307:
612:
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36:
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Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion, some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but most of it will go into a steam atmosphere, and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming an ocean. There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as
464:
space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had. Later flybys of Titan provided radar and infrared images that showed a series of hydrocarbon lakes in the colder polar regions.
362:
water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised. Although their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by
Wiktorowicz and Ingersall ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune, though oceans of metallic liquid carbon are possible.
603:
the magma solidifies—this will happen even for planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water, so "super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary impact."
202:, which are made of hydrocarbons instead of water. However, there is strong evidence for the existence of subsurface water oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. The best-established candidates for subsurface water oceans in the Solar System are Jupiter's moons
985:
Hendrix, Amanda R.; Hurford, Terry A.; Barge, Laura M.; Bland, Michael T.; Bowman, Jeff S.; Brinckerhoff, William; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Cable, Morgan L.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Collins, Geoffrey C.; et al. (2019).
710:, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface. Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets (
583:
Other possible candidates are merely speculative based on their mass and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is actually known of their composition. Some scientists speculate
1436:
Joachim, Saur; Duling, Stefan; Roth, Lorenz; Jia, Xianzhe; et al. (March 2015). "The search for a subsurface ocean in
Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope observations of its auroral ovals".
1481:
Vance, Steve; Bouffard, Mathieu; Choukroun, Mathieu; Sotina, Christophe (12 April 2014). "Ganymede's internal structure including thermodynamics of magnesium sulfate oceans in contact with ice".
1786:
229:
with large stable bodies of liquid water on its surface, and the only such planet in the Solar System, other celestial bodies are thought to have large oceans. In June 2020,
2329:
Goldreich, Peter M.; Mitchell, Jonathan L. (2010). "Elastic ice shells of synchronous moons: Implications for cracks on Europa and non-synchronous rotation of Titan".
2373:
A number of synchronous moons are thought to harbor water oceans beneath their outer ice shells. A subsurface ocean frictionally decouples the shell from the interior
105:. This field remains speculative until further missions reach the oceans beneath the rock or ice layer of the moons. There are many theories about oceans or even
792:, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles. The gaseous outer layers of
2386:"Study of the ice shells and possible subsurface oceans of the Galilean satellites using laser altimeters on board the Europa and Ganymede orbiters JEO and JGO"
909:
1105:
144:, when dissolved in water, will lower water's freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine, or
525:
have oceans beneath solid icy crusts approximately 100 to 180 kilometers (60 to 110 mi) thick. In June 2020, astronomers reported evidence that the
370:
suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic (much of it residing in the
2023:"New Evidence Suggests Something Strange and Surprising about Pluto - The findings will make scientists rethink the habitability of Kuiper Belt objects"
834:
628:
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Some planets and natural satellites outside the Solar System are likely to have oceans, including possible water ocean planets similar to Earth in the
441:
have been found on Saturn's moon
Enceladus, possibly originating from an ocean about 10 kilometers (6 mi) beneath the surface ice shell. Other
1706:
2408:
1991:
2961:
1647:
465:
Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust.
1426:
M. Way et al. "Was Venus the First
Habitable World of Our Solar System?" Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 16, pp. 8376-8383.
1794:
1214:
509:
to determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of supporting oceans, although models of radioactive decay suggest that
2496:
374:). The possibility continues to be studied along with reasons for their apparent disappearance. Some astronomers now propose that
1787:"Two of Uranus' Moons May Harbor Active Oceans, Radiation Data Suggests | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory"
2245:
2129:
2133:
599:
orbiting planets, particularly gas giants within their parent star's habitable zone may theoretically have surface oceans.
943:
1599:
Khurana, K. K.; Kivelson, M. G.; Stevenson, D. J.; Schubert, G.; Russell, C. T.; Walker, R. J.; Polanskey, C. (1998).
47:. The reason given is: Missing more recent information on Mimas's proposed ocean and the possibility of Dione's ocean.
2261:
Coustenis, A.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Lebreton, J.; Matson, D.; et al. (2008). "The Titan Saturn System
Mission".
698:. It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of
784:, although not liquids, do share various properties with liquids. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets
17:
386:
A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on the
3104:
2716:
1878:"Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects"
895:
2936:
824:
647:
Oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water, for example the
301:
2530:
Atmospheric Loss of Sub-Neptune's and
Implications for Liquid Phases of Different Solvents on Their Surfaces
866:"Exo-oceanography, climate, and habitability of tidal-locking exoplanets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs"
176:
2291:
Nimmo, F.; Bills, B. G. (2010). "Shell thickness variations and the long-wavelength topography of Titan".
929:
306:
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1132:
1046:
2148:
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2415:
1723:
Lainey, V.; Rambaux, N.; Tobie, G.; Cooper, N.; Zhang, Q.; Noyelles, B.; Baillié, K. (February 2024).
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1999:
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133:
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285:
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1816:
Khurana, K. K.; Jia, X.; Kivelson, M. G.; Nimmo, F.; Schubert, G.; Russell, C. T. (12 May 2011).
964:
2232:. In Lucy Ann Adams McFadden; Lucy-Ann Adams; Paul Robert Weissman; Torrence V. Johnson (eds.).
3094:
3062:
3004:
2677:
1688:
534:
506:
371:
2971:
1666:"Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations"
1518:"Triton: Topography and Geology of a Probable Ocean World with Comparison to Pluto and Charon"
456:, although they are not large enough to be considered oceans and are sometimes referred to as
3099:
2913:
2442:; Fegley, Bruce Jr. (2009). "Chemistry of Silicate Atmospheres of Evaporating Super-Earths".
367:
129:
2986:
2646:
2198:
1494:
1159:
260:, hence the likelihood of oceans of liquid hydrogen deep in the interior of gas giants like
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2642:
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1615:
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1324:
1250:
1219:
999:
877:
484:
478:
3069:
2317:
observations can be explained if Titan has a floating, isostatically-compensated ice shell
1366:
Wiktorowicz, Sloane J.; Ingersoll, Andrew P. (2007). "Liquid water oceans in ice giants".
1307:
445:
may also have internal oceans, or may once have had internal oceans that have now frozen.
8:
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2754:
2709:
1959:
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707:
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was also considered but ruled out. There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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the Titan system, rich in organics, containing a vast subsurface ocean of liquid water
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suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a
94:
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to a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen that may exist underneath
Jupiter's surface.
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1938:
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1516:
Schenk, Paul; Beddingfield, Chloe; Bertrand, Tanguy; et al. (September 2021).
1498:
1461:
1453:
1413:
1393:
1332:
1306:
Iess, L.; Stevenson, D. J.; Parisi, M.; Hemingway, D.; et al. (4 April 2014).
1258:
1017:
1007:
743:
739:
723:
680:
499:
187:
137:
1601:"Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto"
965:"Ocean-bearing Planets: Looking For Extraterrestrial Life In All The Right Places"
2903:
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2837:
2827:
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2360:
2312:
2022:
1903:
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1397:
1106:"Are Planets with Oceans Common in the Galaxy? It's Likely, NASA Scientists Find"
1078:"Are planets with oceans common in the galaxy? It's likely, NASA scientists find"
668:
664:
550:
410:
402:
340:
211:
207:
183:
are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.
159:
is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth's. The Solar System's
3051:
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1748:
812:
558:
495:
492:
449:
418:
199:
90:
2409:"Tidal heating and the long-term stability of a subsurface ocean on Enceladus"
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406:
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156:
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102:
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1817:
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545:
310:
Artist's conception of subsurface ocean of
Enceladus confirmed April 3, 2014
3040:
2920:
2886:
1998:. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. 2013. Archived from
1851:
1764:
1702:
1344:
1031:
759:
699:
652:
636:
624:
592:
588:
577:
562:
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252:
remain poorly understood. Scientists suspect that, under extreme pressure,
219:
180:
160:
110:
98:
97:, it only began after the discovery of underground oceans in Saturn's moon
86:
2527:
Leitner, J.J.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Leitzinger, M.; et al. (2009).
2175:
Elkins-Tanton (2010). "Formation of Early Water Oceans on Rocky
Planets".
1635:
1466:
1241:
Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2012). "Magma Oceans in the Inner Solar System".
1012:
151:. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated to exist beneath the surfaces of many
2981:
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839:
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518:
281:
106:
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Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that
1542:
1517:
584:
378:
may have had liquid water and perhaps oceans for over 2 billion years.
269:
249:
164:
145:
3073:
2107:"Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology"
194:. The only confirmed large, stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface
2881:
2847:
763:
731:
676:
569:
442:
430:
398:
348:
328:
292:
when the planet or natural satellite is completely or partly molten.
238:
234:
215:
168:
167:
layers of yet-to-be-confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on
944:"Titan Likely To Have Huge Underground Ocean | Mind Blowing Science"
930:"A Freaky Fluid inside Jupiter? | Science Mission Directorate"
804:
755:
735:
656:
473:
438:
253:
2456:
2343:
2189:
2130:"Updates on Exoplanets during the First Kepler Science Conference"
1627:
679:
are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–
561:
or "liquid-water belt". The detection of oceans, even through the
136:
may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as
2153:
793:
789:
747:
715:
596:
573:
355:
332:
273:
261:
195:
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141:
114:
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method, however is likely extremely difficult and inconclusive.
318:
Diagram of Europa's interior showing its global subsurface ocean
314:
910:"NASA discovers an underground ocean on Jupiter's largest moon"
797:
785:
767:
727:
434:
351:
336:
277:
265:
226:
896:"Titan's Underground Ocean | Science Mission Directorate"
113:, from oceans made of liquid carbon with floating diamonds in
2858:
2799:
2784:
2725:
2260:
2051:"Evidence for a hot start and early ocean formation on Pluto"
1876:
Hussmann, Hauke; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman (November 2006).
775:
719:
632:
587:
may be an "ocean-like" planet. Models have been proposed for
510:
426:
339:, are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of
125:
82:
78:
2526:
1871:
1869:
1663:
1559:"Heat flow and depth to a possible internal ocean on Triton"
1480:
1305:
468:
2236:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press. p.
1958:
Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; McCord, T. B.; Davis, A. G. (2007).
1285:
1164:
1137:
1110:
1073:
1051:
751:
635:. The large island Mayda Insula is left of top center, and
230:
186:
Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water, or other
121:
1664:
Zimmer, C.; Khurana, K. K.; Kivelson, Margaret G. (2000).
1515:
2789:
1957:
1866:
148:
2694:
2562:"Many Chemistries Could Be Used to Build Living Systems"
1722:
1359:
984:
502:
and may harbour a liquid-water ocean under its surface.
1815:
1308:"The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus"
155:
and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of the moon
1996:
pluto.jhuapl.edu — NASA New
Horizons mission site
690:
that are extremely close to their parent star will be
2618:"A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn"
706:
close to their star could lose their atmospheres via
572:, detected by transit, is composed of exotic form of
1875:
1725:"A recently formed ocean inside Saturn's moon Mimas"
1435:
1365:
175:, including surface oceans of liquid water within a
1818:"Evidence of a Global Magma Ocean in Io's Interior"
1791:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
1281:"NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon"
2584:"Water-ammonia ionic ocean on Uranus and Neptune?"
2581:
1187:"Oceans of diamond possible on Uranus and Neptune"
835:List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
128:are theorized to have had large water oceans. The
2328:
1103:
936:
477:Diagram showing a possible internal structure of
3086:
2228:McKinnon, William B.; Kirk, Randolph L. (2007).
2149:"Hot "ice" may cover recently discovered planet"
1274:
1272:
1215:"It May Rain Diamonds Inside Neptune and Uranus"
1104:Shekhtman, Lonnie; et al. (June 18, 2020).
2048:
1047:"The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water"
1045:Dyches, Preston; Chou, Felcia (April 7, 2015).
815:, and is a supercritical fluid at the surface.
347:is not well understood. The possibility of the
2438:
1438:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
978:
2710:
2497:"Fluid Dynamics of a Terrestrial Magma Ocean"
2174:
2127:
2109:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2049:Bierson, Carver; et al. (22 June 2020).
1269:
1243:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1240:
1097:
595:is speculated to have an ocean of "hot ice".
2227:
2098:
2042:
2014:
1592:
1550:
1299:
1038:
606:
530:
452:are thought to be present on the surface of
2582:Atreya, S.; Egeler, P.; Baines, K. (2006).
2575:
1910:
1716:
1657:
1429:
957:
233:scientists reported that it is likely that
2717:
2703:
2290:
2140:
1793:. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from
1509:
1066:
1044:
576:, making up 75% of its mass, making it an
295:
2636:
2494:
2455:
2401:
2342:
2188:
1942:
1841:
1692:
1541:
1465:
1379:
1278:
1021:
1011:
469:Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects
2609:
2552:
2520:
2488:
2263:American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
2254:
1951:
694:and so one half of the planet will be a
610:
544:
472:
313:
305:
2615:
2536:. European Planetary Science Congress.
2432:
2378:
2322:
2168:
2132:. Planetary Habitability Laboratory at
2121:
2104:
1778:
1279:Platt, Jane; Bell, Brian (2014-04-03).
85:. Unlike other planetary sciences like
14:
3087:
2669:
2284:
1916:
1784:
2698:
2559:
2221:
2020:
1984:
1474:
1234:
381:
3058:
2675:
1960:"Ceres: evolution and present state"
1919:"Ceres: Evolution and current state"
1556:
1212:
1072:
629:largest known body of surface liquid
29:
2678:"Jupiter: a giant primitive planet"
2146:
1263:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105503
800:transition smoothly into oceans of
591:that could include surface oceans.
268:have been hypothesized to exist on
120:Early in their geologic histories,
24:
2763:
2128:Mendez Torres, Abel (2011-12-08).
988:"The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds"
863:
549:Rendering of a hypothetical large
505:Not enough is known of the larger
429:ocean is thought to be present on
25:
3116:
2444:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1160:"NASA System Exploration Jupiter"
533:, and consequently may have been
237:with oceans may be common in the
225:Although Earth is the only known
3068:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3035:
2234:Encyclopedia of the Solar System
2105:Aguilar, David A. (2009-12-16).
1712:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1653:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1133:"A Freaky Fluid inside Jupiter?"
553:with surface liquid-water oceans
163:are also thought to have liquid
81:on planets and moons other than
34:
27:Study of extraterrestrial oceans
2021:Rabie, Passant (22 June 2020).
1923:Journal of Geophysical Research
1809:
1420:
1206:
1179:
1152:
1125:
639:is at upper left. A portion of
409:; and, with less certainty, in
358:having hot, highly compressed,
2591:Geophysical Research Abstracts
2177:Astrophysics and Space Science
1785:Jeremy, Rehm (16 March 2023).
1557:Ruiz, Javier (December 2003).
922:
902:
888:
857:
13:
1:
2937:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2655:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00043-4
850:
825:Extraterrestrial liquid water
655:. The possibility of seas of
643:enters the view at top right.
540:
450:bodies of liquid hydrocarbons
302:Extraterrestrial liquid water
243:mathematical modeling studies
2540:. Vol. 4. p. 542.
2474:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/L113
2361:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.013
2313:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.020
2147:Fox, Maggie (May 16, 2007).
1904:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005
1586:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.009
1398:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.003
537:, when it was first formed.
177:circumstellar habitable zone
7:
2625:Planetary and Space Science
1967:Lunar and Planetary Science
1483:Planetary and Space Science
818:
109:of celestial bodies in the
10:
3121:
1917:McCord, Thomas B. (2005).
1749:10.1038/s41586-023-06975-9
864:Hu, Yongyun (2015-08-01).
322:
299:
3030:
2997:
2929:
2856:
2815:
2775:
2761:
2732:
2724:
2676:Lang, Kenneth R. (2003).
2495:Solomatov, V. S. (2000).
2207:10.1007/s10509-010-0535-3
2077:10.1038/s41561-020-0595-0
1503:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011
607:Non-water surface liquids
134:runaway greenhouse effect
43:This article needs to be
946:. Mindblowingscience.com
617:synthetic aperture radar
284:exist during periods of
2647:1999P&SS...47.1183G
2560:Bains, William (2004).
2199:2011Ap&SS.332..359E
1843:10.1126/science.1201425
1495:2014P&SS...96...62V
1337:10.1126/science.1250551
1213:Magazine, Smithsonian.
507:trans-Neptunian objects
296:Extraterrestrial oceans
288:on any planet and some
248:The inner structure of
3105:Extraterrestrial water
2947:Planetary oceanography
2769:
1703:10.1006/icar.2000.6456
644:
615:False-color mosaic of
554:
481:
319:
311:
67:Planetary oceanography
2767:
1013:10.1089/ast.2018.1955
614:
548:
529:Pluto may have had a
476:
368:Mars ocean hypothesis
317:
309:
300:Further information:
214:, and Saturn's moons
130:Mars ocean hypothesis
3010:Ocean stratification
2843:Doubly labeled water
2616:Guillot, T. (1999).
1944:10.1029/2004JE002244
1458:10.1002/2014JA020778
1220:Smithsonian Magazine
870:IAU General Assembly
782:Supercritical fluids
3015:Lake stratification
2998:Physical parameters
2631:(10–11): 1183–200.
2603:2005AGUFM.P11A0088A
2546:2009epsc.conf..542L
2466:2009ApJ...703L.113S
2353:2010Icar..209..631G
2305:2010Icar..208..896N
2275:2008AGUFM.P21A1346C
2069:2020NatGe..13..468B
2002:on 13 November 2014
1935:2005JGRE..110.5009M
1896:2006Icar..185..258H
1834:2011Sci...332.1186K
1828:(6034): 1186–1189.
1741:2024Natur.626..280L
1685:2000Icar..147..329Z
1620:1998Natur.395..777K
1578:2003Icar..166..436R
1534:2021RemS...13.3476S
1450:2015JGRA..120.1715S
1390:2007Icar..186..436W
1329:2014Sci...344...78I
1255:2012AREPS..40..113E
1004:2019AsBio..19....1H
915:The Washington Post
882:2015IAUGA..2245847H
809:atmosphere of Venus
708:hydrodynamic escape
688:terrestrial planets
264:. Oceans of liquid
258:supercritical fluid
101:and Jupiter's moon
2962:List of Candidates
2823:Deuterium-depleted
2770:
2558:Tables 3 and 4 in
1992:"The Inside Story"
1797:on 28 January 2024
1543:10.3390/rs13173476
967:. Sciencedaily.com
645:
555:
482:
388:natural satellites
382:Natural satellites
320:
312:
290:natural satellites
77:, is the study of
71:astro-oceanography
3082:
3081:
3022:Ocean temperature
2247:978-0-12-088589-3
2056:Nature Geoscience
1735:(7998): 280–282.
1614:(6704): 777–780.
1076:(June 18, 2020).
345:planetary geology
95:planetary geology
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
3112:
3072:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3039:
2942:Asteroidal water
2930:Extraterrestrial
2719:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2640:
2638:astro-ph/9907402
2622:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2502:. Archived from
2501:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2459:
2450:(2): L113–L117.
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2414:. Archived from
2413:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2192:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1444:(3): 1715–1737.
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1383:
1381:astro-ph/0609723
1363:
1357:
1356:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1015:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
940:
934:
933:
926:
920:
919:
906:
900:
899:
892:
886:
885:
861:
744:hydrogen sulfide
740:hydrogen cyanide
724:carbon disulfide
681:ammonia solution
531:subsurface ocean
343:; however their
239:Milky Way galaxy
75:exo-oceanography
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Subsurface ocean
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3026:
2993:
2925:
2852:
2811:
2771:
2759:
2728:
2723:
2693:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2548:. EPSC2009-542.
2533:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2440:Schaefer, Laura
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2327:
2323:
2289:
2285:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2226:
2222:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1915:
1911:
1874:
1867:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1694:10.1.1.366.7700
1668:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1514:
1510:
1479:
1475:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1364:
1360:
1323:(6179): 78–80.
1310:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1277:
1270:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1043:
1039:
983:
979:
970:
968:
963:
962:
958:
949:
947:
942:
941:
937:
928:
927:
923:
908:
907:
903:
894:
893:
889:
862:
858:
853:
821:
631:beside Earth's
609:
551:extrasolar moon
543:
471:
462:Cassini–Huygens
384:
341:liquid hydrogen
325:
304:
298:
256:would act as a
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3005:Stratification
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2668:
2608:
2574:
2551:
2538:EPSC Abstracts
2519:
2487:
2431:
2400:
2377:
2337:(2): 631–638.
2321:
2299:(2): 896–904.
2283:
2253:
2246:
2220:
2183:(2): 359–364.
2167:
2139:
2120:
2097:
2063:(7): 468–472.
2041:
2013:
1983:
1950:
1929:(E5): E05009.
1909:
1890:(1): 258–273.
1865:
1808:
1777:
1715:
1679:(2): 329–347.
1656:
1591:
1572:(2): 436–439.
1549:
1522:Remote Sensing
1508:
1473:
1467:2027.42/111157
1428:
1419:
1374:(2): 436–447.
1358:
1298:
1268:
1249:(1): 113–139.
1233:
1205:
1178:
1151:
1124:
1096:
1065:
1037:
977:
956:
935:
921:
901:
887:
855:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
820:
817:
813:carbon dioxide
692:tidally locked
608:
605:
559:habitable zone
542:
539:
489:differentiated
487:appears to be
470:
467:
383:
380:
324:
321:
297:
294:
200:lakes of Titan
91:astrochemistry
69:, also called
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Space science
3093:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Hycean planet
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:Water droplet
2766:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2597:: P11A–0088.
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2509:on 2012-03-24
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2421:on 2010-07-21
2417:
2410:
2404:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:10.1038/27394
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1192:Astronomy Now
1188:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
981:
966:
960:
945:
939:
931:
925:
917:
916:
911:
905:
897:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
803:
802:supercritical
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
777:
773:
772:sulfuric acid
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:giant impacts
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
552:
547:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
480:
475:
466:
463:
460:or seas. The
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
361:
360:supercritical
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
316:
308:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
181:Ocean planets
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:giant planets
158:
154:
153:dwarf planets
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3100:Oceanography
2946:
2887:Hydrobiology
2872:Distribution
2682:. Retrieved
2671:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2594:
2590:
2577:
2569:Astrobiology
2568:
2554:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2511:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2490:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2403:
2392:. Retrieved
2380:
2372:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2233:
2223:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2152:
2142:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2060:
2054:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1970:
1966:
1953:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1887:
1881:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1732:
1728:
1718:
1676:
1672:
1659:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1528:(17): 3476.
1525:
1521:
1511:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1320:
1314:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1284:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1218:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1081:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1050:
1040:
995:
992:Astrobiology
991:
980:
969:. Retrieved
959:
948:. Retrieved
938:
924:
913:
904:
890:
873:
869:
859:
780:
760:nitric oxide
712:thalassogens
704:Hot Neptunes
685:
675:, Titan and
646:
637:Jingpo Lacus
601:
593:Gliese 436 b
589:Gliese 581 d
582:
578:ocean planet
567:
563:spectroscopy
556:
527:dwarf planet
504:
483:
457:
447:
385:
365:
326:
282:Magma oceans
247:
224:
185:
119:
111:Solar System
107:ocean worlds
87:astrobiology
74:
70:
66:
65:
52:
44:
2952:Ocean world
2877:Hydrosphere
2805:superheated
2134:UPR Arecibo
2113:January 23,
1973:: 2006–2007
1083:EurekAlert!
998:(1): 1–27.
876:: 2245847.
845:Ocean world
840:Magma ocean
830:Lava planet
696:magma ocean
686:Extrasolar
649:hydrocarbon
641:Ligeia Mare
621:Kraken Mare
241:, based on
165:atmospheric
3089:Categories
3074:Wiktionary
2909:management
2755:Properties
2684:2007-01-10
2513:2021-02-26
2425:2011-10-14
2394:2011-10-14
1977:2009-06-25
1801:9 February
1770:9 February
1292:2014-04-03
1226:8 December
1198:8 December
1171:8 December
1144:8 December
971:2012-11-08
950:2012-11-08
851:References
714:) include
585:Kepler-22b
541:Extrasolar
349:ice giants
329:gas giants
272:, notably
270:ice giants
250:gas giants
235:exoplanets
169:exoplanets
146:convecting
55:March 2024
2987:Enceladus
2968:Specific
2904:Resources
2899:Pollution
2882:Hydrology
2848:Hydronium
2838:Tritiated
2828:Semiheavy
2733:Overviews
2457:0906.1204
2369:119282970
2344:0910.0032
2190:1011.2710
2085:219976751
1757:1476-4687
1689:CiteSeerX
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1406:0019-1035
811:is 96.5%
764:phosphine
732:hydrazine
677:Enceladus
651:lakes on
570:GJ 1214 b
535:habitable
443:icy moons
439:fumaroles
399:Enceladus
286:accretion
216:Enceladus
192:compounds
3052:Category
2663:19024073
2482:28361321
2269:: 1346.
2230:"Triton"
2215:53476552
2006:2 August
1860:19389957
1852:21566160
1765:38326592
1707:Archived
1648:Archived
1353:28990283
1345:24700854
1117:June 20,
1089:June 20,
1058:April 8,
1032:30346215
819:See also
805:hydrogen
756:nitrogen
736:hydrogen
669:Callisto
665:Ganymede
657:nitrogen
597:Exomoons
498:and icy
411:Callisto
403:Ganymede
372:ice caps
254:hydrogen
212:Callisto
208:Ganymede
198:are the
188:elements
173:exomoons
3063:Commons
2740:Outline
2643:Bibcode
2599:Bibcode
2542:Bibcode
2462:Bibcode
2349:Bibcode
2301:Bibcode
2271:Bibcode
2195:Bibcode
2160:May 18,
2154:Reuters
2090:23 June
2065:Bibcode
2034:23 June
2028:Inverse
1971:XXXVIII
1931:Bibcode
1892:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
1822:Science
1737:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
1644:4424606
1636:9796812
1616:Bibcode
1574:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
1446:Bibcode
1414:7829260
1386:Bibcode
1325:Bibcode
1316:Science
1251:Bibcode
1023:6338575
1000:Bibcode
878:Bibcode
794:Jupiter
790:Neptune
748:methane
716:ammonia
574:ice VII
491:into a
435:Geysers
419:Miranda
356:Neptune
333:Jupiter
323:Planets
274:Neptune
262:Jupiter
196:liquids
142:ammonia
115:Neptune
45:updated
3067:
3056:
3045:
3041:Portal
3034:
2972:Europa
2921:Supply
2914:policy
2894:Origin
2785:Liquid
2777:States
2680:. NASA
2661:
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2331:Icarus
2293:Icarus
2244:
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2083:
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1858:
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1729:Nature
1691:
1673:Icarus
1642:
1634:
1608:Nature
1566:Icarus
1412:
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1368:Icarus
1351:
1343:
1030:
1020:
807:. The
798:Saturn
786:Uranus
774:, and
768:silane
728:ethane
673:Europa
661:Triton
627:, the
521:, and
500:mantle
448:Large
421:, and
407:Triton
405:, and
395:Europa
352:Uranus
337:Saturn
278:Uranus
266:carbon
227:planet
210:, and
204:Europa
157:Europa
103:Europa
93:, and
79:oceans
2867:Cycle
2859:Earth
2833:Heavy
2816:Forms
2800:Steam
2795:Vapor
2750:Model
2726:Water
2659:S2CID
2633:arXiv
2621:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2565:(PDF)
2534:(PDF)
2507:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2478:S2CID
2452:arXiv
2419:(PDF)
2412:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
2365:S2CID
2339:arXiv
2211:S2CID
2185:arXiv
2081:S2CID
1963:(PDF)
1856:S2CID
1710:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1640:S2CID
1604:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1410:S2CID
1376:arXiv
1349:S2CID
1311:(PDF)
776:water
720:argon
653:Titan
633:Ocean
625:Titan
523:Orcus
519:Sedna
511:Pluto
493:rocky
485:Ceres
479:Ceres
458:lakes
454:Titan
427:magma
423:Ariel
415:Mimas
391:Titan
376:Venus
220:Titan
138:salts
126:Venus
99:Titan
83:Earth
2982:Moon
2977:Mars
2745:Data
2242:ISBN
2162:2012
2115:2010
2092:2020
2036:2020
2008:2013
1848:PMID
1803:2024
1772:2024
1761:PMID
1753:ISSN
1632:PMID
1402:ISSN
1341:PMID
1286:NASA
1228:2021
1200:2021
1173:2021
1165:NASA
1146:2021
1138:NASA
1119:2020
1111:NASA
1091:2020
1074:NASA
1060:2015
1052:NASA
1028:PMID
796:and
788:and
752:neon
515:Eris
496:core
425:. A
366:The
354:and
335:and
327:The
276:and
231:NASA
218:and
190:and
171:and
140:and
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2857:On
2790:Ice
2651:doi
2470:doi
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