20:
761:
443:
1224:
in traditional methods over the years, and have proven to be successful. However, the toxicity of these drugs have pushed scientists to explore other processes related to DNA that could be targeted instead. In recent years, a collective effort has been made to find cancer-specific molecular targets,
597:
is facilitated by stabilizing interactions with DNA flanking the TATA box, which consists of G-C rich sequences. These secondary interactions induce bending of the DNA and helical unwinding. The degree of DNA bending is species and sequence dependent. For example, one study used the adenovirus TATA
678:
This cluster of RNA polymerase II and various transcription factors is known as the basal transcriptional complex (BTC). In this state, it only gives a low level of transcription. Other factors must stimulate the BTC to increase transcription levels. One such example of a BTC stimulating region of
135:
in some eukaryotic genes. Gene transcription by RNA polymerase II depends on the regulation of the core promoter by long-range regulatory elements such as enhancers and silencers. Without proper regulation of transcription, eukaryotic organisms would not be able to properly respond to their
285:(TBP). Also, even though some studies have uncovered several similarities, there are others that have detected notable differences between archaeal and eukaryotic TBP. The archaea protein exhibits a greater symmetry in its primary sequence and in the distribution of
767:
Effects on TBP binding to the TATA box from mutations. Wildtype shows transcription done normally. An insertion or deletion shifts the TATA box recognition site which results in a shifted transcription site. Point mutations risk the TBP being unable to bind for
281:. In archaea species, the promoter contains an 8 bp AT-rich sequence located ~24 bp upstream of the transcription start site. This sequence was originally called Box A, which is now known to be the sequence that interacts with the homologue of the archaeal
3159:"Polymorphisms in the 5' regulatory region of the tissue factor gene and the risk of myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism: the ECTIM and PATHROS studies. Etude Cas-TĂ©moins de l'Infarctus du Myocarde. Paris Thrombosis case-control Study"
417:(also CAT box) is a region of nucleotides with the following consensus sequence: 5’ GGCCAATCT 3’. The CAAT box is located about 75-80 bases upstream of the transcription initiation site and about 150 bases upstream of the TATA box. It binds
292:
Even though the TATA box is present in many eukaryotic promoters, it is not contained in the majority of promoters. One study found less than 30% of 1031 potential promoter regions contain a putative TATA box motif in humans. In
1053:
in gastric cancer. Longer TATA box sequences correlates with higher levels of PG2 serum indicating gastric cancer conditions. Carriers with shorter TATA box sequences may produce lower levels of PG2 serum.
410:, which serves an analogous purpose to the eukaryotic TATA box. The Pribnow box has a 6 bp region centered around the -10 position and an 8-12 bp sequence around the -35 region that are both conserved.
3257:
De Re V, Magris R, De Zorzi M, Maiero S, Caggiari L, Fornasarig M, Repetto O, Buscarini E, Di Mario F (2017). "P.08.10: Interference of PG2 Tata Box Region with the Serum PG2 Level in
Gastric Cancer".
3443:Žaja O, Tiljak MK, Štefanović M, Tumbri J, Jurčić Z (May 2014). "Correlation of UGT1A1 TATA-box polymorphism and jaundice in breastfed newborns-early presentation of Gilbert's syndrome".
2864:
Fei YJ, Stoming TA, Efremov GD, Efremov DG, Battacharia R, Gonzalez-Redondo JM, Altay C, Gurgey A, Huisman TH (June 1988). "Beta-thalassemia due to a T----A mutation within the ATA box".
3200:"An experimental verification of the predicted effects of promoter TATA-box polymorphisms associated with human diseases on interactions between the TATA boxes and TATA-binding protein"
398:
use the SAGA/TATA box complex to recruit RNA polymerase II, they are more highly regulated and display higher expression levels than promoters using the TFIID/TBP mode of recruitment.
837:
of extra base pairs between the last TATA box and the transcription start site resulted in a shift in the start site; thus, resulting in a phenotypic change. From this original
2713:"[Natural history of coronary disease with and without aortocoronary by-pass operation. Survival curves of 272 patients over a maximum period of 24 months (author's transl)]"
498:
The TATA box is usually located 25-35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. Genes containing the TATA box usually require additional promoter elements, including an
467:
genomes had the consensus sequence 5'-TATA(A/T)A(A/T)(A/G)-3', yet only about 20% of yeast genes even contained the TATA sequence. Similarly, in humans only 24% of genes have
527:
formation, which is the first step in transcription initiation in eukaryotes. Formation of the preinitiation complex begins when the multi-subunit transcription factor II D (
449:
Mechanism for transcription initiation at the TATA box. Transcription factors, TATA binding protein (TBP), and RNA polymerase II are all recruited to begin transcription.
1788:
Suzuki Y, Tsunoda T, Sese J, Taira H, Mizushima-Sugano J, Hata H, Ota T, Isogai T, Tanaka T, Nakamura Y, Suyama A, Sakaki Y, Morishita S, Okubo K, Sugano S (May 2001).
3028:"Subcutaneous absorption of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Influence of species, physico-chemical properties of insulin and physiological factors"
1411:
Lifton RP, Goldberg ML, Karp RW, Hogness DS (1978). "The organization of the histone genes in
Drosophila melanogaster: functional and evolutionary implications".
120:
and alternative ones were compared, homologous regions were "boxed" by the researchers. The boxing in of sequences sheds light on the origin of the term "box".
1153:. Novel HIV-1-encoded microRNA have been found to enhance the production of the virus as well as activating HIV-1 latency by targeting the TATA box region.
2358:"Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer shows uniformity in TATA binding protein-induced DNA bending and heterogeneity in bending kinetics"
479:
and are more highly regulated when compared to TATA-less genes. Generally, TATA-containing genes are not involved in essential cellular functions such as
1611:"Core promoter-specific gene regulation: TATA box selectivity and Initiator-dependent bi-directionality of serum response factor-activated transcription"
841:
study, a change in transcription can be seen when there is no TATA box to promote transcription, but transcription of a gene will occur when there is an
1129:
affecting the severity of the disease. Results from studies have shown the interaction in vitro so far, but results may be comparable to that in vivo.
826:
1965:"Prevalence of the initiator over the TATA box in human and yeast genes and identification of DNA motifs enriched in human TATA-less core promoters"
1073:. An accumulation of these polyglutamine-TBP cells will occur, as shown by protein aggregates in brain sections of patients, resulting in a loss of
3157:
Arnaud E, Barbalat V, Nicaud V, Cambien F, Evans A, Morrison C, Arveiler D, Luc G, Ruidavets JB, Emmerich J, Fiessinger JN, Aiach M (March 2000).
2511:"A transcription factor IIA-binding site differentially regulates RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner"
1536:
3396:"The mechanism by which TATA-box polymorphisms associated with human hereditary diseases influence interactions with the TATA-binding protein"
363:, the TATA box has a variable position which can range from 40 to 100 bp upstream of the start site. The TATA box is also found in 40% of the
3345:"MiRNAs regulate oxidative stress related genes via binding to the 3' UTR and TATA-box regions: a new hypothesis for cataract pathogenesis"
510:(DCE). These additional promoter regions work in conjunction with the TATA box to regulate initiation of transcription in eukaryotes.
3654:
3294:"microRNA dysregulation in polyglutamine toxicity of TATA-box binding protein is mediated through STAT1 in mouse neuronal cells"
2406:
3800:
297:
less than 40% of 205 core promoters contain a TATA box. When there is an absence of the TATA box and TBP is not present, the
2126:
Kim JL, Nikolov DB, Burley SK (October 1993). "Co-crystal structure of TBP recognizing the minor groove of a TATA element".
610:
studies of TBP/TATA-box complexes generally agree that the DNA goes through an ~80° bend during the process of TBP-binding.
289:
charge, which is important because the higher symmetry lowers the protein's ability to bind the TATA box in a polar manner.
4032:
662:
524:
422:
555:
residues(Phe57, Phe74, Phe148, Phe 165) on TBP bind to DNA and form kinks in the DNA, forcing the DNA minor groove open.
1720:
1851:
1512:
665:
for eukaryotic transcription. Generally, the TATA box is found at RNA polymerase II promoter regions, although some
712:
In specific cell types or on specific promoters TBP can be replaced by one of several TBP-related factors (TRF1 in
602:
GGC-3') as a model binding sequence and found that human TBP binding to the TATA box induced a 97° bend toward the
4004:
1092:
4057:
2987:"Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 beta gene are associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer"
1741:"The downstream promoter element DPE appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in Drosophila core promoters"
1118:
1102:
3999:
4097:
4052:
1069:. In spinocerebellar ataxia, the disease phenotype is caused by expansion of the polyglutamine repeat in the
503:
342:
4020:
3994:
1170:, providing only a prediction of what may happen not a real-time representation of what is happening in the
1195:
2711:
Chioin R, Stritoni P, Scognamiglio R, Boffa GM, Daliento L, Razzolini R, Ramondo A, Dalla Volta S (1987).
220:
The TATA box was the first eukaryotic core promoter motif to be identified in 1978 by
American biochemist
3647:
2246:
Kim Y, Geiger JH, Hahn S, Sigler PB (October 1993). "Crystal structure of a yeast TBP/TATA-box complex".
1058:
507:
298:
3680:
95:). It was termed the "TATA box" as it contains a consensus sequence characterized by repeating T and A
3877:
3813:
3783:
3761:
1555:"Nucleotide sequences of mouse genomic loci including a gene or pseudogene for U6 (4.8S) nuclear RNA"
1298:
1282:
941:, the neighboring sequences can affect if there is a change or not. However, a change can be seen in
870:
821:
603:
528:
2928:"beta-Thalassemia in American Blacks: novel mutations in the "TATA" box and an acceptor splice site"
2926:
Antonarakis SE, Irkin SH, Cheng TC, Scott AF, Sexton JP, Trusko SP, Charache S, Kazazian HH (1984).
2407:"TATA-binding protein recognition and bending of a consensus promoter are protein species dependent"
2017:"Functional analysis of the molecular interactions of TATA box-containing genes and essential genes"
1870:
Baptista T, GrĂĽnberg S, Minoungou N, Koster MJ, Timmers HT, Hahn S, Devys D, Tora L (October 2017).
1790:"Identification and characterization of the potential promoter regions of 1031 kinds of human genes"
4102:
3671:
3663:
1387:
1210:
472:
359:
26:
TATA box structural elements. The TATA box consensus sequence is TATAWAW, where W is either A or T.
2405:
Whittington JE, Delgadillo RF, Attebury TJ, Parkhurst LK, Daugherty MA, Parkhurst LJ (July 2008).
1660:"Expression and nuclear localization of the TATA-box-binding protein during baculovirus infection"
925:
changes depending on the gene that is being affected. Studies also show that the placement of the
357:, the TATA box is located 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. While in yeast,
3978:
3667:
2608:"RNA polymerase III accurately initiates transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro"
1365:
1310:
1183:
1126:
1096:
1066:
950:
946:
938:
796:
737:
696:
488:
350:
180:
124:
3488:"A novel HIV-1-encoded microRNA enhances its viral replication by targeting the TATA box region"
429:. CAAT boxes are rarely found in genes that express proteins ubiquitous in all cell types.
3887:
3640:
1136:
1062:
1038:
684:
176:
127:
is initiated at the TATA box in TATA-containing genes. The TATA box is the binding site of the
92:
4071:
4066:
3934:
3836:
3590:"TATA Box Insertion Provides a Selection Mechanism Underpinning Adaptations to Fe Deficiency"
1470:
1225:
such as protein-DNA complexes, which include the TATA binding motif. Compounds that trap the
1191:
1182:-specific mechanisms for transcription initiation by the canonical TBP/TFIID-dependent basal
1132:
1114:
986:
978:
607:
492:
196:
100:
88:
1356:
has a TATA box inserted in the promoter upstream of the iron-regulated transporter 1 (IRT1)
3968:
3882:
3848:
3742:
3486:
Zhang Y, Fan M, Geng G, Liu B, Huang Z, Luo H, Zhou J, Guo X, Cai W, Zhang H (March 2014).
3211:
2939:
2465:
2310:
2255:
2195:
2135:
2028:
1306:
1302:
1122:
1070:
1042:
1021:
1006:
994:
930:
846:
842:
834:
792:
780:
729:
725:
618:
614:
594:
544:
532:
418:
383:
282:
144:
132:
128:
3588:
Zhang M, Lv Y, Wang Y, Rose JK, Shen F, Han Z, Zhang X, Xu X, Wu T, Han Z (January 2017).
3542:
Hurley LH (March 2002). "DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy".
8:
3951:
3919:
3805:
3779:
3198:
Savinkova L, Drachkova I, Arshinova T, Ponomarenko P, Ponomarenko M, Kolchanov N (2013).
1357:
1339:
1294:
1226:
1179:
890:
863:
859:
776:
749:
745:
626:
586:
468:
454:
395:
364:
309:), initiating transcription in TATA-less promoters. The DPE has been identified in three
232:
225:
148:
51:
3632:
3394:
Drachkova I, Savinkova L, Arshinova T, Ponomarenko M, Peltek S, Kolchanov N (May 2014).
3215:
2943:
2469:
2314:
2259:
2199:
2139:
2074:
Starr DB, Hawley DK (December 1991). "TFIID binds in the minor groove of the TATA box".
2032:
3720:
3614:
3589:
3567:
3514:
3487:
3468:
3425:
3371:
3344:
3320:
3293:
3274:
3234:
3199:
3044:
3027:
2832:
2685:
2658:
2634:
2607:
2537:
2510:
2509:
Wang J, Zhao S, He W, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Pegg H, Shore P, Roberts SG, Deng W (July 2017).
2486:
2453:
2434:
2382:
2357:
2279:
2159:
2099:
2051:
2016:
1989:
1964:
1896:
1871:
1709:
1689:
1635:
1610:
1530:
898:
878:
845:
to the sequence. The nature of the resulting phenotype may be affected due to the
672:
458:
156:
114:
78:
70:
3270:
3125:
2962:
2927:
2877:
2841:
2816:
2789:
2764:
2737:
2712:
2454:"Structure of promoter-bound TFIID and model of human pre-initiation complex assembly"
1940:
1923:
1814:
1789:
1658:
Mainz D, Quadt I, Stranzenbach AK, Voss D, Guarino LA, Knebel-Mörsdorf D (June 2014).
1579:
1554:
471:
regions containing the TATA box. Genes containing the TATA-box tend to be involved in
4039:
3619:
3559:
3519:
3460:
3417:
3376:
3325:
3239:
3180:
3139:
3134:
3109:
3090:
3049:
3008:
2967:
2908:
2881:
2846:
2794:
2769:
Journal Français d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie; Audiophonologie, Chirurgie
Maxillo-Faciale
2742:
2690:
2639:
2588:
2542:
2491:
2426:
2387:
2338:
2333:
2298:
2297:
Horikoshi M, Bertuccioli C, Takada R, Wang J, Yamamoto T, Roeder RG (February 1992).
2271:
2223:
2218:
2183:
2151:
2091:
2087:
2056:
1994:
1945:
1901:
1847:
1819:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1740:
1716:
1681:
1640:
1584:
1518:
1508:
1474:
1428:
1382:
1110:
1080:
966:
646:
622:
499:
387:
302:
258:
192:
184:
31:
3571:
3472:
3429:
3278:
2103:
1693:
3961:
3944:
3609:
3601:
3551:
3509:
3499:
3452:
3407:
3366:
3356:
3315:
3305:
3266:
3229:
3219:
3170:
3129:
3121:
3080:
3039:
2998:
2957:
2947:
2873:
2836:
2828:
2784:
2776:
2732:
2724:
2680:
2670:
2629:
2619:
2578:
2532:
2522:
2481:
2473:
2438:
2418:
2377:
2369:
2328:
2318:
2283:
2263:
2213:
2203:
2163:
2143:
2083:
2046:
2036:
1984:
1976:
1935:
1891:
1883:
1809:
1801:
1760:
1752:
1671:
1630:
1622:
1574:
1566:
1466:
1420:
1266:
974:
962:
372:
123:
The TATA box was first identified in 1978 as a component of eukaryotic promoters.
110:
2817:"The TATA box promoter region of maize Adh1 affects its organ-specific expression"
937:
from TATAAAA to CATAAAA does completely hinder the binding sufficiently to change
3825:
3456:
3224:
2299:"Transcription factor TFIID induces DNA bending upon binding to the TATA element"
2041:
1887:
1626:
1254:
1150:
1121:
destabilize the TBP/TATA complex which significantly decreases the rate at which
804:
484:
378:
The type of core promoter affects the level of transcription and expression of a
200:
1424:
645:-DNA complex through interactions both upstream and downstream of the TATA box.
4035:
4023:
3973:
2985:
Zienolddiny S, Ryberg D, Maggini V, Skaug V, Canzian F, Haugen A (April 2004).
2932:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2303:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2188:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1980:
1234:
1214:
1171:
1034:
784:
581:
interactions(~15) form between TBP residues(notably Ile152 and Leu163) and DNA
426:
286:
172:
152:
3361:
3310:
2583:
2566:
949:. Some diseases that can be caused due to this insufficiency by specific gene
224:
while he and his graduate student, Michael
Goldberg were on sabbatical at the
113:, the Hogness box sequence was found and "boxed in" at the -31 position. When
99:. How the term "box" originated is unclear. In the 1980s, while investigating
4091:
3737:
3292:
Roshan R, Choudhary A, Bhambri A, Bakshi B, Ghosh T, Pillai B (August 2017).
2780:
2728:
1846:. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. pp. 373–374.
1522:
1348:
1274:
1174:. Recent studies in 2016 have been done to demonstrate TATA-binding activity
970:
559:
552:
463:
221:
85:
3504:
3175:
3158:
2624:
2527:
2452:
Louder RK, He Y, LĂłpez-Blanco JR, Fang J, ChacĂłn P, Nogales E (March 2016).
2208:
2184:"Crystal structure of a human TATA box-binding protein/TATA element complex"
1570:
3623:
3563:
3523:
3464:
3421:
3380:
3329:
3243:
3184:
3094:
3012:
2952:
2763:
Gaillard J, Haguenauer JP, Romanet P, Boulud B, Gerard JP (November 1977).
2694:
2675:
2643:
2592:
2546:
2495:
2430:
2391:
2323:
2060:
1998:
1949:
1924:"Identification and distinct regulation of yeast TATA box-containing genes"
1905:
1823:
1774:
1685:
1676:
1659:
1644:
1478:
1262:
571:
536:
461:
5'-TATA(A/T)A(A/T)-3'. In yeast, for example, one study found that various
228:
in
Switzerland. They first discovered the TATA sequence while analyzing 5'
43:
3143:
3053:
2971:
2885:
2850:
2798:
2746:
2659:"TBP-related factors: a paradigm of diversity in transcription initiation"
2342:
2275:
2227:
2182:
Nikolov DB, Chen H, Halay ED, Hoffman A, Roeder RG, Burley SK (May 1996).
2155:
2095:
1588:
1091:
to increase the level of oxidative stress genes. MicroRNAs can target the
3924:
3892:
3795:
2912:
1377:
1258:
1199:
1106:
958:
954:
748:
are long-range regulatory elements that increase promoter activity while
480:
407:
188:
74:
3605:
3108:
Sweet D, Golomb H, Desser R, Ultmann JE, Yachnin S, Stein R (May 1975).
2477:
1805:
1432:
1061:
are associated TATA box mutations. Two disorders have been highlighted,
4076:
3770:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3412:
3395:
721:
713:
688:
582:
578:
567:
563:
540:
476:
237:
117:
19:
3393:
3197:
3003:
2986:
2422:
2404:
2373:
269:
Most research on the TATA box has been conducted on yeast, human, and
3732:
2267:
2147:
1711:
Master
Control Genes in Development and Evolution: The Homeobox Story
1457:
Smale ST, Kadonaga JT (2003). "The RNA polymerase II core promoter".
1360:. As a result, the promoter activity levels are enhanced, increasing
1346:
deficiency in plants. Compared to other members of the same species,
1270:
1246:
1046:
1028:
998:
945:
cells with a TATAAAA to TATACAA which leads to a 20 fold decrease in
922:
830:
800:
760:
733:
442:
354:
339:
335:
278:
160:
96:
63:
833:
change was only observed when all three TATA boxes were deleted. An
543:
in the protein. Three types of molecular interactions contribute to
3939:
3555:
3343:
Wu C, Liu Z, Ma L, Pei C, Qin L, Gao N, Li J, Yin Y (August 2017).
3085:
3068:
1230:
1167:
1142:
1088:
1084:
1050:
1017:
1002:
934:
926:
852:
838:
816:
788:
787:
with varying effects based on the gene that has been mutated. The
772:
680:
667:
414:
331:
168:
140:
67:
1045:
of the PG2 gene. This gene produces PG2 serum, which is used as a
3899:
3766:
1331:
1278:
1187:
1175:
1025:
1024:
for transcription initiation, which may cause carriers to have a
717:
700:
649:
is then recruited to this multi-protein complex with the help of
274:
250:
164:
59:
2814:
1963:
Yang C, Bolotin E, Jiang T, Sladek FM, Martinez E (March 2007).
1872:"SAGA Is a General Cofactor for RNA Polymerase II Transcription"
1615:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
3695:
2762:
2710:
1869:
1074:
910:
906:
894:
886:
874:
692:
242:
107:
2899:
Bower GC (1978). "The award of the Will Ross Medal for 1978".
2296:
3956:
3808:
2984:
2765:"[Tumors of the olfactory placode. Study of 5 cases]"
1361:
1335:
1327:
1250:
1146:
856:
658:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
391:
368:
306:
246:
204:
104:
3291:
2815:
Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Vogel JM, Freeling M (January 1992).
139:
Based on the sequence and mechanism of TATA box initiation,
4027:
3857:
3788:
3156:
3069:"The role of the mannose-binding lectin in innate immunity"
1553:
Ohshima Y, Okada N, Tani T, Itoh Y, Itoh M (October 1981).
1343:
1242:
1217:
942:
902:
882:
866:
741:
379:
346:
314:
254:
203:. The TATA-binding protein (TBP) could also be targeted by
55:
3442:
2925:
1657:
1608:
1330:
to adapt to the changing environmental conditions. In the
629:
region. TFIID first binds to the TATA box, facilitated by
3662:
3256:
1410:
1290:
1286:
1238:
1221:
1139:. This poses a risk for developing jaundice in newborns.
1125:
will bind to the TATA box. This leads to lower levels of
984:
Savinkova et al. has written a simulation to predict the
229:
47:
3107:
2863:
2451:
3110:"Letter: Chemotherapy of advanced histocytic lymphomas"
2181:
724:), some of which interact with the TATA box similar to
163:
changes. These phenotypic changes can then turn into a
1962:
1787:
1507:. Watson, James D., 1928- (Seventh ed.). Boston.
606:
while the yeast TBP protein only induced an 82° bend.
386:
can be recruited in two ways, by SAGA, a cofactor for
273:
genomes, however, similar elements have been found in
3445:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
921:
Point mutations to the TATA box have similar varying
2564:
1552:
1301:. This will destabilize the interaction between the
653:. Additional transcription factors then bind, first
421:(CAAT TF or CTFs) and thereby stabilizes the nearby
2866:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2245:
1609:Xu M, Gonzalez-Hurtado E, Martinez E (April 2016).
1413:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
873:of the TATA box leads to a significant decrease in
518:
3163:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3066:
2356:Blair RH, Goodrich JA, Kugel JF (September 2012).
2355:
1921:
1708:
1020:in the TATA box region affects the binding of the
1305:to the TATA box. The result is to immobilize the
799:initiation. Thus, there is a resulting change in
338:. In eukaryotes, the TATA box is located 25
4089:
2125:
1368:, resulting in a more iron-efficient phenotype.
929:in the TATA box sequence hinders the binding of
3587:
3485:
1166:Many of the studies so far have been performed
313:TATA-less promoters and in the TATA-less human
2656:
1922:Basehoar AD, Zanton SJ, Pugh BF (March 2004).
1738:
728:. Interaction of TATA boxes with a variety of
617:binding to the TATA box allows for additional
453:The TATA box is a component of the eukaryotic
3648:
2508:
1456:
893:of the TATA box leads to a small decrease in
829:. This specific gene has three TATA boxes. A
539:of the TATA box via a region of antiparallel
305:(Inr) bind to the transcription factor II D (
2565:Krishnamurthy S, Hampsey M (February 2009).
406:In bacteria, promoter regions may contain a
3067:Takahashi K, Ezekowitz RA (November 2005).
3025:
2919:
2073:
1087:formation when the TATA box is targeted by
997:. This can be used to directly predict the
993:value for a selected TATA box sequence and
687:, transcriptional regulatory proteins, and
3655:
3641:
3342:
2901:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
2014:
1535:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1041:. The TATA box has a binding site for the
810:
495:because of their highly regulated nature.
437:
3613:
3513:
3503:
3411:
3370:
3360:
3319:
3309:
3233:
3223:
3174:
3133:
3084:
3043:
3002:
2961:
2951:
2840:
2788:
2736:
2684:
2674:
2633:
2623:
2582:
2536:
2526:
2485:
2381:
2332:
2322:
2217:
2207:
2050:
2040:
1988:
1939:
1895:
1813:
1764:
1675:
1634:
1578:
1095:and bind to the TATA box to activate the
167:phenotype. Some diseases associated with
2657:Akhtar W, Veenstra GJ (1 January 2011).
1841:
1471:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520
1321:
1156:
759:
441:
18:
1706:
1186:machinery has recently been documented
264:
4090:
3583:
3581:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3533:
2810:
2808:
2605:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1865:
1863:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1502:
1316:
1229:intermediate could result in it being
613:The conformational changes induced by
562:form between polar side chains on TBP
506:of the transcription start site and a
401:
3801:Histone acetylation and deacetylation
3636:
2898:
2758:
2756:
2706:
2704:
2567:"Eukaryotic transcription initiation"
2177:
2175:
2173:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2010:
2008:
1917:
1915:
1734:
1732:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1548:
1546:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1338:, the development of Earth's aerobic
815:One of the first studies of TATA box
661:. This completes the assembly of the
1739:Kutach AK, Kadonaga JT (July 2000).
1715:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1245:that contain such compounds include
869:in a plant-organ-specific manner. A
803:based on the gene that is not being
683:. Additional factors, including the
633:binding to the upstream part of the
566:(Asn27, Asn117, Thr82, Thr173)( and
3578:
3530:
2805:
2612:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2553:
2515:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2234:
1860:
1830:
1135:is correlated with UTG1A1 TATA box
1099:of oxidative stress related genes.
207:as a means of viral transcription.
13:
3191:
2833:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05038.x
2753:
2701:
2170:
2110:
2005:
1956:
1912:
1729:
1595:
1543:
1439:
1196:upstream activating sequence (UAS)
1105:in TATA boxes are associated with
916:
14:
4114:
1485:
1399:
1326:Evolutionary changes have pushed
1309:on DNA in order to down-regulate
1205:
1001:traits resulting from a selected
819:looked at a sequence of DNA from
775:to the TATA box can range from a
249:genes. The TATA box was found in
2717:Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia
1844:Cellular and Biochemical Science
1757:10.1128/mcb.20.13.4754-4764.2000
1145:also play a role in replicating
519:Role in transcription initiation
330:Promoter sequences vary between
4005:Archaeal transcription factor B
3479:
3436:
3387:
3336:
3285:
3250:
3150:
3101:
3060:
3019:
2991:International Journal of Cancer
2978:
2892:
2857:
2650:
2599:
2502:
2445:
2398:
2349:
2290:
2067:
2015:Bae SH, Han HW, Moon J (2015).
1664:The Journal of General Virology
889:enzymatic levels unaffected. A
707:
671:studies have demonstrated that
531:) binds to the TATA box at its
1781:
1745:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1700:
1651:
675:can recognize TATA sequences.
301:(DPE) in cooperation with the
73:of the TATA box is called the
1:
3271:10.1016/s1590-8658(17)30534-0
3126:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92521-0
3026:Hildebrandt P (August 1991).
2878:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)81157-4
1941:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00205-3
1505:Molecular biology of the gene
1459:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1393:
1241:processing event. Example of
1161:
862:affect the expression of the
84:The TATA box is considered a
3457:10.3109/14767058.2013.837879
3298:Journal of Neuroinflammation
3225:10.1371/journal.pone.0054626
3073:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2088:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90299-e
2042:10.1371/journal.pone.0120848
1888:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.08.016
1627:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.01.005
1037:is correlated with TATA box
1009:is binding to the TATA box.
755:
523:The TATA-box is the site of
432:
215:
7:
3259:Digestive and Liver Disease
1425:10.1101/sqb.1978.042.01.105
1371:
1123:TATA-binding proteins (TBP)
1083:can be caused by excessive
1059:neurodegenerative disorders
1012:
752:repress promoter activity.
513:
457:and generally contains the
367:of genes that code for the
325:
320:
299:downstream promoter element
10:
4119:
3681:Transcriptional regulation
1981:10.1016/j.gene.2006.09.029
1364:activity and subsequently
1307:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
1303:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
1202:involved in TATA-binding.
1190:showing the activation by
1071:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
1022:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
905:, but a large decrease in
793:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
791:change the binding of the
535:subunit. TBP binds to the
533:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
384:TATA-binding protein (TBP)
210:
40:Goldberg–Hogness box
4048:
4013:
3987:
3912:
3878:Transcription coregulator
3870:
3847:
3824:
3814:Histone acetyltransferase
3784:Histone methyltransferase
3762:Histone-modifying enzymes
3760:
3753:
3688:
3679:
3362:10.1186/s12886-017-0537-9
3311:10.1186/s12974-017-0925-3
2584:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.052
1503:Watson, James D. (2014).
1273:is a compound that binds
822:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
598:promoter sequence (5'-CGC
593:Additionally, binding of
547:binding to the TATA box:
1388:Kozak consensus sequence
1366:transcription initiation
1211:Pharmaceutical companies
963:chronic hemolytic anemia
641:then binds to the TFIID-
171:in the TATA box include
3979:Internal control region
3505:10.1186/1742-4690-11-23
3176:10.1161/01.ATV.20.3.892
3032:Danish Medical Bulletin
2625:10.1074/jbc.M114.563254
2606:Duttke SH (July 2014).
2528:10.1074/jbc.M116.770412
2209:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4862
811:Insertions or deletions
508:downstream core element
438:Sequence and prevalence
345:of the start site that
3544:Nature Reviews. Cancer
2953:10.1073/pnas.81.4.1154
2781:10.1093/nar/24.15.3100
2729:10.1093/nar/15.20.8283
2676:10.1186/2045-3701-1-23
2324:10.1073/pnas.89.3.1060
1677:10.1099/vir.0.059949-0
1559:Nucleic Acids Research
1237:once they encounter a
1115:neurological disorders
1093:3'-untranslated region
1063:spinocerebellar ataxia
825:for the octopine type
769:
450:
425:for easier binding of
349:/Rbp7 use to initiate
177:spinocerebellar ataxia
93:cis-regulatory element
27:
4072:Intrinsic termination
3837:DNA methyltransferase
2663:Cell & Bioscience
1842:Tripathi, G. (2010).
1571:10.1093/nar/9.19.5145
1322:TATA box modification
1157:Clinical significance
1005:based on how tightly
979:myocardial infarction
763:
663:preinitiation complex
619:transcription factors
608:X-ray crystallography
525:preinitiation complex
475:and certain types of
445:
423:preinitiation complex
419:transcription factors
133:transcription factors
22:
4098:Regulatory sequences
3849:Chromatin remodeling
1295:DNA-binding proteins
1213:have been designing
1067:Huntington's disease
1043:transcription factor
375:apparatus in cells.
283:TATA-binding protein
265:Evolutionary history
181:Huntington's disease
129:TATA-binding protein
101:nucleotide sequences
77:which has a shorter
52:core promoter region
3806:Histone deacetylase
3796:Histone demethylase
3780:Histone methylation
3606:10.1104/pp.16.01504
3216:2013PLoSO...854626S
3079:(Suppl 7): S440–4.
2944:1984PNAS...81.1154A
2521:(28): 11873–11885.
2478:10.1038/nature17394
2470:2016Natur.531..604L
2315:1992PNAS...89.1060H
2260:1993Natur.365..512K
2200:1996PNAS...93.4862N
2140:1993Natur.365..520K
2033:2015PLoSO..1020848B
1806:10.1101/gr.gr-1640r
1707:Gehring WJ (1998).
1317:Genetic engineering
1293:to allow access of
971:hemophilia B Leyden
402:Analogous sequences
226:University of Basel
3413:10.1002/humu.22535
1670:(Pt 6): 1396–407.
1133:Gilbert's syndrome
895:enzymatic activity
875:enzymatic activity
770:
736:can influence the
673:RNA polymerase III
502:site located just
459:consensus sequence
451:
369:actin cytoskeleton
197:Gilbert's syndrome
157:consensus sequence
79:consensus sequence
28:
4085:
4084:
4040:RNA polymerase II
3908:
3907:
3866:
3865:
3349:BMC Ophthalmology
3004:10.1002/ijc.11695
2618:(29): 20396–404.
2423:10.1021/bi800139w
2374:10.1021/bi300491j
1882:(1): 130–143.e5.
1383:Initiator element
1289:, which distorts
1111:immunosuppression
967:immunosuppression
933:. For example, a
647:RNA polymerase II
623:RNA polymerase II
388:RNA polymerase II
303:initiator element
259:RNA polymerase II
193:immunosuppression
91:(also known as a
38:(also called the
32:molecular biology
4110:
3962:Response element
3945:Response element
3758:
3757:
3686:
3685:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3594:Plant Physiology
3585:
3576:
3575:
3539:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3364:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3120:(7916): 6300–3.
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2821:The EMBO Journal
2812:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2268:10.1038/365512a0
2254:(6446): 512–20.
2243:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2148:10.1038/365520a0
2123:
2108:
2107:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1679:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1500:
1483:
1482:
1454:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1267:topoisomerase II
975:thrombophlebitis
907:enzymatic levels
720:, TBPL2/TRF3 in
716:, TBPL1/TRF2 in
685:Mediator complex
473:stress-responses
131:(TBP) and other
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4103:1978 in biology
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4009:
3983:
3904:
3862:
3843:
3826:DNA methylation
3820:
3764:
3749:
3675:
3661:
3631:
3586:
3579:
3540:
3531:
3484:
3480:
3441:
3437:
3392:
3388:
3341:
3337:
3290:
3286:
3255:
3251:
3196:
3192:
3155:
3151:
3106:
3102:
3065:
3061:
3024:
3020:
2983:
2979:
2924:
2920:
2897:
2893:
2862:
2858:
2813:
2806:
2761:
2754:
2709:
2702:
2655:
2651:
2604:
2600:
2571:Current Biology
2563:
2554:
2507:
2503:
2464:(7596): 604–9.
2450:
2446:
2417:(27): 7264–73.
2403:
2399:
2368:(38): 7444–55.
2354:
2350:
2295:
2291:
2244:
2235:
2180:
2171:
2134:(6446): 520–7.
2124:
2111:
2072:
2068:
2027:(3): e0120848.
2013:
2006:
1961:
1957:
1920:
1913:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1840:
1831:
1794:Genome Research
1786:
1782:
1751:(13): 4754–64.
1737:
1730:
1723:
1705:
1701:
1656:
1652:
1607:
1596:
1565:(19): 5145–58.
1551:
1544:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1501:
1486:
1455:
1440:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1374:
1342:resulted in an
1324:
1319:
1255:topoisomerase I
1208:
1164:
1159:
1015:
990:
919:
917:Point mutations
813:
758:
710:
625:to bind to the
521:
516:
485:DNA replication
440:
435:
427:RNA polymerases
404:
328:
323:
267:
257:transcribed by
218:
213:
153:point mutations
17:
12:
11:
5:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4036:RNA polymerase
4030:
4024:RNA polymerase
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3776:
3774:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3600:(1): 715–727.
3577:
3556:10.1038/nrc749
3550:(3): 188–200.
3529:
3478:
3435:
3400:Human Mutation
3386:
3335:
3284:
3249:
3190:
3149:
3100:
3086:10.1086/431987
3059:
3018:
2977:
2918:
2907:(3): 635–636.
2891:
2856:
2804:
2752:
2700:
2649:
2598:
2552:
2501:
2444:
2397:
2348:
2289:
2233:
2194:(10): 4862–7.
2169:
2109:
2082:(6): 1231–40.
2066:
2004:
1955:
1934:(5): 699–709.
1911:
1876:Molecular Cell
1859:
1852:
1829:
1780:
1728:
1722:978-0300074093
1721:
1699:
1650:
1594:
1542:
1513:
1484:
1438:
1419:(2): 1047–51.
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1215:cancer therapy
1207:
1206:Cancer therapy
1204:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1075:neuronal cells
1035:Gastric cancer
1014:
1011:
988:
918:
915:
827:cytokinin gene
812:
809:
785:point mutation
757:
754:
744:in many ways.
709:
706:
591:
590:
575:
560:hydrogen bonds
556:
520:
517:
515:
512:
439:
436:
434:
431:
403:
400:
365:core promoters
327:
324:
322:
319:
266:
263:
217:
214:
212:
209:
173:gastric cancer
159:can result in
86:non-coding DNA
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4115:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3743:trp repressor
3741:
3739:
3738:lac repressor
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:Transcription
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:Retrovirology
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:(8): 844–50.
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:: e182–e183.
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:(2): e54626.
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3038:(4): 337–46.
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:(4): 1154–8.
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:(1): 157–66.
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:(9): 669–76.
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:(4): 359–64.
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2577:(4): R153–6.
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:(3): 1060–4.
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1853:9788188237852
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:(5): 677–84.
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:(4): 553–63.
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:9780321762436
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:Malus baccata
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1314:
1312:
1311:transcription
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1198:of the human
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:transcription
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:transcription
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:B-thalassemia
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:transcription
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:transcription
948:
947:transcription
944:
940:
939:transcription
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:transcription
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
762:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:transcription
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
705:
703:
702:
698:
697:transcription
695:also enhance
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
588:
587:van der Waals
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
553:phenylalanine
550:
549:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
489:transcription
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
464:Saccharomyces
460:
456:
455:core promoter
448:
444:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
360:S. cerevisiae
356:
352:
351:transcription
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
290:
288:
287:electrostatic
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
239:
235:sequences in
234:
231:
227:
223:
222:David Hogness
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:β-thalassemia
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
136:environment.
134:
130:
126:
125:Transcription
121:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:found in the
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
3929:
3597:
3593:
3547:
3543:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3406:(5): 601–8.
3403:
3399:
3389:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3169:(3): 892–8.
3166:
3162:
3152:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3035:
3031:
3021:
2997:(3): 353–6.
2994:
2990:
2980:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2872:(2): 741–7.
2869:
2865:
2859:
2824:
2820:
2772:
2768:
2720:
2716:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2574:
2570:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2414:
2411:Biochemistry
2410:
2400:
2365:
2362:Biochemistry
2361:
2351:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2251:
2247:
2191:
2187:
2131:
2127:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2024:
2020:
1975:(1): 52–65.
1972:
1968:
1958:
1931:
1927:
1879:
1875:
1843:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1748:
1744:
1710:
1702:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1618:
1614:
1562:
1558:
1504:
1462:
1458:
1416:
1412:
1354:xiaojinensis
1353:
1347:
1325:
1313:initiation.
1299:minor groove
1283:major groove
1277:to adjacent
1263:mitoxantrone
1209:
1165:
1141:
1137:polymorphism
1131:
1113:, and other
1101:
1079:
1056:
1039:polymorphism
1033:
1016:
985:
983:
920:
851:
820:
814:
807:(Figure 3).
771:
764:
711:
708:Interactions
699:
677:
666:
612:
604:major groove
599:
592:
585:, including
572:minor groove
537:minor groove
522:
497:
462:
452:
446:
412:
405:
377:
358:
329:
310:
294:
291:
277:and ancient
270:
268:
236:
219:
138:
122:
83:
39:
35:
29:
23:
16:DNA sequence
4049:Termination
3925:Pribnow box
3893:Corepressor
3888:Coactivator
3689:prokaryotic
1378:Pribnow box
1259:doxorubicin
1227:protein-DNA
1194:-dependent
959:lung cancer
955:Thalassemia
953:are:
871:duplication
768:initiation.
722:vertebrates
691:-modifying
679:DNA is the
579:hydrophobic
493:translation
481:cell growth
408:Pribnow box
373:contractile
295:Drosophila,
118:nucleotides
75:Pribnow box
4092:Categories
4077:Rho factor
4067:Terminator
4058:eukaryotic
4033:eukaryotic
4014:Elongation
4000:Eukaryotic
3988:Initiation
3771:nucleosome
3754:eukaryotic
3726:gal operon
3721:ara operon
3716:Gua Operon
3711:gab operon
3706:trp operon
3701:lac operon
3672:Eukaryotic
3355:(1): 142.
3304:(1): 155.
1465:: 449–79.
1394:References
1340:atmosphere
1275:covalently
1220:to target
1162:Technology
999:phenotypic
923:phenotypic
885:, leaving
734:repressors
730:activators
714:Drosophila
689:nucleosome
564:amino acid
477:metabolism
340:base pairs
336:eukaryotes
317:promoter.
311:Drosophila
279:eukaryotes
271:Drosophila
238:Drosophila
161:phenotypic
145:insertions
97:base pairs
64:eukaryotes
4053:bacterial
4021:bacterial
3995:Bacterial
3969:Insulator
3913:Promotion
3883:Activator
3733:Repressor
3668:Bacterial
2669:(1): 23.
1531:cite book
1523:824087979
1271:Cisplatin
1247:topotecan
1200:ACTB gene
1143:MicroRNAs
1089:microRNAs
1081:Blindness
1047:biomarker
1029:phenotype
1018:Mutations
899:scutellum
879:scutellum
860:promoters
853:Mutations
847:insertion
843:insertion
835:insertion
831:phenotype
817:mutations
805:expressed
801:phenotype
789:mutations
781:insertion
773:Mutations
765:Figure 3.
756:Mutations
750:silencers
746:Enhancers
718:metazoans
657:and then
637:complex.
577:Numerous
500:initiator
447:Figure 2.
433:Structure
396:promoters
355:metazoans
243:mammalian
216:Discovery
185:blindness
169:mutations
149:deletions
141:mutations
115:consensus
68:bacterial
24:Figure 1.
3974:Silencer
3952:Enhancer
3940:CAAT box
3930:TATA box
3920:Promoter
3624:27881725
3572:24209612
3564:11990855
3524:24620741
3473:29893463
3465:23981182
3430:19928327
3422:24616209
3381:28806956
3330:28774347
3279:79101992
3244:23424617
3204:PLOS ONE
3185:10712418
3095:16237644
3013:14961572
2695:21711503
2644:24917680
2593:19243687
2547:28539359
2496:27007846
2431:18553934
2392:22934924
2104:10297041
2061:25789484
2021:PLOS ONE
1999:17123746
1950:15006352
1906:28918903
1824:11337467
1775:10848601
1694:33480957
1686:24676420
1645:26824723
1479:12651739
1372:See also
1358:promoter
1279:guanines
1180:promoter
1168:in vitro
1149:such as
1085:cataract
1057:Several
1013:Diseases
1003:mutation
935:mutation
927:mutation
891:deletion
864:promoter
839:mutation
777:deletion
681:CAAT box
668:in vitro
627:promoter
600:TATAAAAG
541:β sheets
514:Function
504:upstream
469:promoter
415:CAAT box
390:, or by
343:upstream
332:bacteria
326:Location
321:Features
233:promoter
155:to this
143:such as
89:sequence
44:sequence
36:TATA box
3900:Inducer
3767:histone
3615:5210749
3515:4007588
3372:5556341
3321:5543588
3235:3570547
3212:Bibcode
3144:1631121
3054:8571957
3045:1914533
2972:6583702
2940:Bibcode
2886:3382401
2851:1740103
2799:8760900
2747:3671084
2686:3142196
2635:4106352
2538:5512080
2487:4856295
2466:Bibcode
2439:7460689
2383:3551999
2343:1736286
2311:Bibcode
2284:4336203
2276:8413604
2256:Bibcode
2228:8643494
2196:Bibcode
2164:4371241
2156:8413605
2136:Bibcode
2096:1760847
2052:4366266
2029:Bibcode
1990:1955227
1897:5632562
1636:4818687
1589:6171774
1332:history
1297:in the
1281:in the
1233:to the
1188:in vivo
1178:. Core
1176:in vivo
1147:viruses
1051:tumours
1026:disease
897:in the
877:in the
701:in vivo
693:enzymes
589:forces.
570:in the
394:. When
275:archaea
253:coding
251:protein
211:History
205:viruses
165:disease
71:homolog
60:archaea
42:) is a
3696:Operon
3622:
3612:
3570:
3562:
3522:
3512:
3498:: 23.
3471:
3463:
3428:
3420:
3379:
3369:
3328:
3318:
3277:
3242:
3232:
3183:
3142:
3132:
3114:Lancet
3093:
3052:
3042:
3011:
2970:
2963:344784
2960:
2913:360896
2911:
2884:
2849:
2842:556436
2839:
2797:
2790:146060
2787:
2745:
2738:306359
2735:
2693:
2683:
2642:
2632:
2591:
2545:
2535:
2494:
2484:
2458:Nature
2437:
2429:
2390:
2380:
2341:
2331:
2282:
2274:
2248:Nature
2226:
2216:
2162:
2154:
2128:Nature
2102:
2094:
2059:
2049:
1997:
1987:
1948:
1904:
1894:
1850:
1822:
1815:311086
1812:
1773:
1763:
1719:
1692:
1684:
1643:
1633:
1587:
1580:327505
1577:
1521:
1511:
1477:
1431:
1328:plants
1261:, and
973:, and
911:pollen
887:pollen
491:, and
245:, and
199:, and
151:, and
108:genome
66:. The
34:, the
3957:E-box
3809:HDAC1
3568:S2CID
3469:S2CID
3426:S2CID
3275:S2CID
3135:49488
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