639:
524:
915:
412:
serving simultaneously appear in first century CE records at
Althiburos, Mactar, and Thugga, reflecting a choice to adopt Punic nomenclature for Romanized institutions without the actual, traditionally balanced magistracy. In those cases, a third, non-annual position of tribal or communal chieftain
308:
indicates that the office, having endured there for three centuries under
Carthaginian sovereignty, was utilized by the descendants of Punic settlers to refuse both cultural and political assimilation with their mainland Italian conquerors. Punic-style magistracies appear epigraphically unattested
288:
was not, however, reserved for the heads of the
Carthaginian state. Towards the end of their Western Mediterranean dominance, political coordination between local and colonial Carthaginians was likely expressed through a regional hierarchy of
404:
s prevalence in interior regions of Roman Africa, which were previously unsettled by
Carthage, suggests that settlers and Punic refugees endeared themselves to Roman authorities by adopting a readily intelligible government.
273:, including the convocation and presidency of the senate, the submission of business to the People's Assembly, and service as trial judges. Their number, term, and powers are therefore similar to those of the
230:, was a non-royal magistrate granted control over a city-state, sometimes functioning much in the same way as a Roman consul. For example, both offices served a one-year term in pairs of two.
233:
The officeholder's role as a diplomatic executive, representative of a collective citizenry, is evidenced by an inscription written by the Å¡Å«feá¹ Diomitus at
972:
277:, with the notable difference that Roman consuls were also commanders-in-chief of the Roman military, a power apparently denied to the
613:
834:
Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). "The Impact of the
Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I".
725:
Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). "The Impact of the
Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I".
420:, appears in at least six works of Latin literature. Erroneous references to Carthaginian "kings" with the Latin term
810:
769:
701:
500:
967:
31:
962:
952:
297:
is dated with four names: the years' magistrates not only on the island, but also at home in North Africa.
413:
marked an inflection point in the assimilation of external
African groups into the Roman political fold.
957:
888:
Bell, Brenda (1989). "Roman
Literary Attitudes to Foreign Terms and the Carthaginian 'sufetes'".
861:
Bell, Brenda (1989). "Roman
Literary Attitudes to Foreign Terms and the Carthaginian 'sufetes'".
657:
Bell, Brenda (1989). "Roman
Literary Attitudes to Foreign Terms and the Carthaginian 'sufetes'".
585:
Bell, Brenda (1989). "Roman Literary Attitudes to Foreign Terms and the Carthaginian 'sufetes'".
17:
60:
926:
266:
353:. The institution is attested in more than forty post-Carthaginian cities, ranging from the
338:
8:
177:
71:
27:
Community leader of significant civic status In several ancient Semitic-speaking cultures
269:
of the Punic Wars affords a list of the procedural responsibilities of the Carthaginian
897:
870:
843:
816:
775:
734:
707:
666:
594:
567:
559:
506:
463:
806:
765:
697:
571:
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219:
150:
113:
129:) was a community leader of significant civic stature, often functioning as a chief
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757:
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551:
488:
370:
254:
947:
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in Greece, perpetuating political favor as "the first of the citizens" to do so.
146:
51:
542:
Millar, Fergus (1983). "The Phoenician Cities: A Case-Study of Hellenisation".
437:
326:
305:
206:
In the various independent Phoenician city-statesâon the coasts of present-day
183:
88:
820:
779:
711:
555:
510:
164:, "to pass judgment". Cognate titles exist in other Semitic cultures, notably
941:
932:
919:
428:
betray the translations of Roman authors from Greek sources, who equated the
314:
802:
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693:
492:
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in the late third century BC. He boasts of his chariot race victory at the
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918: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Unlike the continuity of Punic inhabitance in Sardinia, the
793:
Crawley Quinn, Josephine (2018). "A New Phoenician World".
752:
Crawley Quinn, Josephine (2018). "A New Phoenician World".
684:
Crawley Quinn, Josephine (2018). "A New Phoenician World".
483:
Crawley Quinn, Josephine (2018). "A New Phoenician World".
262:
198:
tribes in time of mutual danger to defeat foreign enemies.
82:
309:
only by the end of the first century BCE, although two
124:
337:
to refer to Roman-style local magistrates serving in
293:
For example, some epigraphic evidence from Punic-era
65:
614:"The Sufetes of North Africa: Comparative Contexts"
99:
644:Insularity and identity in the Roman Mediterranean
529:Insularity and identity in the Roman Mediterranean
544:Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
939:
797:. Princeton University Press. pp. 153â175.
756:. Princeton University Press. pp. 153â175.
688:. Princeton University Press. pp. 153â175.
487:. Princeton University Press. pp. 153â175.
792:
751:
683:
482:
836:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
727:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
924:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Judges".
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923:
257:was headed by a pair of annually elected
833:
724:
973:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
34:and associated historical regions, the
14:
940:
611:
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317:as late as the mid-second century CE.
890:Classical Association of South Africa
863:Classical Association of South Africa
659:Classical Association of South Africa
638:
587:Classical Association of South Africa
523:
416:The Roman approximation of the term,
133:with authority roughly equivalent to
930:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
887:
860:
656:
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226:itselfâthe Å¡Å«feá¹, called in Latin a
92:
75:
55:
24:
357:to the second century CE reign of
325:Official state terminology of the
304:found in the major settlements of
300:Further inscriptional evidence of
157:literally means "Judge", from the
25:
984:
32:ancient Semitic-speaking cultures
913:
646:. Oxbow Books. pp. 144â164.
642:(2018). Kouremenos, Anna (ed.).
531:. Oxbow Books. pp. 144â164.
527:(2018). Kouremenos, Anna (ed.).
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795:In Search of the Phoenicians
754:In Search of the Phoenicians
686:In Search of the Phoenicians
485:In Search of the Phoenicians
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140:
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83:
7:
447:
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989:
432:with the more monarchical
361:. Settlements governed by
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345:appears as far-flung as
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968:Government of Phoenicia
104:, the last loaned into
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762:10.2307/j.ctvc77kkd.13
694:10.2307/j.ctvc77kkd.13
493:10.2307/j.ctvc77kkd.13
423:
927:Catholic Encyclopedia
620:. Columbia University
612:Pilkington, Nathan.
339:Africa Proconsularis
333:repurposed the word
253:, the government of
963:Hebrew Bible judges
953:Heads of government
249:By the time of the
194:who united various
190:, the shofá¹im were
178:Hebrew Bible judges
464:Bomilcar (suffete)
149:and several other
397:, and Volubilis.
313:wielded power in
220:Mediterranean Sea
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842:(2): 187â197.
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349:in modern-day
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184:Book of Judges
176:Main article:
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210:and western
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188:Hebrew Bible
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159:Semitic root
154:
144:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
112:; see also
30:In several
942:Categories
470:References
383:Gadiaufala
367:Althiburos
251:Punic Wars
202:Phoenician
192:chieftains
131:magistrate
72:Phoenician
896:: 29â36.
869:: 29â36.
665:: 29â36.
593:: 29â36.
572:162445747
385:, Gales,
365:included
347:Volubilis
321:Later use
284:The term
222:, and in
196:Israelite
166:Phoenicia
141:Etymology
61:romanized
44:shophetim
902:24591869
875:24591869
848:41857007
739:41857007
671:24591869
624:28 March
599:24591869
564:44696895
448:See also
442:βαÏιλεÏÏ
434:basileus
359:Commodus
295:Sardinia
291:sufetes.
224:Carthage
137:powers.
114:Ugaritic
48:shofetim
42:(plural
922::
410:sufetes
363:sufetes
351:Morocco
311:sufetes
302:sufetes
279:sufetes
267:account
259:sufetes
208:Lebanon
186:in the
182:In the
155:shopheá¹
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933:Judges
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710:
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669:
597:
570:
562:
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454:Hakham
408:Three
402:sufet'
395:Thugga
391:Mactar
387:Limisa
371:Calama
315:Bithia
214:, the
172:Hebrew
147:Hebrew
118:ððð
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40:shofeá¹
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844:JSTOR
817:JSTOR
776:JSTOR
735:JSTOR
708:JSTOR
667:JSTOR
595:JSTOR
568:S2CID
560:JSTOR
507:JSTOR
438:Greek
430:sufet
418:sufes
379:Cirta
375:Capsa
343:sufet
335:sufet
286:sufet
271:sufet
245:Punic
235:Sidon
228:sūfes
216:Punic
212:Syria
162:Š-P-Ṭ
126:ṯÄpiá¹
110:sūfes
106:Latin
101:Å¡Å«feá¹
89:Punic
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766:ISBN
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626:2020
497:ISBN
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