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not many people came to her for treatment. Susan found work treating malnourished children until eventually her reputation grew to where she could treat both white and black patients. She received many positive reviews and recognitions from physicians in her area. Her clientele increased to the point where she became a respected and wealthy physician. The
Courier did provide information about her graduating, however, did not mention that she was valedictorian. The Courier focused on her attire and her status within society at the time. Despite all the challenged that McKinney faced she was elected into the New York Homeopathic Medical Society in 1896.
265:. At that time, it would have usually brought public attention by the press if an African-American women had been admitted into medical school. At the time, the city had an anti-Black democratic press. However, her mentor Dr. Lozier had a strong abolitionist background and was likely able to deter press which avoided a public outcry. Although McKinney's father was a wealthy pig farmer who could have easily afforded her tuition costs, she preferred to pay for her education herself. She used money she had earned teaching at a colored school in Manhattan along with money earned from teaching music in
237:. Her other sisters, Emma Tompkins became a school teacher, Clara Brown was a piano teacher, and Mary was a hair stylist. Her father held jobs as a porter, carpet cleaner, and laborer. However, he also sold hogs which provided him and his family with a respectable living. As a child, Susan was fond of music and learned to play the organ. Because of her musical training she taught at a public school in Washington, D.C., for around 2 years. Eventually, she played the organ and was the choir director at
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in London, where she delivered a paper entitled "Colored
American Women". Her paper was focused on the achievements of numerous African American women. The Congress brought together many people from all over the world searching for ways to enhance their relationships and continue dialogue between the
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with an excerpt named "Doers of the World." This excerpt is a short fiction story based on the life of Susan as it follows a girl named
Libertie who watches her mother, Cathy, take care of and treat patients. In this story Cathy is modeled after Susan as she experiences many of the same hardships as
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McKinney-Steward's medical career focused on prenatal care and childhood disease where she worked with patients of all races. From 1870 to 1895, she ran her own practice in
Brooklyn and co-founded the Brooklyn Women's Homeopathic Hospital and Dispensary in 1881. She sat on the board of and practiced
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Although obtaining her degree and being selected as valedictorian, McKinney-Steward struggled to find a reliable job. In addition, her degree in homeopathic medicine was not viewed in the same high regard that a medical degree was. In fact, because homeopathic medicine was seen as quackery medicine
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Susan's second paper "Marasmus
Infantum" was published in 1886. This paper focused on childhood diseases, for example Marasmus. Marasmus was known as a disease that is caused by unsuitable food, vomiting, diarrhea, worms, and inheriting syphilis. Dr. Steward advocated for homeopathic treatment for
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and graduated in 1869. However, neither the local newspapers or The New York Times included her valedictory address or included that she was of
African descent. And if they did mention McKinney it was hidden in the papers published. After graduation, she took a course at the Long Island College
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Susan has published medical papers. The first one published in 1883 over a case that involved a woman who was in charge of taking care of her burn suffering mother. The woman treated her mother with carbolic acid, at this time the woman also slept in the same bed with her mother and developed an
377:. Before her marriage, she was still struggling to find work and be in good economic standing. However, her marriage to William McKinney was able to partially eliminate some of the economic strain as she grew her career. They had two children, Anna and William Sylvanus. Due to a
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in a speech titled "Women in
Medicine". Her objective of the speech was to end the separation of men and women in medical schools. She advocated that women would have the same opportunity for internship positions if women were allowed to attend schools alongside men.
400:. His unit was the first all-black regiment in the U.S. Army. As chaplain of the Buffalo Soldiers, the sole purpose was to care for the souls of the soldiers while Susan traveled with him, to tend to their wounds. Shortly after their marriage, she moved with him to
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in 1890, William McKinney was unable to keep up with his previous work responsibilities. Susan then had to be the primary supporter of their family in addition to six of Susan's extended family. William McKinney died two years after his cerebral hemorrhage in 1892.
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In 1974, the New York Board of
Education named a Brooklyn school "Dr. Susan Smith McKinney Junior High School" in her remembrance. African-American women physicians from New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut also honored her by naming their chapter of the
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Susan McKinney
Steward was also very active politically within her community. She helped found and then served on the executive board of the Women's Loyal Union. The Women's Loyal Union worked to bring to light the civil and social status of
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children and infants suffering from
Marasmus because they stood a better chance of recovery. Since Dr. Steward specialized in childhood disease, the way she handled Marasmus cases gained her recognition for her skill and knowledge.
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365:, child-labor, public health, anti-prostitution and international peace. This organization that Susan served on is now the oldest voluntary, non-sectarian women's organization and is still active internationally.
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and co-founded the Brooklyn Women's Homeopathic Hospital and Dispensary. She sat on the board and practiced medicine at the Brooklyn Home for Aged Colored People. From 1906, she worked as college physician at the
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and to alert others of the injustice of denying any citizen from any class or race of their unalienable rights. For example, one important act this group made was from 1894 to 1895 the WLU petitioned against
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for ten years until her family moved to a house next door at 213 Pearl Street. They later moved again to 243 Pearl Street. Susan was part of a large family, and had nine other siblings. Her eldest sister,
341:. This group of women were additionally large supporters and activist for black educators' rights. Along with her work with these women, Susan also served for a time as president of her local chapter of
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Although the exact reason McKinney-Steward wanted to pursue medicine is unknown, there are some factors that could explain her motivation. One possibility is that losing two of her brothers during the
1123:"Yuichiro Onishi, Transpacific Antiracism: Afro-Asian Solidarity in 20th Century Black America, Japan, and Okinawa. New York: New York University Press, 2013. Pp. 243. Cloth $ 41.48. Paper $ 21.73"
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after her in 1976. One Hundred and forty years later, her great great niece followed in her legacy as a physician. The Reverend Dr. A. Louise Bonaparte practiced medicine as a Surgical Oncologist.
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in Texas. She practiced in both Montana and Nebraska. Theophilus Steward stated that Susan "entered heartily into the work among the soldiers and became an excellent step mother to children."
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Seraile, W. (1985). SUSAN McKINNEY STEWARD: NEW YORK STATE'S FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMAN PHYSICIAN. Afro - Americans in New York Life and History (1977-1989), 9(2), 27. Retrieved from
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medicine at the Brooklyn Home for Aged Colored People and served on the staff at New York Medical College and Hospital for Women in Manhattan. By 1906, she and her second husband,
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epidemic that was occurring in 1866. Increased fatalities due to the disease could have encouraged her to have an active role in people's health. In 1867, she attended the
965:""The Half Has Never Been Told": Maritcha Lyons' Community, Black Women Educators, the Woman's Loyal Union, and "the Color Line" in Progressive Era Brooklyn and New York"
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163:(March 1847 – March 17, 1918) was an American physician and author. She was the third African-American woman to earn a medical degree, and the first in
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277:, instead of medical study, most likely because it was more accessible to women. Because of her work ethic and academic performance, she was selected as
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unknown sickness. After the nurse on the case noticed the woman's condition Dr. McKinney was brought in, where she successfully treated the woman.
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Dr. Susan McKinney Secondary School of the Arts in Brooklyn and the Susan Smith McKinney Steward Medical Society are named for her. Actress
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McKinney-Steward's medical career focused on prenatal care and childhood disease. From 1870 to 1895, she ran her own practice in
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could have caused her to seek out a career where she could prevent other people from dying. Another possibility is the
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she did and follows her journey in exploring the limits of care. In 2020 this short story won the tenth annual
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In 1871 she was married to Reverend William G. McKinney from South Carolina, who was a brother-in-law of the
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726:"Susan Smith McKinney, M.D., 1847-1918 First afro-american women physician in New York State"
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in New York, where she delivered a paper entitled "Colored American Women".
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Four years after her previous husband's death, in 1896, Susan remarried to
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672:. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville. 2008. Archived from
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to Anne and Sylvanus Smith in 1847. She lived at 189 Pearl Street, in
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East and West parts of the world. In 1914, Susan addressed the
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History of the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women
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to fund her medical school education. She chose a career in
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816:. West Haven, CT: URU, The Right to Be, Inc. p. 19.
1162:"Susan Smith McKinney Steward, M.D., '1870 (1847-1918)"
666:"Who Were the Women who made up the Suffrage Movement?"
590:"Biography of Susan Smith McKinney Steward (1848-1919)"
614:"Susan Smith McKinney Steward (1847-1918) • BlackPast"
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became president, they broadened their scopes to more
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Against All Odds: Celebrating Black Women in Medicine
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Presidents of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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Directory of Deceased American Physicians, 1804-1929
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Brooklyn Women's Homeopathic Hospital and Dispensary
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701:. Washington State: BlackPast.org. Archived from
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424:on March 7, 1918. Her body was transported to
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777:Brooklyn: People and Places, Past and Present
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939:"Susan Smith McKinney Steward (1847-1918) •"
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1237:Journal of the National Medical Association
1075:Journal of the National Medical Association
730:Journal of the National Medical Association
698:Garnet, Sarah J. Smith Tompkins (1831-1911)
501:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SpxVfnoc1c
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353:had on families and society. In 1879, when
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152:McKinney-Steward's burial site at
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1186:"Alice Hoffman Prize for Fiction"
963:Johnson, Val Marie (2017-02-01).
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1290:at the African American Registry
773:Gardner, P.; Glueck, G. (1991).
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1018:Social Welfare History Project
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588:Cazalet, Sylvain, ed. (2001).
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781:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
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27:American physician and writer
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640:"FYI: Pioneering Principals"
481:is her great-granddaughter.
454:National Medical Association
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187:. In 1911, she attended the
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345:. The WCTU was founded in
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937:Diaz, Sara (2007-11-17).
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564:"Susan McKinney Steward"
398:Theophilus Gould Steward
300:Theophilus Gould Steward
91:New York Medical College
1379:Musicians from Brooklyn
1314:19th-century Methodists
812:Emery, Crystal (2015).
442:Dr. William Scarborough
316:Universal Race Congress
214:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
189:Universal Race Congress
1354:American pediatricians
1038:Steward, T.G. (1920).
853:. 2008. Archived from
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308:Wilberforce University
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1202:10.1353/plo.2021.0045
857:on September 14, 2008
463:wrote a novel called
369:Marriage and children
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1196:(1): 222–223. 2021.
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221:who was the wife of
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446:Dr. W. E. B. Dubois
434:Green-Wood Cemetery
379:cerebral hemorrhage
154:Green-Wood Cemetery
60:Crow Hill, Brooklyn
1349:American organists
644:The New York Times
438:Hallie Quinn Brown
387:United States Army
375:Rev. Henry Cardozo
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461:Kaitlyn Greenidge
330:African Americans
206:Susan Maria Smith
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