935:, there was no such rebound for the Indigenous populations of the Caribbean. He concludes that, even though the Spanish were aware of deadly diseases such as smallpox, there is no mention of them in the New World until 1519, meaning perhaps they did not spread as fast as initially believed, and that, unlike Europeans, the Indigenous populations were subjected to enslavement, exploitation, and forced labor in gold and silver mines on an enormous scale. Reséndez says that "slavery has emerged as a major killer" of the Indigenous people of the Caribbean. Anthropologist
845:), is estimated at between 10,000 and 1,000,000. The Spanish subjected them to slavery, massacres and other violent treatment after the last Taíno chief was deposed in 1504. By 1514, the population had reportedly been reduced to just 32,000 Taíno, by 1565 the number was reported at 200, and by 1802 they were declared extinct by the Spanish colonial authorities. However, descendants of the Taíno continue to live and their disappearance from records was part of a fictional story created by the Spanish Empire with the intention of erasing them from history.
968:
28:
902:
In thirty years, between 80% and 90% of the Taíno population died. Because of the increased number of people (Spanish) on the island, there was a higher demand for food. Taíno cultivation was converted to
Spanish methods. In hopes of frustrating the Spanish, some Taínos refused to plant or harvest
903:
their crops. The supply of food became so low in 1495 and 1496 that some 50,000 died from famine. Historians have determined that the massive decline was due more to infectious disease outbreaks than any warfare or direct attacks. By 1507, their numbers had shrunk to 60,000. Scholars believe that
923:) was an overwhelming cause of the population decline of the Indigenous people, and also attributed a "large number of Taíno deaths...to the continuing bondage systems" that existed. Academics, such as historian
931:, assert that disease alone does not explain the destruction of Indigenous populations of Hispaniola. While the populations of Europe rebounded following the devastating population decline associated with the
1145:
Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole (February 2021).
1246:
1221:
1503:
283:
1651:
800:
299:
1254:
1119:
899:. Others were captured and taken to Spain to be traded as slaves, which resulted in numerous deaths due to poor human conditions during the journey.
1549:
1269:
42:
887:
continued a campaign of persecution against the Taíno until their numbers became very small, according to historian Samuel M. Wilson in his book
856:, the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. Christopher Columbus was looking for gold, however, when he did not find it, he focused on the
1231:
793:
417:
1470:
1392:
355:
1427:
348:
187:
1493:
555:
343:
321:
786:
604:
333:
137:
173:
1656:
1464:
1386:
1344:
1302:
192:
1350:
1286:
826:
880:
wrote that in that massacre the
Spanish also attacked the other inhabitants, cutting off the children's legs as they ran.
1641:
891:. The Taíno suffered physical abuse in the gold mines and sugar cane fields, as well as religious persecution during the
496:
380:
1582:
1543:
1011:
1006:
646:
227:
207:
939:
estimates that the lethal forced labor in these mines killed a third of the
Indigenous people there every six months.
1614:
767:
370:
928:
720:
580:
501:
599:
1226:
996:
818:
703:
508:
145:
1312:
1296:
614:
360:
1249:[The Taínos: the indigenous people who became extinct in the Caribbean after the Spanish conquest].
896:
326:
309:
1131:
959:
762:
609:
523:
1279:
1095:"Anacaona, the Aboriginal chieftain who defied Christopher Columbus and was sentenced to a tragic death"
1332:
456:
440:
1535:
877:
37:
991:
852:
people who arrived in
America approximately 4000 years before the conquest, and they lived in the
651:
251:
202:
737:
715:
535:
446:
294:
1336:
1529:
1498:
1450:
1372:
545:
530:
1060:
861:
1525:
1161:
1001:
924:
838:
772:
466:
390:
365:
304:
1415:
884:
8:
892:
575:
518:
429:
405:
400:
375:
263:
197:
178:
1272:[How the Conquest of America claimed the lives of more than 50 million people].
1165:
451:
1247:"Los taínos: los indígenas que se extinguieron en el Caribe tras la conquista española"
1192:
1147:
857:
661:
540:
238:
1610:
1578:
1539:
1460:
1382:
1340:
1197:
1179:
1016:
946:
classified the atrocities which the
Spanish Empire committed against the Taíno as a "
698:
693:
461:
434:
182:
1646:
1456:
1187:
1169:
1152:
986:
873:
849:
668:
513:
168:
1604:
1423:
1326:
1270:"Cómo la Conquista de América se cobró la vida de más de 50 millones de personas"
1127:
973:
943:
742:
710:
588:
232:
550:
1274:
1174:
830:
829:
during the 16th century. The population of the Taíno before the arrival of the
673:
594:
422:
410:
385:
125:
111:
33:
1452:
Technology, Disease, and
Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
1094:
1635:
1183:
1041:
726:
1570:
1325:
Aufderheide, Arthur C.; Rodríguez-Martín, Conrado; Langsjoen, Odin (1998).
1201:
950:" and it also included the Taíno genocide in its Genocide Studies Program.
936:
865:
641:
338:
1494:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
932:
471:
245:
121:
59:
46:, depicting Spanish torture of Indigenous peoples during the conquest of
1531:
The Other
Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
842:
834:
395:
314:
47:
1378:
912:
656:
1324:
860:. Upon arriving on the island, a confrontation occurred between the
1099:
967:
947:
908:
904:
620:
103:
Between 80% and 90% of the Taíno population died in first 30 years.
89:
981:
822:
77:
916:
869:
853:
268:
163:
93:
1575:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global
Inequality and its Solutions
920:
1222:"Conoce a los supervivientes de un «genocidio sobre el papel»"
1039:"La tragédie des Taïnos" [The Tragedy of the Tainos].
732:
258:
1144:
27:
1606:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight
Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
1224:[Meet the survivors of a "genocide on paper"].
889:
Hispaniola. Caribbean
Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus
897:
exposure to diseases that arrived with the colonizers
963:
1328:The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology
43:Brevisima relación de la destrucción de las Indias
32:A 16th-century illustration by Flemish Protestant
1219:
1065:(Thesis). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
1633:
1148:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"
1652:Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America
1602:
1308:
1292:
1062:Historia De La Esclavitud Negra en Puerto Rico
1034:
1032:
1220:Baracutei Estevez, Jorge (October 15, 2019).
848:The Taíno people were the descendants of the
794:
1054:
1052:
1029:
1058:
801:
787:
26:
1268:Haczek, Ángela Reyes (October 11, 2022).
1191:
1173:
1049:
1603:D'Anghiera, Pietro Martire (July 2009).
1524:
1518:
1448:
1442:
1407:
1092:
1045:(in French) (322): 16. July–August 2007.
1093:Pichardo, Carolina (October 12, 2022).
883:For several months after the massacre,
605:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
1634:
1569:
1491:
1267:
1244:
872:were captured and burned alive in the
1552:from the original on October 14, 2019
1473:from the original on February 2, 2016
1395:from the original on February 2, 2016
1374:Disease and medicine in world history
1370:
1364:
1413:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
942:Subsequently, in the United States,
344:Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
13:
1506:from the original on June 23, 2019
1012:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
1007:Indigenous response to colonialism
228:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
14:
1668:
1245:Méndez, Luis (October 12, 2022).
1208:
1107:
1077:
868:Taíno women. In 1503 most of the
1059:Diaz Soler, Luis Manuel (1950).
966:
768:Bibliography of genocide studies
371:American Indian boarding schools
1563:
1485:
1430:from the original on 2011-09-08
1353:from the original on 2016-02-02
1318:
929:University of California, Davis
615:Swedification of Sámi and Finns
1595:
1577:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
1492:Treuer, David (May 13, 2016).
1261:
1238:
1138:
997:Genocide of indigenous peoples
381:Great Plains smallpox epidemic
1:
1022:
864:and the Taíno after the crew
827:colonization of the Caribbean
556:Vietnamese conquest of Champa
361:Genocide in the United States
1657:Massacres committed by Spain
1278:(in Spanish). Archived from
1253:(in Spanish). Archived from
1230:(in Spanish). Archived from
825:by the Spanish during their
600:Norwegianization of the Sámi
327:Yanomami humanitarian crisis
310:Forced sterilization in Peru
7:
960:Outline of genocide studies
953:
763:Outline of genocide studies
706: Canary Islands
610:Russian conquest of Siberia
509:Cultural genocide in Taiwan
490:East, South, Southeast Asia
10:
1673:
1642:Genocides in South America
1333:Cambridge University Press
1175:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
957:
1536:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1449:Raudzens, George (2003).
117:
107:
99:
83:
73:
65:
55:
25:
20:
1420:Genocide Studies Program
1124:Genocide Studies Program
992:Colonialism and genocide
687:West Asia / North Africa
652:Australian frontier wars
526: of Hokkaido
1371:Watts, Sheldon (2003).
862:crew of the Santa María
823:Taíno indigenous people
738:Western Sahara conflict
723: accusation
716:Pacification of Algeria
583: of Ireland
457:Occupation of Araucanía
447:Massacre of Salsipuedes
878:Bartolomé de las Casas
502:Chittagong Hill Tracts
295:Conquest of the Desert
38:Bartolomé de las Casas
1499:The Los Angeles Times
647:Genocide in Australia
569:Europe and North Asia
546:Sinicization of Tibet
531:Lamey Island Massacre
504: conflict
418:Genocide in Venezuela
254: genocide
149:of indigenous peoples
1282:on October 28, 2022.
1002:Genocides in history
839:Christopher Columbus
773:Genocides in history
721:Palestinian genocide
581:Cromwellian conquest
391:Osage Indian murders
366:American Indian Wars
356:Genocide in Paraguay
305:Fall of Tenochtitlan
1414:Schimmer, Russell.
1381:. pp. 86, 91.
1227:National Geographic
1166:2021Natur.590..103F
893:Spanish Inquisition
576:Circassian genocide
524:Japanese annexation
519:East Timor genocide
430:Guatemalan genocide
406:Sullivan Expedition
401:Sand Creek massacre
376:California genocide
349:Residential schools
264:Maji Maji Rebellion
208:Indigenous response
198:Settler colonialism
179:Forced assimilation
126:Spanish imperialism
662:Stolen Generations
541:Ryukyu Disposition
497:Bandanese massacre
339:Beothuk extinction
334:Genocide in Canada
322:Genocide in Brazil
239:Effacer le tableau
221:Sub-Saharan Africa
1466:978-0-391-04206-3
1388:978-0-415-27816-4
1346:978-0-521-55203-5
1234:on June 28, 2024.
1160:(7844): 103–110.
1017:List of genocides
895:, along with the
885:Nicolás de Ovando
833:on the island of
819:committed against
811:
810:
699:Bar Kokhba revolt
694:Armenian genocide
467:Selk'nam genocide
462:Putumayo genocide
435:Kalinago genocide
131:
130:
1664:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1609:. BiblioBazaar.
1589:
1588:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1526:Reséndez, Andrés
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1322:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:on May 31, 2024.
1242:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1177:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1134:on May 22, 2024.
1130:. Archived from
1116:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1036:
987:Jaragua massacre
976:
971:
970:
874:Jaragua massacre
803:
796:
789:
722:
705:
669:Moriori genocide
582:
525:
514:Dzungar genocide
503:
452:Napalpí massacre
286:
253:
174:Ethnic relations
169:Ethnic cleansing
150:
133:
132:
30:
18:
17:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1424:Yale University
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1323:
1319:
1309:D'Anghiera 2009
1307:
1303:
1293:D'Anghiera 2009
1291:
1287:
1266:
1262:
1243:
1239:
1218:
1209:
1143:
1139:
1128:Yale University
1118:
1117:
1108:
1091:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1025:
974:Genocide portal
972:
965:
962:
956:
944:Yale University
925:Andrés Reséndez
866:sexually abused
837:in 1492 (which
807:
778:
777:
758:
757:
748:
747:
743:Yazidi genocide
711:Libyan genocide
704:Conquest of the
689:
688:
679:
678:
637:
636:
627:
626:
589:Generalplan Ost
571:
570:
561:
560:
492:
491:
482:
481:
290:
289:
284:
274:
273:
252:Herero and Nama
233:Darfur genocide
223:
222:
148:
146:
124:
86:
51:
12:
11:
5:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1629:
1628:
1615:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:978-1786090034
1583:
1562:
1545:978-0547640983
1544:
1538:. p. 17.
1517:
1484:
1465:
1459:. p. 41.
1441:
1406:
1387:
1363:
1345:
1317:
1301:
1285:
1275:CNN in Spanish
1260:
1237:
1207:
1137:
1106:
1076:
1048:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
978:
977:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
831:Spanish Empire
815:Taíno genocide
809:
808:
806:
805:
798:
791:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
770:
765:
759:
756:Related topics
755:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
718:
713:
708:
701:
696:
690:
686:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
674:Papua conflict
671:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
644:
638:
634:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
595:Greek genocide
592:
585:
578:
572:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
521:
516:
511:
506:
499:
493:
489:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
477:Taíno genocide
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
437:
432:
427:
426:
425:
423:Pemon conflict
415:
414:
413:
411:Trail of Tears
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:Indian removal
383:
378:
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368:
358:
353:
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193:Historiography
190:
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129:
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119:
115:
114:
112:Spanish Empire
109:
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96:
87:
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81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
34:Theodor de Bry
31:
23:
22:
21:Taíno genocide
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1669:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1618:
1616:9781113147608
1612:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:Hickel, Jason
1566:
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1547:
1541:
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1472:
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1445:
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1425:
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1417:
1416:"Puerto Rico"
1410:
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828:
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784:
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771:
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766:
764:
761:
760:
752:
751:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
728:
727:Gaza genocide
724:
719:
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714:
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675:
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1123:
1120:"Hispaniola"
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642:Blackbirding
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551:Sōshi-kaimei
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108:Perpetrators
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1596:Works cited
1434:December 4,
1335:. pp.
1069:January 12,
933:Black Death
472:Spiral case
300:Enslavement
246:Gukurahundi
122:Colonialism
85:Attack type
69:1493 - 1550
60:West Indies
1636:Categories
1556:2019-06-21
1477:January 5,
1399:January 5,
1357:2016-01-05
1311:, p.
1295:, p.
1251:La Noticia
1042:L'Histoire
1023:References
843:Hispaniola
835:Hispaniola
441:La Matanza
396:Pequot War
315:Plan Verde
282:Americas (
183:conversion
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1379:Routledge
1184:1476-4687
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907:disease (
657:Black War
536:Manchukuo
1573:(2018).
1550:Archived
1528:(2016).
1510:June 22,
1504:Archived
1471:Archived
1428:Archived
1393:Archived
1351:Archived
1202:33361817
1100:BBC News
954:See also
948:genocide
909:smallpox
905:epidemic
870:caciques
621:Vergonha
203:Genocide
147:Genocide
138:a series
136:Part of
90:Genocide
56:Location
1622:21 July
1193:7864882
1162:Bibcode
927:of the
917:measles
876:. Fray
858:slavery
854:Bahamas
635:Oceania
285:history
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164:Ecocide
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100:Deaths
74:Target
1647:Taíno
1457:Brill
982:Taíno
733:Sayfo
259:Ikiza
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1624:2010
1611:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1512:2019
1479:2016
1461:ISBN
1436:2011
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1383:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1198:PMID
1180:ISSN
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