. Establishing Cajamarca as a military base, he led an expedition against the 595:

on the northern coast. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to the Inca chronicler

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elements of a myth. John Howland Rowe analyzed and compared various colonial sources and came to the conclusion that there existed a state-sanctioned "standard history", believing Pachacuti's victory over the

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Amaru Topa was originally chosen to be the co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not competent in military affairs. He was the first Inca ruler to abdicate.

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consider Pachacuti to be mythological or mytho-historical. According to the archeologist Franck Garcia, the story of Pachacuti's reign was mainly symbolical and served to set philosophical principles,

1491:, the rest of the campaign merely raiding the territories up to the Cajamarca chiefdom. Other historians state the Cajamarca polity, whose later incaic capital was the Inca administrative center of 1100:

had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the

1595:, productivity, and by extension of progress and order. As such, Pachacuti's role was that of an archetype of the perfect Inca ruler according to the philosophical principles of the Inca ruling 979:, the appointed co-ruler and heir to the throne, lacked. Similarly, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. The generals of Viracocha started fomenting 1634:

attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died."

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Despite Pachacuti's prestige following the victory over the Chankas, he had "little effective power and a meager work force to undertake the development of Cusco". Instituting the system of

888:(the fourth ruler of Cusco in the traditional list), while Martti Pärssinen, examining Andean tripartite traditions, came to the conclusion that the internal organization of the capital, 1088:(a socio-economic principle regulating relations, based on obligatory and institutional mutual, "give and take", assistance) to assert his authority, Pachacuti summoned the surrounding 1133:

Sun cult. The first months of his reign were spent putting down revolts by surrounding chiefs in the Cusco valley and consolidating the territorial base of the polity, confronting the

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used in Garcilaso de la Vega's writing likely was caused by the Incas' storing of the agent nominalizer -q instead of the action nominalizer -y. In Quechua, the presence of an

1398:, possibly united in an inter-provincial wider confederation of large polities (which were themselves composed of confederated "small chiefdoms", in turn composed of various 1045:

of Choqo and Cachona, most likely to reward a chief belonging to one of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion, and left his original family-clan (

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Reconstruction of the "great chiefdoms" of the central and southern Andes, who represented the highest level of integration in the socio-political landscape of the Andes.

1021:, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies. Multiple versions of the encounter exist, the most accepted one being supported by the majority of reliable Spanish sources. 1182:) and weren't obligated or entitled to the obligations and rights of reciprocal exchange, to rulers of local chiefdoms who had rebelled or refused Inca domination. 1453: 1279: 1272: 1721:

dynasty. He had several sons, among which are Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, Amaru Topa or Amaru Yupanqui, Yamqui Yupanqui, Auqui Yupanqui, Tilca Yupanqui, and

1623:, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the 1335:

River near lake Titicaca, which marked the border between the conquered Lupaca chiefdom and the Pacasa chiefdom. However, in 1992, the Finnish ethno-historian

1495:, was conquered as were the territories around Cusco, leaving a great gap between the rest of Inca territory and Cajamarca and disadvantaging supply lines. 1336: 1430:, retiring to concentrate on administrative reform and the embellishment of Cusco, and left the military command of subsequent campaigns to his generals. 1481: 2306: 829: 1515: 217:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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could mean 'honorable lord'. During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the

1642:, who in turn had a reputation as a talented general, as his co-ruler and successor. In his last years, the Inca government might have been 1554:

abdicated in favor of his successor, Topa Inca, whose conquests in the northern Quito bassin would have happened before Pachacuti's death.

1374:. The conquest of these regions is also attributed to Amaru Topa Inca, during the subsequent revolt of the chiefdoms around lake Titicaca. 769:. However, Garcilaso's restitution contradicted early colonial documentation and was grammatically implausible, since the verb kuti- is an 1448:. The Inca armies occupied the fortress of Urcocollac, advanced through various territories of the central Andes, including those of the 1695: 976: 1760:

of Choqo and Cachona, most likely to reward a chief belonging to one of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion.

300: 647:. These conquests were achieved with the help of many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Andes. 3035: 1331:(previously a tributary chiefdom of the Collas). John Howland Rowe estimated the Inca Empire under Pachacuti to have reached the 737:

mark is attributed to the Spanish colonial scribes' failure to recognize the presence of an -y action nominalizer. Consequently,

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to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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moities, each of which potentially had two rulers, was identical to the state-wide organization of the Empire into

1157: 1085: 1194:, on the south-central coast, also happened during the reign of Pachacuti. The general, and possibly "co-king" or 939:("low Cusco"). According to the accounts of the Spanish chroniclers, he was the son of the eighth ruler of Cusco, 1812: 704:

published in 1609. Before the coronation, Pachacuti was referred to as Inga Yupangui, with the Spanish navigator

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appeared written as <Pachacuti> or <Pachacute> in the early colonial chronicles and documents of the

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and Mama Runtu, was, according to most traditional lists of Inca rulers, the fourth ruler of a lineage from the

1599:, and of spreading the incaic cultural model and associated pantheon to the various ethnic groups of the Andes. 1581:, was associated with the Andean quest for continuous differentiation of complementary opposing forms, known as 804:

The linguists, anthropologists, archeologists, ethnologists and historians Martti Pärssinen, Catherine Julien,

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The Inca World: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru, A.D 1000–1534 (2000). Laura, Laurencich Minelli (ed.).

773:, and the chronicler's intended meaning for the word of 'he who goes around the world' required an additional 1343:, supported the narrative of territorial expansion by Pachacuti's generals until the nation of Charcas, near 1390:, the Colla, Lupaca and Azangaro revolted, led by one of the sons of the previous Colla ruler. According to 2492: 1550:

were potentially conquered after Pachacuti's reign, who according to the Mercedarian friar and missionary

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future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the

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Pachacuti built irrigation networks, cultivated terraces, roads and hospices. The "Road of the Inca" (

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referred to an ancient Andean cosmological concept, representing cataclysmic change of era-worlds. The

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was sent, together with the captains Huayna Yupanqui and Yamqui Yupanqui, to the northern regions of

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According to the oral tradition of Pachacuti's imperial lineage, the name was acquired following the

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means 'change, turn, return'. The colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos translated the anthroponym

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temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of

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in the south. According to John H. Rowe, the territories' annexed to the Empire reached until

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figure, and supported Rowe's conclusion of late imperial expansion under Pachacuti. The Dutch

733:, and the verb kuti- 'to change, turn, return to a starting point'. The apparent absence of a 347: 3531: 3113: 3106: 3086: 254: 154: 3202: 3028: 1833:, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. 952: 858: 825: 3516: 3511: 1990:"Inti Raymi, The Celebration of the Sun". Discover Peru, www.discover-peru.org/inti-raymi/. 1894:"The Life of Pachacuti Inca Yupangui". Bilingual Review, Bilingual Review Press, 1 May 2001 1551: 1359: 845: 516: 2267: 8: 3307: 1722: 1473: 1324: 898: 412: 1557:

Following these campaigns, Topa Inca's conquests were celebrated on his return to Cusco.

1170:(administrative centers). Pachacuti occasionally elevated individuals from the class of 901: 833: 3465: 3032: 2510: 2357: 2340: 1647: 1639: 1527: 1499: 1419: 1348: 1199: 916:

Pachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui, and he originated from the female lineage of

908:, including Pachacuti, weren't historical rulers but rather social groups or factions. 905: 837: 725:, which means 'land, region, time, world' and represents an Andean concept associating 683: 1371: 1367: 644: 640: 3233: 3212: 3189: 3155: 3136: 3117: 3090: 3057: 2937: 2846: 2783: 2732: 2693: 2608: 2566: 2496: 2430: 2335: 2227: 2163: 2128: 2086: 2046: 1940: 1387: 1288: 1227: 1216: 862: 813: 770: 628: 407: 389: 326: 229: 129: 3396: 1547: 809: 3274: 2349: 2195: 1967: 1932: 1776: 1714: 1707: 1461: 1427: 1284: 1266: 1010: 940: 924: 861:

published her biography of Pachacuti, the first modern biography of an exclusively

788:, according to the chronicler Juan de Betanzos' version together with the names or 766: 754: 716: 563: 555: 543: 477: 451: 441: 364: 337: 1971: 1219:

attributed the conquest to later rulers, claiming that the initial campaign was a

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servants, and recognized Pachacuti's superiority. However, in 1945, the historian

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The Ceque System of Cusco - The Social Organization of the Capital of the Inca

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supported the position of Zuidema, who postulated that the Inca rulers before

885: 523: 3505: 3477: 2307:"Juan Ossio Acuña: "La historia de los incas feu traducida al estilo europeo" 1800: 1531: 1477: 1438: 1316: 1308: 1258: 1138: 1066: 957: 866: 854: 849: 620: 186: 1926: 1603: 1560: 1395: 1344: 1125:

At the beginning of Pachacuti's reign, the cult of the Andean creator deity

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of birth was Iñaka Panka, whose common ancestor was Mama Wako, the wife of

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In Andean cosmology and mythology, Pachacuti, along with the creator deity

1469: 1146: 884:, Pachacuti having co-reigned according to them with the warrior chieftain 679: 675: 655: 571: 1053:, often in the form of mnemonic songs sung at important celebrations, and 627:

in the south, parts of the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains near the

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in the north, and lands from Tumbes to possibly the coastal regions from

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representation of the beginning of the era of Inca imperial expansion.

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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Rowe, John, 1990. "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI".

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Pachacuti's mummy was transported on his own wishes to the palace of

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The Inca World: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru, A.D 1000–1534

1535: 1441:, accompanied by the Chanka contingent led by the military chief or 1141:, the Huacara, and the Toguaro. Pachacuti conquered lands along the 1029:

of Cusco, and renamed himself "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker").

951:. Analyzing the colonial writings, the historian and anthropologist 2353: 1774:

Pachacuti is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games

1643: 1583: 1363: 1231: 1212: 1171: 1134: 932: 876: 774: 2883: 2881: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2757: 2666: 2664: 2662: 1069:, represented official and state-sanctioned pre-imperial history. 1057:, which contained simple and stereotyped information according to 592: 2910: 2908: 1875: 1745: 1663: 1624: 1588: 1539: 1414: 1362:

were attached to the highland kingdoms, including the regions of

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figure of the Inca emperor called Tawantinsuyu, or Inca Empire.

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Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be the first

570:). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of 211: 111: 3253: 3108:

Kingdom of the Sun God: a history of the Andes and their people

2878: 2796: 2659: 2579: 2535: 1511: 1507: 1449: 1312: 1236: 1093: 1089: 1077: 1062: 1058: 719:, and is considered purely Quechua. It is composed of the noun 2905: 2523: 1610:, represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. 1456:, whose capital and supreme sub-chiefdom was Guzmango, in the 690:. The form <Pachacútec> (contemporary quechua spelling: 3299: 2397: 2124: 2013: 2011: 1757: 1687:("low half"), of which they doubt it had more than one king. 1668: 1596: 1592: 1399: 1208: 1175: 1054: 1042: 972: 964: 889: 871: 749:

translated the compound as 'the turn of the world'. The form

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Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua

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This article is about the Inca emperor. For other uses, see

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1491 : new revelations of the Americas before Columbus

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