861:
51:
701:. Systematization called for doubling the number of cities in Romania by 1990, with hundreds of villages to become urban industrial centres via investment in schools, medical clinics, housing, and industry. As part of this plan, smaller villages (typically those with populations under 1,000) were deemed "irrational" and listed for reduction of services, forced removal of the population, and physical destruction. Often, such measures were extended to the towns that were destined to become urbanized, by demolishing some of the older buildings and replacing them with modern multi-storey
664:
815:
916:
656:
788:
876:
641:
807:
2030:
696:
Systematization began as a programme of rural resettlement: the original plan was to bring the advantages of the modern age to the
Romanian countryside. For some years, rural Romanians had been migrating to the cities (including CeauČescu himself) which led to some
736:, where the CeauČescu family home was the only older building left standing. The initial phase of systematization had largely petered out by 1980, at which point only about 10% of new housing was being built in rural areas. Given the lack of
740:, in many regions systematization did not constitute an effective plan, good or bad, for development. Instead, it sometimes constituted a barrier against organic regional growth. For example, new buildings had to be at least two
1093:. In Romanian. Title means "Churches doomed by CeauČescu". This is very much focused on churches, but along the way provides many details about systematization, especially the demolition to make way for Centrul Civic.
842:
areas of cities) were affected varies by city. For instance old historical architecture managed to largely escape demolition in some cities, particularly in cities such as
2190:
2165:
2129:
551:
85:
2145:
485:
455:
518:
50:
883:
The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s, under which an overall area of 5.9 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi) of the historic centre of
2066:
1422:
895:, becoming the most extreme manifestation of the systematization policy. Many monuments were demolished including 3 monasteries, 20 churches, 3
830:
In cities, the systematization programme consisted of demolishing existing buildings (often historic) and constructing new ones in their place.
2216:
670:
became a town in 1989, as a result of the
Romanian rural systematization program. A model for a small town in geographically mountainous areas.
115:
946:
and other
Western powers almost to the last, largely because his relatively independent political line rendered him a useful counter to the
425:
243:
544:
415:
344:
926:
Systematization, especially the destruction of historic churches and monasteries, was protested against by several nations, especially
2089:
1172:
972:
846:, where the reconstruction schemes affected primarily the marginal, shoddily built districts surrounding the historical city centre.
349:
75:
2114:
1338:
2124:
1983:
1097:
2303:
2170:
648:
635:
537:
295:
130:
125:
724:
In theory, the systematization plan extended to the entire country, though initial work centred on the northeastern region of
2119:
1457:
984:
907:
sports stadium. This also involved evicting 40,000 people with only a single day's notice and relocating them to new homes.
838:
and other socialist-era buildings are present in all big cities across
Romania, the degree to which the historic buildings (
2318:
2155:
2059:
1690:
1634:
430:
2094:
1622:
1570:
1479:
100:
2313:
2109:
1649:
612:". It consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing settlements, in whole or in part, in order to
420:
1755:
1730:
1090:
513:
377:
301:
1720:
1539:
1407:
523:
595:
2052:
1038:
1028:
927:
367:
17:
1715:
1494:
1081:
Anania, Lidia; Luminea, Cecilia; Melinte, Livia; Prosan, Ana-Nina; Stoica, Lucia; and
Ionescu-Ghinea, Neculai,
1058:
860:
1775:
1509:
1447:
1165:
580:
236:
40:
2241:
1585:
1524:
1380:
1331:
725:
609:
475:
2308:
2226:
2185:
2150:
2099:
1883:
1799:
1705:
1385:
1200:
508:
503:
281:
261:
110:
1851:
1725:
1685:
1612:
1529:
1514:
1412:
776:
372:
276:
271:
266:
95:
822:, Cluj. Unlike in many other cities, the reconstruction schemes in Cluj did not affect the historical
1644:
1534:
1264:
382:
659:
A typical village panel block in 1988 being built during the
Romanian rural systematization program.
1876:
1770:
1750:
1745:
1695:
1519:
1158:
1122:
1012:
892:
686:
587:
90:
80:
65:
1846:
1816:
1595:
1575:
1442:
1324:
765:
2262:
2231:
2075:
1831:
1675:
1600:
1432:
1290:
919:
The skyline of many cities became dominated by standardized apartment blocks, like this row in
868:
324:
173:
387:
2277:
1963:
1916:
1841:
1826:
1629:
1617:
1590:
1544:
153:
1836:
1821:
1785:
1765:
1639:
1607:
1580:
1467:
1417:
1205:
1136:
900:
764:
plots were banned from within the villages. Despite a perceived impact of such a scheme on
693:. By the early 60s, the rural population still amounted for two-thirds of the population.
105:
591:
188:
8:
2236:
2211:
1973:
1958:
1948:
1866:
1861:
1760:
1710:
1700:
1558:
1489:
1452:
1392:
1210:
935:
799:
450:
168:
663:
616:
and modernize the country. Systematization was controversial for the mass demolition of
440:
329:
2009:
2002:
1903:
1893:
1780:
1663:
1484:
1427:
1372:
1362:
1351:
1295:
2033:
203:
2104:
1926:
1856:
1680:
1277:
1086:
915:
814:
568:
445:
339:
2267:
1098:
Legitimating Power in
Capital Cities: Bucharest â Continuity Through Radical Change?
392:
2160:
2018:
1978:
1968:
1931:
1911:
1811:
1504:
1499:
1300:
608:
ideology, with the stated goal of turning
Romania into a "multilaterally developed
334:
178:
942:. Despite these protests, CeauČescu remained in the relatively good graces of the
819:
795:
193:
2180:
1953:
1943:
1437:
1220:
834:, for instance, underwent major transformations in the 1970s and 1980s. Although
702:
864:
2175:
2023:
1250:
1181:
576:
779:â projects which were later abandoned by Romania's post-communist government.
729:
198:
2297:
1936:
1244:
1150:
1064:
1054:
1001:
943:
888:
855:
397:
231:
1921:
1737:
1269:
1068:
1048:
947:
939:
931:
835:
753:
698:
690:
613:
183:
768:, after 1981 villages were required to be agriculturally self-sufficient.
2246:
2044:
1402:
964:
761:
757:
749:
655:
599:
226:
158:
1238:
1034:
989:
959:
622:
120:
2221:
1044:
733:
706:
678:
286:
163:
70:
1194:
1024:
787:
775:
were demolished, often in service of large scale projects such as the
1871:
1230:
968:
920:
896:
884:
772:
221:
135:
728:. It also affected such places as CeauČescu's own native village of
1316:
951:
904:
875:
839:
823:
791:
617:
710:
2282:
2272:
1347:
1305:
867:
in 1977 during the systematisation. The
Unification Hall and the
745:
682:
674:
640:
1123:"Rural population (% of total population) - Romania | Data"
831:
806:
647:(shown in a postcard) became a town in 1989, as a result of the
1225:
741:
737:
718:
667:
480:
319:
798:
doubled between the beginning of the communist regime and the
651:. A model for a small town in geographically flat plain areas.
1397:
1215:
995:
714:
644:
604:
435:
2191:
Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
681:
country, with the vast majority of the population living in
843:
1101:
1006:
1083:
Bisericile osândite de CeauČescu. BucureČti 1977â1989
887:
was levelled in order to make way for the grandiose
2146:
Collectivization in the People's
Republic of Poland
957:In Romania, the demolition campaign was nicknamed
2295:
971:, in reference to the destruction caused by the
629:
1180:
2060:
1332:
1166:
748:could not afford to build houses themselves.
545:
2217:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956â1962
2110:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland
2074:
2067:
2053:
1339:
1325:
1173:
1159:
771:In the 1980s, nearby villages surrounding
552:
538:
49:
2242:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s)
2212:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s)
849:
914:
874:
859:
813:
805:
786:
662:
654:
639:
2232:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s)
586:Systematization was carried out by the
14:
2296:
1085:(1995). Editura Anastasia, Bucharest,
649:Romanian rural systematization program
636:Romanian rural systematization program
131:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
2048:
1320:
1154:
985:Urban planning in communist countries
456:Trial and execution of the CeauČescus
2227:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s)
2156:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
2029:
1346:
2095:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia
899:, 3 hospitals, 2 theatres, and the
24:
421:Bucharest student movement of 1956
25:
2330:
2247:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s)
677:had traditionally been a largely
431:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
2237:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s)
2028:
1075:
794:neighborhood in Bucharest. The
426:Dissent under Nicolae CeauČescu
244:CeauČescu's cult of personality
1129:
1115:
744:high, meaning that low-income
705:. Some of these towns include
13:
1:
2304:Socialist Republic of Romania
2105:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism
1108:
818:Communist blocks of flats in
630:Reconstruction of rural areas
581:Socialist Republic of Romania
476:Soviet occupation (1944â1958)
1137:"Iasi - Prezentare Generala"
910:
7:
2319:Economic history of Romania
2186:Collectivization in Romania
2166:Collectivization in Ukraine
2151:Collectivization in Hungary
2100:Economy of the Soviet Union
1201:Large panel system building
978:
934:, each concerned for their
800:Romanian Revolution of 1989
717:and the village of Cucu in
498:Relations with other states
10:
2335:
2171:Land Reforms (Afghanistan)
1623:Chief of the General Staff
973:atomic bombing of the city
853:
689:(PCR) came to power after
633:
470:Relationship with the USSR
2314:Urban planning in Romania
2255:
2204:
2196:Systematization (Romania)
2161:Battle for trade (Poland)
2138:
2130:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia
2082:
1996:
1902:
1807:
1798:
1671:
1662:
1566:
1557:
1475:
1466:
1371:
1358:
1286:
1189:
879:Civic Centre in Bucharest
782:
126:People's Democratic Front
101:National Council of Women
27:Public housing in Romania
2181:Three Year Plan (Poland)
1650:Unification with Moldova
1571:Administrative divisions
1013:Street dogs in Bucharest
687:Romanian Communist Party
596:ideological mobilization
590:under the leadership of
588:Romanian Communist Party
116:Romanian Orthodox Church
111:Čtefan Gheorghiu Academy
81:Union of Communist Youth
2222:New Course (GDR, 1950s)
2205:Pre-dissolution reforms
2090:Economy of East Germany
796:population of Bucharest
766:subsistence agriculture
752:were restricted to 250
410:Protests and resistance
86:Great National Assembly
35:Part of a series on the
2263:Eastern Bloc economies
2076:Eastern Bloc economies
1756:Science and technology
1291:Prefabricated building
1193:Czechia and Slovakia:
923:
880:
872:
869:Unirea Shopping Center
850:Bucharest Civic Centre
827:
811:
803:
777:DanubeâBucharest Canal
671:
660:
652:
620:which became known as
572:
416:1940sâ1950s resistance
373:DanubeâBlack Sea Canal
174:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1540:Territorial evolution
1423:United Principalities
1019:Eastern bloc housing:
918:
893:House of the Republic
878:
863:
817:
810:BraČov, Valea cetÄČii
809:
790:
666:
658:
643:
154:Constantin Ion Parhon
41:Socialist Republic of
2115:Economy of Lithuania
1984:World Heritage Sites
1141:www.monumenteiasi.ro
901:Stadionul Republicii
583:from 1974 to 1989.
383:BÄrÄgan deportations
2125:Economy of Moldavia
1393:Prehistoric Romania
936:national minorities
594:, impressed by the
575:) was a program of
451:Romanian Revolution
169:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
2309:Society of Romania
1776:Telecommunications
1691:Foreign investment
1510:Historical regions
1296:Prefabricated home
1096:Bucica, Cristina.
924:
881:
873:
865:Unification Square
828:
812:
804:
672:
661:
653:
272:Literacy campaigns
237:National communism
2291:
2290:
2120:Economy of Latvia
2042:
2041:
1992:
1991:
1794:
1793:
1658:
1657:
1635:Political parties
1586:Foreign relations
1553:
1552:
1448:Communist Romania
1408:Early Middle Ages
1314:
1313:
967:of CeauČescu and
610:socialist society
592:Nicolae CeauČescu
562:
561:
446:Letter of the Six
340:Socialist realism
325:CÎntarea României
189:Nicolae CeauČescu
16:(Redirected from
2326:
2268:Shortage economy
2256:Related concepts
2139:Collectivization
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2012:
2005:
1884:Social structure
1805:
1804:
1741:
1706:Great Depression
1669:
1668:
1564:
1563:
1473:
1472:
1418:Early Modern Era
1341:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1301:Hollow-core slab
1278:Miljonprogramhus
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1119:
871:can be seen here
703:apartment blocks
618:historic centers
554:
547:
540:
486:De-satellization
441:BraČov Rebellion
335:Obsessive decade
330:Cenaclul FlacÄra
282:De-Stalinization
262:Collectivization
179:Gheorghe Apostol
96:Patriotic Guards
53:
32:
31:
21:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2251:
2200:
2134:
2078:
2073:
2043:
2038:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1988:
1898:
1852:Public holidays
1790:
1751:Property bubble
1739:
1654:
1613:Law enforcement
1549:
1530:Protected areas
1462:
1438:Greater Romania
1367:
1354:
1345:
1315:
1310:
1282:
1257:Systematization
1185:
1182:Panel buildings
1179:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1078:
981:
913:
858:
852:
785:
638:
632:
565:Systematization
558:
529:
528:
499:
491:
490:
471:
463:
462:
411:
403:
402:
363:
355:
354:
315:
307:
306:
302:1980s austerity
292:Systematization
277:Five-Year Plans
267:Nationalization
257:
249:
248:
217:
209:
208:
204:Elena CeauČescu
149:
141:
140:
66:Communist Party
61:
42:
28:
23:
22:
18:Systematization
15:
12:
11:
5:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Dekulakization
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:Urban planning
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Stock Exchange
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
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1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:Prime Minister
1642:
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1632:
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1603:
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1522:
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1507:
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1497:
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1455:
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1177:
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1155:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1029:Czechoslovakia
1016:
1015:
1010:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
980:
977:
912:
909:
854:Main article:
851:
848:
784:
781:
760:) and private
634:Main article:
631:
628:
577:urban planning
573:Sistematizarea
560:
559:
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534:
531:
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433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
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404:
401:
400:
395:
393:PiteČti prison
390:
388:TÄmÄdÄu Affair
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
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353:
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98:
93:
88:
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78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2331:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2284:
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2279:
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2260:
2258:
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2245:
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2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
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194:Manea MÄnescu
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60:Organizations
57:
56:
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48:
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44:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2278:Stakhanovite
2195:
1917:Architecture
1888:
1847:Prostitution
1817:Demographics
1721:construction
1596:Human rights
1576:Constitution
1443:World War II
1270:Khrushchevka
1256:
1140:
1131:
1117:
1082:
1076:Bibliography
1069:Soviet Union
1049:East Germany
1018:
1017:
994:
958:
956:
948:Soviet Union
940:Transylvania
932:West Germany
925:
882:
836:tower blocks
829:
770:
762:agricultural
723:
699:urbanization
695:
691:World War II
673:
621:
603:
585:
564:
563:
519:Soviet Union
378:Re-education
291:
184:Chivu Stoica
29:
1832:Immigration
1676:Agriculture
1495:Earthquakes
1433:World War I
1413:Middle Ages
1403:Roman Dacia
1265:Panelny dom
965:portmanteau
954:politics.
758:square feet
730:ScorniceČti
600:North Korea
514:North Korea
227:July Theses
199:Ilie VerdeČ
159:Petru Groza
2298:Categories
1974:Philosophy
1959:Literature
1842:Minorities
1827:Healthcare
1740:(currency)
1716:automotive
1630:Parliament
1591:Government
1545:Topography
1458:Since 1989
1453:Revolution
1243:Mongolia:
1184:by country
1109:References
1045:Plattenbau
903:, a noted
897:synagogues
734:Olt County
707:Bezidu Nou
602:under its
524:Yugoslavia
368:Censorship
362:Repression
287:Decree 770
164:Ana Pauker
71:Securitate
2083:Economies
1872:Romanians
1837:Languages
1822:Education
1786:Transport
1766:Squatting
1640:President
1608:Judiciary
1581:Elections
1525:Mountains
1468:Geography
1249:Romania:
1237:Hungary:
1231:WHH GT 18
1199:Germany:
969:Hiroshima
921:Bucharest
911:Reactions
885:Bucharest
773:Bucharest
685:when the
222:Dacianism
136:Comturist
2019:Category
1949:Folklore
1867:Religion
1862:Refugees
1761:Services
1711:Industry
1701:Forestry
1618:Military
1559:Politics
1490:Counties
1381:Timeline
1352:articles
1276:Sweden:
1263:Russia:
1239:PanelhĂĄz
1104:), 2000.
1059:Mongolia
1035:PanelhĂĄz
1009:(France)
990:CeauČima
979:See also
960:CeauČima
952:Cold War
905:Art Deco
840:old town
824:old town
820:MÄnÄČtur
792:Militari
746:peasants
726:Moldavia
683:villages
623:CeauČima
614:urbanize
569:Romanian
256:Policies
216:Ideology
121:ScĂŽnteia
106:Pioneers
2283:Comecon
2273:Sovkhoz
2034:Commons
2003:Outline
1932:Cuisine
1912:Academy
1904:Culture
1894:Welfare
1877:Gypsies
1800:Society
1781:Tourism
1686:Exports
1664:Economy
1515:Islands
1485:Climate
1428:Kingdom
1386:ancient
1373:History
1348:Romania
1306:Tilt up
1255:during
1195:PanelĂĄk
1039:Hungary
1025:PanelĂĄk
928:Hungary
756:(2,700
742:storeys
675:Romania
579:in the
314:Culture
148:Leaders
43:Romania
2024:Portal
1954:Humour
1927:Cinema
1857:Racism
1726:mining
1681:Energy
1535:Rivers
1480:Cities
1363:Topics
1350:
1226:WBS 70
1089:
783:Cities
738:budget
719:Odoreu
668:Nehoiu
481:SovRom
345:Emblem
320:Daciad
2010:Index
1979:Sport
1969:Music
1964:Media
1812:Crime
1520:Lakes
1505:Flora
1500:Fauna
1398:Dacia
1216:PH 16
996:Juche
750:Yards
715:Eteni
711:GanaČ
679:rural
645:Ianca
605:Juche
509:Italy
504:China
436:SLOMR
296:Rural
1944:Flag
1937:Wine
1738:Leu
1601:LGBT
1251:Bloc
1087:ISBN
963:, a
930:and
891:and
844:Cluj
832:IaČi
350:Flag
76:Army
1922:Art
1221:Q3A
1206:M10
1102:PDF
1007:HLM
950:in
938:in
732:in
598:of
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