186:
326:
576:), lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). The site reportedly was visited by the Buddha himself during his lifetime, and it was where he allegedly pronounced that a great kingdom would arise at this very location 651 years after his death. Thamoddarit was followed by a caretaker, and then Pyusawhti in 167 CE. The connection to the Pagan dynasty was important because all later Burmese dynasties,
542:. The king was ashamed, and ordered them killed. The queen hid her sons, and raised them in secret. Nineteen years later, in 484 BCE, the king found out that the brothers were still alive, and again ordered them killed. The queen managed to put the sons on a raft down the Irrawaddy. Adrift in the river, the brothers miraculously gained sight with the help of the ogress.
685:
705:
been extensively excavated, and earlier evidence may yet emerge. Aside from Sri Ksetra and
Beikthano, the rest of the Pyu sites have not been extensively excavated.) Moreover, the states of Tagaung, Sri Ksetra and Pagan all existed in the order, though not in the discrete fashion reported in the chronicles. They were contemporary to each other for long periods.
518:(Dhajaraja), of royal Sakya lineage who had recently settled in Mauriya (somewhere in Upper Burma). She married him. Dazayaza and Naga Hsein built a new capital at Old Pagan, close to Tagaung. A dynasty of 16 kings followed. Some time after 483 BCE, invaders from the east sacked the kingdom during the reign of
670:. They outright dismissed much of the chronicle tradition of early Burmese history as "copies of Indian legends taken from Sanskrit or Pali originals", highly doubted the antiquity of the chronicle tradition, and dismissed the possibility that any sort of civilisation in Burma could be much older than 500 CE.
704:
chronicles. To be sure, evidence of human habitation is not the same as that of a city-state. Extant evidence indicates that
Tagaung emerged as a city-state (a triple-walled emerged as a city-state site on the east bank of the Irrawaddy) only in the "early centuries CE". (However, Tagaung has not
312:
emerged in the early centuries CE. The chronicles, which likely represent the social memory of the times, repeatedly mention multiple competing groups and migrations that
Tagaung and the entire Pyu realm experienced in the first millennium CE. The city-state became part of the
45:
782:
Kadu (Sak Kantu), Kyan (Chin), Tircul (mainline Pyu). And the times were in flux evidenced by the repeated mentions in the chronicles of ruptures and movement of groups to different regions. Tagaung existed as a city-state until the early 11th century when it, according to
553:(Prome). Maha Thanbawa was the first king and ruled for six years. He was followed by Sula Thanbawa, ruling for 35 years. He was followed by King Duttabaung, son of Maha Thanbawa. Duttabaung ruled for 70 years. In all, Sri Ksetra lasted nearly six centuries.
625:. Though the king would later reluctantly gave up his claim and acceded to his late father's claim, his purification drive devalued "local sources of sanctity" in favour of "universal textual forms endorsed by the crown and the
637:
in 1832, the pre-Buddhist origin story of
Pyusawhti was officially superseded with the Abhiyaza story's "claims of royal descent from the clan of Gotama Buddha and thence the first Buddhist king of the world, Maha Sammata".
457:
in modern
Burmese but in Old Burmese, it referred to anyone from the northeast. Gandhara was the classical name of Yunnan adopted by the Buddhist kingdoms there.) The 33rd king of Abhiyaza line, King Binnaka Yaza
602:
is heavily based, do not mention
Abhiyaza. Instead, the pre-Hmannan origin story of the Burmese monarchy speaks of one Pyusawhti, son a solar spirit and a dragon princess, who later founded the
1306:
342:
Tagaung came to be featured prominently in an effort by the early
Konbaung kings to link the origins of Burmese monarchy to the Buddha, and ultimately the first king of the world in
700:
artefacts discovered at Kyan Hnyat (30 km south of
Tagaung) confirm human habitation at Tagaung in the same era (1st millennium BCE) of both Tagaung dynasties reported in pre-
692:
The
Abhiyaza myth notwithstanding, evidence does indicate that many of the places mentioned in the royal records have indeed been inhabited continuously for at least 3500 years.
1301:
1162:
Moore, Elizabeth H. (2011). McCormick, Patrick; Jenny, Mathias; Baker, Chris (eds.). "The Early
Buddhist Archaeology of Myanmar: Tagaung, Thagara, and the Mon-Pyu dichotomy".
1086:'Centralizing Historical Tradition in Precolonial Burma: The Abhiraja/Dhajaraja Myth in Early Kon-bauung Historical Texts.' South East Asia Research, 10 (2). pp. 185–215
166:
592:
The Abhiyaza story first appeared in Hmannan Yazawin (the Glass Palace Chronicle), compiled in 1832. The Burmese chronicles down to the early 18th century, including
411:
does not claim that Abhiyaza had arrived in an empty land, only that he was the first king. He had two sons, and died after a 25-year reign at Tagaung. The elder son
795:
disagrees with Luce's "theory", pointing out that there is no evidence to warrant the assertion. At any rate, the city-state then was conquered by the
609:
Historians trace the rise of Abhiyaza/Dazayaza stories to the 1770s, part of the early Konbaung kings' efforts to promote a more orthodox version of
519:
778:
The chronicles' pre-Buddhist stories represent the "social memory" of the times. The "Pyu realm" was inhabited by different ethnic groups such as
1311:
539:
535:
501:. They became known as the Binnaka line. (Thunapayanta was located near present-day Pagan (Bagan), and the primary Pyu city-state in Kyaukse was
490:
454:
494:
1276:
647:
also recorded the name "Tagaung"(太公). But it just a small town in north Burma. Chinese historian stated the name "Taruk" is evolved from
380:)—the clan of the Buddha and Maha Sammata—and his followers left their homeland, following a military defeat against their neighbouring
666:
The late inclusion of Abhiyaza/Dazayaza stories did much damage to the credibility of the chronicles to the European historians of the
515:
290:
281:, and that through Abiyaza, Burmese monarchs traced their lineage to the Buddha and the first Buddhist (mythical) king of the world
473:
1209:
1190:
1133:
403:
1219:
1152:
203:
199:
1286:
1171:
481:
continues that the fall of Tagaung led to tripartite division of the population. One group moved down and settled at
606:. Moreover, the Abhiyaza/Dazayaza stories were layered upon the oral histories/legends of Tagaung and Sri Ksetra.
652:
534:
continues. In 503 BCE, the queen of the last king of Tagaung, Thado Maha Yaza gave birth to twin blind sons,
1240:
He, Ping (2004). "试解缅甸"太公王国"之谜" [The Truth Features of Tagaung Kingdom in the History of Burma].
633:
and other sacred sites while female and transvestite shamans lost status." In the reign of his successor
390:). They settled and founded a kingdom at Tagaung in present-day northern Burma at the upper banks of the
293:
who founded the second Tagaung dynasty c. 600 BCE. The narrative superseded then prevailing pre-Buddhist
435:
in 825 BCE. Kanyaza Nge succeeded his father, and was followed by a dynasty of 31 kings. Circa 600 BCE,
1126:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
737:
After 483 BCE, Tagaung next appeared in the chronicles in 1061 CE, and in 1364 CE as cursory mentions.
1291:
1296:
1281:
249:
667:
497:. Another group went southeast, and founded what would later be known as the 19 districts of
243:. In 1832, the hitherto semi-legendary state was officially proclaimed the first kingdom of
297:
in which the monarchy was founded by a descendant of a solar spirit and a dragon princess.
65:
8:
1249:
812:
105:
817:
742:
610:
343:
254:
1226:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
1077:
Powerful Learning. Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885
1253:
1205:
1186:
1167:
1148:
1129:
626:
577:
55:
545:
In 483 BCE, the brothers founded another kingdom much farther down the Irrawaddy at
1245:
1104:
581:
258:
244:
231:
219:
207:
193:
69:
679:
643:
391:
294:
236:
648:
1270:
1257:
762:
693:
603:
432:
301:
159:
796:
594:
347:
314:
282:
788:
779:
557:
422:
412:
525:
697:
618:
546:
486:
309:
305:
278:
240:
329:
Map of northern India in the late Vedic period. The location of Vedic
800:
792:
784:
614:
325:
1218:
634:
630:
622:
502:
381:
351:
266:
87:
79:
1166:. Bangkok: Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University.
799:
in the mid-1050s. It was one of the 43 forts established by King
656:
498:
83:
440:
371:
361:
330:
274:
270:
566:), nephew of the last king of Sri Ksetra, founded the city of
431:). Kanyaza Gyi ventured south, and founded his own kingdom at
1202:
Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia
1164:
The Mon over Two Millennia: Monuments, Manuscripts, Movements
567:
482:
308:
cultures existed at Tagaung, and a city-state founded by the
684:
651:, thus the Chinese invasion happened in 13 century known as
44:
754:
550:
1095:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
1307:
States and territories disestablished in the 12th century
1117:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles
663:
move it up to 6 BCE and became the history of Tagaung.
1302:
States and territories established in the 1st century
526:
Tagaung legacy and linkage to later Burmese dynasties
511:), the queen of Binnaka Yaza, remained at Tagaung.
449:) sacked the city. (The invaders were from Yunnan.
1110:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
1103:
598:(the Great Chronicle) written in 1724, upon which
1268:
890:
888:
886:
884:
1031:
1029:
1010:
1008:
897:
1235:(in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.
1183:The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma
874:
872:
870:
834:
832:
16:Former Asian city-state in present-day Myanmar
881:
848:
846:
844:
571:
561:
506:
459:
444:
426:
416:
385:
375:
365:
355:
28:
1056:
1038:
1026:
1005:
969:
933:
1047:
978:
942:
915:
867:
860:
858:
829:
841:
584:claimed lineage to the monarchs of Pagan.
43:
1123:
1114:
1101:
655:. G. E. Harvey said that it was probably
467:
421:) lost the throne to his younger brother
1230:
960:
855:
683:
629:", and "outlawed animal sacrifices atop
621:, believed that he was the next Buddha,
530:But the Sakya lineage had not died out,
397:
324:
1204:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1199:
1180:
1083:
1074:
987:
300:Archaeological evidence indicates that
265:adds that the "kingdom" was founded by
204:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1312:12th-century disestablishments in Asia
1269:
1092:
1017:
951:
924:
906:
474:Monarchs of the Second Tagaung Dynasty
1161:
1142:
750:c. 5th/7th century – 11th century CE
734:c. 1st/2nd century – 11th century CE
613:. The trend gained ground under King
404:Monarchs of the First Tagaung Dynasty
289:also introduces another Sakya prince
239:that existed in the first millennium
230:
1250:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6392.2004.04.007
1220:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
1079:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
617:(r. 1782–1819) who, like his father
570:(Bagan) (formally, Arimaddana-pura (
505:.) A third group led by Naga Hsein (
1277:Former countries in Burmese history
1097:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
787:, was the "eastern capital" of the
720:Per extant archaeological evidence
13:
1239:
14:
1323:
688:Pyu city-states circa 8th century
184:
164:
996:
659:'s invasion in 754 AD. Anyway,
337:
1128:. Cambridge University Press.
753:Sri Ksetra then became modern
653:First Mongol invasion of Burma
587:
1:
1185:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1124:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
1068:
350:. Hmannan states that Prince
1143:Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007).
1119:. Oxford: The Asoka Society.
1084:Charney, Michael W. (2002).
1075:Charney, Michael W. (2006).
1062:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 269–270
939:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 164–165
921:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 159–160
878:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 155–156
838:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 153–154
707:
485:which was then inhabited by
7:
1145:Early Landscapes of Myanmar
806:
117:• Founding of Kingdom
10:
1328:
1233:Studies in Burmese History
677:
673:
522:, the 17th and last king.
471:
401:
38:c. 1st century CE–c. 1050s
1287:Former monarchies of Asia
1244:(in Chinese) (4): 36–41.
1115:Htin Aung, Maung (1970).
1102:Htin Aung, Maung (1967).
722:
719:
713:
710:
641:The Chinese history book
572:
562:
507:
460:
445:
427:
417:
386:
376:
366:
356:
320:
232:[dəɡáʊɰ̃nèpjìdɔ̀]
223:
139:
135:
125:
115:
111:
101:
93:
75:
61:
51:
42:
37:
29:
23:
1147:. Bangkok: River Books.
966:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 188
823:
1200:Myint-U, Thant (2011).
1181:Myint-U, Thant (2006).
984:Htin Aung 1967: 188–189
127:• Fall of Kingdom
1093:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
689:
468:Second Tagaung dynasty
334:
192:This article contains
903:Myint-U 2011: 167–168
770:c. 849/876 – 1297 CE
687:
398:First Tagaung dynasty
377:သကျ သာကီဝင် မင်းမျိုး
333:is labelled in green.
328:
62:Common languages
1014:Harvey 1925: 307–309
948:Phayre 1883: 277–278
668:British colonial era
993:Lieberman 2003: 196
975:Than Tun 1964: ix–x
894:Myint-U 2006: 44–45
852:Moore 2007: 233–234
813:Early Pagan Kingdom
514:The queen then met
382:Kingdom of Panchala
106:Classical Antiquity
1106:A History of Burma
1053:Htin Aung 1970: 11
957:Lieberman 2003: 91
864:Harvey 1925: 29–30
818:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
690:
611:Theravada Buddhism
344:Buddhist mythology
335:
317:in the mid-1050s.
224:တကောင်း နေပြည်တော်
30:တကောင်း နေပြည်တော်
25:Kingdom of Tagaung
1231:Than Tun (1964).
1211:978-0-374-16342-6
1192:978-0-374-16342-6
1135:978-0-521-80496-7
776:
775:
362:Kingdom of Kosala
200:rendering support
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
121:c. 1st century CE
1319:
1292:Burmese monarchy
1261:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1158:
1139:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1002:He 2004: 39 - 40
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
930:Phayre 1883: 276
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
901:
895:
892:
879:
876:
865:
862:
853:
850:
839:
836:
747:483 BCE – 94 CE
708:
575:
574:
565:
564:
510:
509:
463:
462:
448:
447:
430:
429:
420:
419:
389:
388:
379:
378:
369:
368:
359:
358:
259:Konbaung dynasty
245:Burmese monarchy
234:
229:
225:
206: instead of
188:
187:
168:
167:
156:
155:
141:
140:
47:
32:
31:
21:
20:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1297:Pyu city-states
1282:Former kingdoms
1267:
1266:
1224:Hmannan Yazawin
1212:
1193:
1174:
1155:
1154:978-974-9863312
1136:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:Moore 2007: 145
1043:
1039:
1035:Moore 2011: 4–5
1034:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:Moore 2007: 236
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
882:
877:
868:
863:
856:
851:
842:
837:
830:
826:
809:
682:
680:Pyu city-states
676:
661:Hmannan Yazawin
590:
556:Around 107 CE,
528:
520:Thado Maha Yaza
476:
470:
439:marauders from
406:
400:
392:Irrawaddy river
340:
323:
255:Royal Chronicle
250:Hmannan Yazawin
227:
216:Tagaung Kingdom
213:
212:
211:
198:Without proper
189:
185:
165:
128:
118:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1263:
1262:
1242:Southeast Asia
1237:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1134:
1121:
1112:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1025:
1016:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
880:
866:
854:
840:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
815:
808:
805:
774:
773:
771:
768:
767:107 – 1298 CE
765:
759:
758:
751:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
732:
731:850 – 483 BCE
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
712:
675:
672:
589:
586:
549:, near modern
527:
524:
469:
466:
464:) was killed.
453:refers to the
399:
396:
339:
336:
322:
319:
237:Pyu city-state
208:Burmese script
202:, you may see
194:Burmese script
190:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
162:
153:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
102:Historical era
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
77:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1173:9786165513289
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1009:
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
889:
887:
885:
875:
873:
871:
861:
859:
849:
847:
845:
835:
833:
828:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
717:
709:
706:
703:
699:
695:
686:
681:
671:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:Pagan dynasty
601:
597:
596:
585:
583:
579:
569:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
540:Sula Thanbawa
537:
536:Maha Thanbawa
533:
523:
521:
517:
512:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
465:
456:
452:
442:
438:
434:
424:
414:
410:
405:
395:
393:
383:
373:
363:
353:
349:
345:
332:
327:
318:
316:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
233:
221:
217:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
163:
161:
160:Pagan Kingdom
158:
157:
154:
152:
151:
148:
145:
143:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
120:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1264:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1201:
1182:
1163:
1144:
1125:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1023:Hall 1960: 7
1019:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
908:
899:
797:Pagan Empire
777:
715:
701:
691:
665:
660:
642:
640:
608:
599:
595:Maha Yazawin
593:
591:
573:အရိမဒ္ဒနာပူရ
555:
544:
531:
529:
513:
483:Thunapayanta
478:
477:
455:Mongo Tartar
450:
436:
408:
407:
394:in 850 BCE.
354:(Abhiraja) (
348:Maha Sammata
341:
338:Out of India
315:Pagan Empire
299:
295:origin story
286:
283:Maha Sammata
262:
248:
215:
214:
191:
147:Succeeded by
146:
18:
789:Kadu people
714:Period per
588:Historicity
558:Thamoddarit
423:Kanyaza Nge
413:Kanyaza Gyi
1271:Categories
1069:References
743:Sri Ksetra
698:Bronze Age
678:See also:
619:Alaungpaya
563:သမုဒ္ဒရာဇ်
547:Sri Ksetra
472:See also:
461:ဘိန္နကရာဇာ
446:ဂန္ဓာလရာဇ်
418:ကံရာဇာကြီး
402:See also:
387:ပဉ္စာလရာဇ်
372:Sakya clan
306:Bronze Age
271:Sakya clan
228:pronounced
94:Government
1258:1000-7970
803:in 1061.
801:Anawrahta
793:Htin Aung
785:G.H. Luce
694:Neolithic
615:Bodawpaya
578:Myinsaing
428:ကံရာဇာငယ်
370:) of the
302:Neolithic
76:Religion
1222:(1832).
807:See also
757:(Prome)
728:Tagaung
635:Bagyidaw
631:Mt. Popa
627:monkhood
623:Maitreya
582:Konbaung
516:Dazayaza
503:Maingmaw
441:Gandhara
352:Abhiyaza
291:Dazayaza
267:Abhiyaza
235:) was a
131:c. 1050s
97:Monarchy
88:Hinduism
80:Buddhism
716:Hmannan
702:Hmannan
674:History
657:Nanzhao
644:Yuanshi
600:Hmannan
532:Hmannan
508:နာဂဆိန်
499:Kyaukse
491:Kanyans
479:Hmannan
409:Hmannan
357:အဘိရာဇာ
331:shakhas
287:Hmannan
277:in 850
273:of the
269:of the
263:Hmannan
257:of the
220:Burmese
84:animism
70:Burmese
56:Tagaung
52:Capital
1256:
1208:
1189:
1170:
1151:
1132:
791:. But
723:Notes
711:State
433:Arakan
321:Legend
275:Buddha
253:, the
824:Notes
763:Pagan
568:Pagan
495:Thets
451:Taruk
437:Taruk
367:ကောသလ
360:) of
1254:ISSN
1206:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1130:ISBN
780:Thet
755:Pyay
696:and
649:Turk
551:Pyay
538:and
493:and
487:Pyus
304:and
1246:doi
580:to
310:Pyu
279:BCE
247:by
66:Pyu
1273::
1252:.
1028:^
1007:^
883:^
869:^
857:^
843:^
831:^
489:,
346:,
285:.
261:.
241:CE
226:,
222::
86:,
82:,
68:,
1260:.
1248::
1214:.
1195:.
1176:.
1157:.
1138:.
1088:.
560:(
458:(
443:(
425:(
415:(
384:(
374:(
364:(
218:(
210:.
196:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
