416:
formal
British or Ottoman approval. In October 1858, Lesseps notified international press and company agents that 400,000 shares at a price of 500 francs each would be publicly offered beginning 5 November 1858. In the notification, Lesseps estimated an annual revenue of 30 million francs based on freight fees, and a construction period lasting 6 years. In preparation for the offering, shares were sent to brokerage houses across Europe and in the United States. At the close of offering on 30 November 1858, about half of the shares (around 200,000) belonged to French citizens with the next largest block owned by citizens of the Ottoman Empire (Said bought around 60,000). None of the shares reserved for Britain, Russia, Austria, or the United States were bought. Said purchased the remaining unbought shares (for a total of 177,000 shares) in order to ensure that the company reached its necessary capitalization amount (to become a legal entity as defined in the 1856 concession). The average number of shares bought by French investors amounted to nine shares each. Lesseps declared the company as being officially formed on 15 December 1858.
667:
703:
727:
691:
755:
275:
425:
526:, and other cash crops and public works) within Egypt and with limiting the company's power. Ismail would soon issue a clarification that corvée labor could still be used for public works essential for the common good (though not on the Suez Canal project). The British also commented on the use of forced labor by the company. Ismail issued declarations upholding much of the previous concessions, with exceptions including the labor issue. Aziz favored the end of the use of the corvée and the return of land from the company to Egypt. The problem was referred during 1864 to the arbitration of
404:
781:
747:
766:
679:
655:
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715:
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about 8,000 Europeans and 10,000 Arab and
Egyptians that had settled in the canal region. By 1867 and 1868 the total population in the canal region would grow to 26,000 and 34,000, respectively. As the diversity and number of settlers in the canal region rose, Ismail directed Nubar to begin his decade-long journey of revising the judicial system from a system of capitulations to a system of mixed tribunals. The company made an appeal at the
433:
1915:
51:
594:
During this same period, the jetties for Port Said were also constructed by the
Dussaud brothers. They created two jetty structures, one at 1.5 miles in length, and the other at 2 miles in length, by dumping 20-ton concrete blocks in the Mediterranean Sea. The blocks were produced in an assembly line
290:
The original concession assembled by
Lesseps and granted by Said in 1854 included the following stipulations: 10 percent of the annual profits were reserved for the founders, 15 percent of the annual profits were reserved for the Government of Egypt, and 75 percent of the annual profits were reserved
606:
Politically during this period, company workers experienced a cholera outbreak in 1865 that caused the deaths of several hundred
Europeans, including Voisin's wife, and more than 1,500 Arabs and Egyptians. The Ottoman Sultan approved of the French reconciliation framework in 1866. By 1866 there were
334:
Following the granting of the first concession in 1854, Lesseps was in near constant travel to assemble diplomatic approvals perceived as necessary to build the canal from other foreign governments involved. Although the first concession was granted by Egypt, at the time Egypt was an administrative
906:
during the second world war. Immediately following the end of the second World War, company profits rose greatly due to petroleum shipments and the company reserved much of this income. By 1952, the company held four different reserves accounts: a statutory reserve of 430 million francs, a special
812:
to purchase the 177,000 shares from Ismail on behalf of the
British government. This offer was slightly greater than the French offer, and Ismail physically delivered his share certificates to the British consulate. By December 1875 Britain became the largest shareholder of the Suez Canal Company,
792:
Approximately 500 ships carrying around 400,000 tons made passage through the canal in 1870, which was much less than the 5 million tons projected in 1867. Of that tonnage, three-quarters came from
Britain. In 1871, more tonnage made the passage, but it was still less than 1 million tons. The ship
598:
In 1867, the company began to develop its fee structure in preparation for opening. During this same year the company had already started to charge fees for transport of goods across the northern almost-completed portion to the separate southern access canal, garnering millions of francs in annual
542:
against
Lesseps and the company. It wasn't until July 1864 that Napoleon III released a ruling for the framework for resolution which accepted the 1856 concession as a binding contract, ended the use of corvée labor, placed the land grants back into the hands of the Egyptian government, but called
389:
ths) of the workers for the company were required to be supplied from Egypt and the skilled workers were required to be paid commensurate with skilled workers on other
Egyptian public works projects. An amendment stipulated that work could only commence with the approval of the Ottoman Sultan. The
643:
and Ismail were a major attraction. The multinational flotilla of about 60 ships proceeded south from Port Said to
Ismailia, where a large expenses-paid festivity took place including: a riding exhibition, a rifle competition, tight-rope walking, an Armenian with a dancing bear, an Italian with a
415:
released a public report approving of the engineering plans for the canal. The report noted that in the previous two decades, Europeans had spent 12 billion francs building railroads, and that at a cost of 200 million francs (or £8 million), the canal was affordable. Lesseps pushed ahead without
378:
In January 1856, Said granted a second concession to Lesseps' company which replaced the first concession. This concession defined the canal as a direct route, but also stipulated a freshwater canal from the Nile to Lake Timsah. Again, mining and land rights were included along with generous tax
647:
In summary, the total construction cost of the canal, according to Lesseps' autobiographical account, was £11,627,000. This cost was more than covered by the initial equity capitalization of £8 million (1858), a legal decision awarding about £4 million (1864 and 1866), and a bond issuance of £4
799:
In 1873, Ismail borrowed £30 million (more than double the cost of the canal) to continue building other infrastructure in Egypt. By 1875, the Egyptian treasury was £100 million in debt, and no lender would issue Ismail money to pay for the December debt instalment of several million pounds.
210:
Following the loss of the canal concession, the Suez Company received financial compensation from the Egyptian government, the final payment of which was made in 1962, and used this resource to reinvent itself as a major investment and holding company in France. In 1958 it renamed itself the
583:– francs per cubic meter – which was further varied depending upon the soil type they excavated. Ultimately, Borel, Lavalley and company removed 75% of the 74 million cubic meters excavated from the main canal. And most of that work was done between 1867 and 1869. Another French contractor,
870:
Arab revolt during the war against the Ottomans. Egypt was declared an independent country in 1922, however, Britain still asserted a right to defend the canal and stationed troops there for that purpose into the 1930s. The company's profits rose greatly during the 1920s and 1930s.
394:
of the concessionaire company would have 32 members, each serving for eight years. The operations office would be headquartered in Alexandria, while administrative offices would be located in Paris. This company was to be called the Universal Company of the Maritime Canal of Suez.
506:
became chief engineer in January 1861 and Hardon's contract expired at the end of 1862. Compared with the later mechanised excavation, a low amount of material was excavated during this phase of construction. The British began to loudly decry the use of corvée labor in 1862.
622:
Two dams prevented the filling of the Great Bitter Lake and thus the completion of the canal, one to the north and one to the south. Rocky terrain was cleared on the Serapeum ridge to the north of the lake for a lake filling ceremony witnessed by Ismail in early 1869. The
485:
from the Nile to Lake Timsah to provide fresh water. Once the necessary infrastructure was established, the plan was to build an 8 metre-wide access canal from Port Said to Lake Timsah and later from Lake Timsah to the Red Sea with the aid of blasting. After the use of
935:
and destroyed large portions of Port Said. The canal was returned to Egypt after the United States disapproved of the action. For the following ten years, the canal was operated by Egypt who paid an amount to the Suez Canal Company for its use. In 1967,
644:
hurdy-gurdy, Arab sword dancing, glassblowing, flame eating, snake charming, juggling, dancing darvishes, belly dancers, Koran recitations, Arabic poetry recitations, prostitution, food, and drink. On 19 November, the flotilla proceeded south to Suez.
631:
while in the region. The southern dam in the rocky Chalufa ridge would not connect the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea until it was broken on 15 August 1869. Prior to that, hand digging was used to remove soil in the remaining 10 miles between
944:. Traffic through the canal began to fall in the early 1980s after petroleum pipelines eroded ship traffic business. After the company became defunct in the late 1990s, the canal was generating $ 2 billion a year in revenue for Egypt.
363:, not to mention various merchant warehouses along the African sea route, Lesseps made several trips to Britain between 1854 and 1858 to persuade Palmerston and the British public. Lesseps also had to fight back against
549:
After Napoleon III's decree in Summer of 1864, the use of corvée labor was restricted. The use of large mechanical dredging machines began to excavate the main canal. In December 1863, Voisin hired Paul Borel and
595:
with mechanical elevators to pour in cement, lime, and water. After curing for two months in wooden frames, they were lifted on to barges that dropped them into the sea. 30,000 blocks were used in the jetties.
291:
for shareholders. There was no stipulation dictating whether the route of the canal would be direct or indirect (from the Nile). The company was given the right to free quarries and import equipment tax-free.
554:'s company, Borel, Lavalley, and Company, to design, build, and operate the dredging and excavation machines to finish the canal. Borel and Lavalley, like many of the engineers working on the project, were
464:
and its new superintendent Alphonse Hardon, planned for and built fresh water distilleries along the route, hauled in additional fresh water from the Nile, built housing for workers, gathered stone for the
558:
alumni. These machines were powered by steam from coal in an era before the mass production of machines and machine tools. The men had prior railroad experience and Lavalley, in particular, had customised
579:
necessitated more than a dozen different types of excavation machinery. Nearly 300 of these machines were used in this 5 year dredging period. Their subcontractor excavation price was determined on a
820:. As a condition of joining the commission, the khedive's right to 15 percent of the commissions from Suez Canal traffic was sold. The buyer was a French bank and the price was 22 million francs.
543:
for remuneration of 84 million francs to the Suez Canal Company for violation of the labor and land agreements. Ismail received a loan from the Oppenheim brothers for nearly 100 million francs.
726:
627:
visited in the Spring of 1869 shortly after the initial lake filling ceremony but while the lake was still filling and toured the canal zone. The prince of Wales stayed in a chalet in
2363:
571:
in Lithuania, and created a machine to dredge ports in Russia. Railroad tracks were laid along the canal route to accommodate some of the machines, whereas others were mounted on
502:. At the same time, the freshwater canal was being dug easterly to Lake Timsah. At the end of 1862, the access canal connecting Lake Timsah to the Mediterranean Sea was complete.
372:
639:
The company and Ismail set aside 1 million francs for the inauguration of the canal on 17 November 1869. One thousand guests were invited for a tour upon opening. The empress
546:
Meanwhile, the progress of the canal construction proceeded slowly from 1863–1864. By February 1864, the corvée had finished the access canal from Lake Timsah to the Red Sea.
1039:
and renovated in the early 2000s. In 2006, a museum dedicated to the Suez Canal history was created in the former board room, on the initiative of the heritage nonprofit
919:, colonial sugar refineries, coal mining companies, railroad companies, electric companies, the African forest and agriculture Society, and the Lyonnaise de Madagascar.
927:
eventually emerged as the leader of Egypt. By the mid-1950s, canal traffic reached 122 million tons annually, over half of which was oil shipments. In response to the
498:
hand digging the canal. Guards were used to watch over the fellahin, although a large number of guards were not required due to the remote location and nearby hostile
1646:
1136:
1108:
510:
Said died in mid-January 1863, and in late-January, just before Ismail began the process of establishing himself as the new viceroy of Egypt by Ottoman Sultan
702:
1089:
1000:
Following its nationalization in 1982 and privatization in 1987, the Suez Company in 1988 successfully participated in a takeover battle for control of the
666:
477:
establishments arose along the route. In 1860, the company employed 210 Europeans and 544 Egyptians along 11 stations of the route. Employees were provided
816:
In 1876, Ismail again faced government debt payment issues and was forced to join an international commission which would govern Egypt's finances known as
240:
1647:"La Privatisation de Suez. Du canal au tunnel sous la Manche : En cent trente ans d'existence, la Compagnie a prouvé ses grandes capacités de rebond"
1683:
890:. Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because under French domination of the company all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of
965:
2481:
2476:
1064:
952:
Following the Suez crisis, the Suez Company reinvented itself as a diversified investment firm. In 1959, it established a banking subsidiary, the
522:. Ismail's motives had to do with his own personal projects (cotton farms, whose export from Egypt had been increasing since the beginning of the
1548:
2461:
2253:
2216:
2211:
1077:
2471:
931:
denying a loan to build a dam across the Nile at Aswan, Nasser declared on 26 July 1956 that Egypt was nationalizing the canal. In response,
452:
was a dry basin, and drinking water was difficult to find. In addition to infrastructure challenges, Said would not allow the use of massive
690:
804:
was interested in his shares of the Suez Canal Company in exchange for paying off the debt instalment, however, the British prime minister
2319:
2113:
1833:
911:
arrival to the company in the 1940s, the board started to hire investment advisors, and by the late 1940s, the company had investments in
813:
owning 44 percent of the shares. However, the remaining 56% of the company's shares remained under the ownership of French shareholders.
2058:
2338:
299:
294:
In that original concession, founding members of the Company were to receive 10 percent of the canal's profits. These members included
603:, half would pass through the canal. After some complaints, a figure of 10 francs per ton and 10 francs per passenger was announced.
295:
636:
and the southern dam. The average final width of the canal was 200 feet – 300 feet at the top with a depth of at least 26 feet.
2295:
2037:
1001:
258:
in 2001 and underwent several subsequent mergers, spin-offs, and restructurings that led to the creation of the energy company
228:
1371:
1860:
1817:
1628:
2053:
940:
with Israel arose and the canal was made impassable with scuttled ships. The canal would not reopen until 1975 after the
907:
reserve of 7 billion francs, a contingency fund of 1.72 billion francs, and a pension fund of 7.81 billion francs. After
796:
Toll revenue from the first five years (1870–1874) are as follows: £206,373, £359,747, £656,305, £915,853, and £994,375.
862:
The British assigned more than 100,000 troops to the canal during the first world war. The canal was used to help stage
2434:
2270:
2246:
2085:
227:, a change that was reversed in 1972. It was nationalized in 1982, then privatized in 1987. It acquired control of the
17:
994:
2309:
1784:
836:
1020:
The opulent building at 1, rue d'Astorg was built for the Suez canal Company in 1911-1913 on a design by architect
192:
2392:
539:
371:
expert opinions on the feasibility of the canal. Lesseps formed an organization of international engineers (the
360:
2333:
2304:
678:
368:
359:– was largely opposed to the canal project, and its citizens owned a potentially competing project in form of
307:
2239:
2164:
1939:
1193:
759:
754:
608:
255:
31:
591:
on land, employed seven of his excavators to dig about 8 million cubic yards of material from 1863 to 1868.
2154:
847:
843:
1823:
1746:
2181:
2119:
1168:
808:
responded quickly and with permission from parliament and Queen Victoria received a £4 million loan from
2418:
503:
179:, which the company built between 1859 and 1869. Initially, French investors held half of the Company's
2191:
1552:
801:
412:
1141:
1183:
714:
886:
in the Suez Canal, specifically demanding that an Italian representative be placed on the company's
375:) to again study the canal route in late 1855, and its results were released to the general public.
2027:
1889:
1853:
1802:
Seeking Bread and Fortune in Port Said: Labor Migration and the Making of the Suez Canal, 1859–1906
1113:
1035:
Following the Suez Company's merger with Lyonnaise des eaux, it was sold to the real estate arm of
982:
908:
580:
460:
publicly backed the canal project. In the meantime from 1859 to 1861, the company's Chief Engineer
274:
155:(Universal Company of the Maritime Canal of Suez), sometimes colloquially referred to in French as
2278:
1102:
348:
832:
817:
424:
251:
99:
2328:
2159:
1094:
654:
588:
1361:
611:
to attempt to sell an additional 100 million francs (£4 million) worth of debt in the form of
599:
revenue. The company estimated that of the 10 million tons of annual goods shipped around the
555:
2377:
2108:
1904:
1231:
835:, Britain landed an army, seized the canal, and developed a protectorate over Egypt, placing
568:
245:
172:
2206:
1251:
L'argent caché : Milieux d'affaires et pouvoirs politiques dans la France du XXe siècle
640:
351:. The Ottoman Empire, although neutral to the idea, were greatly under the influence of the
2139:
2080:
2017:
1899:
1883:
1198:
1178:
1058:
809:
403:
263:
200:
164:
122:
80:
35:
1155:
8:
2456:
2201:
1846:
891:
883:
780:
576:
1021:
827:. Tawfiq was challenged for leadership during a nationalist uprising in 1880 by Colonel
793:
tonnage for 1872, 1873, and 1874 was 1,439,000, 2,085,000, and 2,424,000, respectively.
2424:
2262:
2196:
2149:
2032:
1762:"French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy".
924:
887:
551:
523:
391:
196:
1664:
1024:. The Suez Company was long known colloquially as the "old lady of the rue d'Astorg" (
990:
970:
2428:
2348:
2022:
1996:
1780:
1773:
1367:
1069:
941:
805:
600:
584:
482:
449:
364:
319:
184:
2001:
1805:
615:– maturing in 50 years – to finish the project. Remaining unsold bonds were sold in
514:, Ismail declared that he was establishing reforms in the ways of the creation of a
326:
and his brother Edmond, and members of the chambers of commerce of Lyon and Venice.
318:, Ruyssenaers (Dutch Consul General in Egypt), M. Sabatier (French Consul General),
2387:
2231:
2144:
2103:
1894:
1714:
1130:
1036:
875:
867:
851:
188:
2412:
461:
453:
315:
199:
revoked its concession in 1956 and transferred canal operation to the state-owned
187:
holding most of the balance. In 1875, financial distress forced Sa'id's successor
1083:
1046:
1025:
1016:
Portal of the headquarters building in 2010, before the company's name was erased
986:
920:
356:
112:
1149:
733:
519:
487:
311:
2466:
2382:
2353:
2343:
993:
in 1996. Meanwhile, in 1972 the Suez Company acquired control of another bank,
923:
of the Muhammad Ali line was overthrown in a military coup in 1952 and Colonel
846:
declared the canal a neutral zone under British protection. The agreement went
770:
612:
535:
336:
323:
303:
1726:
746:
2450:
2372:
1718:
1173:
863:
765:
515:
340:
239:
in 1990. In 1997, it merged with water utility and construction conglomerate
1074:(17 December 1892 – 17 July 1896) (acting for de Lesseps to 7 December 1894)
1986:
1507:
1188:
903:
824:
527:
491:
474:
457:
432:
1705:
Brown, Nathan J. (1994). "Who abolished corvée labour in Egypt and why?".
511:
2174:
1991:
937:
932:
916:
828:
564:
531:
445:
352:
204:
1869:
928:
912:
624:
560:
176:
1404:
1956:
1934:
1929:
1684:"Clifford Chance emménage au 1 rue d'Astorg à compter du 11 mai 2015"
774:
441:
1012:
823:
In 1879, Ismail was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan and replaced with
1946:
1727:"European Business History Association 2007 Research Paper Webpage"
1042:
Association du Souvenir de Ferdinand de Lesseps et du Canal de Suez
785:
628:
470:
1416:
1045:. Since May 2015, it has been the Parisian office of the law firm
219:("Suez Financial Company"), and in 1967 changed its name again to
195:. The Suez Company operated the canal until Egypt's new president
1981:
1428:
616:
499:
55:
Former head office of the Suez Company at 1 rue d'Astorg in Paris
2364:
International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez
373:
International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez
1914:
572:
534:
to negotiate on behalf of Egypt, and Nubar in turn allied with
495:
344:
1004:, which significantly broadened its portfolio of activities.
1838:
879:
478:
466:
279:
259:
180:
168:
135:
117:
1951:
633:
50:
902:
Britain secured the canal against the Germans and their
1834:
Sir John Stokes' view of the British acquisition of 40%
1606:
1529:
1488:
1380:
1341:
1329:
897:
398:
2431:
Dredging machine design and implementation (1863-1869)
1828:
1305:
1293:
1281:
262:
and the water and waste-management utility also named
587:, who is credited with the first documented use of a
223:
Compagnie financière de Suez et de l'Union parisienne
2261:
1551:. Egyptian State Information Service. Archived from
1508:"An International Company in Egypt: Suez, 1856–1956"
1476:
1464:
1440:
1269:
1211:
964:
in 1966 following Suez's combination with financier
1567:
1517:
1452:
1392:
1317:
1248:
285:
278:Ferdinand de Lesseps in the 1870s, photographed by
1775:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
1772:
1665:"Grands projets : Astorg-Saussaies, Paris 8e"
1594:
857:
1584:
1582:
1257:
894:was forced to pay tolls upon entering the canal.
473:equipment from the Nile, and looked for workers.
329:
2448:
1629:"Musée Ferdinand de Lesseps et du Canal de Suez"
490:was approved in 1861, work proceeded south from
1541:
153:Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez
2217:United Nations Security Council Resolution 119
2212:United Nations Security Council Resolution 118
1579:
1366:. MotorBooks International. pp. 173–174.
1032:) with reference to its headquarters address.
1007:
64:Transportation infrastructure, then investment
2247:
1854:
1229:
1127:Georges Plescoff (February 1982 – March 1983)
784:Postcard of the Suez Canal Company office in
609:1867 Universal Exposition of Art and Industry
314:, Lesseps and several members of his family,
1040:
989:, which the Suez Company eventually sold to
976:
959:
953:
773:in the early 1890s, now Suez Canal House in
343:to make his case to the Grand Vizier of the
339:, and so Lesseps traveled frequently to the
233:
221:
213:
157:
1681:
750:Suez Company security issued 1 January 1889
2339:Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds
2254:
2240:
1861:
1847:
933:Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt
481:to buy provisions. Plans were made for an
440:Prior to the existence of the Suez Canal,
300:Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds
49:
1363:Giant Earthmovers: An Illustrated History
1359:
1124:Philippe Malet (May 1981 – February 1982)
955:Banque de la Compagnie Financière de Suez
947:
1513:. European Business History Association.
1078:Auguste-Louis-Albéric, prince d'Arenberg
1011:
779:
764:
753:
745:
431:
423:
407:1858 Suez Canal Company Equity Ownership
402:
355:. Since Britain – through the policy of
273:
2482:Transport companies established in 1858
2477:French companies disestablished in 1997
1804:(University of California Press, 2023)
1353:
997:, which it relinquished in the 1980s.
14:
2449:
1744:
1623:
1621:
1482:
1470:
1446:
1253:, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, p. 37
1217:
961:Banque de Suez et de l'Union des mines
254:. The merged entity renamed itself as
163:("The Suez"), was a company formed by
2462:Defunct transport companies of France
2235:
1842:
1747:"The Great Canal at Suez (Volume II)"
732:Illustration of the inauguration, by
419:
2472:French companies established in 1858
1770:
1612:
1573:
1535:
1523:
1494:
1458:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1347:
1335:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1121:Michel Caplain (May 1971 – May 1981)
981:. That bank merged in 1975 with the
898:From World War II to the Suez Crisis
399:Creation and initial public offering
322:and multiple members of his family,
191:to sell the country's shares to the
1824:English translation of the Statutes
1618:
758:Suez Canal Company pavilion at the
741:
619:approved by the French government.
361:a railroad from Alexandria to Cairo
231:in 1988, and changed name again to
24:
1794:
1413:, pp. 211, 217–225, 234, 236.
1030:la vieille dame de la rue d'Astorg
25:
2493:
2320:Société d'Études du Canal de Suez
2114:Société d'études du Canal de Suez
1811:
1704:
1323:
1230:Jean De Belot (12 October 1995).
839:as the head governing authority.
2296:Enfantin and the Saint-Simonians
2263:Suez Canal Engineers (1798–1869)
1913:
1761:
1725:
1600:
1588:
725:
713:
701:
689:
684:Suez canal construction laborers
677:
665:
653:
296:François Barthélemy Arlès-Dufour
286:Original canal concession (1854)
193:government of the United Kingdom
1675:
1657:
1639:
1500:
995:Crédit Industriel et Commercial
858:World War I and Interwar period
2437:Jetty construction (1863-1869)
2425:Paul Borel, Alexandre Lavalley
1868:
1425:, pp. 233, 241, 243, 250.
1242:
1223:
330:Second canal concession (1856)
13:
1:
2271:Napoleon's Survey (1798–1801)
2165:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
1940:Suez Canal Container Terminal
1682:Yves Wehrli (15 April 2015).
1437:, pp. 246, 252, 256–257.
1204:
1099:(4 April 1927 – 1 March 1948)
833:an anti-European riot in 1882
769:Suez Company office built by
760:Exposition Universelle (1889)
269:
2155:Convention of Constantinople
1806:see also review of this book
1249:Jean-Noël Jeanneney (1981),
1232:"A quoi sert le Suez ?"
1002:Société Générale de Belgique
854:between Britain and France.
844:Convention of Constantinople
720:1869 inauguration, engraving
567:on the Black Sea, created a
518:list and the abolishment of
494:with, at its height, 60,000
411:In late Spring of 1858, the
229:Société Générale de Belgique
215:Compagnie financière de Suez
7:
2334:Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin
2305:Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin
1169:Emancipation reform of 1861
1162:
1052:
1008:Paris headquarters building
308:Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin
10:
2498:
2421:Chief Engineer (1861-1869)
2415:Chief Engineer (1859-1861)
1820:on Google Books, in French
1771:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
1745:Fitzgerald, Percy (1876).
1698:
1152:(October 1990 – July 1995)
1146:(July 1986 – October 1990)
413:French Academy of Sciences
29:
2405:
2362:
2318:
2294:
2287:
2269:
2173:
2132:
2096:
2073:
2046:
2010:
1974:
1967:
1922:
1911:
1876:
1194:Suez (company, 1997–2008)
131:
105:
94:
86:
76:
68:
60:
48:
32:Suez (company, 1997–2008)
2419:François Philippe Voisin
2406:Construction (1859–1869)
2054:Area Development Project
2028:El Ferdan Railway Bridge
1890:Port Said Port Authority
1133:(March 1983 – July 1986)
1061:(1855 – 7 December 1894)
978:Union des mines La Hénin
504:François Philippe Voisin
436:Suez Company stamp, 1868
379:exemptions. A majority (
30:Not to be confused with
1829:Suez corporate web site
1818:Statutes of the Company
1158:(July 1995 – June 1997)
909:Jacques Georges-Picot's
850:, the same year as the
469:, assembled some aging
448:had few residents, the
252:Suez-Lyonnaise des eaux
167:in 1858 to operate the
100:Suez-Lyonnaise des eaux
2329:Paul-Adrien Bourdaloue
2310:Charles Joseph Lambert
2160:Raid on the Suez Canal
1719:10.1093/past/144.1.116
1080:(3 August 1896 – 1913)
1041:
1029:
1017:
977:
960:
954:
948:Development after 1956
789:
777:
762:
751:
589:bucket chain excavator
437:
429:
428:Ottoman Empire in 1862
408:
282:
234:
222:
214:
158:
2378:John Robinson McClean
2279:Jacques-Marie Le Père
2109:Canal of the Pharaohs
1905:Port Said Governorate
1184:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1109:Jacques Georges-Picot
1105:(4 April 1948 – 1957)
1103:François Charles-Roux
1015:
983:Banque de l'Indochine
783:
768:
757:
749:
569:tunnel boring machine
532:Boghos Nubar Nubarian
435:
427:
406:
277:
183:, with Egypt's ruler
2354:The Talabot brothers
2288:Planning (1833–1859)
2140:Ferdinand de Lesseps
2081:Lessepsian migration
2018:Port Said Lighthouse
1900:Ismailia Governorate
1884:Suez Canal Authority
1199:Suez (company, 2015)
1179:Port Said Lighthouse
1137:Renaud de La Genière
1086:(19 May 1913 – 1927)
1059:Ferdinand de Lesseps
810:Lionel de Rothschild
788:, early 20th century
581:price-per-unit basis
530:. Ismail authorised
353:British at that time
203:, precipitating the
201:Suez Canal Authority
165:Ferdinand de Lesseps
151:, full initial name
81:Ferdinand de Lesseps
36:Suez (company, 2015)
2202:Operation Telescope
2192:Operation Musketeer
2133:French/UK operation
2038:Power line crossing
1779:. Alfred A. Knopf.
1766:. 19 December 1938.
1615:, pp. 268–270.
1555:on 20 February 2007
1538:, pp. 265–266.
1497:, pp. 262–264.
1389:, pp. 210–211.
1350:, pp. 208–210.
1338:, pp. 182–204.
1326:, pp. 116–137.
1314:, pp. 154–180.
1302:, pp. 132–144.
1290:, pp. 106–123.
892:Italian East Africa
884:sphere of influence
848:into effect in 1904
708:Dredging operations
660:Construction trains
556:École Polytechnique
335:subdivision of the
45:
2207:Protocol of Sèvres
2197:Operation Tarnegol
2150:Suez Canal Company
2033:Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel
1800:Carminati, Lucia.
1749:. Tinsley Brothers
1707:Past & Present
1635:. 15 January 2014.
1603:, pp. 12, 13.
1018:
925:Gamal Abdel Nasser
888:board of directors
790:
778:
763:
752:
672:Chalufa ridge work
552:Alexandre Lavalley
524:American Civil War
438:
430:
420:Canal construction
409:
392:board of directors
283:
241:Lyonnaise des eaux
197:Gamal Abdel Nasser
149:Suez Canal Company
43:
18:Suez Canal Company
2444:
2443:
2429:Alphonse Couvreux
2401:
2400:
2349:Robert Stephenson
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2069:
2068:
2023:Suez Canal Bridge
1997:Great Bitter Lake
1653:. 6 October 1987.
1373:978-1-61060-586-1
1278:, pp. 81–82.
1156:Gérard Mestrallet
1118:(1957 – May 1971)
975:'s conglomerate,
942:Camp David Accord
831:. In response to
806:Benjamin Disraeli
601:Cape of Good Hope
585:Alphonse Couvreux
456:until 1861, when
450:Great Bitter Lake
365:Robert Stephenson
235:Compagnie de Suez
141:
140:
44:Compagnie de Suez
27:Transport company
16:(Redirected from
2489:
2435:Dussaud brothers
2388:Pietro Paleocapa
2292:
2291:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2130:
2129:
2104:Heroopolite Gulf
1972:
1971:
1923:Cities and ports
1917:
1895:Suez Governorate
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1790:
1778:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1732:. ebha.org. 2007
1731:
1722:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1145:
1131:Jean Peyrelevade
1117:
1098:
1073:
1044:
1037:General Electric
1022:Henri Paul Nénot
980:
974:
963:
957:
876:Benito Mussolini
852:Entente cordiale
802:Société Générale
742:Early operations
729:
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
648:million (1867).
388:
387:
383:
249:
237:
225:
217:
161:
53:
46:
42:
21:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2397:
2358:
2314:
2283:
2265:
2260:
2230:
2221:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2128:
2120:Obstruction by
2092:
2065:
2042:
2006:
1963:
1918:
1909:
1872:
1867:
1814:
1797:
1795:Further reading
1787:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1688:Clifford Chance
1680:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1360:Keith Haddock.
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1165:
1139:
1111:
1092:
1084:Charles Jonnart
1067:
1055:
1047:Clifford Chance
1010:
991:Crédit Agricole
987:Banque Indosuez
968:
950:
900:
860:
744:
737:
730:
721:
718:
709:
706:
697:
696:Dredge machine
694:
685:
682:
673:
670:
661:
658:
625:prince of Wales
422:
401:
385:
381:
380:
357:Lord Palmerston
332:
288:
272:
243:
127:
113:Banque Indosuez
98:Merger to form
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Alois Negrelli
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Alois Negrelli
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2285:
2284:
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2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2059:New Suez Canal
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2002:Ismaïlia Canal
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1968:Infrastructure
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1812:External links
1810:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1768:
1759:
1742:
1723:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1674:
1656:
1638:
1633:Paris-Bise-Art
1617:
1605:
1593:
1578:
1576:, p. 268.
1566:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 265.
1516:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1461:, p. 260.
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1401:, p. 239.
1391:
1379:
1372:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1241:
1222:
1220:, p. 122.
1209:
1208:
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1202:
1201:
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1191:
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1106:
1100:
1090:Louis de Vogüé
1087:
1081:
1075:
1065:Jules Guichard
1062:
1054:
1051:
1009:
1006:
949:
946:
899:
896:
878:demanded that
859:
856:
771:Edmond Coignet
743:
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664:
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652:
575:. The varying
536:Emile Ollivier
421:
418:
400:
397:
337:Ottoman Empire
331:
328:
324:Paulin Talabot
320:Sa'id of Egypt
304:Richard Cobden
287:
284:
271:
268:
139:
138:
133:
129:
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2452:
2436:
2433:
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2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:Eugène Mougel
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Charles Manby
2371:
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2148:
2146:
2145:Isma'il Pasha
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
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2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:Constructions
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
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1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
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1970:
1966:
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1799:
1798:
1788:
1786:0-375-40883-5
1782:
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1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1591:, p. 23.
1590:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1485:, p. 96.
1484:
1479:
1473:, p. 87.
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1449:, p. 66.
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1369:
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1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1266:, p. 79.
1265:
1260:
1252:
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1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1195:
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1190:
1187:
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1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Panic of 1873
1172:
1170:
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1157:
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905:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
864:T.E. Lawrence
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
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811:
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570:
566:
562:
557:
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547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:civil service
513:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
462:Eugène Mougel
459:
455:
454:corvée labour
451:
447:
443:
434:
426:
417:
414:
405:
396:
393:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Sublime Porte
338:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:Eugène Mougel
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
281:
276:
267:
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2175:Suez Crisis
2074:Marine life
1992:Lake Timsah
1877:Authorities
1753:19 November
1736:19 November
1713:: 116–137.
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938:another war
921:King Farouk
917:Air Liquide
837:Lord Cromer
829:Ahmad Urabi
565:lighthouses
563:, designed
561:locomotives
446:Lake Timsah
244: [
205:Suez Crisis
185:Sa'id Pasha
2457:Suez Canal
2451:Categories
2122:Ever Given
1975:Waterworks
1870:Suez Canal
1483:Fitzgerald
1471:Fitzgerald
1447:Fitzgerald
1218:Fitzgerald
1205:References
958:, renamed
929:World Bank
913:Air France
512:Abdul Aziz
369:Enfantin's
270:Background
177:Suez Canal
173:concession
2047:Expansion
1957:Suez Port
1935:Port Fuad
1930:Port Said
1669:avdlv.com
1236:Les Echos
874:In 1938,
842:The 1888
775:Port Said
617:lotteries
577:soil type
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106:Successor
2182:Timeline
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1163:See also
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500:Bedouins
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250:to form
171:granted
169:Egyptian
61:Industry
2097:History
1982:Suezmax
1699:Sources
1671:. 2002.
882:have a
736:in 1869
641:Eugénie
384:⁄
175:of the
159:Le Suez
87:Defunct
77:Founder
69:Founded
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1952:Suez
1781:ISBN
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