246:
40:
1169:
1421:. The security troops selected new recruits from the same annual pool of conscripts that the armed services used. The police performed routine law enforcement functions including traffic control and issuance of internal identification cards to citizens. Organized in the late 1940s to defend the new regime, in 1989 the security troops had 20,000 soldiers. They were an elite, specially trained paramilitary force organized like motorized rifle (infantry) units equipped with small arms, artillery, and armored personnel carriers, but their mission was considerably different.
1377:
rally
Western political support, international infiltration and espionage in the Securitate only increased, much to Ceaușescu's anger. In order to solve this problem the entire division was reorganized and was charged with rooting out dissent in the PCR. A top secret division of this Directorate was formed from forces loyal personally to Ceaușescu and charged with monitoring the Securitate itself. It acted almost as a Securitate for the Securitate, and was responsible for bugging the phones of other Securitate officers and PCR officials to ensure total loyalty.
846:
1177:
1127:(Direcția Generală de Tehnică Operativă — DGTO) was an integral part of the Securitate' s activities. Established with the assistance of the KGB in the mid-1950s, the DGTO monitored all voice and electronic communications in the country. The DGTO intercepted all telephone, telegraph, and telex communications coming into and going out of the country. It secretly implanted microphones in public buildings and private residences to record ordinary conversations among citizens.
955:
1044:, several leaders died prematurely, and it was later discovered that Securitate doctors had subjected them to five-minute chest X-rays in an attempt to have them develop cancer. After birth rates fell, Securitate agents were placed in gynecological wards while regular pregnancy tests were made mandatory for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy.
2094:
1607:
1048:
deliberately fostered this sense of ubiquity, believing that the fear of being watched was sufficient to bend the people to Ceaușescu's will. For example, one shadow group of dissidents limited itself to only three families; any more than that would have attracted
Securitate attention. In truth, the
1376:
was originally given the task of monitoring the activities going on in the PCR. But after Ion Mihai Pacepa's defection in 1978 and his exposing details of the Ceaușescu regime, such as the collaboration with Arab radical groups, massive espionage on
American industry targets and elaborate efforts to
1424:
The security troops were directly responsible through the
Minister of the Interior to Ceaușescu. They guarded important installations including PCR county and central office buildings and radio and television stations. The Ceaușescu regime presumably could call the security troops into action as a
1142:
conducted surveillance against foreigners—Soviet nationals in particular—to monitor or impede their contacts with
Romanians. It enforced a variety of restrictions preventing foreigners from residing with ordinary citizens, keeping them from gaining access to foreign embassy compounds and requesting
941:
Several
Securitate operatives were killed in action, especially in the early 1950s. As listed by the internal news bulletin on the occasion of Securitate's twentieth anniversary, in 1968, these included major Constantin Vieru, senior lieutenant Ștefan Vămanu, lieutenant Iosif Sipoș, sub-lieutenant
1337:
Category IV: Bârlad, Bistrița, Caracal, Carei, Călărași, Câmpulung
Moldovenesc, Câmpulung Muscel, Codlea, Dăeni, Giurgiu, Făgăraș (local), Fălticeni, Dorohoi, Huși, Ișalnița, Lugoj, Miercurea Ciuc (women), Odorhei, Oravița, Petroșani, Piatra Neamț, Rădăuți, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Roman, Sfântu Gheorghe,
1359:
in northern
Romania. Specific locations included: Arad, Baia Mare, Baia Sprie, Bârcea Mare, Bicaz, Borzești, Brad, Brâncovenești, CRM Bucharest, Buzău, Capu Midia, Castelu, Cavnic, Câmpulung, Cernavodă, Chilia Constanța, Chirnogi, Crâscior, Culmea, Deduleşti, Doicești, Domnești, Dorobanțu, Dudu,
1070:
data, of those 200,000 new recruits, 158,000 were men. About 30,200 had higher education and more than 4,300 were students. Most collaborators came from the education area, approximately 8,500, and in second place were members of the clergy, almost 4,200. More than 3,600 doctors and nurses were
1012:
and the repression of even the smallest gestures of independence by intellectuals. Often the term "intellectual" was used by the
Securitate to describe dissidents with higher education, such as college and university students, writers, directors, and scientists who opposed the philosophy of the
1396:
controlled all travel and immigration in and out of
Romania. In effect, traveling abroad was all but impossible for anyone but highly placed Party officials, and any ordinary Romanian who applied for a passport was immediately placed under surveillance. Many Jews and ethnic Germans were given
1047:
The Securitate's presence was so ubiquitous that it was believed one out of four Romanians was an informer. In truth, the Securitate deployed one agent or informer for every 43 Romanians, which was still large enough to make it practically impossible for dissidents to organize. The regime
820:. By 1951, the Securitate's staff had increased fivefold, while in January 1956, the Securitate had 25,468 employees. At its height, the Securitate employed some 11,000 agents and had half a million informers for a country with a population of 22 million by 1985. The Securitate under
1058:
During the period 1980–1989, the Securitate recruited over 200,000 informants, the largest number in its history, and about a third of the estimated number of 650,000 collaborators dating back to 1948; in 1989 alone, more than 25,000 recruitments were carried out. According to
1143:
asylum, and requiring them to report any contact with foreigners to the Securitate within twenty-four hours. Directorate IV was responsible for similar counterespionage functions within the armed forces, and its primary mission was identifying and neutralizing Soviet penetrations.
1191:
operated Romania's prisons, which were notorious for their horrendous conditions. Prisoners were routinely beaten, denied medical attention, had their mail taken away from them, and sometimes even administered lethal doses of poison. Some of the harshest prisons were those at
1071:
informants, and 800 came from the legal professions. In the arts sector, over 1,000 recruits included 110 actors, 50 directors, 120 artists, 410 instrumentalists, 210 painters, and 55 sculptors. Less than 5% of the number of new informants (about 8,500) came from rural areas.
1436:. They adhered to stricter discipline than in the regular military, but they were rewarded with special treatment and enjoyed far superior living conditions compared to their countrymen. They guarded television and radio stations, as well as PCR buildings. In the event of a
2332:
1155:
conducted Romania's espionage operations in other countries, such as those of Western Europe. Among those operations sanctioned by the Communist government were industrial espionage to obtain nuclear technology, and plots to assassinate dissidents, such as
1346:
Gradually, a large number of penal colonies and labor camps were established as a form of political detention for administrative detainees and became an integral part of the penitentiary system. The most important ones were along the
1060:
1110:) "is the authority that administrates the archives of the former communist secret services in Romania and develops educational programs and exhibitions with the aim of preserving the memories of victims of the communist regime."
933:
in Romanian) members. However, before long, Pantiușa ordered anyone who had served the monarchy's police in any capacity arrested, and in the places of the Royal Security Policemen, he hired ardent members of the
856:
The General Directorate for the Security of the People (Romanian initials: DGSP, but more commonly just called the Securitate) was officially founded on 30 August 1948, by Decree 221/30 of the Presidium of the
1364:, Periș, Poarta Albă, Roșia Montană, Roșia Pipera, Roznov, Salcia, Grădina, Băndoiu, Strâmba, Stoeneşti, Piatra-Frecăței, Saligny, Sibiu, Simeria, Slatina, Spanțov, Tătaru, Târnăveni, Toporu, Vlădeni, Zlatna.
910:
says, "If one does not grasp the role of political thugs such as the Soviet spies Pintilie Bondarenko (Pantiușa) and Alexandru Nikolski in the exercise of terror in Romania during the most horrible
2001:
1065:
1777:
1008:
intelligence agencies), machinations, frameups, public denunciations, encouraging conflict between segments of the population, public humiliation of dissidents, toughened
2508:
2113:"Temnițele și închisorile comuniste din România – câteva referințe despre numărul lor, activitatea, volumul de încarcerare, capacitatea și dispunerea lor geografică..."
1721:
858:
746:
280:
1036:
Forced entry into homes and offices and the planting of microphones was another tactic the Securitate used to extract information from the general population.
1360:
Fântânele, Fundulea, Galeșu, Giurgeni, Ghencea, Iași, Ițcani, Km. 31, Lucăcești, Mărculești, Mogoșoaia, Nistru, Onești, Onești Baraj, Peninsula/Valea Neagră,
680:
2226:
650:
1874:
713:
1425:
private army to defend itself against a military coup d'état or other domestic challenges and to suppress antiregime riots, demonstrations, or strikes.
245:
812:. The first budget of the Securitate in 1948 stipulated a number of 4,641 positions, of which 3,549 were filled by February 1949: 64% were workers, 4%
900:
896:
2825:
2501:
2203:
880:
counter-intelligence unit. The SMERSH operation in Romania, called Brigada Mobilă ("The Mobile Brigade"), was led until 1948 by NKVD colonel
310:
177:
2307:
1751:
1713:
1001:
620:
438:
2820:
2800:
2764:
2595:
1356:
739:
610:
539:
2494:
802:
2615:
2600:
544:
270:
2751:
1638:
2476:
2112:
1092:
114:
2810:
2641:
2248:
2002:"CNSAS: Între 1980–1989 a fost un record istoric de recrutări ale Securității. Aproape 80% erau bărbați. Ce meserii aveau"
2275:
732:
490:
325:
320:
198:
1088:
1013:
Romanian Communist Party. Assassinations were also used to silence dissent, such as the attempt to kill high-ranking defector
109:
2542:
2157:
1963:
1079:
After Ceaușescu was ousted, the new authorities replaced the Securitate with a few special and secret services like the SRI (
1037:
2718:
2442:
2417:
1844:
1594:
1041:
625:
2027:"Learning History Through Past Experiences: Ordinary Citizens under the Surveillance of Securitate During the 1970s–1980s"
295:
2590:
1554:
1506:, and served once as his stand-in (double), but was not able to protect Ceaușescu from arrest and execution during the
1080:
615:
99:
20:
1084:
104:
2580:
2391:
2373:
1828:
1559:
1055:
was even more ubiquitous than the Securitate; counting informers, the Stasi had one spy for every 6.5 East Germans.
1017:, who received two death sentences from Romania in 1978, and on whose head Ceaușescu decreed a bounty of two million
708:
572:
496:
2700:
2633:
718:
2406:
Lavinia Stan and Rodica Milena Zaharia, "Romania's Intelligence Services. Bridge between the East and the West?",
869:
conquests and guarantee the safety of the Romanian People's Republic against both internal and external enemies."
2651:
562:
862:
2687:
1820:
1160:
was tasked with, though he informed French authorities, faking the assassinations before defecting to France.
2733:
1447:
of 1989, the Directorate for Security Troops was disbanded and replaced first by the Guard and Order Troops (
1040:, and all internal and international fax and telex communications were intercepted. In August 1977, when the
789:
431:
235:
140:
942:
Vasile Costan, platoon leader Constantin Apăvăloaie and corporal Alexandru Belate. Furthermore, lieutenant
832:
in 1989, the new authorities assigned the various intelligence tasks of the Securitate to new institutions.
2795:
2234:
2026:
670:
1339:
808:
The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, one of the largest secret police forces in the
2710:
2575:
1616:
918:
and members of his entourage, it is difficult to understand the origins and the role of the Securitate".
703:
698:
476:
456:
305:
2695:
2433:
2408:
2175:
1579:
1418:
1348:
1217:
1181:
567:
471:
466:
461:
290:
2415:
Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "The Devil's Confessors: Priests, Communists, Spies and Informers",
1352:
1029:
each added one more million dollars to the reward. In the 1980s, Securitate officials allegedly hired
2805:
2723:
2401:
Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past
2075:
1775:
Dumitru, Irena (2014). "Building an intelligence culture from within: The SRI and Romanian society".
1622:
1327:
1224:. From 1948 to 1955, the penitentiaries operated by this Directorate were grouped into 4 categories:
1205:
577:
486:
2200:
2815:
2149:
2138:
935:
285:
275:
260:
1300:
985:), the target being, for example, an institute, a hospital, a school, or a company; case dossier (
1748:
1452:
1678:
1397:
passports and exit visas through tacit agreements with the Israeli and West German governments.
1256:
1168:
2830:
1545:
and some of the overpayment funds were deposited into an account controlled by the Securitate.
915:
519:
368:
1812:
1639:"DECRET nr.33 din 30 decembrie 1989 privind desfiintarea Departamentului securitatii statului"
907:
582:
39:
2486:
2424:
Lavinia Stan, "Spies, Files and Lies: Explaining the Failure of Access to Securitate Files",
1569:
965:
The Securitate surveillance took place in different ways: general intelligence surveillance (
892:, nicknamed "Pantiușa"). Alexandru Nicolschi (by then a general) and another Soviet officer,
348:
1004:, manipulating the country's population with vicious rumors (such as supposed contacts with
922:
2440:
Lavinia Stan, "Access to Securitate Files: The Trials and Tribulations of a Romanian Law",
1980:
1361:
1221:
1018:
824:
was one of the most brutal secret police forces in the world, responsible for the arrests,
300:
1530:
1503:
1468:
1319:
1292:
1244:
821:
383:
8:
2790:
2552:
2456:
2079:
1878:
1507:
1444:
1429:
1288:
1157:
881:
829:
645:
363:
1646:
1296:
635:
524:
2473:
1985:
1794:
1683:
1268:
1026:
1307:
398:
2387:
2369:
2283:
2153:
2083:
1959:
1948:
1899:
1824:
1798:
1030:
885:
849:
780:
764:
640:
534:
171:
1280:
1201:
587:
2769:
1786:
1138:
1014:
958:
529:
373:
1428:
To ensure total loyalty amongst these crack troops, there were five times as many
1276:
1260:
1176:
388:
2480:
2469:
2207:
2139:"Sistemul concentraționar din România. Tipuri de închisori în perioada comunistă"
1790:
1759:
1755:
1714:"Sighet Museum: Room 14 – The Security Police (Securitate) between 1948 and 1989"
1480:
1388:
845:
1955:
1674:
1499:
1284:
1252:
182:
1323:
393:
2784:
2517:
2287:
2098:
1611:
1564:
1533:, Romania's secret police the 'Securitate' received six-figure payments from
1433:
1331:
1272:
1264:
1237:
1233:
1209:
1197:
1022:
1005:
893:
785:
592:
426:
130:
2201:
June 29th 1973 Agreement between the Socialist Romania and German Federation
2087:
2669:
2562:
2537:
2521:
1410:
1049:
817:
809:
799:
378:
954:
794:
66:
2547:
1311:
1248:
1229:
1193:
421:
353:
315:
1315:
1213:
1009:
990:
943:
481:
358:
1432:
in the Directorate for Security Troops than there were in the regular
1342:, Tecuci, Tulcea, Turda, Turnu Măgurele, Turnu Severin, Vaslui, Zalău.
1000:
In the 1980s, the Securitate launched a massive campaign to stamp out
861:. However, it had precursors going back to August 1944, following the
2365:
2069:
1524:
1495:
1414:
911:
866:
416:
330:
150:
1817:
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
2623:
1845:"Două decenii de muncă și luptă în slujba Partidului și a Statului"
1527:
1392:
2308:"Ikea paid millions to Romania's communist secret police in 1980s"
1095:) (the former General Directorate for Technical Operations), etc.
2097:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1610:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1542:
1476:
825:
813:
2005:
1472:
1118:
873:
675:
514:
70:
2516:
2384:
The East European economy in context: communism and transition
1380:
2677:
2570:
2532:
1778:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1584:
1052:
993:
members, religious organizations, etc.; and element dossier (
969:, abbreviated "S.I.G."); priority intelligence surveillance (
630:
2276:"Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era"
921:
Initially, many of the agents of the Securitate were former
2759:
2585:
2249:"El a fost sosia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu. Ce trebuia să facă"
1917:
1534:
1479:
control, public order, etc. In 1990 it was replaced by the
1437:
1083:) (with internal tasks such as counterespionage), the SIE (
877:
1981:"Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police"
1722:
Memorial of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance
2659:
2605:
1589:
1574:
1108:
Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității
1100:
National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives
1475:
force, which carried out regular policing tasks such as
1440:, they would have been called in to protect the regime.
989:), the targets being former political prisoners, former
977:, abbreviated "M.V."); individual surveillance dossier (
938:(PCR), to ensure total loyalty within the organization.
884:. The first Director of the Securitate was NKVD general
1538:
1146:
946:
was killed by the son of a suspect he had apprehended.
816:, 28% clerks, 2% persons of unspecified origin, and 2%
2036:. The National Council for the Study of the Securitate
1679:"Eastern Europe Struggles to Purge Security Services"
1539:
National College for Studying the Securitate Archives
2428:, vol. 37, no. 3 (September 2004), pp. 341–359.
1367:
2421:, vol. 19, no. 4 (November 2005), pp. 655–685.
2227:"Romania: Ministry of Interior and Security Forces"
1852:
Buletin Intern pentru Apărarea Securității Statului
1172:
Repressive system in Romania and Moldova, 1946–1989
1130:
828:, and deaths of thousands of people. Following the
2457:Romania - Ministry of Interior and Security Forces
1947:
1875:"Prevenirea ca metodă de represiune a Securității"
1400:
16:Secret police of the Socialist Republic of Romania
2586:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
2446:, vol. 16, no. 1 (December 2002), pp. 55–90.
2362:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2146:Metodologii contemporane de cercetare și evaluare
1541:, Ikea agreed to overcharge for products made in
1338:Sighișoara, Sighet (local), Slatina, Târgoviște,
1163:
2782:
2431:Lavinia Stan, "Moral Cleansing Romanian Style",
1038:Telephone conversations were routinely monitored
2596:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
2412:, vol. 54, no. 1 (January 2007), pp. 3–18.
2212:
1950:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
1939:
1929:
1927:
1498:for important governmental officials. Colonel
852:, the first Director General of the Securitate
2502:
2170:
2168:
1042:Jiu Valley coal miners' unions went on strike
740:
1854:(3). Consiliul Securității Statului: 9. 1968
1523:In the 1980s under the rule of the Romanian
1306:Category III: Alba Iulia, Bacău, Baia Mare,
1125:General Directorate for Technical Operations
1119:General Directorate for Technical Operations
914:period, and their personal connections with
872:The Securitate was created with the help of
792:. It was founded on 30 August 1948 from the
2176:"Sistemul penitenciar în România comunistă"
1924:
1696:
1694:
1381:National Commission for Visas and Passports
2509:
2495:
2165:
1811:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1458:
747:
733:
244:
2742:Department of State Security (Securitate)
2591:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
1945:
1770:
1768:
1537:. According to declassified files at the
1502:was the chief of bodyguards of President
981:, abbreviated "D.U.I."); target dossier (
973:, abbreviated "S.I.P."); clearance file (
931:Direcția Generală a Poliției de Siguranță
2624:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
2581:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
2437:, vol. 49, no. 4 (2002), pp. 52–62.
2359:
1933:
1706:
1691:
1413:force for the government, equipped with
1175:
1167:
953:
844:
2381:
2067:
1999:
1993:
1774:
1736:
1700:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1091:) (the former Directorate V), the STS (
2826:Defunct Romanian intelligence agencies
2783:
2760:Department of National Security (OZNA)
2136:
2130:
2104:
2000:Stanciu, Andreea (September 4, 2024).
1898:"Book Inspired Counter-Revolution" by
1765:
326:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
2765:Directorate for State Security (UDBA)
2543:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
2490:
2468:("Short history of the Securitate"),
2273:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1915:"The Securitate Arsenal for Carlos,"
1872:
1673:
779:
651:Trial and execution of the Ceaușescus
115:Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale
2719:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
2443:East European Politics and Societies
2426:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
2418:East European Politics and Societies
1660:
1180:Map of forced labor camps along the
1153:Directorate for Foreign Intelligence
1147:Directorate for Foreign Intelligence
997:), targeting writers, priests, etc.
927:General Directorate of Safety Police
903:was the first Securitate secretary.
865:. Its stated purpose was to "defend
203:Ministry of State Security (1951–55)
2821:Law enforcement in communist states
2678:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
1978:
971:supraveghere informativă prioritară
13:
2801:Eastern Bloc intelligence agencies
2606:Committee for State Security (KGB)
2464:Gabriel Catalan, Mircea Stănescu,
2110:
2048:
1555:List of senior Securitate officers
1093:Special Telecommunications Service
769:Departamentul Securității Statului
616:Bucharest student movement of 1956
32:Departamentul Securității Statului
14:
2842:
2770:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
2642:Committee for State Security (DS)
2576:State Political Directorate (GPU)
2450:
1805:
1560:Re-education in Communist Romania
1374:Directorate for Internal Security
1368:Directorate for Internal Security
967:supraveghere informativă generală
899:, held the deputy directorships.
798:with help and direction from the
626:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977
215:
2701:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
2696:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
2601:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
2571:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
2255:(in Romanian). February 18, 2023
2092:
2068:Bachman, Ronald D., ed. (1991).
1605:
1486:
1131:Directorate for Counterespionage
38:
2325:
2300:
2267:
2241:
2194:
2019:
1972:
1909:
1892:
1407:Directorate for Security Troops
1401:Directorate for Security Troops
1113:
621:Dissent under Nicolae Ceaușescu
439:Ceaușescu's cult of personality
105:Serviciul de Informații Externe
2811:National security institutions
1866:
1837:
1821:University of California Press
1631:
1189:Directorate for Penitentiaries
1164:Directorate for Penitentiaries
110:Serviciul de Protecție și Pază
1:
2483:(2004), pp. 38–53.
2353:
2137:Roaită, Alice Ionela (2021),
1081:Romanian Intelligence Service
979:dosar de urmărire individuală
790:Socialist Republic of Romania
671:Soviet occupation (1944–1958)
100:Serviciul Român de Informații
21:Serviciul Român de Informații
2466:Scurtă istorie a Securității
2333:"Programmable Search Engine"
1791:10.1080/08850607.2014.900298
1089:Protection and Guard Service
1085:Foreign Intelligence Service
784:, lit. "Security"), was the
761:Department of State Security
174:, director, (1948–63, first)
55:30 August 1948 (as the DGSP)
26:Department of State Security
7:
2274:Rosca, Matei (2014-07-04).
2182:(in Romanian). June 3, 2009
1749:"Securitatea: Începuturile"
1548:
1451:), and in July 1990 by the
1419:armoured personnel carriers
1074:
840:
693:Relations with other states
10:
2847:
2434:Problems of Post-Communism
2409:Problems of Post-Communism
2403:, London: Routledge, 2009.
1946:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
1873:Mares, Clara (June 2005).
1513:
835:
665:Relationship with the USSR
18:
2750:
2732:
2709:
2686:
2668:
2650:
2632:
2614:
2561:
2528:
2148:(in Romanian), Chișinău:
2076:Federal Research Division
1877:. No. 273 (in Romanian).
1623:Federal Research Division
1449:Trupele de Pază și Ordine
1409:acted as a 20,000-strong
949:
771:), commonly known as the
321:People's Democratic Front
296:National Council of Women
207:
194:
164:
156:
146:
136:
126:
87:
79:
59:
51:
46:
37:
30:
2360:Crampton, R. J. (1997),
2312:South China Morning Post
2150:Moldova State University
2071:Romania: a country study
1600:
1387:National Commission for
1212:, as well as the forced
936:Romanian Communist Party
863:coup d'état of 23 August
311:Romanian Orthodox Church
306:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy
276:Union of Communist Youth
2382:Turnock, David (1997),
1518:
1465:Directorate for Militia
1459:Directorate for Militia
1033:to assassinate Pacepa.
859:Great National Assembly
605:Protests and resistance
281:Great National Assembly
230:Part of a series on the
187:, head, (1987–89, last)
1349:Danube–Black Sea Canal
1218:Danube–Black Sea Canal
1184:
1182:Danube–Black Sea Canal
1173:
962:
916:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
890:Panteleymon Bondarenko
853:
768:
611:1940s–1950s resistance
568:Danube–Black Sea Canal
369:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
2724:Security Service (SB)
1718:www.memorialsighet.ro
1677:(December 12, 2006).
1570:Romanian Hearth Union
1467:controlled Romania's
1179:
1171:
957:
923:Royal Security Police
848:
781:[sekuriˈtate]
349:Constantin Ion Parhon
236:Socialist Republic of
2660:State Security (StB)
2180:asapteadimensiune.ro
2152:, pp. 256–260,
2082:. pp. 300–304.
2074:. Washington, D.C.:
1813:Tismăneanu, Vladimir
1330:, Sibiu, Satu Mare,
1283:, Ploiești, Rahova,
1243:Category II: Arad,
578:Bărăgan deportations
199:Ministry of Interior
2796:Romanian revolution
2553:Inner German border
2399:Lavinia Stan, ed.,
2080:Library of Congress
1879:Observator Cultural
1747:Cristian Troncota,
1508:Romanian Revolution
1445:Romanian Revolution
1158:Matei Pavel Haiducu
908:Vladimir Tismăneanu
882:Alexandru Nicolschi
830:Romanian Revolution
646:Romanian Revolution
364:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
27:
2479:2016-03-03 at the
2206:2013-07-08 at the
1986:The New York Times
1906:, October 22, 2002
1754:2007-12-12 at the
1684:The New York Times
1430:political officers
1185:
1174:
1027:Muammar al-Gaddafi
1002:dissent in Romania
975:mapă de verificare
963:
854:
467:Literacy campaigns
432:National communism
201:(1948–51, 1955–89)
88:Superseding agency
25:
2778:
2777:
2159:978-9975-159-16-6
2111:Gombos, Stelian.
1979:Koehler, John O.
1965:978-0-375-42532-5
1954:. New York City:
1921:, Bucharest, 2004
1900:Alfred S. Regnery
1724:. 11 October 2015
1531:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1504:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1310:, Brăila, Buzău,
1031:Carlos the Jackal
987:dosar de problemă
983:dosar de obiectiv
886:Gheorghe Pintilie
850:Gheorghe Pintilie
822:Nicolae Ceaușescu
757:
756:
641:Letter of the Six
535:Socialist realism
520:Cîntarea României
384:Nicolae Ceaușescu
225:
224:
172:Gheorghe Pintilie
165:Agency executives
71:SMERSH of Romania
2838:
2806:Counterterrorism
2520:agencies in the
2511:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2463:
2396:
2378:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:. Archived from
2223:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2065:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1772:
1763:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1635:
1626:
1609:
1608:
1139:Counterespionage
1137:Directorate for
1069:
1015:Ion Mihai Pacepa
959:Ion Mihai Pacepa
783:
778:
749:
742:
735:
681:De-satellization
636:Brașov Rebellion
530:Obsessive decade
525:Cenaclul Flacăra
477:De-Stalinization
457:Collectivization
374:Gheorghe Apostol
291:Patriotic Guards
248:
227:
226:
186:
95:Several agencies
83:30 December 1989
60:Preceding agency
42:
28:
24:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2816:Totalitarianism
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2746:
2728:
2705:
2682:
2664:
2646:
2628:
2610:
2557:
2524:
2515:
2481:Wayback Machine
2470:Sfera Politicii
2461:
2453:
2394:
2376:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2208:Wayback Machine
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2066:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2004:(in Romanian).
1998:
1994:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1902:, published in
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1810:
1806:
1773:
1766:
1760:Magazin Istoric
1756:Wayback Machine
1746:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1675:Smith, Craig S.
1672:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1618:Country Studies
1615:
1606:
1603:
1551:
1521:
1516:
1489:
1481:Romanian Police
1471:, the standard
1461:
1403:
1383:
1370:
1166:
1149:
1133:
1121:
1116:
1077:
1063:
952:
901:Wilhelm Einhorn
897:Vladimir Mazuru
843:
838:
776:
753:
724:
723:
694:
686:
685:
666:
658:
657:
606:
598:
597:
558:
550:
549:
510:
502:
501:
497:1980s austerity
487:Systematization
472:Five-Year Plans
462:Nationalization
452:
444:
443:
412:
404:
403:
399:Elena Ceaușescu
344:
336:
335:
261:Communist Party
256:
237:
221:
202:
190:
180:
122:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
75:
69:
47:Agency overview
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2773:
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2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
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2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:Czechoslovakia
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2459:
2452:
2451:External links
2449:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2379:
2374:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2337:cse.google.com
2324:
2299:
2266:
2240:
2237:on 2004-10-30.
2211:
2193:
2164:
2158:
2129:
2103:
2047:
2018:
1992:
1971:
1964:
1956:Pantheon Books
1938:
1923:
1908:
1891:
1865:
1836:
1829:
1823:. p. 20.
1804:
1785:(3): 569–589.
1764:
1735:
1705:
1690:
1659:
1629:
1628:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
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1572:
1567:
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1520:
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1515:
1512:
1500:Dumitru Burlan
1488:
1485:
1460:
1457:
1402:
1399:
1382:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:, Târgu Mureș.
1304:
1241:
1165:
1162:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1117:
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1076:
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995:dosar de mediu
951:
948:
842:
839:
837:
834:
788:agency of the
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613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
588:Pitești prison
585:
583:Tămădău Affair
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
556:
555:
552:
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548:
547:
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35:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2843:
2832:
2831:Secret police
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
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2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Secret police
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:(in Romanian)
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:0-415-08626-4
2389:
2386:, Routledge,
2385:
2380:
2377:
2375:0-415-16422-2
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2254:
2253:Radio DC News
2250:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2118:(in Romanian)
2117:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2099:public domain
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1936:, p. 355
1935:
1934:Crampton 1997
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1830:0-520-23747-1
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1742:
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1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:on 2018-08-14
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:public domain
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Radu (weapon)
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:Directorate V
1487:Directorate V
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:Râmnicu Sarat
1326:, Rahova II,
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:, Mărgineni,
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:, Constanța,
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Râmnicu Sarat
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:(abbreviated
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Yasser Arafat
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
960:
956:
947:
945:
939:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
895:
894:Major General
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
851:
847:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:intellectuals
815:
811:
806:
804:
801:
797:
796:
791:
787:
786:secret police
782:
774:
770:
766:
762:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
728:
727:
720:
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715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
690:
689:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
602:
601:
594:
593:Sighet prison
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
554:
553:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
498:
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147:Headquarters
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2548:Berlin Wall
1643:www.cdep.ro
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1322:, Focșani,
1269:Ocnele Mari
1214:labor camps
1098:Today, the
1064: [
1050:East German
709:North Korea
422:July Theses
394:Ilie Verdeț
354:Petru Groza
181: [
178:Iulian Vlad
2791:Securitate
2785:Categories
2752:Yugoslavia
2354:References
2342:2023-02-14
2318:2023-02-14
2293:2023-02-14
1858:4 February
1653:2016-01-23
1496:bodyguards
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1293:Târgu Ocna
1245:Caransebeș
1216:along the
1019:US dollars
1010:censorship
991:Iron Guard
944:Ionel Jora
867:democratic
777:pronounced
773:Securitate
719:Yugoslavia
563:Censorship
557:Repression
482:Decree 770
359:Ana Pauker
266:Securitate
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2366:Routledge
2288:0261-3077
1884:August 2,
1799:153967028
1525:Communist
1510:of 1989.
1415:artillery
1393:Passports
1362:Periprava
1340:Târgu Jiu
1301:Văcărești
1297:Timișoara
1222:Periprava
912:Stalinist
795:Siguranța
417:Dacianism
331:Comturist
157:Employees
151:Bucharest
80:Dissolved
67:Siguranța
2634:Bulgaria
2477:Archived
2259:March 7,
2204:Archived
2186:March 7,
2122:March 7,
2116:Historia
2088:44354029
2040:July 25,
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1752:Archived
1728:July 25,
1549:See also
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1318:, Deva,
1308:Botoșani
1075:Downfall
841:Founding
814:peasants
765:Romanian
451:Policies
411:Ideology
316:Scînteia
301:Pioneers
216:See list
2734:Romania
2688:Hungary
2616:Albania
2474:Nr. 109
2231:loc.gov
1543:Romania
1514:Funding
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