Enceladus - Knowledge

2565: 1759: 1292: 13254: 1537: 1348: 2702: 1474: 1961: 14783: 12053: 36: 893: 1803: 1220: 996: 2631: 1137: 15391: 14709: 15380: 816: 15413: 15108: 11558: 15469: 882: 13248: 15493: 15402: 13260: 15445: 15481: 2140:, the innermost of the round moons of Saturn and directly interior to Enceladus, is a geologically dead body, even though it should experience stronger tidal forces than Enceladus. This apparent paradox can be explained in part by temperature-dependent properties of water ice (the main constituent of the interiors of Mimas and Enceladus). The tidal heating per unit mass is given by the formula 15457: 2064:. Enormous amounts of heat were then produced as these isotopes decayed for about 7 million years, resulting in the consolidation of rocky material at the core surrounded by a shell of ice. Although the heat from radioactivity would decrease over time, the combination of radioactivity and tidal forces from Saturn's gravitational tug could prevent the subsurface ocean from freezing. 1587:) and the cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) to directly sample the plume. (See 'Composition' section.) The November 2005 images showed the plume's fine structure, revealing numerous jets (perhaps issuing from numerous distinct vents) within a larger, faint component extending out nearly 500 km (310 mi) from the surface. The particles have a bulk velocity of 1.25 ± 0.1 1497:". They appear to be the youngest features in this region and are surrounded by mint-green-colored (in false color, UV–green–near IR images), coarse-grained water ice, seen elsewhere on the surface within outcrops and fracture walls. Here the "blue" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the 1417:. These linear grooves can be seen cutting across other terrain types, like the groove and ridge belts. Like the deep rifts, they are among the youngest features on Enceladus. However, some linear grooves have been softened like the craters nearby, suggesting that they are older. Ridges have also been observed on Enceladus, though not nearly to the extent as those seen on 1513:

shift in shape: the orbit of Enceladus may have migrated inward, leading to an increase in Enceladus's rotation rate. Such a shift would lead to a more oblate shape; or a rising mass of warm, low-density material in Enceladus's interior may have led to a shift in the position of the current south polar terrain from Enceladus's southern mid-latitudes to its south pole.

1325:. Viscous relaxation allows gravity, over geologic time scales, to deform craters and other topographic features formed in water ice, reducing the amount of topography over time. The rate at which this occurs is dependent on the temperature of the ice: warmer ice is easier to deform than colder, stiffer ice. Viscously relaxed craters tend to have 1746:, is consistent with an undifferentiated interior, in contradiction to the geological and geochemical evidence. However, the current shape also supports the possibility that Enceladus is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and may have rotated faster at some point in the recent past (with a differentiated interior). Gravity measurements by 2894:, founded by Milner, signed a cooperation agreement for the mission's initial concept phase. The spacecraft would be low-cost, low mass, and would be launched at high speed on an affordable rocket. The spacecraft would be directed to perform a single flyby through Enceladus' plumes in order to sample and analyze its content for 1794:—suggests that the entire icy crust is detached from the rocky core and therefore that a global ocean is present beneath the surface. The amount of libration (0.120° ± 0.014°) implies that this global ocean is about 26 to 31 kilometers (16 to 19 miles) deep. For comparison, Earth's ocean has an average depth of 3.7 kilometers. 1094:. It orbits at 238,000 km (148,000 mi) from Saturn's center and 180,000 km (110,000 mi) from its cloud tops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys. It orbits Saturn every 32.9 hours, fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation. Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean-motion 2120:, and less heat required to power the water plumes. The subsurface layer heating the surface water ice could be an ammonia–water slurry at temperatures as low as 170 K (−103 °C), and thus less energy is required to produce the plume activity. However, the observed 4.7 gigawatts heat flux is enough to power the 1973:

parts of the south polar region are heated from the interior of Enceladus. The presence of a subsurface ocean under the south polar region is now accepted, but it cannot explain the source of the heat, with an estimated heat flux of 200 mW/m, which is about 10 times higher than that from radiogenic heating alone.

1704:, have short half-lives and would produce interior heating relatively quickly. Without the short-lived variety, Enceladus's complement of long-lived radionuclides would not have been enough to prevent rapid freezing of the interior, even with Enceladus's comparatively high rock–mass fraction, given its small size. 4915:

Taubner, Ruth-Sophie; Pappenreiter, Patricia; Zwicker, Jennifer; Smrzka, Daniel; Pruckner, Christian; Kolar, Philipp; Bernacchi, Sébastien; Seifert, Arne H.; Krajete, Alexander; Bach, Wolfgang; Peckmann, Jörn; Paulik, Christian; Firneis, Maria G.; Schleper, Christa; Rittmann, Simon K.-M. R. (February

2672:

passed closer to Enceladus (87,010 km) on August 26, 1981, allowing higher-resolution images to be obtained. These images showed a young surface. They also revealed a surface with different regions with vastly different surface ages, with a heavily cratered mid- to high-northern latitude region,

2297:

are low, so tidal heating is high. Modeling suggests that for Enceladus, both a 'basic' low-energy thermal state with little internal temperature gradient, and an 'excited' high-energy thermal state with a significant temperature gradient, and consequent convection (endogenic geologic activity), once

2493:

The presence of a wide range of organic compounds and ammonia indicates their source may be similar to the water/rock reactions known to occur on Earth and that are known to support life. Therefore, several robotic missions have been proposed to further explore Enceladus and assess its habitability.

2346:

In 2016, a study of how the orbits of Saturn's moons should have changed due to tidal effects suggested that all of Saturn's satellites inward of Titan, including Enceladus (whose geologic activity was used to derive the strength of tidal effects on Saturn's satellites), may have formed as little as

1504:

Results from the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) instrument suggest that the green-colored material surrounding the tiger stripes is chemically distinct from the rest of the surface of Enceladus. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young

1489:

during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges. The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest

1199:

of icy particles rising from Enceladus's south polar region. (Although the plume was imaged before, in January and February 2005, additional studies of the camera's response at high phase angles, when the Sun is almost behind Enceladus, and comparison with equivalent high-phase-angle images taken of

1166:

Mathematical models show that the E ring is unstable, with a lifespan between 10,000 and 1,000,000 years; therefore, particles composing it must be constantly replenished. Enceladus is orbiting inside the ring, at its narrowest but highest density point. In the 1980s, some astronomers suspected that

2328:

It has been suggested that for an icy satellite the size of Mimas or Enceladus to enter an 'excited state' of tidal heating and convection, it would need to enter an orbital resonance before it lost too much of its primordial internal heat. Because Mimas, being smaller, would cool more rapidly than

2006:

The observed power output of 4.7 gigawatts is challenging to explain from tidal heating alone, so the main source of heat remains a mystery. Most scientists think the observed heat flux of Enceladus is not enough to maintain the subsurface ocean, and therefore any subsurface ocean must be a remnant

1552:

encounters with Enceladus in the early 1980s, scientists postulated it to be geologically active based on its young, reflective surface and location near the core of the E ring. Based on the connection between Enceladus and the E ring, scientists suspected that Enceladus was the source of

1464:

has allowed for the identification of additional regions of smooth plains, particularly on Enceladus's leading hemisphere (the side of Enceladus that faces the direction of motion as it orbits Saturn). Rather than being covered in low-relief ridges, this region is covered in numerous criss-crossing

1314:

is a common occurrence on many Solar System bodies. Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation. This subdivision of cratered terrains on the basis of crater density (and thus surface age) suggests that Enceladus has been resurfaced in multiple

1232:

was the first spacecraft to observe Enceladus's surface in detail, in August 1981. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution imagery revealed at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain

11362:

Mitri, Giuseppe; Postberg, Frank; Soderblom, Jason M.; Tobie, Gabriel; Tortora, Paolo; Wurz, Peter; Barnes, Jason W.; Coustenis, Athena; Ferri, Francesca; Hayes, Alexander; Hayne, Paul O.; Hillier, Jon; Kempf, Sascha; Lebreton, Jean-Pierre; Lorenz, Ralph; Orosei, Roberto; Petropoulos, Anastassios;

2572:

On April 13, 2017, NASA announced the discovery of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's sub-surface ocean floor. In 2015, the Cassini probe made a close fly-by of Enceladus's south pole, flying within 48.3 km (30.0 mi) of the surface, as well as through a plume in the process. A

2035:

A 2016 analysis claimed that "a model of the tiger stripes as tidally flexed slots that puncture the ice shell can simultaneously explain the persistence of the eruptions through the tidal cycle, the phase lag, and the total power output of the tiger stripe terrain, while suggesting that eruptions

1786:

s December 2010 flybys showed that Enceladus likely has a liquid water ocean beneath its frozen surface, but at the time it was thought the subsurface ocean was limited to the south pole. The top of the ocean probably lies beneath a 30 to 40 kilometers (19 to 25 mi) thick ice shelf. The ocean

1521:

is one explanation for this discrepancy. Variations in lithospheric thickness are supported by the correlation between the Y-shaped discontinuities and the V-shaped cusps along the south polar terrain margin and the relative surface age of the adjacent non-south polar terrain regions. The Y-shaped

1516:

Consequently, the moon's ellipsoid shape would have adjusted to match the new orientation. One problem of the polar flattening hypothesis is that both polar regions should have similar tectonic deformation histories. However, the north polar region is densely cratered, and has a much older surface

1512:

The boundary of the south polar region is marked by a pattern of parallel, Y- and V-shaped ridges and valleys. The shape, orientation, and location of these features suggest they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. As of 2006 there were two theories for what could cause such a

1972:

During the flyby of July 14, 2005, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) found a warm region near the south pole. Temperatures in this region ranged from 85 to 90 K, with small areas showing as high as 157 K (−116 °C), much too warm to be explained by solar heating, indicating that

1770:

Evidence of liquid water on Enceladus began to accumulate in 2005, when scientists observed plumes containing water vapor spewing from its south polar surface, with jets moving 250 kg of water vapor every second at up to 2,189 km/h (1,360 mph) into space. Soon after, in 2006 it was

3307:

Without samples to provide absolute age determinations, crater counting is currently the only method for determining surface age on most planetary surfaces. Unfortunately, there is currently disagreement in the scientific community regarding the flux of impactors in the outer Solar System. These

2027:

was published in November 2017, and it indicates that friction heat from the sliding rock fragments within the permeable and fragmented core of Enceladus could keep its underground ocean warm for up to billions of years. It is thought that if Enceladus had a more eccentric orbit in the past, the

1401:

In addition to deep fractures and grooved lanes, Enceladus has several other types of tectonic terrain. Many of these fractures are found in bands cutting across cratered terrain. These fractures probably propagate down only a few hundred meters into the crust. Many have probably been influenced

1378:

is the dominant mode of deformation on Enceladus, including rifts, one of the more dramatic types of tectonic features that were noted. These canyons can be up to 200 km long, 5–10 km wide, and 1 km deep. Such features are geologically young, because they cut across other tectonic

2337:

Enceladus is losing mass at a rate of 200 kg/second. If mass loss at this rate continued for 4.5 Gyr, the satellite would have lost approximately 30% of its initial mass. A similar value is obtained by assuming that the initial densities of Enceladus and Mimas were equal. It suggests that

1101:

This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), which is known as a forced eccentricity. This non-zero eccentricity results in tidal deformation of Enceladus. The dissipated heat resulting from this deformation is the main heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity.

1779:, whereas sources of "fresh" particles are closely related to the high-speed gas jets. The "salty" particles are heavier and mostly fall back to the surface, whereas the fast "fresh" particles escape to the E ring, explaining its salt-poor composition of 0.5–2% of sodium salts by mass. 1610:. Fumaroles are probably the closer analogy, since periodic or episodic emission is an inherent property of geysers. The plumes of Enceladus were observed to be continuous to within a factor of a few. The mechanism that drives and sustains the eruptions is thought to be tidal heating. 1421:. These ridges are relatively limited in extent and are up to one kilometer tall. One-kilometer high domes have also been observed. Given the level of resurfacing found on Enceladus, it is clear that tectonic movement has been an important driver of geology for much of its history. 2925:. The Enceladus Orbilander would be launched on a similarly affordable rocket, but would cost about $ 5 billion, and be designed to endure eighteen months in orbit inspecting Enceladus' plumes before landing and spending two Earth years conducting surface astrobiology research. 1278:

Some areas contain no craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. There are fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations. Several additional regions of young terrain were discovered in areas not well-imaged by either

10774: 1565:

instrument during the February 17, 2005, encounter provided evidence for a planetary atmosphere. The magnetometer observed a deflection or "draping" of the magnetic field, consistent with local ionization of neutral gas. During the two following encounters, the

1465:

sets of troughs and ridges, similar to the deformation seen in the south polar region. This area is on the opposite side of Enceladus from Sarandib and Diyar Planitiae, suggesting that the placement of these regions is influenced by Saturn's tides on Enceladus.

2651:

was the first to fly past Enceladus, at a distance of 202,000 km on November 12, 1980. Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface.

2036:

are maintained over geological timescales." Previous models suggest that resonant perturbations of Dione could provide the necessary periodic eccentricity changes to maintain the subsurface ocean of Enceladus, if the ocean contains a substantial amount of

9847:

Postberg, Frank; Sekine, Yasuhito; Klenner, Fabian; Glein, Christopher; Zou, Zenghui; Abel, Bernd; Furuya, Kento; Hillier, Jon; Khawaja, Nozair; Kempf, Sascha; Noelle, Lenz; Saito, Takuya; Schmidt, Juergen; Shibuya, Takazo; Srama, Ralf (June 14, 2023).

2577:) from the plume, and after months of analysis, the conclusion was made that the hydrogen was most likely the result of hydrothermal activity beneath the surface. It has been speculated that such activity could be a potential oasis of habitability. 11303: 1508:

One of these areas of "blue" ice in the south polar region was observed at high resolution during the July 14, 2005, flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10–100 m across.

2324:

The significantly higher density of Enceladus relative to Mimas (1.61 vs. 1.15 g/cm), implying a larger content of rock and more radiogenic heating in its early history, has also been cited as an important factor in resolving the Mimas paradox.

1574:

Imaging Spectrograph failed to detect an atmosphere above Enceladus during the February encounter when it looked over the equatorial region, but did detect water vapor during an occultation over the south polar region during the July encounter.

2732:

within 1,500 km of the surface were planned as well as numerous, "non-targeted" opportunities within 100,000 km of Enceladus. The flybys have yielded significant information concerning Enceladus's surface, as well as the discovery of

1505:(likely less than 1,000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past. VIMS also detected simple organic (carbon-containing) compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far. 2469:

The presence of an internal global salty ocean with an aquatic environment supported by global ocean circulation patterns, with an energy source and complex organic compounds in contact with Enceladus's rocky core, may advance the study of

1121:

more than 1.5° about its spin axis. However, analysis of the shape of Enceladus suggests that at some point it was in a 1:4 forced secondary spin–orbit libration. This libration could have provided Enceladus with an additional heat source.

2490:-requirements. However, phosphates have been detected from a cryovolcanic plume detected by Cassini and is discussed in a paper in the June 14, 2023, issue of Nature entitled "Detection of Phosphates Originating From Enceladus's Ocean". 1522:

discontinuities, and the north–south trending tension fractures into which they lead, are correlated with younger terrain with presumably thinner lithospheres. The V-shaped cusps are adjacent to older, more heavily cratered terrains.

1557:

sighting of a plume of icy particles above Enceladus's south pole came from the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images taken in January and February 2005, though the possibility of a camera artifact delayed an official announcement.

2677:, another moon of Saturn slightly smaller than Enceladus. The geologically youthful terrains came as a great surprise to the scientific community, because no theory was then able to predict that such a small (and cold, compared to 2084:-40 inside Enceladus would add 0.3 gigawatts to the observed heat flux. The presence of Enceladus's regionally thick subsurface ocean suggests a heat flux ≈10 times higher than that from radiogenic heating in the silicate core. 2100:

or UVIS, which could act as an antifreeze, it was thought such a heated, pressurized chamber would consist of nearly pure liquid water with a temperature of at least 270 K (−3 °C), because pure water requires more

3808:

Howett, Carly J. A.; Spencer, John R.; Pearl, J. C.; Segura, M. (2010). "Thermal inertia and bolometric Bond albedo values for Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus as derived from Cassini/CIRS measurements".

11363:

Yen, Chen-wan; Reh, Kim R.; Schmidt, Jürgen; Sims, Jon; Sotin, Christophe; Srama, Ralf (2017). "Explorer of Enceladus and Titan (E2T): Investigating the habitability and evolution of ocean worlds in the Saturn system".

10819: 7312:

Taubner R. S.; Leitner J. J.; Firneis M. G.; Hitzenberg, R. (April 2014). "Including Cassini gravity measurements from the flyby E9, E12, E19 into interior structure models of Enceladus. Presented at EPSC 2014-676".

1814:

spacecraft flew through the southern plumes on several occasions to sample and analyze its composition. As of 2019, the data gathered is still being analyzed and interpreted. The plumes' salty composition (-Na, -Cl,

2022:

may affect the magnitude and distribution of such tidal shear heating. Tidal dissipation of Enceladus's ice crust is significant because Enceladus has a subsurface ocean. A computer simulation that used data from

1397:

observations of the Samarkand Sulci have revealed dark spots (125 and 750 m wide) located parallel to the narrow fractures. Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts.

1640:

really occurs is a subject of some debate. At Enceladus, it appears that cryovolcanism occurs because water-filled cracks are periodically exposed to vacuum, the cracks being opened and closed by tidal stresses.

9436: 11548: 4747:

Waite, Jack Hunter Jr.; Glein, C. R.; Perryman, R. S.; Teolis, Ben D.; Magee, B. A.; Miller, G.; Grimes, J.; Perry, M. E.; Miller, K. E.; Bouquet, A.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Brockwell, T.; Bolton, S. J. (2017).

2233: 2067:

The present-day radiogenic heating rate is 3.2 × 10 ergs/s (or 0.32 gigawatts), assuming Enceladus has a composition of ice, iron and silicate materials. Heating from long-lived radioactive isotopes

1390:. Unlike those seen on Ganymede, grooved topography on Enceladus is generally more complex. Rather than parallel sets of grooves, these lanes often appear as bands of crudely aligned, chevron-shaped features. 10203: 1632:

Much of the plume activity consists of broad curtain-like eruptions. Optical illusions from a combination of viewing direction and local fracture geometry previously made the plumes look like discrete jets.

10584: 11295: 850:= +11.7) and its proximity to the much brighter Saturn and Saturn's rings make Enceladus difficult to observe from Earth with smaller telescopes. Like many satellites of Saturn discovered prior to the 1621:. This is consistent with geophysical calculations which predict the south polar fissures are under compression near periapsis, pushing them shut, and under tension near apoapsis, pulling them open. 1490:

surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites. Modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain are possibly as young as 500,000 years or less.

10141: 3444:

Postberg et al. "Plume and surface composition of Enceladus", p. 129–130, 148, 156; Lunine et al. "Future Exploration of Enceladus and Other Saturnian Moons", p. 454; in Schenk et al., eds. (2018)

854:, Enceladus was first observed during a Saturnian equinox, when Earth is within the ring plane. At such times, the reduction in glare from the rings makes the moons easier to observe. Prior to the 11013: 10982: 1178:(CDA) "detected a large increase in the number of particles near Enceladus", confirming it as the primary source for the E ring. Analysis of the CDA and INMS data suggest that the gas cloud 4100:"Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; With Remarks on the Construction of Its Ring, Its Atmosphere, Its Rotation on an Axis, and Its Spheroidal Figure" 1613:

The intensity of the eruption of the south polar jets varies significantly as a function of the position of Enceladus in its orbit. The plumes are about four times brighter when Enceladus is at

6300:"How an Icy Moon of Saturn Got Its Stripes – Scientists have developed an explanation for one of the most striking features of Enceladus, an ocean world that has the right ingredients for life" 2018:

occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the crust of an object. In addition, to the extent that tides produce heat along fractures,

10922: 1659:

provided information for models of Enceladus's interior, including a better determination of the mass and shape, high-resolution observations of the surface, and new insights on the interior.

11036: 1182:

flew through during the July encounter, and observed from a distance with its magnetometer and UVIS, was actually a water-rich cryovolcanic plume, originating from vents near the south pole.

11272: 7951: 1570:

team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower. Unlike the magnetometer, the

6623: 1696:

and the other icy satellites of Saturn formed relatively quickly after the formation of the Saturnian subnebula, and thus were rich in short-lived radionuclides. These radionuclides, like

1602:

The combined analysis of imaging, mass spectrometry, and magnetospheric data suggests that the observed south polar plume emanates from pressurized subsurface chambers, similar to Earth's

9505: 8210:

Showman, Adam P.; Han, Lijie; et al. (November 2013). "The effect of an asymmetric core on convection in Enceladus' ice shell: Implications for south polar tectonics and heat flux".

1991:

in its core may have initially heated it, giving it a warm core and a subsurface ocean, which is now kept above freezing through unidentified mechanisms. Geophysical models indicate that

10172: 7651: 8769:

Choblet, Gaël; Tobie, Gabriel; Sotin, Christophe; Běhounková, Marie; Čadek, Ondřej; Postberg, Frank; Souček, Ondřej (2017). "Powering prolonged hydrothermal activity inside Enceladus".

4249: 2438:), which are carbon-bearing molecules. This indicates that hydrothermal activity —an energy source— may be at work in Enceladus's subsurface ocean. Models indicate that the large rocky 11546: 10111: 2003:

infrared spectrometer of the south polar terrain over 16 months, indicate that the internal heat generated power is about 4.7 gigawatts, and suggest that it is in thermal equilibrium.

11422: 5534: 10463: 2774:

has provided strong evidence that Enceladus has an ocean with an energy source, nutrients and organic molecules, making Enceladus one of the best places for the study of potentially

10615: 1275:

and scarps. Numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed.

7074: 2355:

Enceladus ejects plumes of salted water laced with grains of silica-rich sand, nitrogen (in ammonia), and organic molecules, including trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as

632:. It is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the Solar System. Consequently, its surface temperature at noon reaches only −198 752:

and very few (if any) impact craters in the south polar region, show that Enceladus is currently geologically active. Like many other satellites in the extensive systems of the

10714: 7381: 4548:

Iess, L.; Stevenson, D. J.; Parisi, M.; Hemingway, D.; Jacobson, R.A.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Nimmo, F.; Armstrong, J. W.; Asmar, S. W.; Ducci, M.; Tortora, P. (April 4, 2014).

1723:

heating would raise the temperature of the core to 1,000 K, enough to melt the inner mantle. For Enceladus to still be active, part of the core must have also melted, forming

1437:, no impact craters were visible down to the limit of resolution. Another region of smooth plains to the southwest of Sarandib is criss-crossed by several troughs and scarps. 1283:

spacecraft, such as the bizarre terrain near the south pole. All of this indicates that Enceladus's interior is liquid today, even though it should have been frozen long ago.

725:) per second. More than 100 geysers have been identified. Some of the water vapor falls back as "snow"; the rest escapes and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's 13855: 6950: 6801:

Berne, A.; Simons, M.; Keane, J.T.; Leonard, E.J.; Park, R.S. (April 29, 2024). "Jet activity on Enceladus linked to tidally driven strike-slip motion along tiger stripes".

2301:

For Mimas, only a low-energy state is expected to be stable, despite its being closer to Saturn. So the model predicts a low-internal-temperature state for Mimas (values of

1763: 1453:. The high-resolution images of Sarandib Planitia revealed a number of small impact craters, which allow for an estimate of the surface age, either 170 million years or 3.7 4427: 4358: 1941:, a geochemical source of energy that could support both abiotic and biological synthesis of organic molecules such as those that have been detected in Enceladus's plumes. 11547: 7681: 1321:

observations provided a much closer look at the crater distribution and size, showing that many of Enceladus's craters are heavily degraded through viscous relaxation and

6658: 1433:. They generally have low relief and have far fewer craters than in the cratered terrains, indicating a relatively young surface age. In one of the smooth plain regions, 1260:. Because it reflects so much sunlight, its surface only reaches a mean noon temperature of −198 °C (−324 °F), somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites. 7503: 1944:

Further analysis in 2019 was done of the spectral characteristics of ice grains in Enceladus's erupting plumes. The study found that nitrogen-bearing and oxygen-bearing

1244:" or other processes that renew the surface. The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface makes Enceladus the most reflective body in the Solar System, with a visual 9915: 7534: 7351: 1976:

Several explanations for the observed elevated temperatures and the resulting plumes have been proposed, including venting from a subsurface reservoir of liquid water,

9428: 745:

of liquid water with a thickness of around 10 km (6 mi). The existence of Enceladus' subsurface ocean has since been mathematically modelled and replicated.

10195: 7617: 9687: 9252: 3470: 11238: 10645: 9221: 1382:

Evidence of tectonics on Enceladus is also derived from grooved terrain, consisting of lanes of curvilinear grooves and ridges. These bands, first discovered by

154: 9057:

Lainey, Valery; Karatekin, Ozgur; et al. (May 22, 2012). "Strong tidal dissipation in Saturn and constraints on Enceladus' thermal state from astrometry".

13180: 10334: 7921: 5797: 2752:

extended mission included seven close flybys of Enceladus between July 2008 and July 2010, including two passes at only 50 km in the later half of 2008.

10303: 9633: 11399: 10133: 10081: 6485:

Teolis, Ben D.; Perry, Mark E.; Hansen, Candice J.; Waite, Jr., Jack Hunter; Porco, Carolyn C.; Spencer, John R.; Howett, Carly J. A. (September 5, 2017).

10003: 8724: 8188: 13987: 9777:

Hao, Jihua; Glein, Christopher R.; Huang, Fang; Yee, Nathan; Catling, David C.; Postberg, Frank; Hillier, Jon K.; Hazen, Robert M. (September 27, 2022).

6081: 1984:, and shear heating, but a complete explanation of all the heat sources causing the observed thermal power output of Enceladus has not yet been settled. 1113:

Like most of Saturn's larger satellites, Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face pointed toward Saturn. Unlike Earth's

10270: 9141: 8506:

Běhounková, Marie; Tobie, Gabriel; et al. (September–October 2013). "Impact of tidal heating on the onset of convection in Enceladus's ice shell".

2442:

is porous, allowing water to flow through it, transferring heat and chemicals. It was confirmed by observations and other research. Molecular hydrogen (

644:), far colder than a light-absorbing body would be. Despite its small size, Enceladus has a wide variety of surface features, ranging from old, heavily 8406: 7236:

Schubert, G.; Anderson, J.; et al. (2007). "Enceladus: Present internal structure and differentiation by early and long-term radiogenic heating".

11163: 9664: 9602: 10914: 7031:

Hurford, T.A.; Sarid, A.R.; Greenberg, R. (January 2007). "Cycloidal cracks on Europa: Improved modeling and non-synchronous rotation implications".

5342: 11109: 11028: 8861:

Waite, Jack Hunter Jr.; Lewis, W. S.; et al. (July 23, 2009). "Liquid water on Enceladus from observations of ammonia and 40 Ar in the plume".

8755: 7780: 6912: 6309: 4216: 1952:

in the internal ocean. The researchers suggested that the compounds on Enceladus could be precursors for "biologically relevant organic compounds".

987:(cliffs) are named after places. The IAU has officially named 85 features on Enceladus, most recently Samaria Rupes, formerly called Samaria Fossa. 861:

the view of Enceladus improved little from the dot first observed by Herschel. Only its orbital characteristics were known, with estimations of its

15518: 11264: 7943: 5927: 4519: 4383: 1263:

Observations during three flybys on February 17, March 9, and July 14, 2005, revealed Enceladus's surface features in much greater detail than the

11590: 6615: 5279: 4047:

Waite, Jack Hunter Jr.; Combi, M. R.; et al. (2006). "Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Enceladus Plume Composition and Structure".

3308:

competing models can significantly alter the age estimate even with the same crater counts. For the sake of completeness, both age estimates from

10031:

Peter, Jonah S.; Nordheim, Tom A.; Hand, Kevin P. (December 14, 2023). "Detection of HCN and diverse redox chemistry in the plume of Enceladus".

9962: 9405: 8116: 6344: 5080: 2797:, some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to the researchers, "these compounds could potentially support extant 2544:, some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to the researchers, "these compounds could potentially support extant 9497: 8556: 7006: 15304: 10858: 10364: 9569: 7711: 7643: 6742:

Hedman, M. M.; Gosmeyer, C. M.; et al. (July 31, 2013). "An observed correlation between plume activity and tidal stresses on Enceladus".

5137: 10748: 10164: 10103: 9537: 5201: 4239: 2768:) would be an independent line of evidence that hydrothermal activity is taking place in the Enceladus seafloor, increasing its habitability. 2580:

The presence of ample hydrogen in Enceladus's ocean means that microbes – if any exist there – could use it to obtain energy by combining the

1678:/cm. This density is higher than those of Saturn's other mid-sized icy satellites, indicating that Enceladus contains a greater percentage of 1237:

were observed. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old.

11641: 11134: 10533: 4273: 1999:. A 2007 study predicted the internal heat of Enceladus, if generated by tidal forces, could be no greater than 1.1 gigawatts, but data from 11430: 10390: 3851:

Spencer, John R.; Pearl, J. C.; et al. (2006). "Cassini Encounters Enceladus: Background and the Discovery of a South Polar Hot Spot".

2886:

expressed interest in funding a "low-cost, privately funded mission to Enceladus which can be launched relatively soon." In September 2018,

2756:

performed a flyby on October 28, 2015, passing as close as 49 km (30 mi) and through a plume. Confirmation of molecular hydrogen (

10455: 4325: 3937:

Dougherty, M. K.; Khurana, K. K.; et al. (2006). "Identification of a Dynamic Atmosphere at Enceladus with the Cassini Magnetometer".

3298:). Older, cratered terrain can be seen towards Enceladus's north pole. The prominent feature visible near the south pole is Cashmere Sulci. 2338:

tectonics in the south polar region is probably mainly related to subsidence and associated subduction caused by the process of mass loss.

10607: 8363: 7406:

Postberg, F.; Schmidt, J.; et al. (2011). "A salt-water reservoir as the source of a compositionally stratified plume on Enceladus".

7119:

Castillo, J. C.; Matson, D. L.; et al. (2005). "Al in the Saturnian System – New Interior Models for the Saturnian satellites".

6121: 2875:(EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009, it was announced that NASA/ESA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM, although 9751: 7066: 3594: 1386:, often separate smooth plains from cratered regions. Grooved terrains such as the Samarkand Sulci are reminiscent of grooved terrain on 950: 8581:

Spitale, J. N.; Porco, Carolyn C. (2007). "Association of the jets of Enceladus with the warmest regions on its south-polar fractures".

8335: 2748:

flight plan to allow closer flybys of Enceladus, including an encounter in March 2008 that took it to within 48 km of the surface.

2146: 13173: 12118: 11461:

NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens: 1997–2017: (Cassini orbiter, Huygens probe and future exploration concepts : owners' workshop manual

10016:

A researcher who has studied the icy world said "the prospects for the development of life are getting better and better on Enceladus."

3175: 2511: 1599:

UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007.

11077: 9202:

Czechowski L. (2015) Mass loss as a driving mechanism of tectonics of Enceladus. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2030.pdf.

13928: 12219: 10706: 10680: 7856: 4598: 3753:

Verbiscer, A.; French, R.; Showalter, M.; Helfenstein, P. (February 9, 2007). "Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act".

2673:

and a lightly cratered region closer to the equator. This geologic diversity contrasts with the ancient, heavily cratered surface of

918:. The name, like the names of each of the first seven satellites of Saturn to be discovered, was suggested by William Herschel's son 11337: 10499: 8273: 8077: 7984: 7373: 7287: 7208: 6460: 6156: 5830: 5727:

Spahn, F.; Schmidt, J.; et al. (2006). "Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E ring".

5249: 4467: 2564: 15523: 14782: 11764: 11177:

Adler, M.; Moeller, R. C.; et al. (March 5–12, 2011). "Rapid Mission Architecture trade study of Enceladus mission concepts".

7469: 3622:

Roatsch, T.; Jaumann, R.; Stephan, K.; Thomas, P. C. (2009). "Cartographic Mapping of the Icy Satellites Using ISS and VIMS Data".

3243: 1214: 6934: 4417: 7890: 5964: 4350: 955: 13657: 7673: 7556:

Thomas, P. C.; Tajeddine, R.; et al. (2016). "Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean".

1147:

Plumes from Enceladus, which are similar in composition to comets, have been shown to be the source of the material in Saturn's

11005: 10974: 8138:

Khawaja, N.; Postberg, F.; Hillier, J.; Klenner, F.; Kempf, S.; Nölle, L.; Reviol, R.; Zou, Z.; Srama, R. (November 11, 2019).

7814: 7495: 6646: 11713: 7745: 5049: 2329:

Enceladus, its window of opportunity for initiating orbital resonance-driven convection would have been considerably shorter.

2317:

are low). Additional historical information is needed to explain how Enceladus first entered the high-energy state (e.g. more

14745: 14592: 14096: 14003: 13166: 11194: 10889: 9926: 7526: 7343: 5902: 5694: 4119: 3639: 2462:

microbes to provide energy for life, could be present if, as models suggest, Enceladus's salty ocean has an alkaline pH from

9563:"Czechowski (2014). Enceladus: a cradle of life of the Solar System? Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-9492-1" 5700: 3350: 15533: 10555:

Konstantinidis, Konstantinos; Flores Martinez, Claudio L.; Dachwald, Bernd; Ohndorf, Andreas; Dykta, Paul (February 2015).

6844:

Spitale, Joseph N.; Hurford, Terry A.; et al. (May 7, 2015). "Curtain eruptions from Enceladus' south-polar terrain".

3004: 11059: 9213: 1727:

chambers that would flex under the strain of Saturn's tides. Tidal heating, such as from the resonance with Dione or from

1666:

missions suggested that Enceladus was composed almost entirely of water ice. However, based on the effects of Enceladus's

11747: 11623: 11486:

Schenk, Paul M.; Clark, Roger N.; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Howett, Carly J. A. Jr.; Waite, Jack Hunter; Dotson, Renée (2018).

9734: 9244: 7609: 5171: 4181: 3478: 3372: 11227: 10236: 10944: 10637: 8680:

Roberts, J. H.; Nimmo, Francis (2008). "Tidal heating and the long-term stability of a subsurface ocean on Enceladus".

3662:"The Orbits of the Main Saturnian Satellites, the Saturnian System Gravity Field, and the Orientation of Saturn's Pole" 3238: 14153: 11656: 2048:

The "hot start" model of heating suggests Enceladus began as ice and rock that contained rapidly decaying short-lived

12186: 11499: 11468: 9992: 6425: 2852:(ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: 2040:. The surface of Enceladus indicates that the entire moon has experienced periods of enhanced heat flux in the past. 575: 7913: 4800:

Hsu, Hsiang-Wen; Postberg, Frank; et al. (March 11, 2015). "Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus".

685:

started multiple close flybys of Enceladus, revealing its surface and environment in greater detail. In particular,

14311: 12148: 9625: 5789: 3118: 2902: 2842: 2507: 1155:). It is an extremely wide but diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material distributed between the orbits of 942: 57: 11391: 10326: 10295: 5301:

Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; et al. (2007). "Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance".

15059: 14625: 12136: 11677: 11666: 10432: 9530:

Including Cassini's Gravity Measurements from the Flybys E9, E12, E19 into Interior Structure Models of Enceladus

6273: 5860: 3910: 3156: 14886: 13895: 10071: 12142: 9374: 8907: 8716: 8180: 7151:"Thermal evolution of trans-Neptunian objects, icy satellites, and minor icy planets in the early solar system" 6181:

Barnash, A. N.; et al. (2006). "Interactions Between Impact Craters and Tectonic Fractures on Enceladus".

4982: 3196: 3075: 2822: 2495: 1977: 215: 6096: 2898:. NASA provided scientific and technical expertise through various reviews, from March 2019 to December 2019. 2028:

enhanced tidal forces could be sufficient to maintain a subsurface ocean, such that a periodic enhancement in

1707:

Given Enceladus's relatively high rock–mass fraction, the proposed enhancement in Al and Fe would result in a

15279: 14168: 13921: 13109: 12212: 10262: 9111: 6366:

Brown, R. H.; Clark, R. N.; et al. (2006). "Composition and Physical Properties of Enceladus' Surface".

5167: 4208: 3346: 2872: 14162: 11155: 9952: 8398: 1750:

show that the density of the core is low, indicating that the core contains water in addition to silicates.

1625:

may also drive localized extension along alternating (left- and right- lateral) transtensional zones (e.g.,

14925: 14920: 14101: 9656: 9594: 4624: 2906: 9975:

Using data from the Cassini spacecraft, scientists discovered the presence of phosphates on icy Enceladus.

6018:

Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L.; et al. (1982). "A New Look at the Saturn System: The Voyager 2 Images".

1758: 15214: 15014: 14255: 14246: 12154: 11102: 10775:"LIFE: Life Investigation For Enceladus – A Sample Return Mission Concept in Search for Evidence of Life" 9168: 8747: 6904: 6299: 3040: 2853: 2347:

100 million years ago. A later study from 2019 estimated that the ocean is around one billion years old.

2007:

of a period of higher eccentricity and tidal heating, or the heat is produced through another mechanism.

1731:, would then have sustained these hot spots in the core and would power the current geological activity. 15030:

Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.

7772: 5919: 4495: 15435: 14980: 14227: 13870: 13268: 13201: 13114: 13104: 12160: 9022:

Czechowski, Leszek (2006). "Parameterized model of convection driven by tidal and radiogenic heating".

5986:

Rathbun, J. A.; Turtle, E. P.; et al. (2005). "Enceladus' global geology as seen by Cassini ISS".

5472:

Hedman, M. M.; Burns, J. A.; et al. (2012). "The three-dimensional structure of Saturn's E ring".

5271: 3248: 2918: 1291: 20: 14866: 11604: 8428:

Shoji, D.; Hussmann, H.; et al. (March 14, 2014). "Non-steady state tidal heating of Enceladus".

6336: 5632:

Pang, Kevin D.; Voge, Charles C.; et al. (1984). "The E ring of Saturn and satellite Enceladus".

15251: 14738: 14195: 14027: 12038: 11609: 11582: 11563: 11325:

Tsou, Peter; Anbar, Ariel; Atwegg, Kathrin; Porco, Carolyn; Baross, John; McKay, Christopher (2014).

9397: 8547: 8371: 8298:

Howell, Robert R.; Goguen, J. D.; et al. (2013). "Enceladus Near-Fissure Surface Temperatures".

8108: 6973: 5072: 3273: 2605: 2097: 1965: 1776: 1708: 1494: 1478: 1393:

In other areas, these bands bow upwards with fractures and ridges running the length of the feature.

1342: 11719: 10850: 10356: 9562: 8654: 8463:

Spencer, John R.; Nimmo, Francis (May 2013). "Enceladus: An Active Ice World in the Saturn System".

8232: 8011:

Glein, Christopher R.; Baross, John A.; et al. (April 16, 2015). "The pH of Enceladus' ocean".

7703: 5749: 5193: 5107: 15528: 15236: 15165: 14685: 14347: 13914: 13663: 12205: 11127: 10679:. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015). Houston (TX): Lunar and Planetary Institute. 9528: 7201:

A New Understanding of the Internal Evolution of Saturnian Icy Satellites from Cassini Observations

3191: 2922: 2891: 2521:

on Enceladus has been detected, completing the discovery of all the basic chemical ingredients for

397: 13253: 11635: 11618: 10740: 10525: 8962:"Ammonia clathrate hydrates as new solid phases for Titan, Enceladus, and other planetary systems" 7098:

Mimas and Enceladus: Formation and interior structure from astrometric reduction of Cassini images

2821:

made at Enceladus have prompted studies into follow-up mission concepts, including a probe flyby (

1579:

flew through this gas cloud on a few encounters, allowing instruments such as the ion and neutral

14362: 14124: 12033: 11740: 10399: 8070:

The chemistry of Enceladus' ocean from a convergence of Cassini data and theoretical geochemistry

3383: 3091: 2830: 1743: 427: 300: 289: 12325: 6211:

Nimmo, F.; Pappalardo, R. T. (2006). "Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn's moon Enceladus".

5387:

Efroimsky, M. (May 15, 2018). "Dissipation in a tidally perturbed body librating in longitude".

1674:, its mass was determined to be much higher than previously thought, yielding a density of 1.61 15405: 15347: 15289: 14905: 14392: 12243: 11937: 11704: 11619:

Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Enceladus and other outer solar system satellites

11361: 10945:"'Looking for a smoking gun': Russian billionaire to fund alien-hunting mission to Saturn moon" 8649: 8227: 6113: 5744: 4391: 4317: 4271:

Spencer, John R.; Nimmo, F. (May 2013). "Enceladus: An Active Ice World in the Saturn System".

2914: 2782: 2775: 2529: 2475: 946: 690: 15314: 8908:"Metasomatic clathrate xenoliths as a possible source for the south polar plumes of Enceladus" 4750:"Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the Enceladus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes" 3547: 794:

data suggests that Enceladus's hydrothermal environment could be habitable to some of Earth's

15256: 14826: 14799: 14602: 14236: 13999: 13993: 12130: 11029:"Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration" 8326: 6654: 3137: 2999: 2849: 2838: 2664:

scientists suggested that the E ring consisted of particles vented from Enceladus's surface.

2503: 2479: 1906:) which was in "thermodynamic disequilibrium" with the other components, and found traces of 1622: 1536: 1473: 1347: 1333:

is a prime example of a viscously relaxed crater on Enceladus, with a prominent domed floor.

1196: 968: 9471: 9181: 7166: 4650: 2701: 1854:. The plumes' composition, as measured by the INMS, is similar to that seen at most comets. 888:, the astronomer who suggested that the moons of Saturn be named after the Titans and Giants 15352: 15185: 15004: 14953: 14840: 14731: 14691: 14617: 14304: 14178: 13981: 13624: 13134: 12113: 11700: 11578: 11372: 10786: 10568: 9863: 9790: 9702: 9467: 9350: 9290: 9177: 9076: 9031: 8973: 8919: 8872: 8825: 8778: 8689: 8641: 8590: 8515: 8472: 8437: 8307: 8219: 8030: 7848: 7575: 7415: 7322: 7245: 7162: 7128: 7101: 7040: 6988: 6853: 6810: 6751: 6689: 6680:

Spencer, John R. (July 31, 2013). "Solar system: Saturn's tides control Enceladus' plume".

6568: 6498: 6375: 6220: 6190: 6027: 5995: 5736: 5674: 5641: 5606: 5568: 5559:

Baum, W. A.; Kreidl, T. (July 1981). "Saturn's E ring: I. CCD observations of March 1980".

5491: 5454: 5406: 5351: 5310: 5119: 4999: 4929: 4871: 4809: 4761: 4710: 4646: 4566: 4282: 4153: 4056: 4002: 3946: 3860: 3818: 3762: 3722: 3673: 3562: 3427: 3233: 3214: 2910: 2255: 2049: 2029: 1493:

Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded by ridges, unofficially called "

1175: 765: 564: 433: 232: 15412: 7838:"Neutral Gas Composition of Enceladus' Plume – Model Parameter Insights from Cassini-INMS" 7837: 4549: 2713:

The answers to many remaining mysteries of Enceladus had to wait until the arrival of the

1449:

images show these regions filled with low-relief ridges and fractures, probably caused by

1379:

features and have sharp topographic relief with prominent outcrops along the cliff faces.

8: 15497: 15357: 15097: 15052: 14946: 14872: 14812: 14805: 14611: 14357: 13875: 13424: 13373: 13158: 13099: 12096: 11326: 10671: 10490: 10425:"Cassini Images of Enceladus Suggest Geysers Erupt Liquid Water at the Moon's South Pole" 9686:

Parkinson, Christopher D.; Liang, Mao-Chang; Yung, Yuk L.; Kirschivnk, Joseph L. (2008).

8266:

INTERIOR THERMAL STATE OF ENCELADUS INFERRED FROM THE VISCOELASTIC STATE OF ITS ICY SHELL

8264: 8068: 7976: 7272: 7199: 6451: 6147: 5822: 5241: 4459: 3278: 2714: 2696: 2108:

In July 2009 it was announced that traces of ammonia had been found in the plumes during

1996: 1738:, researchers have also examined Enceladus's shape to determine if it is differentiated. 1650: 1454: 1187: 1167:

Enceladus is the main source of particles for the ring. This hypothesis was confirmed by

681: 262: 42: 14915: 11376: 10790: 10773:

Tsou, Peter; Brownlee, D. E.; McKay, Christopher; Anbar, A. D.; Yano, H. (August 2012).

10670:

Lunine, Jonathan I.; Waite, Jack Hunter Jr.; Postberg, Frank; Spilker, Linda J. (2015).

10572: 9884: 9867: 9849: 9794: 9706: 9354: 9294: 9080: 9035: 8977: 8923: 8876: 8829: 8782: 8693: 8645: 8594: 8519: 8484: 8476: 8441: 8311: 8223: 8034: 7852: 7579: 7461: 7419: 7326: 7249: 7132: 7105: 7044: 6992: 6857: 6814: 6755: 6693: 6572: 6502: 6379: 6224: 6194: 6031: 5999: 5740: 5678: 5645: 5610: 5572: 5495: 5458: 5445:

Hurford, Terry; Bruce, B. (2008). "Implications of Spin-orbit Librations on Enceladus".

5410: 5355: 5314: 5123: 5003: 4933: 4875: 4813: 4765: 4714: 4570: 4294: 4286: 4157: 4099: 4060: 4006: 3950: 3864: 3822: 3766: 3726: 3677: 3566: 3431: 2657: 1772: 1498: 1409:

Another example of tectonic features on Enceladus are the linear grooves first found by

1223:

A false-color photo of Enceladus, that highlights its ridges, impact craters and plains.

1148: 1141: 1131: 1103: 1098:

with Dione, completing two orbits around Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione.

726: 15513: 15485: 15473: 15107: 15019: 14819: 14771: 14632: 14215: 14114: 14045: 13672: 13566: 12124: 11997: 11987: 11967: 11733: 11614:

Analysis and Results from the Mission page, contains presentations on Enceladus results

11505: 11208: 10810: 10076: 10042: 9998: 9957: 9897: 9821: 9778: 9726: 9316: 9133: 9092: 9066: 8996: 8961: 8888: 8843: 8794: 8614: 8488: 8245: 8046: 8020: 7591: 7565: 7439: 7180: 6885: 6783: 6721: 6591: 6558: 6546: 6519: 6486: 6399: 6304: 6244: 6051: 5770: 5597:

Haff, P. K.; Eviatar, A.; et al. (1983). "Ring and plasma: Enigmae of Enceladus".

5507: 5481: 5422: 5396: 5369: 5015: 4958: 4917: 4892: 4857: 4833: 4726: 4700: 4670: 4636: 4590: 4511: 4298: 4244: 4169: 4080: 4026: 3970: 3884: 3786: 3691: 3586: 3394: 3096: 2834: 2499: 2318: 2271: 1987:

Heating in Enceladus has occurred through various mechanisms ever since its formation.

1300: 1296: 927: 840: 710: 546: 14935: 9527:

Taubner, R.-S.; Leitner, J. J.; Firneis, M. G.; Hitzenberger, R. (September 7, 2014).

7882: 6547:"Sustained eruptions on Enceladus explained by turbulent dissipation in tiger stripes" 5956: 3993:

Hansen, Candice J.; Esposito, L.; et al. (2006). "Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume".

1960: 1271:

had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small

15379: 15364: 15147: 15087: 14897: 14679: 14497: 14422: 14412: 14331: 14210: 13615: 13357: 13319: 13299: 13189: 12726: 12406: 12289: 12284: 12181: 12017: 12002: 11992: 11952: 11912: 11887: 11784: 11513: 11495: 11474: 11464: 11200: 11190: 10802: 10556: 9901: 9889: 9826: 9808: 9718: 9366: 9320: 9308: 9096: 9088: 9001: 8892: 8798: 8606: 8492: 8161: 8140:"Low-mass nitrogen-, oxygen-bearing, and aromatic compounds in Enceladean ice grains" 8050: 7595: 7431: 7311: 7184: 6942: 6877: 6869: 6826: 6787: 6775: 6767: 6725: 6713: 6705: 6596: 6524: 6391: 6236: 6043: 5898: 5762: 5690: 5618: 5580: 5526: 5426: 5373: 5364: 5337: 5019: 4963: 4945: 4897: 4825: 4779: 4730: 4674: 4662: 4582: 4557: 4515: 4302: 4173: 4072: 4018: 3962: 3876: 3778: 3695: 3635: 3578: 3415: 3283: 2802: 2549: 1988: 1895: 1580: 1434: 1330: 1304: 1095: 935: 911: 900: 832: 828: 795: 757: 272: 144: 14940: 13824: 11650: 11212: 10814: 10580: 9730: 9166:

Czechowski, L. (December 2014). "Some remarks on the early evolution of Enceladus".

8847: 8249: 7802: 6487:"Enceladus Plume Structure and Time Variability: Comparison of Cassini Observations" 6403: 6055: 5774: 4594: 3974: 3888: 3790: 1007:

Enceladus is a relatively small satellite composed of ice and rock. It is a scalene

15449: 15284: 15082: 14987: 14910: 14352: 14119: 13552: 13535: 13366: 13237: 13222: 12752: 12708: 12052: 12012: 11947: 11902: 11882: 11182: 10794: 10576: 10052: 10033: 9879: 9871: 9854: 9816: 9798: 9710: 9475: 9358: 9298: 9185: 9125: 9084: 9039: 8991: 8981: 8927: 8880: 8863: 8833: 8786: 8697: 8659: 8618: 8598: 8523: 8480: 8445: 8237: 8151: 8038: 7881:

McCartney, Gretchen; Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, JoAnna; Bauer, Markus (June 27, 2018).

7737: 7583: 7443: 7423: 7273:"Enceladus' Interior and Geysers – Possibility for Hydrothermal Geometry and N 7253: 7170: 7048: 6996: 6889: 6861: 6818: 6759: 6697: 6586: 6576: 6514: 6506: 6459:. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The Woodlands, Texas. p. 2846. 6383: 6248: 6228: 6035: 5754: 5682: 5649: 5614: 5576: 5511: 5499: 5414: 5359: 5318: 5223: 5127: 5041: 5007: 4990: 4953: 4937: 4887: 4879: 4862: 4837: 4817: 4769: 4718: 4654: 4574: 4503: 4290: 4161: 4111: 4084: 4064: 4030: 4010: 3954: 3868: 3826: 3770: 3730: 3711:"Effect of Enceladus's rapid synchronous spin on interpretation of Cassini gravity" 3681: 3627: 3590: 3570: 3291: 3282:, during the spacecraft’s October 28, 2015, flyby. It shows the younger terrain of 2864: 2794: 2786: 2656:

also confirmed that Enceladus was embedded in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse

2568:

An artist's impression of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's ocean floor

2541: 2533: 1884: 1859: 1820: 1712: 1626: 1588: 1406:

produced by impact craters, often changing the strike of the propagating fracture.

1359: 1245: 980: 824: 742: 660: 465: 207: 162: 97: 62: 35: 10881: 5159: 4658: 3338: 1629:) over the Tiger Stripes, thereby regulating jet activity within these regions. 15246: 15241: 15180: 15170: 15119: 15009: 14712: 14647: 14557: 14518: 14377: 14367: 14297: 14070: 14065: 14055: 13937: 13880: 13834: 13784: 13714: 13694: 13517: 13309: 13304: 13289: 13232: 13227: 13094: 12841: 12818: 12767: 12757: 12571: 12564: 12427: 12228: 12007: 11942: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11897: 11810: 11681: 11670: 11645: 10486: 9398:"Ocean on Saturn Moon Enceladus May Have Potential Energy Source to Support Life" 8931: 8701: 8663: 8527: 8449: 8109:"Ocean on Saturn Moon Enceladus May Have Potential Energy Source to Support Life" 7587: 7257: 7052: 6039: 5668: 5503: 5418: 5322: 5103: 4722: 3830: 3631: 3399: 3295: 2868: 2729: 2720:

on July 1, 2004, when it entered orbit around Saturn. Given the results from the

2642: 2625: 2109: 1663: 1387: 1107: 964: 915: 892: 855: 714: 664: 415: 378: 14973: 13145: 11296:"IceMole Drill Built to Explore Saturn's Icy Moon Enceladus Passes Glacier Test" 10557:"A lander mission to probe subglacial water on Saturn's moon Enceladus for life" 2281:

for Mimas is about 40 times that of Enceladus. However, the material parameters

1151:. The E ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous 15394: 15045: 14587: 14524: 14478: 14473: 14454: 14444: 14432: 14417: 14402: 14183: 14173: 14091: 14075: 13865: 13804: 13794: 13764: 13754: 13739: 13629: 13599: 13574: 13438: 13284: 13029: 13011: 12940: 12927: 12908: 12882: 12801: 12433: 12387: 12382: 12343: 12333: 12315: 12279: 12256: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11962: 11907: 11892: 11852: 11831: 11826: 11779: 11078:"Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions" 10134:"NASA finds more evidence that the ocean on Enceladus could support alien life" 10056: 9875: 9458:

Czechowski, Leszek (2014). "Some remarks on the early evolution of Enceladus".

9112:"The Whole Enceladus: A new place to search for life in the outer solar system" 6822: 6551:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5011: 4941: 3686: 3661: 3287: 2806: 2593: 2585: 2553: 2439: 1835: 1716: 1693: 1592: 1553:

material in the E ring, perhaps through venting of water vapor. The first

1442: 1051: 799: 748:

These observations of active cryoeruptions, along with the finding of escaping

609: 592: 245: 14879: 13606: 11599: 11517: 11186: 10498:. 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 9714: 9479: 9189: 9043: 8790: 8549:

Enceladus Heat Flow from High Spatial Resolution Thermal Emission Observations

8272:. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 8042: 6905:"'Jets' on Saturn Moon Enceladus May Actually Be Giant Walls of Vapor and Ice" 6149:

Patterns of fracture and tectonic convergence near the south pole of Enceladus

4883: 4507: 4189: 2289:

are temperature dependent. At high temperatures (close to the melting point),

1697: 1655:

mission, little was known about the interior of Enceladus. However, flybys by

15507: 15319: 15299: 14569: 14535: 14492: 14467: 14050: 14021: 13839: 13829: 13819: 13779: 13759: 13749: 13734: 13729: 13635: 13546: 13503: 13480: 13401: 13337: 13332: 13217: 12962: 12945: 12828: 12823: 12649: 12624: 12591: 12478: 12465: 12401: 12376: 12266: 11957: 11836: 11805: 11478: 11204: 10228: 10030: 9812: 9752:"Ocean on Saturn's moon Enceladus could be rich in a key ingredient for life" 8165: 6946: 6873: 6830: 6771: 6709: 4949: 4666: 4422: 3543: 3387: 2798: 2545: 2263: 2121: 2015: 1992: 1637: 1418: 1311: 1241: 1087: 1067: 1034:. It ranks sixth in both mass and size among the satellites of Saturn, after 960: 919: 885: 777: 769: 749: 645: 14847: 10952: 10554: 10196:"NASA finds ingredients for life spewing out of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus" 9803: 8986: 8156: 8139: 7944:"NASA Finds Ingredients For Life Spewing Out Of Saturn's Icy Moon Enceladus" 6581: 6387: 5758: 5653: 4774: 4749: 4578: 4068: 4014: 3958: 3872: 3774: 3574: 2781:

On December 14, 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the

2528:

On December 14, 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the

1802: 827:

on August 28, 1789, during the first use of his new 1.2 m (47 in)

15461: 15383: 15263: 15229: 14858: 14552: 14512: 14486: 14449: 14438: 14427: 14407: 14276: 13890: 13885: 13799: 13774: 13769: 13709: 13643: 13580: 13445: 13393: 13351: 13279: 13193: 13045: 12851: 12762: 12747: 12713: 12691: 12553: 12421: 12395: 12338: 12310: 12294: 11800: 11566:

was created from a revision of this article dated 24 October 2011

11509: 11456: 11051: 10806: 10104:"NASA: Ocean on Saturn moon may possess life-sustaining hydrothermal vents" 9893: 9830: 9722: 9370: 9312: 9116: 9005: 8610: 7435: 6881: 6779: 6717: 6600: 6528: 6395: 6240: 6047: 5766: 5132: 4967: 4901: 4829: 4783: 4586: 4165: 4115: 4076: 4022: 3966: 3880: 3782: 3582: 2895: 2674: 2471: 2463: 2422: 2309:

are high) but a possible higher-temperature state for Enceladus (values of

2137: 2117: 2081: 2061: 2053: 1948:

were likely present, with significant implications for the availability of

1934: 1851: 1735: 1567: 1562: 1450: 1219: 1200:

other Saturnian satellites, were required before this could be confirmed.)

1160: 1156: 1091: 1083: 1059: 1035: 995: 787: 761: 753: 722: 694: 629: 613: 14833: 11691: 11674: 11663: 10798: 9362: 7914:"Saturn Moon Enceladus Is First Alien 'Water World' with Complex Organics" 6510: 5686: 3416:"Terraforming Mars and Venus Using Machine Self-Replicating Systems (SRS)" 15324: 15294: 15219: 15209: 15175: 15137: 15092: 14564: 14530: 14505: 14129: 13744: 13593: 13525: 13475: 13470: 13387: 13082: 13072: 13055: 13050: 13024: 13019: 13006: 12995: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12932: 12919: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12856: 12846: 12836: 12796: 12788: 12783: 12736: 12718: 12667: 12631: 12606: 12529: 12510: 12444: 12414: 8838: 8813: 8241: 7001: 6935:"Long 'curtains' of material may be shooting off Saturn's moon Enceladus" 6295: 4144:

Herschel, W. (1795). "Description of a Forty-feet Reflecting Telescope".

3735: 3710: 2883: 2738: 2734: 2630: 2487: 2077: 2073: 2069: 1888: 1827: 1571: 1531: 1518: 1477:

An atlas of Enceladus's south pole quadrangle, which is dominated by the

1441:

has since viewed these smooth plains regions, like Sarandib Planitia and

1249: 1152: 1043: 773: 706: 698: 490: 477: 11423:"Cassini: The legend and legacy of one of NASA's most prolific missions" 8884: 8602: 7496:"Ocean discovered on Enceladus may be best place to look for alien life" 7427: 6865: 6763: 6701: 6450:

Perry, M. E.; Teolis, Ben D.; Grimes, J.; et al. (March 21, 2016).

6232: 4918:"Biological methane production under putative Enceladus-like conditions" 4821: 1136: 786:

performed chemical analysis of Enceladus's plumes, finding evidence for

14754: 14641: 14397: 14386: 14134: 14109: 13860: 13560: 13530: 13511: 13453: 13418: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13077: 13040: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12772: 12731: 12686: 12678: 12662: 12654: 12636: 12596: 12576: 12539: 12534: 12473: 12460: 12274: 12251: 12075: 11877: 11006:"NASA to support initial studies of privately funded Enceladus mission" 10975:"NASA to support initial studies of privately funded Enceladus mission" 10608:"Exciting New 'Enceladus Explorer' Mission Proposed to Search for Life" 9137: 7175: 7150: 6616:"What's going on inside Saturn moon? Geysers offer intriguing new clue" 4623:

Tjoa, J. N. K. Y.; Mueller, M.; Tak, F. F. S. van der (April 1, 2020).

2518: 2483: 2459: 2455: 1949: 1234: 641: 441: 15416: 11708: 10424: 9498:"Proposed NASA mission to Saturn moon: If there's life, we'll find it" 9337:

McKay, Christopher P.; Anbar, Ariel D.; et al. (April 15, 2014).

6417: 6265: 5852: 4983:"Bayesian analysis of Enceladus's plume data to assess methanogenesis" 3902: 15224: 15190: 14964: 14660: 14653: 14060: 13959: 13952: 13719: 13432: 13406: 13343: 12581: 12089: 12082: 11867: 11857: 9953:"A 'Soda Ocean' on a Moon of Saturn Has All the Ingredients for Life" 9779:"Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus's ocean" 7207:. 37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract 2200. 5823:"NASA's Cassini Images Reveal Spectacular Evidence of an Active Moon" 2682: 2668: 2647: 2397: 2032:

could maintain a subsurface ocean that periodically changes in size.

2019: 1981: 1847: 1791: 1775:. The sources of salty particles are uniformly distributed along the 1762:

An artist's impression of a global subsurface ocean of liquid water (

1728: 1618: 1617:(the point in its orbit most distant from Saturn) than when it is at 1375: 1329:

floors, or are recognized as craters only by a raised, circular rim.

1228: 1118: 1008: 851: 815: 675: 669: 649: 617: 13814: 13649: 10398:. Low Cost Planetary Missions Conference (LCPM) # 10. Archived from 9338: 9303: 9278: 9129: 8935: 4318:"Cassini Spacecraft Reveals 101 Geysers and More on Icy Saturn Moon" 4186:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

2112:

in July and October 2008. Reducing the freezing point of water with

1701: 1082:

Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn along with

802:, and that plume-found methane could be produced by such organisms. 12586: 11862: 11488: 10263:"Enceladus: Evolution and Possible Relationship to Saturn's E-ring" 10047: 9993:"Poison Gas Hints at Potential for Life on an Ocean Moon of Saturn" 8025: 7570: 6563: 5401: 4705: 4641: 2581: 1995:

is a main heat source, perhaps aided by radioactive decay and some

1899: 1831: 1679: 1614: 1607: 1403: 1322: 972: 908: 718: 587: 13906: 12197: 9071: 8328:

New Models of Endogenic Heat from Enceladus' South Polar Fractures

8181:"Organic Compounds Found in Plumes of Saturn's Icy Moon Enceladus" 5486: 4691:

Efroimsky, M. (January 15, 2018). "Tidal viscosity of Enceladus".

2228:{\displaystyle q_{tid}={\frac {63\rho n^{5}r^{4}e^{2}}{38\mu Q}},} 924:

Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope

881: 790:

activity, possibly driving complex chemistry. Ongoing research on

14545: 14540: 13976: 13497: 13247: 12522: 12494: 9526: 8960:

Shin, Kyuchul; Kumar, Rajnish; et al. (September 11, 2012).

8814:"Enceladus' extreme heat flux as revealed by its relaxed craters" 8717:"Saturn Moon Enceladus' Churning Insides May Keep Its Ocean Warm" 3272:

Photograph of Enceladus, taken by the narrow-angle camera of the

3100: 2678: 2660:. Combined with the apparent youthful appearance of the surface, 2597: 2372: 2356: 2113: 2093: 2057: 2037: 1907: 1862:

in some dust grains, as well as larger organics such as benzene (

1843: 1839: 1667: 1363: 1358:

found several types of tectonic features on Enceladus, including

963:

are named after characters, whereas other feature types, such as

866: 653: 633: 597: 525: 388: 360: 6453:

Direct Measurement of the Velocity of the Enceladus Vapor Plumes

4914: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 2705:

A picture of Enceladus in parallel with Saturn's ring, taken by

1790:

Measurements of Enceladus's "wobble" as it orbits Saturn—called

14791: 14320: 13294: 13259: 12515: 11872: 11594: 10915:"Private mission may get us back to Enceladus sooner than NASA" 6647:"Enceladus huffs and puffs: plumes vary with orbital longitude" 4858:"Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus" 4351:"Icy Tendrils Reaching into Saturn Ring Traced to Their Source" 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3377: 2909:

recommended that NASA prioritize its newest probe concept, the

2102: 1933:

of 11 to 12. The high pH is interpreted to be a consequence of

1603: 1192: 931: 896: 870: 836: 702: 637: 625: 512: 506: 452: 277: 14723: 10707:"Diverse destinations considered for new interplanetary probe" 10673:

Enceladus Life Finder: The search for life in a habitable moon

9595:"A Perspective on Life on Enceladus: A World of Possibilities" 8632:

Meyer, J.; Wisdom, Jack (2007). "Tidal heating in Enceladus".

2871:, with a focus on Enceladus, and it was competing against the 2274:. For a same-temperature approximation, the expected value of 1771:

determined that Enceladus's plumes are the source of Saturn's

1595:), and a maximum velocity of 3.40 km/s (7,600 mph). 1233:

often bordering the smooth areas. Extensive linear cracks and

15201: 15142: 15127: 15068: 13809: 12362: 9429:"Enceladus Has Potentially Life-Giving Hydrothermal Activity" 8137: 4316:

Dyches, Preston; Brown, Dwayne; et al. (July 28, 2014).

2833:

to study the habitability potential of its subsurface ocean (

2601: 2589: 2573:

mass spectrometer on the craft detected molecular hydrogen (H

1945: 1742:

used limb measurements to determine that its shape, assuming

1724: 1517:

age than the south pole. Thickness variations in Enceladus's

1367: 1272: 1110:, and is the main source of the ring's material composition. 984: 976: 734: 581: 11725: 10456:"The search for life – from Venus to the outer solar system" 10267:

12th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract

9850:"Detection of phosphates originating from Enceladus's ocean" 9685: 9536:. European Planetary Science Congress 2014. EPSC Abstracts. 8555:. European Planetary Science Congress 2013. EPSC Abstracts. 8358: 8356: 7644:"Cassini Confirms a Global Ocean on Saturn's Moon Enceladus" 7284:

37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, abstract

4547: 3493: 1925:

A model suggests that Enceladus's salty ocean (-Na, -Cl, -CO

1240:

Accordingly, Enceladus must have been recently active with "

14762: 13724: 13212: 11052:"A different trajectory for funding space science missions" 10389:

Tsou, P.; Brownlee, D. E.; et al. (June 18–20, 2013).

8768: 8067:

Glein, C. R.; Baross, J. A.; et al. (March 26, 2015).

7127:(52 (Fall Meeting Supplement), abstract P32A–01): P32A–01. 7100:. American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #44, #112.03. 6484: 5994:(52 (Fall Meeting Supplement), abstract P32A–03): P32A–03. 2887: 2857: 2790: 2537: 2522: 2482:. Geochemical modeling results concerning not-yet-detected 1787:

may be 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) deep at the south pole.

1720: 1683: 1675: 1584: 1326: 1185:

Visual confirmation of venting came in November 2005, when

1114: 1031: 1000: 862: 730: 717:

crystals and ice particles, into space, totaling about 200

679:, flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981. In 2005, the spacecraft 621: 326: 192: 189: 183: 174: 165: 124: 118: 112: 100: 15456: 13188: 10669: 9846: 9688:"Habitability of Enceladus: Planetary Conditions for Life" 9657:"Warm Oceans on Saturn's Moon Enceladus Could Harbor Life" 8966:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA

8334:. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2014. LPSC. 5895:

Satellites of the Outer Planets: Worlds in their own right

5160:"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites" 2724:

images, Enceladus was considered a priority target by the

2600:

as a byproduct, and is at the root of the tree of life on

15132: 14289: 8353: 7880: 7773:"Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn's Geyser Moon" 4240:"Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System" 4146:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

4104:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3542: 3309: 2861: 2741:

venting from the geologically active south polar region.

1739: 1011:

in shape; its diameters, calculated from images taken by

15037: 11659:

from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

11624:

Habitability of Enceladus: Planetary Conditions for Life

11176: 10165:"NASA Missions Provide New Insights into 'Ocean Worlds'" 7674:"Under Saturnian moon's icy crust lies a 'global' ocean" 5920:"Cracks on Enceladus Open and Close under Saturn's Pull" 4746: 3807: 3748: 3746: 2645:

spacecraft made the first close-up images of Enceladus.

2517:

In June 2023, astronomers reported that the presence of

11265:"Discovery Missions for an Icy Moon with Active Plumes" 10072:"Conditions for Life Detected on Saturn Moon Enceladus" 7836:

Magee, B. A.; Waite, Jack Hunter Jr. (March 24, 2017).

7610:"Cassini Finds Global Ocean in Saturn's Moon Enceladus" 7527:"Cassini finds global ocean in Saturn's moon Enceladus" 7118: 7096:

Tajeddine, R.; Lainey, V.; et al. (October 2012).

6800: 6337:"Cassini Finds Enceladus Tiger Stripes Are Really Cubs" 5673:. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science. pp. 241–3. 5527:"Cassini visits Enceladus: New light on a bright world" 5336:

Hillier, J. K.; Green, S. F.; et al. (June 2007).

4851: 4849: 4847: 4550:"The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus" 3752: 2837:), and two astrobiology-oriented mission concepts (the 1930: 1689: 10772: 10741:"Saturn Moon Enceladus Eyed for Sample-Return Mission" 10388: 3621: 1030:

Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's

15433: 12237:

Listed in approximate increasing distance from Saturn

10909: 10907: 10357:"Deepest-Ever Dive Through Enceladus Plume Completed" 10290: 10288: 8745: 7489: 7487: 7462:"Saturn's Enceladus moon hides 'great lake' of water" 7030: 6737: 6735: 6082:"Enceladus, Curiouser and Curiouser: Observations by 5447:

American Astronomical Society, DPS Meeting #40, #8.06

4974: 3743: 3617: 3615: 3548:"Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus" 2149: 733:

scientists, the plumes are similar in composition to

294:

513.2 × 502.8 × 496.6 km

195: 171: 168: 127: 109: 103: 11327:"LIFE – Enceladus Plume Sample Return via Discovery" 11324: 11228:"Planetary Science Decadal Survey Enceladus Orbiter" 10644:. German Aerospace Center (DLR). February 22, 2012. 10548: 8812:

Bland, M. T.; Singer, Kelsi N.; et al. (2012).

8748:"Heating ocean moon Enceladus for billions of years" 8076:. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2015. 7198:

Castillo, J. C.; Matson, D. L.; et al. (2006).

6545:

Kite, Edwin S.; Rubin, Allan M. (January 29, 2016).

4844: 4742: 4740: 4625:"The subsurface habitability of small, icy exomoons" 2970:'Titan and Enceladus $ 1B Mission Feasibility' Study 2685:) celestial body could bear signs of such activity. 1937:

of chondritic rock that leads to the generation of H

999:

Size comparison between Enceladus (lower left), the

186: 180: 121: 115: 13988:

Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer

11651:

Images of Enceladus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal

10349: 9908: 9420: 9336: 9214:"Moons of Saturn may be younger than the dinosaurs" 8325:Abramov, O.; Spencer, John R. (March 17–21, 2014). 7305: 4908: 4460:"NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon" 1838:, and trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as 177: 106: 11487: 11128:Titan and Enceladus $ 1B Mission Feasibility Study 10904: 10818: 10517: 10384: 10382: 10285: 9991: 9985: 9983: 9842: 9840: 9648: 9520: 9161: 9159: 7484: 6732: 5667:Blondel, Philippe; Mason, John (August 23, 2006). 4980: 4795: 4793: 4686: 4684: 3895: 3612: 2227: 1023:between the leading and trailing hemispheres, and 941:Geological features on Enceladus are named by the 780:its interior and driving the geological activity. 13150: 10734: 10732: 9426: 9339:"Follow the Plume: The Habitability of Enceladus" 8854: 8144:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7807:samples the icy spray of Enceladus' water plumes" 7455: 7453: 6540: 6538: 6449: 5343:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5112:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4737: 4418:"Saturn's moon Enceladus surprisingly comet-like" 3546:; Helfenstein, P.; et al. (March 10, 2006). 1457:years, depending on assumed impactor population. 713:, other volatiles, and solid material, including 15505: 11020: 10392:Low Cost Enceladus Sample Return Mission Concept 9776: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8291: 7374:"Astronomers find hints of water on Saturn moon" 7235: 5242:"A Hot Start Might Explain Geysers on Enceladus" 4981:Affholder, Antonin; et al. (June 7, 2021). 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4202: 4200: 4139: 4137: 3936: 1015:ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) instrument, are 659:Enceladus was discovered on August 28, 1789, by 11494:. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. 11383: 11071: 11069: 11026: 10851:"TandEM (Titan and Enceladus Mission) Workshop" 10638:"Searching for life in the depths of Enceladus" 10379: 10026: 10024: 9980: 9944: 9837: 9783:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9156: 9056: 8675: 8673: 8505: 8256: 7555: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7231: 7229: 7095: 6972:Nimmo, F.; Pappalardo, R. T. (August 8, 2016). 6971: 6210: 5790:"Enceladus is Supplying Ice to Saturn's A-Ring" 5440: 5438: 5436: 5380: 4855: 4790: 4681: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 1964:Heat map of the south polar fractures, dubbed ' 12615: 11043: 10729: 9654: 9332: 9330: 9272: 9270: 9236: 9211: 8324: 8062: 8060: 7874: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7731: 7729: 7450: 7197: 7148: 6843: 6741: 6638: 6535: 6260: 6258: 6017: 5152: 4856:Postberg, Frank; et al. (June 27, 2018). 4622: 4411: 4409: 4378: 4376: 3992: 3901: 3803: 3801: 3655: 3653: 3651: 2454:), a geochemical source of energy that can be 2096:was initially found in the vented material by 1806:The chemical composition of Enceladus's plumes 1540:A panorama of Enceladus's plumes taken by the 1429:Two regions of smooth plains were observed by 663:, but little was known about it until the two 15053: 14739: 14305: 13922: 13174: 12213: 11741: 11170: 10768: 10766: 10665: 10663: 10063: 8625: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8499: 8465:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8427: 8386: 8318: 8203: 7696: 7366: 7144: 7142: 6206: 6204: 6183:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 6155:. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII (2006). 6145: 6080:Turtle, E. P.; et al. (April 28, 2005). 5985: 4442: 4309: 4274:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4197: 4134: 4091: 3420:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 2744:These discoveries prompted the adjustment of 2606:birthplace of all life that is known to exist 2332: 11149: 11147: 11066: 10997: 10873: 10698: 10484: 10417: 10021: 9245:"Enceladus' ocean right age to support life" 8679: 8670: 8580: 8574: 8462: 8297: 7971: 7969: 7602: 7396: 7226: 6673: 6445: 6443: 6288: 6146:Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; et al. 5726: 5666: 5592: 5590: 5554: 5552: 5444: 5433: 5335: 5039: 4534: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4270: 4264: 4231: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3850: 3702: 2812: 1102:Enceladus orbits within the densest part of 15329: 11334:45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 11318: 10260: 10256: 10254: 10223: 10221: 9695:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 9327: 9279:"Planetary science: Enceladus' hot springs" 9267: 9017: 9015: 8955: 8953: 8811: 8805: 8631: 8262: 8066: 8057: 8010: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7883:"Complex Organics Bubble up from Enceladus" 7760: 7726: 7380:. The Associated Press. November 27, 2008. 6410: 6255: 6141: 6139: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5917: 5845: 5596: 5518: 5471: 5465: 5300: 5064: 4799: 4406: 4373: 4315: 3798: 3648: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3301: 2879:will continue to be studied and evaluated. 2116:would also allow for outgassing and higher 1019:between the sub- and anti-Saturnian poles, 741:had found evidence for a large south polar 15060: 15046: 14746: 14732: 14312: 14298: 13929: 13915: 13181: 13167: 12220: 12206: 12119:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability 12067: 11748: 11734: 11049: 11003: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10763: 10660: 10606:Anderson, Paul Scott (February 29, 2012). 10478: 9491: 9489: 9457: 9395: 9389: 9165: 9103: 9021: 8899: 8860: 8746:European Space Agency (November 6, 2017). 8534: 8421: 8209: 7977:"Saturnian Moon Shows Evidence of Ammonia" 7835: 7795: 7139: 6965: 6644: 6607: 6365: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6201: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5558: 5294: 4458:Platt, Jane; Bell, Brian (April 3, 2014). 4046: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3176:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability 2512:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability 2132: 1980:of ice, decompression and dissociation of 1460:The expanded surface coverage provided by 34: 11355: 11144: 10630: 10599: 10046: 9883: 9820: 9802: 9617: 9302: 9070: 8995: 8985: 8959: 8837: 8653: 8456: 8399:"Cassini Finds Enceladus is a Powerhouse" 8231: 8155: 8024: 7966: 7637: 7635: 7569: 7191: 7174: 7112: 7000: 6794: 6590: 6580: 6562: 6544: 6518: 6440: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 5817: 5815: 5748: 5625: 5587: 5549: 5485: 5400: 5386: 5363: 5131: 4957: 4891: 4773: 4704: 4690: 4640: 4482: 4457: 4415: 4345: 4343: 4209:"Secret life of Saturn's moon: Enceladus" 3988: 3986: 3984: 3925: 3734: 3685: 3660:Jacobson, Robert. A. (November 1, 2022). 2350: 819:William Herschel, discoverer of Enceladus 11574:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 11557: 11420: 11389: 11256: 11153: 10605: 10523: 10251: 10218: 9587: 9242: 9012: 8950: 8263:Kamata, S.; Nimmo, F. (March 21, 2016). 8102: 8100: 8098: 7999: 7641: 7315:European Planetary Science Congress 2014 7067:"Icy moon Enceladus has underground sea" 7059: 6974:"Ocean worlds in the outer solar system" 6136: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5942: 5781: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5631: 5524: 5194:"Nomenclature Search Results: Enceladus" 4207:Lovett, Richard A. (September 4, 2012). 4143: 4097: 4042: 4040: 3903:"Classic Satellites of the Solar System" 3708: 3659: 3326: 3244:List of geological features on Enceladus 2700: 2629: 2563: 2321:or a more eccentric orbit in the past). 2242:is the (mass) density of the satellite, 1959: 1955: 1891:, and at least 15 carbon atoms in size. 1801: 1757: 1535: 1472: 1413:and seen at a much higher resolution by 1346: 1290: 1218: 1215:List of geological features on Enceladus 1135: 994: 891: 880: 814: 624:) in diameter, about a tenth of that of 15519:Astronomical objects discovered in 1789 11402:from the original on September 20, 2017 11244:from the original on September 29, 2015 11225: 11166:from the original on December 21, 2018. 11125: 11062:from the original on December 16, 2018. 11039:from the original on December 20, 2018. 11016:from the original on November 11, 2018. 10838: 10466:from the original on September 21, 2020 10162: 9605:from the original on September 15, 2011 9543:from the original on September 28, 2015 9508:from the original on September 26, 2015 9486: 9050: 8545: 7714:from the original on September 16, 2009 7684:from the original on September 19, 2015 7654:from the original on September 16, 2015 7620:from the original on September 16, 2015 7537:from the original on September 16, 2015 7518: 7338: 7336: 6679: 6324: 6180: 5979: 5892: 5875: 5660: 5329: 5102: 5095: 3913:from the original on September 20, 2011 3837: 3477:. NASA. August 12, 2013. Archived from 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3413: 2728:mission planners, and several targeted 1819:) indicates that the source is a salty 1402:during their formation by the weakened 1267:observations. The smooth plains, which 1125: 956:The Book of One Thousand and One Nights 945:(IAU) after characters and places from 15506: 11605:The Planetary Society: Enceladus blogs 11421:McIntyre, Ocean (September 17, 2017). 11293: 10985:from the original on November 11, 2018 10925:from the original on December 31, 2017 10892:from the original on February 21, 2009 10879: 10751:from the original on September 5, 2017 10526:"Cost Capped Titan-Enceladus Proposal" 10327:"Tour de Saturn Set For Extended Play" 10324: 10193: 10006:from the original on December 14, 2023 9950: 9636:from the original on September 2, 2015 9575:from the original on February 13, 2015 9495: 9439:from the original on September 1, 2015 9243:Anderson, Paul Scott (July 17, 2019). 8905: 8758:from the original on November 8, 2017. 7735: 7632: 7493: 7472:from the original on February 11, 2021 7354:from the original on November 23, 2017 7270: 7264: 7214:from the original on September 7, 2009 7089: 6613: 6312:from the original on December 11, 2019 6079: 6062: 5911: 5863:from the original on February 25, 2006 5812: 5252:from the original on November 13, 2014 5083:from the original on December 24, 2018 5073:"Enceladus: Saturn's Tiny, Shiny Moon" 4522:from the original on September 1, 2015 4340: 4206: 3981: 3795:(supporting online material, table S1) 3339:"Planetary Body Names and Discoverers" 3266: 3259: 2917:, alongside its newest concepts for a 2882:In November 2017, Russian billionaire 2043: 570:Trace, significant spatial variability 15041: 14727: 14293: 14097:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 13910: 13162: 13149: 12201: 11729: 11490:Enceladus and the icy moons of Saturn 11463:. Yeovil England: Haynes Publishing. 11115:from the original on October 1, 2021. 11075: 11027:Corey S. Powell (December 19, 2018). 10704: 10453: 10367:from the original on November 2, 2015 10296:"Cassini's Tour of the Saturn System" 10069: 9989: 9626:"Enceladus: home of alien lifeforms?" 9623: 9276: 9255:from the original on January 18, 2021 9224:from the original on December 6, 2019 9109: 8715:Choi, Charles Q. (November 6, 2017). 8095: 6661:from the original on February 2, 2014 6359: 6294: 6006: 5930:from the original on January 19, 2009 5715: 5703:from the original on December 1, 2018 5230:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. 4604:from the original on December 2, 2017 4493: 4416:Battersby, Stephen (March 26, 2008). 4237: 4179: 4037: 3446:Enceladus and the Icy Moons of Saturn 2592:. The chemical reaction is known as " 2559: 1644: 1525: 1468: 1351:A close-up view of Enceladus's ridges 1077: 15401: 11595:NASA's Solar System Exploration site 11306:from the original on August 23, 2018 11262: 10738: 10717:from the original on January 5, 2017 10587:from the original on October 1, 2021 10536:from the original on October 1, 2019 10261:Terrile, R. J.; Cook, A. F. (1981). 9990:Chang, Kenneth (December 14, 2023). 9496:Spotts, Peter (September 16, 2015). 9408:from the original on August 20, 2021 8714: 8191:from the original on October 3, 2019 8178: 8119:from the original on August 20, 2021 8106: 7911: 7893:from the original on January 5, 2019 7862:from the original on August 30, 2021 7642:Billings, Lee (September 16, 2015). 7524: 7459: 7333: 7012:from the original on October 1, 2017 6902: 6106: 5787: 5537:from the original on October 1, 2021 5525:Vittorio, Salvatore A. (July 2006). 5338:"The composition of Saturn's E ring" 5200:. USGS Astrogeology Science Center. 5070: 4496:"Icy Enceladus hides a watery ocean" 4390:. September 19, 2006. Archived from 4219:from the original on August 15, 2014 3450: 3353:from the original on August 25, 2009 2789:, a possible chemical essential for 2536:, a possible chemical essential for 2341: 1826:The INMS instrument detected mostly 1734:In addition to its mass and modeled 1336: 831:, then the largest in the world, at 13936: 12227: 11275:from the original on April 16, 2015 10882:"Jupiter in space agencies' sights" 10648:from the original on April 10, 2014 10618:from the original on April 13, 2014 10505:from the original on April 15, 2015 10492:JET: Journey to Enceladus and Titan 10454:McKie, Robin (September 20, 2020). 10239:from the original on April 28, 2014 10206:from the original on April 30, 2017 10175:from the original on April 20, 2017 10144:from the original on April 13, 2017 10114:from the original on April 13, 2017 10084:from the original on April 13, 2017 9667:from the original on March 13, 2015 8485:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124025 8341:from the original on April 13, 2014 8279:from the original on March 25, 2017 7954:from the original on April 14, 2017 7817:from the original on August 2, 2012 7704:"Ocean Hidden Inside Saturn's Moon" 7384:from the original on March 26, 2012 7344:"Enceladus rains water onto Saturn" 7293:from the original on March 26, 2009 7271:Matson, D. L.; et al. (2006). 7155:Meteoritics & Planetary Science 7149:Bhatia, G.K.; Sahijpal, S. (2017). 7077:from the original on April 21, 2014 6626:from the original on August 3, 2013 6124:from the original on March 17, 2017 5967:from the original on April 20, 2016 5833:from the original on March 12, 2016 5800:from the original on April 26, 2014 5282:from the original on April 30, 2010 5228:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 5198:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 5164:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 5071:Redd, Nola Taylor (April 5, 2013). 4361:from the original on April 16, 2015 4295:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124025 4122:from the original on April 27, 2014 3600:from the original on August 6, 2020 3343:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 2616: 2494:Some of the proposed missions are: 2087: 1753: 1208: 1027:between the north and south poles. 13: 15106: 11544: 11449: 11343:from the original on March 4, 2016 11294:Brabaw, Kasandra (April 7, 2015). 11140:from the original on July 5, 2017. 10880:Rincon, Paul (February 18, 2009). 10435:from the original on July 25, 2011 10306:from the original on April 2, 2015 9965:from the original on June 14, 2023 9377:from the original on July 31, 2020 9144:from the original on April 8, 2014 8727:from the original on July 31, 2020 8562:from the original on April 8, 2014 8409:from the original on April 6, 2013 8083:from the original on March 4, 2016 7987:from the original on June 22, 2010 7924:from the original on July 15, 2019 7912:Choi, Charles Q. (June 27, 2018). 7845:Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII 7783:from the original on July 20, 2021 7748:from the original on April 5, 2014 7506:from the original on April 4, 2014 6347:from the original on April 7, 2014 6276:from the original on March 9, 2006 6162:from the original on March 4, 2016 5918:Steigerwald, Bill (May 16, 2007). 5204:from the original on June 17, 2013 5140:from the original on July 25, 2008 4470:from the original on April 3, 2014 4430:from the original on June 30, 2015 4328:from the original on July 14, 2017 4188:. pp. 198–223. Archived from 3239:List of extraterrestrial volcanoes 2825:or JET) to analyze plume contents 2486:indicate the moon meets potential 14: 15545: 11525: 11392:"Proposed New Frontiers Missions" 10861:from the original on June 4, 2011 10686:from the original on May 28, 2019 10337:from the original on May 28, 2020 10273:from the original on May 28, 2020 10163:Northon, Karen (April 13, 2017). 10070:Chang, Kenneth (April 13, 2017). 9951:Miller, Katrina (June 14, 2023). 9655:Coates, Andrew (March 12, 2015). 9277:Tobie, Gabriel (March 12, 2015). 9212:SETI Institute (March 25, 2016). 8179:Gohd, Chelsea (October 3, 2019). 7738:"Seeds of Life Found Near Saturn" 6953:from the original on May 12, 2015 6645:Lakdawalla, E. (March 11, 2013). 6466:from the original on May 30, 2016 6428:from the original on May 11, 2013 5788:Cain, Fraser (February 5, 2008). 5174:from the original on May 25, 2012 5052:from the original on May 19, 2013 4238:Chang, Kenneth (March 12, 2015). 2124:without the presence of ammonia. 1997:heat-producing chemical reactions 1830:, as well as traces of molecular 1764:updated and better scaled version 1286: 990: 421:0.239 km/s (860.4 km/h) 16:Natural satellite orbiting Saturn 15491: 15479: 15467: 15455: 15443: 15411: 15400: 15390: 15389: 15378: 14781: 14708: 14707: 14204: 13258: 13252: 13246: 12149:Life Investigation For Enceladus 12051: 11709:USGS planetary nomenclature page 11705:Enceladus map with feature names 11692:Enceladus atlas (May 2010) from 11600:Calvin Hamilton's Enceladus page 11556: 11414: 11287: 11219: 11119: 11095: 11050:Jeff Foust (November 12, 2018). 10967: 10937: 10705:Clark, Stephen (April 6, 2015). 10447: 10318: 10194:Kaplan, Sarah (April 13, 2017). 10187: 10156: 10126: 10096: 9770: 9744: 9679: 9555: 9451: 9427:O' Neill, Ian (March 12, 2015). 9205: 9196: 8762: 8739: 8708: 8370:. March 14, 2007. Archived from 8172: 8131: 7936: 7905: 7829: 7666: 7549: 7460:Amos, Jonathan (April 3, 2014). 6915:from the original on May 9, 2015 6903:Choi, Charles Q. (May 6, 2015). 5365:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11710.x 5272:"Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet" 5168:USGS Astrogeology Science Center 4388:NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute 4252:from the original on May 9, 2020 4098:Herschel, W. (January 1, 1790). 3471:"Enceladus: Facts & Figures" 3347:USGS Astrogeology Science Center 3310:Porco, Helfenstein et al. (2006) 3119:Life Investigation For Enceladus 2903:Planetary Science Decadal Survey 2843:Life Investigation For Enceladus 2793:as we know it, as well as other 2540:as we know it, as well as other 2508:Life Investigation For Enceladus 2010: 1740:Porco, Helfenstein et al. (2006) 1662:Initial mass estimates from the 1424: 1171:first two close flybys in 2005. 943:International Astronomical Union 161: 96: 15524:Discoveries by William Herschel 14930: 14753: 12137:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan 11133:(Report). NASA. JPL D-37401 B. 11004:Jeff Foust (November 9, 2018). 10739:Wall, Mike (December 6, 2012). 10581:10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.09.012 10325:Moomaw, B. (February 5, 2007). 8013:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 7736:Mosher, Dave (March 26, 2014). 7024: 6981:Journal of Geophysical Research 6927: 6896: 6837: 6478: 6174: 5634:Journal of Geophysical Research 5264: 5234: 5216: 5186: 5033: 4616: 3290:, populated with many grooves ( 3274:Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) 3157:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan 1885:complex macromolecular organics 1117:, Enceladus does not appear to 926:. He chose these names because 756:, Enceladus participates in an 12143:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 11684:basemaps (December 2011) from 11076:Foust, Jeff (April 19, 2022). 9624:McKie, Robin (July 29, 2012). 5531:Cambridge Scientific Abstracts 5042:"William Herschel (1738–1822)" 4384:"Ghostly Fingers of Enceladus" 3438: 3407: 3400:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3365: 3197:Breakthrough Enceladus mission 3076:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 2823:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 2611: 2496:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 2298:established, would be stable. 1797: 1690:Castillo, Matson et al. (2005) 930:, known in Greek mythology as 737:. In 2014, NASA reported that 1: 15280:Extraterrestrial liquid water 14593:Saturn-crossing minor planets 13151:Articles related to Enceladus 11755: 11716:, interactive map of the moon 11365:American Astronomical Society 11226:Spencer, John R. (May 2010). 10229:"Voyager Mission Description" 9502:The Christian Science Monitor 9110:Cowen, Ron (April 15, 2006). 8300:American Astronomical Society 7494:Sample, Ian (April 3, 2014). 6620:The Christian Science Monitor 6120:. NASA/Cassini Imaging Team. 6118:PIA12783: The Enceladus Atlas 5961:Cassini Solstice Mission Team 3254: 3099:(EnEx) lander, employing the 2873:Europa Jupiter System Mission 2474:and the study of potentially 1719:. Subsequent radioactive and 1132:Rings of Saturn § E Ring 983:(long parallel grooves), and 907:Enceladus is named after the 11396:Future Planetary Exploration 11160:Future Planetary Exploration 11126:Kim Reh (January 30, 2007). 10951:(in Russian). Archived from 10530:Future Planetary Exploration 9916:"NASA Astrobiology Strategy" 8932:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.06.013 8818:Geophysical Research Letters 8702:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.010 8664:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.001 8528:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.06.033 8450:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.006 8212:Geophysical Research Letters 7588:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037 7258:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.012 7053:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.026 6614:Spotts, P. (July 31, 2013). 6040:10.1126/science.215.4532.504 5619:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90164-1 5581:10.1016/0019-1035(81)90093-2 5504:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.006 5419:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.020 5323:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.012 4723:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.013 4629:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3831:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.016 3715:Geophysical Research Letters 3632:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_24 3319: 2907:National Academy of Sciences 2867:proposal for exploration of 2637:'s image mosaic of Enceladus 2246:is its mean orbital motion, 1858:also found traces of simple 967:(long, narrow depressions), 823:Enceladus was discovered by 810: 612:and the 19th-largest in the 267:0.009° (to Saturn's equator) 7: 15534:Moons with a prograde orbit 15015:Extraterrestrial atmosphere 14102:Specific orbital energy of 12155:Titan Saturn System Mission 11390:Van Kane (August 4, 2017). 11263:Kane, Van (April 3, 2014). 11156:"Enceladus Mission Options" 10524:Van Kane (March 21, 2011). 10235:. SETI. February 19, 1997. 9460:Planetary and Space Science 9169:Planetary and Space Science 7525:NASA (September 15, 2015). 5897:. Oxford University Press. 5040:Frommert, H.; Kronberg, C. 4659:10.1051/0004-6361/201937035 4494:Witze, A. (April 3, 2014). 3624:Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 3227: 3041:Titan Saturn System Mission 3005:Titan and Enceladus Mission 2854:Titan Saturn System Mission 2778:for extraterrestrial life. 2250:is the satellite's radius, 1445:at much higher resolution. 10: 15550: 14319: 12161:Enceladus Icy Jet Analyzer 11154:Van Kane (June 20, 2011). 10057:10.1038/s41550-023-02160-0 9876:10.1038/s41586-023-05987-9 9396:Wall, Mike (May 7, 2015). 9089:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/14 9024:Advances in Space Research 8364:"A Hot Start on Enceladus" 8107:Wall, Mike (May 7, 2015). 6823:10.1038/s41561-024-01418-0 6266:"Enceladus in False Color" 6095:. JPL/NASA. Archived from 6086:Imaging Science Subsystem" 5893:Rothery, David A. (1999). 5278:. NASA. October 13, 2015. 5012:10.1038/s41550-021-01372-6 4942:10.1038/s41467-018-02876-y 3249:List of natural satellites 2986:'Enceladus Flagship' study 2919:Mars sample-return mission 2694: 2688: 2623: 2333:Proto-Enceladus hypothesis 1529: 1340: 1212: 1203: 1140:Enceladus orbiting within 1129: 805: 701:near the south pole shoot 21:Enceladus (disambiguation) 18: 15373: 15340: 15272: 15199: 15158: 15118: 15104: 15075: 15067: 15028: 14997: 14963: 14896: 14857: 14790: 14779: 14761: 14703: 14672: 14601: 14580: 14376: 14340: 14327: 14268: 14245: 14226: 14194: 14152: 14143: 14084: 14038: 14013: 13969: 13944: 13851: 13685: 13318: 13267: 13244: 13200: 13156: 13090: 13064: 12605: 12552: 12503: 12487: 12453: 12443: 12352: 12324: 12303: 12265: 12242: 12235: 12174: 12106: 12060: 12049: 12026: 11845: 11819: 11793: 11772: 11763: 11187:10.1109/AERO.2011.5747289 11179:2011 Aerospace Conference 11103:"EAGLE: Mission Overview" 9715:10.1007/s11084-008-9135-4 9480:10.1016/j.pss.2014.09.010 9190:10.1016/j.pss.2014.09.010 9059:The Astrophysical Journal 9044:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.013 8791:10.1038/s41550-017-0289-8 8546:Spencer, John R. (2013). 8043:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.017 5957:"Satun Moons – Enceladus" 4884:10.1038/s41586-018-0246-4 4508:10.1038/nature.2014.14985 2856:(TSSM). TSSM was a joint 2813:Proposed mission concepts 2127: 1343:Tiger stripes (Enceladus) 876: 574: 561: 556: 544: 484: 451: 439: 425: 413: 395: 376: 357: 325: 298: 288: 283: 271: 261: 246:Orbital period (sidereal) 243: 231: 213: 206: 153: 138: 91: 81: 76: 68: 56: 51: 33: 14686:The Day the Earth Smiled 13703:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths 11644:August 13, 2011, at the 6418:"Boulder-Strewn Surface" 3709:McKinnon, W. B. (2015). 3687:10.3847/1538-3881/ac90c9 3666:The Astronomical Journal 3475:Solar System Exploration 3192:Breakthrough Initiatives 2923:Uranus Orbiter and Probe 2892:Breakthrough Initiatives 934:, was the leader of the 922:in his 1847 publication 398:Moment of inertia factor 284:Physical characteristics 40:Enceladus imaged by the 14280:(2017 documentary film) 14125:NASA Deep Space Network 11181:. IEEE. pp. 1–13. 9804:10.1073/pnas.2201388119 9472:2014P&SS..104..185C 9182:2014P&SS..104..185C 8987:10.1073/pnas.1205820109 7167:2017M&PS...52.2470B 6651:Planetary Society blogs 6582:10.1073/pnas.1520507113 6388:10.1126/science.1121031 5853:"Spray Above Enceladus" 5759:10.1126/science.1121375 5654:10.1029/JB089iB11p09459 4775:10.1126/science.aai8703 4651:2020A&A...636A..50T 4579:10.1126/science.1250551 4069:10.1126/science.1121290 4015:10.1126/science.1121254 3959:10.1126/science.1120985 3873:10.1126/science.1121661 3775:10.1126/science.1134681 3575:10.1126/science.1123013 3414:Freitas, R. A. (1983). 3384:Oxford University Press 2831:German Aerospace Center 2133:Mimas–Enceladus paradox 1744:hydrostatic equilibrium 1591:(2,800 ± 220 1248:of 1.38 and bolometric 693:venting from the south 428:Synodic rotation period 208:Orbital characteristics 15290:Planetary oceanography 15112: 14247:Exploration of Neptune 14154:Exploration of Jupiter 11701:Enceladus nomenclature 11680:March 8, 2018, at the 11669:March 8, 2018, at the 11552: 11532:Listen to this article 10489:; et al. (2011). 10233:Ring-Moon Systems Node 9925:. 2015. Archived from 8906:Fortes, A. D. (2007). 7680:. Cornell University. 7616:. September 15, 2015. 6197:. Presentation #24.06. 6102:on September 27, 2009. 4166:10.1098/rstl.1795.0021 4116:10.1098/rstl.1790.0004 2915:Flagship-class mission 2776:habitable environments 2737:with traces of simple 2710: 2681:'s highly active moon 2638: 2596:" because it produces 2569: 2476:habitable environments 2351:Potential habitability 2229: 1969: 1807: 1782:Gravimetric data from 1767: 1545: 1482: 1352: 1308: 1295:A close up picture of 1224: 1144: 1004: 1003:(upper left) and Earth 947:Richard Francis Burton 904: 889: 820: 689:discovered water-rich 15110: 14228:Exploration of Uranus 14196:Exploration of Saturn 14000:Voyager Golden Record 13994:Plasma Wave Subsystem 12131:Enceladus Life Finder 11551: 11433:on September 20, 2017 11269:The Planetary Society 11235:Mission Concept Study 10799:10.1089/ast.2011.0813 9363:10.1089/ast.2014.1158 8157:10.1093/mnras/stz2280 6655:The Planetary Society 6511:10.1089/ast.2017.1647 5687:10.1007/3-540-37683-6 4922:Nature Communications 3380:UK English Dictionary 3138:Enceladus Life Finder 2850:European Space Agency 2839:Enceladus Life Finder 2799:microbial communities 2704: 2633: 2567: 2546:microbial communities 2504:Enceladus Life Finder 2480:extraterrestrial life 2270:is the dimensionless 2230: 1963: 1956:Possible heat sources 1805: 1761: 1623:Strike-slip tectonics 1589:kilometers per second 1539: 1476: 1350: 1294: 1222: 1139: 998: 895: 884: 839:, England. Its faint 818: 760:. Its resonance with 608:is the sixth-largest 576:Composition by volume 46:orbiter, October 2015 15353:Ocean stratification 15186:Doubly labeled water 15005:Prebiotic atmosphere 13982:Cosmic Ray Subsystem 13876:Planetary-mass moons 12114:Enceladus Orbilander 11657:Enceladus's rotation 11583:More spoken articles 10981:. November 9, 2018. 10955:on December 31, 2017 10857:. February 7, 2008. 10826:on September 1, 2015 10363:. October 28, 2015. 9932:on December 22, 2016 8839:10.1029/2012GL052736 8242:10.1002/2013GL057149 7002:10.1002/2016JE005081 6298:(December 9, 2019). 6093:CHARM Teleconference 5829:. December 5, 2005. 5276:Planetary Factsheets 5133:10.1093/mnras/8.3.42 5106:(January 14, 1848). 4192:on January 13, 2016. 3736:10.1002/2015GL063384 3626:. pp. 763–781. 3234:Enceladus in fiction 3215:Enceladus Orbilander 2911:Enceladus Orbilander 2466:of chondritic rock. 2256:orbital eccentricity 2147: 2050:radioactive isotopes 1636:The extent to which 1176:Cosmic Dust Analyzer 1142:Saturn's E ring 1126:Source of the E ring 766:orbital eccentricity 19:For other uses, see 15358:Lake stratification 15341:Physical parameters 11714:Google Enceladus 3D 11639:images of Enceladus 11427:Spaceflight Insider 11377:2016DPS....4822501M 10791:2012AsBio..12..730T 10573:2015AcAau.106...63K 9868:2023Natur.618..489P 9795:2022PNAS..11901388H 9789:(39): e2201388119. 9707:2008OLEB...38..355P 9355:2014AsBio..14..352M 9295:2015Natur.519..162T 9081:2012ApJ...752...14L 9036:2006AdSpR..38..788C 8978:2012PNAS..10914785S 8924:2007Icar..191..743F 8885:10.1038/nature08153 8877:2009Natur.460..487W 8830:2012GeoRL..3917204B 8783:2017NatAs...1..841C 8694:2008Icar..194..675R 8646:2007Icar..188..535M 8603:10.1038/nature06217 8595:2007Natur.449..695S 8520:2013Icar..226..898B 8477:2013AREPS..41..693S 8442:2014Icar..235...75S 8312:2013DPS....4541601H 8224:2013GeoRL..40.5610S 8035:2015GeCoA.162..202G 7853:2017LPI....48.2974M 7648:Scientific American 7580:2016Icar..264...37T 7428:10.1038/nature10175 7420:2011Natur.474..620P 7327:2014EPSC....9..676T 7250:2007Icar..188..345S 7133:2005AGUFM.P32A..01C 7106:2012DPS....4411203T 7045:2007Icar..186..218H 6993:2016JGRE..121.1378N 6866:10.1038/nature14368 6858:2015Natur.521...57S 6815:2024NatGe..17..385B 6764:10.1038/nature12371 6756:2013Natur.500..182H 6702:10.1038/nature12462 6694:2013Natur.500..155S 6573:2016PNAS..113.3972K 6503:2017AsBio..17..926T 6380:2006Sci...311.1425B 6343:. August 30, 2005. 6233:10.1038/nature04821 6225:2006Natur.441..614N 6195:2006DPS....38.2406B 6032:1982Sci...215..504S 6000:2005AGUFM.P32A..03R 5741:2006Sci...311.1416S 5679:2006ssu..book.....B 5670:Solar System Update 5646:1984JGR....89.9459P 5611:1983Icar...56..426H 5573:1981Icar...47...84B 5496:2012Icar..217..322H 5459:2008DPS....40.0806H 5411:2018Icar..306..328E 5356:2007MNRAS.377.1588H 5315:2007Icar..190..573T 5124:1848MNRAS...8...42L 5046:The Messier Catalog 5004:2021NatAs...5..805A 4934:2018NatCo...9..748T 4876:2018Natur.558..564P 4822:10.1038/nature14262 4814:2015Natur.519..207H 4766:2017Sci...356..155W 4715:2018Icar..300..223E 4571:2014Sci...344...78I 4287:2013AREPS..41..693S 4158:1795RSPT...85..347H 4061:2006Sci...311.1419W 4007:2006Sci...311.1422H 3951:2006Sci...311.1406D 3865:2006Sci...311.1401S 3823:2010Icar..206..573H 3767:2007Sci...315..815V 3727:2015GeoRL..42.2137M 3678:2022AJ....164..199J 3567:2006Sci...311.1393P 3561:(5766): 1393–1401. 3481:on October 16, 2013 3432:1983JBIS...36..139F 3294:) and depressions ( 3260:Informational notes 3211:PSDS Decadal Survey 3056:PSDS Decadal Survey 3023:Enceladus RMA Study 2044:Radioactive heating 1106:, the outermost of 69:Discovery date 30: 15305:List of Candidates 15166:Deuterium-depleted 15113: 15020:Stellar atmosphere 14898:Natural satellites 14695:(2018 documentary) 14115:Grand Tour program 14046:Stamatios Krimigis 13856:Discovery timeline 13190:Natural satellites 12125:Enceladus Explorer 11553: 10140:. April 13, 2017. 10077:The New York Times 9999:The New York Times 9958:The New York Times 9758:. October 11, 2022 9601:. March 26, 2008. 7779:. March 26, 2008. 7176:10.1111/maps.12952 6305:The New York Times 6114:"Shahrazad (Se-4)" 5796:. Universe Today. 5248:. March 12, 2007. 4357:. April 14, 2015. 4245:The New York Times 4180:Arago, M. (1871). 3909:. April 15, 2007. 3907:Observatorio ARVAL 3403:. Merriam-Webster. 3097:Enceladus Explorer 2835:Enceladus Explorer 2829:, a lander by the 2711: 2639: 2570: 2560:Hydrothermal vents 2500:Enceladus Explorer 2319:radiogenic heating 2272:dissipation factor 2258:of the satellite, 2225: 1970: 1929:) has an alkaline 1900:molecular hydrogen 1808: 1768: 1711:body, with an icy 1645:Internal structure 1546: 1526:South polar plumes 1483: 1469:South polar region 1353: 1309: 1225: 1145: 1078:Orbit and rotation 1005: 905: 890: 841:apparent magnitude 821: 711:molecular hydrogen 648:regions to young, 616:. It is about 500 547:Apparent magnitude 58:Discovered by 28: 15431: 15430: 15425: 15424: 15365:Ocean temperature 15035: 15034: 14721: 14720: 14693:In Saturn's Rings 14389: 14287: 14286: 14264: 14263: 13904: 13903: 13704: 13143: 13142: 12645: 12644: 12548: 12547: 12304:Other inner moons 12195: 12194: 12170: 12169: 12047: 12046: 11785:Sarandib Planitia 11591:Enceladus Profile 11549: 11196:978-1-4244-7350-2 11108:. November 2006. 10561:Acta Astronautica 10300:Planetary Society 9862:(7965): 489–493. 9740:on June 14, 2018. 9661:Discover Magazine 8938:on March 23, 2017 8871:(7254): 487–490. 8405:. March 7, 2011. 7983:. July 22, 2009. 7710:. June 24, 2009. 7678:Cornell Chronicle 7161:(12): 2470–2490. 7073:. April 3, 2014. 6939:Los Angeles Times 6803:Nature Geoscience 6557:(15): 3972–3975. 6424:. July 26, 2005. 6374:(5766): 1425–28. 6272:. July 26, 2005. 5904:978-0-19-512555-9 5735:(5766): 1416–18. 5696:978-3-540-37683-5 4870:(7711): 564–568. 4760:(6334): 155–159. 4394:on April 27, 2014 4055:(5766): 1419–22. 3641:978-1-4020-9216-9 3390:on July 31, 2020. 3225: 3224: 3059:Enceladus Orbiter 2951:GSFC NASA Academy 2803:organic synthesis 2801:or drive complex 2795:organic molecules 2785:of Enceladus, of 2588:dissolved in the 2550:organic synthesis 2548:or drive complex 2542:organic molecules 2532:of Enceladus, of 2342:Date of formation 2220: 1989:Radioactive decay 1896:mass spectrometer 1889:atomic mass units 1860:organic compounds 1627:pull-apart basins 1581:mass spectrometer 1451:shear deformation 1435:Sarandib Planitia 1337:Tectonic features 1096:orbital resonance 833:Observatory House 829:40-foot telescope 796:hydrothermal vent 758:orbital resonance 628:'s largest moon, 603: 602: 540: 539: 273:Satellite of 15541: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15472: 15471: 15470: 15460: 15459: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15439: 15415: 15404: 15403: 15393: 15392: 15382: 15285:Asteroidal water 15273:Extraterrestrial 15062: 15055: 15048: 15039: 15038: 14785: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14725: 14724: 14711: 14710: 14635: 14628: 14385: 14353:Great White Spot 14314: 14307: 14300: 14291: 14290: 14150: 14149: 14120:Rings of Jupiter 13931: 13924: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13699: 13678: 13666: 13652: 13638: 13621: 13609: 13602: 13583: 13569: 13555: 13520: 13506: 13492: 13487: 13465: 13460: 13448: 13441: 13427: 13413: 13396: 13379: 13369: 13360: 13346: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13183: 13176: 13169: 13160: 13159: 13147: 13146: 13065:Outlier prograde 12613: 12612: 12504:Siarnaq subgroup 12488:Paaliaq subgroup 12451: 12450: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12199: 12198: 12065: 12064: 12055: 11770: 11769: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11727: 11726: 11722:by Kevin M. Gill 11573: 11571: 11560: 11559: 11550: 11540: 11538: 11533: 11521: 11493: 11482: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11429:. Archived from 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11342: 11331: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11260: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11243: 11232: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11151: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11132: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11107: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11073: 11064: 11063: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10911: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10847: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10817:. Archived from 10770: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10736: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10711:Space Flight Now 10702: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10685: 10678: 10667: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10504: 10497: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10421: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10405:on April 8, 2014 10404: 10397: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10292: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10258: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10050: 10034:Nature Astronomy 10028: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10011: 9995: 9987: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9931: 9920: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9887: 9844: 9835: 9834: 9824: 9806: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9733:. Archived from 9692: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9542: 9535: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9334: 9325: 9324: 9306: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9209: 9203: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9163: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9074: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9019: 9010: 9009: 8999: 8989: 8972:(37): 14785–90. 8957: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8934:. Archived from 8903: 8897: 8896: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8841: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8771:Nature Astronomy 8766: 8760: 8759: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8657: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8543: 8532: 8531: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8395: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8360: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8333: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8278: 8271: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8235: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8150:(4): 5231–5243. 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8104: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8082: 8075: 8064: 8055: 8054: 8028: 8008: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7842: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7769: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7573: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7457: 7448: 7447: 7403: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7321:: EPSC2014–676. 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7292: 7286:. p. 2219. 7281: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7233: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7213: 7206: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7178: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7011: 7004: 6987:(8): 1378–1399. 6978: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6584: 6566: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6333: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6262: 6253: 6252: 6219:(7093): 614–16. 6208: 6199: 6198: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6154: 6143: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6090: 6077: 6060: 6059: 6026:(4532): 504–37. 6015: 6004: 6003: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5890: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5752: 5724: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5489: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5442: 5431: 5430: 5404: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5135: 5104:Lassell, William 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4991:Nature Astronomy 4987: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4961: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4853: 4842: 4841: 4808:(7542): 207–10. 4797: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4708: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4644: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4554: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4491: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4455: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4177: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4001:(5766): 1422–5. 3990: 3979: 3978: 3945:(5766): 1406–9. 3934: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3859:(5766): 1401–5. 3848: 3835: 3834: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3721:(7): 2137–2143. 3706: 3700: 3699: 3689: 3657: 3646: 3645: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3552: 3540: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3467: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3391: 3386:. Archived from 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3335: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3270: 2928: 2927: 2817:The discoveries 2787:hydrogen cyanide 2767: 2766: 2765: 2534:hydrogen cyanide 2464:serpentinization 2453: 2452: 2451: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2088:Chemical factors 1935:serpentinization 1921: 1920: 1919: 1887:as large as 200 1882: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1821:subsurface ocean 1754:Subsurface ocean 1485:Images taken by 1312:Impact cratering 1307:(bottom) craters 1259: 1257: 1246:geometric albedo 1209:Surface features 1073: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1026: 1022: 1018: 899:(left) fighting 825:William Herschel 743:subsurface ocean 661:William Herschel 486: 485: 475: 473: 463: 461: 409: 407: 386: 372: 371:0.0038 g/cm 370: 352: 348: 346: 342: 338: 335: 320: 316: 312: 310: 257: 255: 239: 227: 225: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 63:William Herschel 38: 31: 27: 15549: 15548: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15529:Moons of Saturn 15504: 15503: 15502: 15492: 15490: 15480: 15478: 15468: 15466: 15454: 15444: 15442: 15434: 15432: 15427: 15426: 15421: 15369: 15336: 15268: 15195: 15154: 15114: 15102: 15071: 15066: 15036: 15031: 15024: 14993: 14959: 14892: 14853: 14786: 14777: 14757: 14752: 14722: 14717: 14699: 14668: 14648:Voyager program 14631: 14624: 14612:Cassini–Huygens 14597: 14576: 14372: 14336: 14323: 14318: 14288: 14283: 14269:Popular culture 14260: 14241: 14222: 14190: 14145: 14139: 14080: 14071:Edward C. Stone 14066:Larry Soderblom 14056:Raymond Heacock 14034: 14029:Family Portrait 14009: 13965: 13940: 13938:Voyager program 13935: 13905: 13900: 13866:Irregular moons 13847: 13687: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13662: 13648: 13634: 13619: 13614: 13605: 13598: 13579: 13565: 13551: 13543:Jupiter trojans 13516: 13502: 13490: 13485: 13463: 13458: 13444: 13437: 13423: 13411: 13392: 13377: 13372: 13365: 13356: 13342: 13321: 13314: 13270: 13263: 13257: 13251: 13242: 13203: 13196: 13187: 13152: 13144: 13139: 13100:Cassini–Huygens 13095:Rings of Saturn 13086: 13067:irregular moons 13066: 13060: 12641: 12616:Phoebe subgroup 12601: 12544: 12499: 12483: 12454:Kiviuq subgroup 12439: 12354: 12348: 12320: 12299: 12261: 12238: 12231: 12229:Moons of Saturn 12226: 12196: 12191: 12166: 12102: 12097:Cassini–Huygens 12056: 12043: 12022: 11841: 11815: 11811:Samarkand Sulci 11789: 11759: 11754: 11682:Wayback Machine 11671:Wayback Machine 11646:Wayback Machine 11612:Cassini–Huygens 11587: 11586: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11564:This audio file 11561: 11554: 11545: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11502: 11485: 11471: 11455: 11452: 11450:Further reading 11447: 11446: 11436: 11434: 11419: 11415: 11405: 11403: 11388: 11384: 11360: 11356: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11309: 11307: 11292: 11288: 11278: 11276: 11261: 11257: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11230: 11224: 11220: 11197: 11175: 11171: 11152: 11145: 11137: 11130: 11124: 11120: 11112: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11086: 11084: 11074: 11067: 11048: 11044: 11025: 11021: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10958: 10956: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10913: 10912: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10878: 10874: 10864: 10862: 10849: 10848: 10839: 10829: 10827: 10823: 10771: 10764: 10754: 10752: 10737: 10730: 10720: 10718: 10703: 10699: 10689: 10687: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10636: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10604: 10600: 10590: 10588: 10553: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10522: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10452: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10429:Cassini Imaging 10423: 10422: 10418: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10387: 10380: 10370: 10368: 10355: 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10323: 10319: 10309: 10307: 10294: 10293: 10286: 10276: 10274: 10269:. p. 428. 10259: 10252: 10242: 10240: 10227: 10226: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10200:Washington Post 10192: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10161: 10157: 10147: 10145: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10117: 10115: 10102: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10068: 10064: 10029: 10022: 10009: 10007: 9988: 9981: 9968: 9966: 9949: 9945: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9845: 9838: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9737: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9668: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9622: 9618: 9608: 9606: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9494: 9487: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9335: 9328: 9304:10.1038/519162a 9289:(7542): 162–3. 9275: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9197: 9164: 9157: 9147: 9145: 9130:10.2307/4019332 9124:(15): 282–284. 9108: 9104: 9055: 9051: 9020: 9013: 8958: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8904: 8900: 8859: 8855: 8810: 8806: 8777:(12): 841–847. 8767: 8763: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8713: 8709: 8678: 8671: 8655:10.1.1.142.9123 8630: 8626: 8589:(7163): 695–7. 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8544: 8535: 8504: 8500: 8461: 8457: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8397: 8396: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8374:on May 28, 2020 8362: 8361: 8354: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8233:10.1.1.693.2896 8218:(21): 5610–14. 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8177: 8173: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8105: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8058: 8009: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7975: 7974: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7910: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7771: 7770: 7761: 7751: 7749: 7734: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7640: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7492: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7458: 7451: 7414:(7353): 620–2. 7404: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7279: 7276: 7269: 7265: 7234: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7147: 7140: 7117: 7113: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 7009: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6901: 6897: 6852:(7550): 57–60. 6842: 6838: 6799: 6795: 6750:(7461): 182–4. 6740: 6733: 6688:(7461): 155–6. 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6612: 6608: 6543: 6536: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6422:Cassini Imaging 6416: 6415: 6411: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6335: 6334: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6270:Cassini Imaging 6264: 6263: 6256: 6209: 6202: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6088: 6078: 6063: 6016: 6007: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5955: 5954: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5891: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5857:Cassini Imaging 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5786: 5782: 5750:10.1.1.466.6748 5725: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5697: 5665: 5661: 5630: 5626: 5595: 5588: 5557: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5523: 5519: 5470: 5466: 5443: 5434: 5385: 5381: 5334: 5330: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5224:"Samaria Rupes" 5222: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5101:As reported by 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4913: 4909: 4854: 4845: 4798: 4791: 4745: 4738: 4689: 4682: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4565:(6179): 78–80. 4552: 4546: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4492: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4414: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4213:Cosmos Magazine 4205: 4198: 4142: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4096: 4092: 4045: 4038: 3991: 3982: 3935: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3900: 3896: 3849: 3838: 3806: 3799: 3751: 3744: 3707: 3703: 3658: 3649: 3642: 3620: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3550: 3541: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3412: 3408: 3393: 3392: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3337: 3336: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3302: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3230: 2815: 2805:leading to the 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2709:in January 2006 2699: 2697:Cassini–Huygens 2693: 2628: 2626:Voyager program 2622: 2614: 2576: 2562: 2552:leading to the 2450: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2279: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2135: 2130: 2090: 2046: 2013: 1958: 1940: 1928: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1818: 1800: 1756: 1692:suggested that 1664:Voyager program 1647: 1534: 1528: 1471: 1427: 1370:. Results from 1366:of grooves and 1345: 1339: 1331:Dunyazad crater 1289: 1255: 1253: 1242:water volcanism 1217: 1211: 1206: 1134: 1128: 1108:its major rings 1104:Saturn's E ring 1080: 1071: 1063: 1055: 1047: 1039: 1024: 1020: 1016: 993: 916:Greek mythology 879: 848: 813: 808: 778:tidally heating 729:. According to 715:sodium chloride 595: 590: 585: 567: 549: 471: 469: 459: 457: 444: 430: 418: 416:Escape velocity 405: 403: 400: 384: 381: 379:Surface gravity 368: 366: 363: 350: 344: 340: 336: 333: 331: 318: 314: 308: 306: 303: 253: 251: 248: 237: 223: 221: 218: 216:Semi-major axis 164: 160: 141: 99: 95: 84: 72:August 28, 1789 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15547: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15501: 15500: 15488: 15476: 15464: 15452: 15429: 15428: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15408: 15397: 15386: 15374: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15367: 15362: 15361: 15360: 15355: 15348:Stratification 15344: 15342: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15334: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15276: 15274: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15266: 15261: 15260: 15259: 15254: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15217: 15212: 15206: 15204: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15162: 15160: 15156: 15155: 15153: 15152: 15151: 15150: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15124: 15122: 15116: 15115: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15079: 15077: 15073: 15072: 15065: 15064: 15057: 15050: 15042: 15033: 15032: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14984: 14977: 14969: 14967: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14957: 14950: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14900: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14863: 14861: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14851: 14844: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14796: 14794: 14788: 14787: 14780: 14778: 14776: 14775: 14767: 14765: 14759: 14758: 14751: 14750: 14743: 14736: 14728: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14715: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14689: 14682: 14676: 14674: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14657: 14645: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14629: 14607: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14588:Delta Octantis 14584: 14582: 14578: 14577: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14562: 14561: 14560: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14528: 14521: 14516: 14509: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14476: 14464: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14382: 14380: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14317: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14294: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14258: 14251: 14249: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14232: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14200: 14198: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14167:with volcanos 14158: 14156: 14147: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14099: 14094: 14092:Gravity assist 14088: 14086: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14078: 14076:Timothy Ferris 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14032: 14025: 14017: 14015: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 13997: 13991: 13985: 13979: 13973: 13971: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13956: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13934: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13911: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13691: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13658:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 13655: 13654: 13653: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13603: 13591: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13442: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13404: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13385: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13363: 13362: 13361: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13335: 13330: 13326: 13324: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13265: 13264: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13209: 13207: 13198: 13197: 13186: 13185: 13178: 13171: 13163: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13068: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13035: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13014: 13009: 13004: 13001: 12998: 12993: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12951: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12922: 12917: 12914: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12888: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12778: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12681: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12657: 12652: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12610: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12559: 12557: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12518: 12513: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12468: 12463: 12457: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12430: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12385: 12373: 12366: 12358: 12356: 12355:(with trojans) 12350: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12330: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12271: 12269: 12267:Ring shepherds 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12248: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12225: 12224: 12217: 12210: 12202: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12189: 12184: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12158: 12152: 12146: 12140: 12134: 12128: 12122: 12116: 12110: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12079: 12071: 12069: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11834: 11832:Daryabar Fossa 11829: 11827:Bassorah Fossa 11823: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11780:Diyar Planitia 11776: 11774: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11753: 11752: 11745: 11738: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11698: 11689: 11660: 11653: 11648: 11632: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11576: 11562: 11555: 11543: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526:External links 11524: 11523: 11522: 11500: 11483: 11469: 11451: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11413: 11382: 11354: 11317: 11286: 11255: 11218: 11195: 11169: 11143: 11118: 11094: 11065: 11042: 11019: 10996: 10966: 10936: 10903: 10872: 10837: 10785:(8): 730–742. 10762: 10728: 10697: 10659: 10629: 10612:Universe Today 10598: 10547: 10516: 10477: 10446: 10416: 10378: 10348: 10317: 10284: 10250: 10217: 10186: 10155: 10125: 10095: 10062: 10041:(2): 164–173. 10020: 9979: 9943: 9907: 9836: 9769: 9743: 9701:(4): 355–369. 9678: 9647: 9616: 9586: 9554: 9519: 9485: 9450: 9433:Discovery News 9419: 9388: 9349:(4): 352–355. 9326: 9266: 9235: 9204: 9195: 9155: 9102: 9049: 9011: 8949: 8898: 8853: 8804: 8761: 8738: 8707: 8688:(2): 675–689. 8669: 8624: 8573: 8533: 8514:(1): 898–904. 8498: 8455: 8420: 8385: 8352: 8317: 8290: 8255: 8202: 8171: 8130: 8094: 8056: 7998: 7965: 7935: 7904: 7873: 7847:(1964): 2974. 7828: 7794: 7759: 7725: 7695: 7665: 7631: 7601: 7548: 7517: 7483: 7449: 7395: 7365: 7332: 7304: 7274: 7263: 7225: 7190: 7138: 7121:Eos Trans. AGU 7111: 7088: 7058: 7039:(1): 218–233. 7023: 6964: 6926: 6895: 6836: 6809:(5): 385–391. 6793: 6731: 6672: 6637: 6606: 6534: 6497:(9): 926–940. 6477: 6439: 6409: 6358: 6323: 6287: 6254: 6200: 6173: 6135: 6105: 6061: 6005: 5988:Eos Trans. AGU 5978: 5941: 5910: 5903: 5874: 5844: 5811: 5780: 5714: 5695: 5659: 5624: 5605:(3): 426–438. 5586: 5548: 5517: 5480:(1): 322–338. 5464: 5432: 5379: 5350:(4): 1588–96. 5328: 5309:(2): 573–584. 5293: 5263: 5233: 5215: 5185: 5151: 5094: 5063: 5032: 4998:(8): 805–814. 4973: 4907: 4843: 4789: 4736: 4680: 4615: 4533: 4481: 4441: 4405: 4372: 4339: 4308: 4263: 4230: 4196: 4133: 4090: 4036: 3980: 3924: 3894: 3836: 3817:(2): 573–593. 3797: 3742: 3701: 3647: 3640: 3611: 3492: 3449: 3437: 3406: 3364: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3300: 3288:Diyar Planitia 3264: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3039:TandEM became 3037: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2869:Saturn's moons 2865:flagship-class 2814: 2811: 2807:origin of life 2762: 2695:Main article: 2692: 2687: 2624:Main article: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2594:methanogenesis 2586:carbon dioxide 2574: 2561: 2558: 2554:origin of life 2478:for microbial 2448: 2431: 2415: 2406: 2390: 2381: 2365: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2277: 2236: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2089: 2086: 2045: 2042: 2012: 2009: 1957: 1954: 1938: 1926: 1916: 1903: 1877: 1868: 1836:carbon dioxide 1816: 1799: 1796: 1755: 1752: 1709:differentiated 1646: 1643: 1593:miles per hour 1561:Data from the 1527: 1524: 1470: 1467: 1443:Diyar Planitia 1426: 1423: 1362:, scarps, and 1338: 1335: 1288: 1287:Impact craters 1285: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1130:Main article: 1127: 1124: 1079: 1076: 992: 991:Shape and size 989: 961:Impact craters 878: 875: 846: 812: 809: 807: 804: 800:microorganisms 705:-like jets of 676:Voyager 2 670:Voyager 1 640:; −324.4 610:moon of Saturn 601: 600: 593:carbon dioxide 578: 572: 571: 568: 562: 559: 558: 554: 553: 550: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 531: 528: 522: 521: 518: 515: 509: 503: 502: 499: 496: 493: 482: 481: 468:at 550 nm) or 455: 449: 448: 445: 440: 437: 436: 431: 426: 423: 422: 419: 414: 411: 410: 401: 396: 393: 392: 385:0.113 m/s 382: 377: 374: 373: 364: 358: 355: 354: 329: 323: 322: 304: 299: 296: 295: 292: 286: 285: 281: 280: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 249: 244: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 219: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 157: 151: 150: 142: 139: 136: 135: 93: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15546: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15499: 15489: 15487: 15477: 15475: 15465: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15451: 15441: 15440: 15437: 15418: 15414: 15409: 15407: 15398: 15396: 15387: 15385: 15381: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15300:Hycean planet 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15265: 15262: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15203: 15198: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15157: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111:Water droplet 15109: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15063: 15058: 15056: 15051: 15049: 15044: 15043: 15040: 15027: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14985: 14983: 14982: 14978: 14976: 14975: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14899: 14895: 14889: 14888: 14884: 14882: 14881: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14862: 14860: 14859:Dwarf planets 14856: 14850: 14849: 14845: 14843: 14842: 14838: 14836: 14835: 14831: 14829: 14828: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14817: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14808: 14807: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14793: 14789: 14784: 14774: 14773: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14749: 14744: 14742: 14737: 14735: 14730: 14729: 14726: 14714: 14706: 14705: 14702: 14696: 14694: 14690: 14688: 14687: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14663: 14662: 14658: 14656: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14639: 14634: 14630: 14627: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14614: 14613: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14510: 14508: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14469: 14465: 14463: 14462: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14440: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14393:Ring moonlets 14391: 14388: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14379: 14375: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14363:Magnetosphere 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14326: 14322: 14315: 14310: 14308: 14303: 14301: 14296: 14295: 14292: 14279: 14278: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14267: 14257: 14254:and its moon 14253: 14252: 14250: 14248: 14244: 14238: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14229: 14225: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209:with craters 14208: 14207: 14206: 14203:and its moon 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14193: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14161:and its moon 14160: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14142: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14089: 14087: 14083: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14051:Carolyn Porco 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14031: 14030: 14026: 14024: 14023: 14022:Pale Blue Dot 14019: 14018: 14016: 14012: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13995: 13992: 13989: 13986: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13932: 13927: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891:Regular moons 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13665: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13656: 13651: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13642: 13637: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13613: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13554: 13550: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13519: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13505: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13496: 13489: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13462: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13452: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13435: 13434: 13431: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13417: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13395: 13391: 13390: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13378: 13371: 13368: 13364: 13359: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13350: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13323: 13317: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13266: 13261: 13255: 13249: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13184: 13179: 13177: 13172: 13170: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13155: 13148: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13063: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12958: 12955: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12814: 12811: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12704: 12701: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12486: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12302: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12244:Ring moonlets 12241: 12234: 12230: 12223: 12218: 12216: 12211: 12209: 12204: 12203: 12200: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12173: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12132: 12129: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12063: 12059: 12054: 12040: 12039:Tiger stripes 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11838: 11837:Isbanir Fossa 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11806:Labtayt Sulci 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11751: 11746: 11744: 11739: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11728: 11721: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11690: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11565: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11501:9780816537075 11497: 11492: 11491: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11470:9781785211119 11466: 11462: 11458: 11457:Lorenz, Ralph 11454: 11453: 11437:September 20, 11432: 11428: 11424: 11417: 11406:September 20, 11401: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11339: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11259: 11240: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11148: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11111: 11104: 11098: 11083: 11082:SpaceNews.com 11079: 11072: 11070: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11010:SpaceNews.com 11007: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10979:SpaceNews.com 10976: 10970: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10924: 10920: 10919:New Scientist 10916: 10910: 10908: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10767: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10735: 10733: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10701: 10682: 10675: 10674: 10666: 10664: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10520: 10501: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10470:September 21, 10465: 10461: 10457: 10450: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10401: 10394: 10393: 10385: 10383: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10289: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10255: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10222: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10190: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10027: 10025: 10017: 10005: 10001: 10000: 9994: 9986: 9984: 9976: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9947: 9936:September 26, 9928: 9924: 9917: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9843: 9841: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9757: 9756:Physics World 9753: 9747: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9620: 9609:September 15, 9604: 9600: 9596: 9590: 9571: 9564: 9558: 9547:September 27, 9539: 9532: 9531: 9523: 9512:September 27, 9507: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9490: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9392: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9331: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9271: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9239: 9223: 9219: 9218:astronomy.com 9215: 9208: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9162: 9160: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9030:(4): 788–93. 9029: 9025: 9018: 9016: 9007: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8954: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8558: 8551: 8550: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8337: 8330: 8329: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8294: 8275: 8268: 8267: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8087:September 27, 8079: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8061: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7970: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7908: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7866:September 16, 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7806: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7730: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7688:September 17, 7683: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7658:September 17, 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7624:September 17, 7619: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7541:September 15, 7536: 7532: 7531:astronomy.com 7528: 7521: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7488: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7388:September 15, 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7337: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7244:(2): 345–55. 7243: 7239: 7232: 7230: 7210: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7143: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6462: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6444: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6158: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6140: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5553: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4423:New Scientist 4419: 4412: 4410: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4178:(reported by 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4138: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3802: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761:(5813): 815. 3760: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3312:are provided. 3311: 3304: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931:Year proposed 2930: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901:In 2022, the 2899: 2897: 2896:biosignatures 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2525:on the moon. 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2441: 2424: 2399: 2374: 2358: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:shear modulus 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2125: 2123: 2122:cryovolcanism 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2016:Tidal heating 2011:Tidal heating 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:tidal heating 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1966:tiger stripes 1962: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1777:tiger stripes 1774: 1765: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1642: 1639: 1638:cryovolcanism 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495:tiger stripes 1491: 1488: 1480: 1479:tiger stripes 1475: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1425:Smooth plains 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1374:suggest that 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1303:(middle) and 1302: 1298: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1216: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1069: 1061: 1053: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1014: 1010: 1002: 997: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920:John Herschel 917: 913: 910: 902: 898: 894: 887: 886:John Herschel 883: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 858: 853: 849: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 817: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:giant planets 751: 750:internal heat 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Cryovolcanoes 696: 692: 688: 684: 683: 678: 677: 672: 671: 667:spacecrafts, 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 599: 594: 589: 583: 579: 577: 573: 569: 566: 560: 555: 551: 548: 543: 535: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 519: 516: 514: 510: 508: 505: 504: 500: 497: 494: 492: 488: 487: 483: 479: 467: 456: 454: 450: 446: 443: 438: 435: 432: 429: 424: 420: 417: 412: 402: 399: 394: 390: 383: 380: 375: 365: 362: 356: 330: 328: 324: 305: 302: 297: 293: 291: 287: 282: 279: 276: 274: 270: 266: 264: 260: 250: 247: 242: 236: 234: 230: 220: 217: 212: 209: 205: 200: 158: 156: 152: 149: 146: 143: 137: 132: 94: 92:Pronunciation 90: 86: 80: 75: 71: 67: 64: 61: 59: 55: 50: 45: 44: 37: 32: 26: 22: 15498:Solar System 15230:Hydrobiology 15215:Distribution 14986: 14979: 14972: 14952: 14945: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14804: 14770: 14692: 14684: 14659: 14652: 14640: 14616: 14610: 14553:Gallic group 14523: 14511: 14504: 14485: 14466: 14460: 14459: 14437: 14348:Dragon Storm 14277:The Farthest 14275: 14103: 14039:Voyager team 14028: 14020: 13958: 13951: 13896:Trojan moons 13886:Subsatellite 13789: 13700: 13425:Petit-Prince 13320:Minor-planet 13269:Dwarf planet 13194:Solar System 13046:Saturn LVIII 12623: 12622: 12563: 12562: 12554:Gallic group 12521: 12520: 12432: 12420: 12413: 12394: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12361: 12182:In mythology 12095: 12088: 12081: 12074: 11801:Harran Sulci 11756: 11693: 11685: 11636: 11611: 11489: 11460: 11435:. Retrieved 11431:the original 11426: 11416: 11404:. Retrieved 11395: 11385: 11368: 11364: 11357: 11345:. Retrieved 11333: 11320: 11308:. Retrieved 11299: 11289: 11277:. Retrieved 11268: 11258: 11246:. Retrieved 11234: 11221: 11178: 11172: 11159: 11121: 11097: 11085:. Retrieved 11081: 11056:Space Review 11055: 11045: 11032: 11022: 11009: 10999: 10989:November 10, 10987:. Retrieved 10978: 10969: 10959:December 31, 10957:. Retrieved 10953:the original 10948: 10939: 10929:December 31, 10927:. Retrieved 10918: 10894:. Retrieved 10885: 10875: 10863:. Retrieved 10854: 10828:. Retrieved 10820:the original 10782: 10779:Astrobiology 10778: 10753:. Retrieved 10744: 10719:. Retrieved 10710: 10700: 10690:February 21, 10688:. Retrieved 10672: 10650:. Retrieved 10641: 10632: 10620:. Retrieved 10611: 10601: 10589:. Retrieved 10564: 10560: 10550: 10538:. Retrieved 10529: 10519: 10507:. Retrieved 10491: 10480: 10468:. Retrieved 10460:the Guardian 10459: 10449: 10437:. Retrieved 10428: 10419: 10407:. Retrieved 10400:the original 10391: 10369:. Retrieved 10360: 10351: 10339:. Retrieved 10330: 10320: 10308:. Retrieved 10299: 10275:. Retrieved 10266: 10241:. Retrieved 10232: 10208:. Retrieved 10199: 10189: 10177:. Retrieved 10168: 10158: 10146:. Retrieved 10137: 10128: 10116:. Retrieved 10108:PBS NewsHour 10107: 10098: 10086:. Retrieved 10075: 10065: 10038: 10032: 10015: 10010:December 15, 10008:. Retrieved 9997: 9974: 9967:. Retrieved 9956: 9946: 9934:. Retrieved 9927:the original 9922: 9910: 9859: 9853: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9760:. Retrieved 9755: 9746: 9735:the original 9698: 9694: 9681: 9669:. Retrieved 9660: 9650: 9638:. Retrieved 9630:The Guardian 9629: 9619: 9607:. Retrieved 9598: 9589: 9577:. Retrieved 9557: 9545:. Retrieved 9529: 9522: 9510:. Retrieved 9501: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9441:. Retrieved 9432: 9422: 9410:. Retrieved 9401: 9391: 9379:. Retrieved 9346: 9343:Astrobiology 9342: 9286: 9282: 9259:December 27, 9257:. Retrieved 9248: 9238: 9226:. Retrieved 9217: 9207: 9198: 9173: 9167: 9146:. Retrieved 9121: 9117:Science News 9115: 9105: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9027: 9023: 8969: 8965: 8940:. Retrieved 8936:the original 8918:(2): 743–8. 8915: 8911: 8901: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8751: 8741: 8731:September 6, 8729:. Retrieved 8720: 8710: 8685: 8681: 8640:(2): 535–9. 8637: 8633: 8627: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8564:. Retrieved 8548: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8411:. Retrieved 8402: 8376:. Retrieved 8372:the original 8368:Astrobio.net 8367: 8343:. Retrieved 8327: 8320: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8281:. Retrieved 8265: 8258: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8193:. Retrieved 8184: 8174: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8121:. Retrieved 8112: 8085:. Retrieved 8069: 8016: 8012: 7989:. Retrieved 7980: 7956:. Retrieved 7947: 7938: 7928:September 6, 7926:. Retrieved 7917: 7907: 7895:. Retrieved 7886: 7876: 7864:. Retrieved 7844: 7831: 7819:. Retrieved 7810: 7804: 7797: 7785:. Retrieved 7776: 7750:. Retrieved 7741: 7716:. Retrieved 7707: 7698: 7686:. Retrieved 7677: 7668: 7656:. Retrieved 7647: 7622:. Retrieved 7613: 7604: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7539:. Retrieved 7530: 7520: 7508:. Retrieved 7500:The Guardian 7499: 7474:. Retrieved 7465: 7411: 7407: 7386:. Retrieved 7377: 7368: 7356:. Retrieved 7347: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7295:. Retrieved 7283: 7266: 7241: 7237: 7216:. Retrieved 7200: 7193: 7158: 7154: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7097: 7091: 7079:. Retrieved 7070: 7061: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7014:. Retrieved 6984: 6980: 6967: 6955:. Retrieved 6938: 6929: 6917:. Retrieved 6908: 6898: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6747: 6743: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6663:. Retrieved 6650: 6640: 6628:. Retrieved 6619: 6609: 6554: 6550: 6494: 6491:Astrobiology 6490: 6480: 6468:. Retrieved 6452: 6430:. Retrieved 6421: 6412: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6340: 6316:December 11, 6314:. Retrieved 6303: 6296:Drake, Nadia 6290: 6278:. Retrieved 6269: 6216: 6212: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6164:. Retrieved 6148: 6126:. Retrieved 6117: 6108: 6097:the original 6092: 6083: 6023: 6019: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5969:. Retrieved 5963:. JPL/NASA. 5960: 5932:. Retrieved 5923: 5913: 5894: 5865:. Retrieved 5856: 5847: 5835:. Retrieved 5826: 5802:. Retrieved 5793: 5783: 5732: 5728: 5705:. Retrieved 5669: 5662: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5602: 5598: 5567:(1): 84–96. 5564: 5560: 5539:. Retrieved 5530: 5520: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5450: 5446: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5347: 5341: 5331: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5254:. Retrieved 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5206:. Retrieved 5197: 5188: 5176:. Retrieved 5163: 5154: 5142:. Retrieved 5115: 5111: 5097: 5085:. Retrieved 5076: 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5045: 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 4995: 4989: 4976: 4925: 4921: 4910: 4867: 4861: 4805: 4801: 4757: 4753: 4696: 4692: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4562: 4556: 4526:September 4, 4524:. Retrieved 4499: 4472:. Retrieved 4463: 4432:. Retrieved 4421: 4396:. Retrieved 4392:the original 4387: 4363:. Retrieved 4354: 4330:. Retrieved 4321: 4311: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4254:. Retrieved 4243: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4212: 4190:the original 4185: 4149: 4145: 4124:. Retrieved 4107: 4103: 4093: 4052: 4048: 3998: 3994: 3942: 3938: 3917:December 17, 3915:. Retrieved 3906: 3897: 3856: 3852: 3814: 3810: 3758: 3754: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3669: 3665: 3623: 3602:. Retrieved 3558: 3554: 3544:Porco, C. C. 3483:. Retrieved 3479:the original 3474: 3445: 3440: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3398: 3388:the original 3376: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3342: 3303: 3277: 3268: 2937:Project name 2900: 2881: 2876: 2847: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2739:hydrocarbons 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2689: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2617: 2579: 2571: 2527: 2516: 2510:(LIFE), and 2492: 2472:astrobiology 2468: 2423:formaldehyde 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2136: 2118:gas pressure 2107: 2091: 2066: 2047: 2034: 2030:eccentricity 2024: 2014: 2005: 2000: 1986: 1975: 1971: 1943: 1924: 1893: 1855: 1852:formaldehyde 1825: 1811: 1809: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1769: 1747: 1736:geochemistry 1733: 1715:and a rocky 1706: 1698:aluminium-26 1688: 1671: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1635: 1631: 1612: 1601: 1596: 1576: 1568:magnetometer 1563:magnetometer 1560: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1461: 1459: 1446: 1438: 1430: 1428: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1371: 1355: 1354: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1280: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1239: 1227: 1226: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1146: 1112: 1100: 1081: 1029: 1012: 1006: 954: 940: 923: 906: 856: 844: 822: 791: 788:hydrothermal 783: 782: 774:tidal forces 764:excites its 747: 738: 695:polar region 686: 680: 674: 668: 658: 650:tectonically 614:Solar System 605: 604: 536:−128 °C 533:−198 °C 530:−240 °C 233:Eccentricity 147: 77:Designations 41: 25: 15486:Outer space 15474:Spaceflight 15295:Ocean world 15220:Hydrosphere 15148:superheated 14981:HD 209458 b 14755:Atmospheres 14603:Exploration 14565:Norse group 14531:Inuit group 14144:Observation 14130:Frank Drake 13861:Inner moons 13567:Skamandrios 13083:S/2004 S 24 13073:S/2006 S 12 13056:S/2004 S 52 13051:S/2019 S 21 13037:S/2020 S 10 13034:S/2004 S 51 13025:Saturn LXIV 13020:S/2006 S 19 13016:S/2019 S 20 13007:S/2004 S 36 13003:S/2004 S 53 13000:S/2019 S 16 12996:S/2004 S 39 12992:S/2019 S 18 12988:S/2004 S 21 12983:S/2019 S 19 12968:S/2006 S 18 12959:S/2019 S 17 12956:S/2004 S 49 12953:S/2006 S 17 12950:S/2004 S 50 12937:S/2004 S 48 12920:S/2004 S 28 12916:S/2006 S 15 12913:S/2006 S 16 12887:S/2019 S 15 12878:S/2006 S 14 12873:S/2019 S 13 12864:S/2019 S 12 12861:S/2019 S 10 12847:S/2019 S 11 12837:S/2004 S 46 12806:S/2006 S 13 12797:S/2004 S 12 12793:S/2006 S 11 12789:S/2004 S 17 12780:S/2004 S 45 12777:S/2004 S 44 12741:S/2006 S 10 12737:S/2004 S 43 12719:S/2004 S 13 12705:S/2004 S 42 12702:S/2004 S 41 12675:S/2004 S 40 12672:S/2004 S 47 12668:S/2004 S 37 12632:S/2006 S 20 12607:Norse group 12530:S/2019 S 14 12511:S/2004 S 31 12445:Inuit group 12353:Large moons 12068:Past flybys 12061:Exploration 11720:Image album 11510:j.ctv65sw2b 10487:Altwegg, K. 10485:Sotin, C.; 10371:October 29, 10341:February 5, 9762:October 20, 9466:: 185–199. 8824:(17): n/a. 8471:: 693–717. 7718:January 14, 7358:January 14, 7297:February 2, 7277:Production" 7218:February 2, 6665:January 26, 6128:February 4, 5395:: 328–354. 5256:January 12, 5208:January 13, 5178:January 12, 5118:(3): 42–3. 4916:27, 2018). 4699:: 223–226. 4281:: 693–717. 4152:: 347–409. 3395:"Enceladus" 3373:"Enceladus" 3357:January 12, 3219:Under study 3201:Under study 3181:Under study 3162:Under study 3143:Under study 3105:Under study 3081:Under study 2954:EAGLE study 2943:References 2884:Yuri Milner 2735:water vapor 2612:Exploration 2488:abiogenesis 2456:metabolized 2092:Because no 2074:uranium-235 1978:sublimation 1950:amino acids 1828:water vapor 1798:Composition 1649:Before the 1572:Ultraviolet 1532:Cryovolcano 1519:lithosphere 1250:Bond albedo 1153:Phoebe ring 951:translation 768:, which is 727:E ring 707:water vapor 636:(75.1 434:Synchronous 311:0.2 km 301:Mean radius 263:Inclination 159:Enceladean 140:Named after 83:Designation 15508:Categories 15417:Wiktionary 15252:management 15098:Properties 14965:Exoplanets 14642:Pioneer 11 14633:retirement 14498:Polydeuces 14423:Epimetheus 14413:Prometheus 14387:S/2009 S 1 14179:Prometheus 14135:Carl Sagan 14110:Titan IIIE 13970:Components 13945:Spacecraft 13625:Sila–Nunam 13491:Cleoselene 13486:Alexhelios 13464:Gorgoneion 13402:Euphrosyne 13329:Near-Earth 13271:satellites 13204:satellites 13135:In fiction 13130:S/2004 S 6 13125:S/2004 S 4 13120:S/2004 S 3 13078:S/2019 S 6 13041:S/2020 S 9 12924:S/2020 S 8 12904:S/2005 S 5 12899:S/2006 S 3 12894:S/2004 S 7 12890:S/2020 S 6 12833:S/2019 S 9 12815:S/2019 S 8 12812:S/2019 S 7 12809:S/2007 S 9 12773:S/2007 S 3 12744:S/2019 S 5 12732:S/2006 S 1 12727:Mundilfari 12723:S/2007 S 6 12699:S/2019 S 4 12696:S/2020 S 2 12687:S/2020 S 7 12683:S/2019 S 3 12679:S/2019 S 2 12663:S/2007 S 2 12659:S/2007 S 7 12655:S/2007 S 5 12637:S/2006 S 9 12597:S/2020 S 4 12577:S/2007 S 8 12540:S/2020 S 5 12535:S/2020 S 3 12474:S/2020 S 1 12470:S/2005 S 4 12461:S/2019 S 1 12407:Polydeuces 12326:Alkyonides 12290:Epimetheus 12285:Prometheus 12252:S/2009 S 1 12187:In fiction 12076:Pioneer 11 12034:Atmosphere 11878:Al-Mustazi 11662:Enceladus 11579:Audio help 11570:2011-10-24 11518:1055049948 11371:: 225.01. 10509:August 17, 10331:Spacedaily 10048:2301.05259 9671:August 15, 9640:August 16, 9443:August 15, 9412:August 15, 9176:: 185–99. 8306:: 416.01. 8195:October 3, 8026:1502.01946 8019:: 202–19. 7571:1509.07555 7016:October 1, 6564:1606.00026 6189:(3): 522. 5707:August 28, 5402:1706.08999 4928:(1): 748. 4706:1706.09000 4642:2003.09231 4223:August 29, 4182:"Herschel" 3672:(5): 199. 3604:August 29, 3255:References 2718:spacecraft 2519:phosphates 2484:phosphorus 2460:methanogen 1982:clathrates 1548:Following 1544:spacecraft 1530:See also: 1341:See also: 1323:fracturing 1213:See also: 971:(ridges), 618:kilometers 557:Atmosphere 520:145 K 511:32.9 442:Axial tilt 353:10 Earths) 347:10 kg 290:Dimensions 155:Adjectives 15514:Enceladus 15450:Astronomy 15330:Enceladus 15311:Specific 15247:Resources 15242:Pollution 15225:Hydrology 15191:Hydronium 15181:Tritiated 15171:Semiheavy 15076:Overviews 14988:Kepler-7b 14974:GJ 1132 b 14931:Enceladus 14661:Voyager 2 14654:Voyager 1 14581:Astronomy 14461:Enceladus 14341:Geography 14216:Shahrazad 14205:Enceladus 14104:Voyager 1 14061:Jim Blinn 13960:Voyager 2 13953:Voyager 1 13790:Enceladus 13664:Gǃòʼé ǃHú 13575:Eurybates 13553:Menoetius 13547:Patroclus 13536:Dinkinesh 13481:Kleopatra 13384:Main belt 13344:Dimorphos 13202:Planetary 13110:Chrysalis 12753:Bergelmir 12709:Hyrrokkin 12582:Saturn LX 12370:Enceladus 12090:Voyager 2 12083:Voyager 1 11998:Shakashik 11988:Shahrazad 11968:Peri-Banu 11868:Al-Haddar 11858:Al-Bakbuk 11765:Geography 11757:Enceladus 11707:from the 11655:Movie of 11479:982381337 11347:April 10, 11300:Space.com 11205:1095-323X 10896:March 13, 10830:April 10, 10755:April 10, 10745:Space.com 10591:April 11, 10567:: 63–89. 10439:March 22, 10310:March 11, 10179:April 13, 10148:April 13, 10138:The Verge 10118:April 13, 10088:April 13, 9902:259157087 9813:0027-8424 9579:August 2, 9402:Space.com 9321:205084413 9228:March 30, 9097:119282486 9072:1204.0895 9065:(1): 14. 8893:128628128 8799:134008380 8721:Space.com 8650:CiteSeerX 8493:140646028 8436:: 75–85. 8378:March 21, 8345:April 10, 8228:CiteSeerX 8185:Space.com 8166:0035-8711 8113:Space.com 8051:119262254 7991:March 21, 7958:April 14, 7918:Space.com 7787:March 26, 7742:Space.com 7708:Space.com 7596:118429372 7564:: 37–47. 7378:News9.com 7185:133957919 7081:April 30, 6947:0458-3035 6909:Space.com 6874:0028-0836 6831:1752-0908 6788:205234732 6772:0028-0836 6726:205235182 6710:0028-0836 6630:August 3, 6432:March 26, 6280:March 22, 6166:April 27, 6084:Cassini's 5971:April 26, 5867:March 22, 5804:April 26, 5745:CiteSeerX 5541:April 27, 5487:1111.2568 5427:119093658 5374:124773731 5087:April 27, 5077:Space.com 5056:March 11, 5020:236220377 4950:2041-1723 4731:119462312 4675:214605690 4667:0004-6361 4516:131145017 4434:April 16, 4398:April 26, 4365:April 15, 4355:NASA News 4303:140646028 4256:March 13, 4174:186212450 4126:April 27, 3696:252992162 3485:April 26, 3320:Citations 3124:Cancelled 3062:Cancelled 3046:Cancelled 3026:Cancelled 3010:Cancelled 2989:Cancelled 2973:Cancelled 2957:Cancelled 2934:Proponent 2845:(LIFE)). 2750:Cassini's 2746:Cassini's 2722:Voyager 2 2669:Voyager 2 2654:Voyager 1 2648:Voyager 1 2635:Voyager 2 2514:(ELSAH). 2502:(En-Ex), 2398:acetylene 2214:μ 2176:ρ 2105:to melt. 2082:potassium 2080:-232 and 2062:manganese 2054:aluminium 2020:libration 2001:Cassini's 1898:detected 1848:acetylene 1792:libration 1729:libration 1680:silicates 1619:periapsis 1608:fumaroles 1597:Cassini's 1550:Voyager's 1431:Voyager 2 1411:Voyager 2 1384:Voyager 2 1376:tectonics 1356:Voyager 2 1301:Shahrazad 1297:Al-Haddar 1269:Voyager 2 1265:Voyager 2 1229:Voyager 2 1169:Cassini's 1013:Cassini's 1009:ellipsoid 973:planitiae 912:Enceladus 901:Enceladus 852:Space Age 811:Discovery 719:kilograms 652:deformed 606:Enceladus 517:75 K 466:geometric 148:Egkelados 145:Ἐγκέλαδος 87:Saturn II 52:Discovery 29:Enceladus 15395:Category 14998:See also 14926:Callisto 14921:Ganymede 14880:Makemake 14713:Category 14626:timeline 14558:Albiorix 14519:Hyperion 14235:and its 14211:Dunyazad 14004:contents 13835:Hyperion 13785:Dysnomia 13715:Callisto 13695:Ganymede 13518:Olympias 13388:Kalliope 13358:Squannit 13333:Florence 13305:Gonggong 13300:Makemake 12842:Angrboda 12819:Farbauti 12768:Suttungr 12758:Jarnsaxa 12587:Erriapus 12572:Bebhionn 12565:Albiorix 12428:Hyperion 12107:Proposed 12018:Zumurrud 12003:Sharrkan 11993:Shahryar 11953:Marjanah 11913:Dunyazad 11888:Ali Baba 11863:Al-Fakik 11678:Archived 11667:Archived 11642:Archived 11581: · 11459:(2017). 11400:Archived 11338:Archived 11310:April 9, 11304:Archived 11279:April 9, 11273:Archived 11248:June 23, 11239:Archived 11237:. NASA. 11213:32352068 11164:Archived 11135:Archived 11110:Archived 11087:July 20, 11060:Archived 11037:Archived 11033:NBC News 11014:Archived 10983:Archived 10923:Archived 10890:Archived 10886:BBC News 10865:March 2, 10859:Archived 10815:34375065 10807:22970863 10749:Archived 10721:April 7, 10715:Archived 10681:Archived 10652:April 9, 10646:Archived 10622:April 9, 10616:Archived 10585:Archived 10540:April 9, 10534:Archived 10500:Archived 10464:Archived 10433:Archived 10409:April 9, 10365:Archived 10361:NASA/JPL 10335:Archived 10304:Archived 10271:Archived 10237:Archived 10204:Archived 10202:. NASA. 10173:Archived 10142:Archived 10112:Archived 10082:Archived 10004:Archived 9969:June 15, 9963:Archived 9894:37316718 9885:10266972 9831:36122219 9731:15416810 9723:18566911 9665:Archived 9634:Archived 9603:Archived 9570:Archived 9538:Archived 9506:Archived 9437:Archived 9406:Archived 9381:July 13, 9375:Archived 9371:24684187 9313:25762276 9253:Archived 9249:EarthSky 9222:Archived 9148:April 8, 9142:Archived 9006:22908239 8942:April 8, 8848:54889900 8756:Archived 8752:Phys.Org 8725:Archived 8611:17928854 8566:April 7, 8557:Archived 8413:April 7, 8407:Archived 8336:Archived 8274:Archived 8250:52406337 8189:Archived 8117:Archived 8078:Archived 7985:Archived 7981:NASA/JPL 7952:Archived 7948:NDTV.com 7922:Archived 7897:June 27, 7891:Archived 7887:NASA/JPL 7857:Archived 7821:July 24, 7815:Archived 7813:. 2011. 7781:Archived 7752:April 9, 7746:Archived 7712:Archived 7682:Archived 7652:Archived 7618:Archived 7535:Archived 7510:April 3, 7504:Archived 7476:April 7, 7470:Archived 7466:BBC News 7436:21697830 7382:Archived 7352:Archived 7350:. 2011. 7288:Archived 7209:Archived 7075:Archived 7007:Archived 6951:Archived 6913:Archived 6882:25951283 6780:23903658 6718:23903653 6659:Archived 6624:Archived 6601:27035954 6529:28872900 6461:Archived 6426:Archived 6404:21624331 6396:16527972 6351:April 3, 6345:Archived 6310:Archived 6274:Archived 6241:16738654 6157:Archived 6122:Archived 6056:23835071 6048:17771273 5965:Archived 5928:Archived 5861:Archived 5831:Archived 5827:NASA/JPL 5798:Archived 5775:33554377 5767:16527969 5701:Archived 5640:: 9459. 5535:Archived 5286:July 15, 5280:Archived 5250:Archived 5246:NASA/JPL 5202:Archived 5172:Archived 5144:July 15, 5138:Archived 5081:Archived 5050:Archived 4968:29487311 4902:29950623 4830:25762281 4784:28408597 4608:July 13, 4599:Archived 4595:28990283 4587:24700854 4520:Archived 4474:April 3, 4468:Archived 4464:NASA/JPL 4428:Archived 4359:Archived 4332:July 29, 4326:Archived 4322:NASA/JPL 4250:Archived 4217:Archived 4120:Archived 4110:: 1–20. 4077:16527970 4023:16527971 3975:42050327 3967:16527966 3911:Archived 3889:44788825 3881:16527965 3791:21932253 3783:17289992 3595:Archived 3583:16527964 3351:Archived 3284:Sarandib 3228:See also 3153:ESA/NASA 3134:NASA JPL 3115:NASA JPL 3072:NASA JPL 3036:NASA/ESA 3020:NASA JPL 3007:(TandEM) 2921:and the 2890:and the 2641:The two 2620:missions 2582:hydrogen 1832:nitrogen 1784:Cassini' 1615:apoapsis 1404:regolith 1388:Ganymede 1315:stages. 1305:Dunyazad 1072:1,050 km 1064:1,120 km 1056:1,440 km 1048:1,530 km 1040:5,150 km 949:'s 1885 859:missions 646:cratered 588:nitrogen 565:pressure 563:Surface 489:Surface 387:(0.0116 317:Earths, 226: km 15436:Portals 15406:Commons 15083:Outline 14848:Neptune 14827:Jupiter 14800:Mercury 14792:Planets 14680:Fiction 14673:Related 14618:Huygens 14546:Siarnaq 14541:Paaliaq 14525:Iapetus 14479:Calypso 14474:Telesto 14455:Pallene 14445:Methone 14433:Aegaeon 14418:Pandora 14403:Daphnis 14358:Hexagon 14332:Outline 14146:targets 14085:Related 13977:MHW-RTG 13825:Hiʻiaka 13805:Proteus 13795:Miranda 13765:Umbriel 13755:Iapetus 13740:Titania 13701:largest 13688:by size 13673:2013 FY 13630:Salacia 13616:2002 UX 13538:(Selam) 13526:Pulcova 13476:Elektra 13471:Camilla 13454:Minerva 13439:Romulus 13419:Eugenia 13412:Peneius 13374:2001 SN 13367:1994 CC 13338:Didymos 13238:Neptune 13223:Jupiter 13192:of the 13030:Fornjot 13012:Thiazzi 12941:Geirrod 12928:Alvaldi 12909:Skrymir 12883:Gunnlod 12802:Eggther 12523:Siarnaq 12495:Paaliaq 12434:Iapetus 12388:Calypso 12383:Telesto 12344:Pallene 12334:Methone 12316:Pandora 12280:Daphnis 12257:Aegaeon 12175:Related 12163:(ENJIA) 12121:(ELSAH) 12013:Sindbad 11948:Khusrau 11903:Dalilah 11883:Aladdin 11846:Craters 11694:Cassini 11686:Cassini 11637:Cassini 11610:CHARM: 11568: ( 11539:minutes 11373:Bibcode 10787:Bibcode 10569:Bibcode 10277:May 30, 10243:May 29, 9864:Bibcode 9822:9522369 9791:Bibcode 9703:Bibcode 9468:Bibcode 9351:Bibcode 9291:Bibcode 9178:Bibcode 9138:4019332 9077:Bibcode 9032:Bibcode 8997:3443173 8974:Bibcode 8920:Bibcode 8873:Bibcode 8826:Bibcode 8779:Bibcode 8690:Bibcode 8642:Bibcode 8619:4401321 8591:Bibcode 8516:Bibcode 8473:Bibcode 8438:Bibcode 8308:Bibcode 8220:Bibcode 8031:Bibcode 7849:Bibcode 7805:Cassini 7576:Bibcode 7444:4400807 7416:Bibcode 7323:Bibcode 7246:Bibcode 7163:Bibcode 7129:Bibcode 7102:Bibcode 7041:Bibcode 6989:Bibcode 6890:4394888 6854:Bibcode 6811:Bibcode 6752:Bibcode 6690:Bibcode 6592:4839467 6569:Bibcode 6520:5610430 6499:Bibcode 6376:Bibcode 6368:Science 6249:4339342 6221:Bibcode 6191:Bibcode 6028:Bibcode 6020:Science 5996:Bibcode 5934:May 17, 5737:Bibcode 5729:Science 5675:Bibcode 5642:Bibcode 5607:Bibcode 5569:Bibcode 5512:1432112 5492:Bibcode 5455:Bibcode 5453:: 399. 5407:Bibcode 5352:Bibcode 5311:Bibcode 5120:Bibcode 5108:"Names" 5025:July 7, 5000:Bibcode 4959:5829080 4930:Bibcode 4893:6027964 4872:Bibcode 4838:4466621 4810:Bibcode 4762:Bibcode 4754:Science 4711:Bibcode 4647:Bibcode 4635:: A50. 4567:Bibcode 4558:Science 4283:Bibcode 4154:Bibcode 4085:3032849 4057:Bibcode 4049:Science 4031:2954801 4003:Bibcode 3995:Science 3947:Bibcode 3939:Science 3861:Bibcode 3853:Science 3819:Bibcode 3763:Bibcode 3755:Science 3723:Bibcode 3674:Bibcode 3591:6976648 3563:Bibcode 3555:Science 3428:Bibcode 3426:: 139. 3279:Cassini 3276:aboard 3178:(ELSAH) 3101:IceMole 2913:, as a 2905:by the 2827:in situ 2819:Cassini 2772:Cassini 2754:Cassini 2726:Cassini 2716:Cassini 2707:Cassini 2690:Cassini 2679:Jupiter 2662:Voyager 2643:Voyager 2618:Voyager 2598:methane 2506:(ELF), 2498:(JET), 2373:propane 2357:methane 2262:is the 2254:is the 2114:ammonia 2094:ammonia 2078:thorium 2070:uranium 2038:ammonia 2025:Cassini 1908:ammonia 1883:), and 1856:Cassini 1844:propane 1840:methane 1812:Cassini 1748:Cassini 1702:iron-60 1694:Iapetus 1672:Cassini 1668:gravity 1657:Cassini 1652:Cassini 1604:geysers 1577:Cassini 1555:Cassini 1542:Cassini 1487:Cassini 1462:Cassini 1455:billion 1447:Cassini 1439:Cassini 1415:Cassini 1395:Cassini 1372:Cassini 1360:troughs 1319:Cassini 1299:(top), 1281:Voyager 1204:Geology 1191:imaged 1188:Cassini 1180:Cassini 1119:librate 1052:Iapetus 903:(right) 867:density 857:Voyager 806:History 792:Cassini 784:Cassini 739:Cassini 687:Cassini 682:Cassini 665:Voyager 654:terrain 598:methane 526:Celsius 476: ( 361:density 256: d 43:Cassini 15410: 15399: 15388: 15384:Portal 15377: 15315:Europa 15264:Supply 15257:policy 15237:Origin 15128:Liquid 15120:States 14954:Triton 14916:Europa 14841:Uranus 14834:Saturn 14570:Phoebe 14536:Kiviuq 14493:Helene 14468:Tethys 14321:Saturn 14256:Triton 14169:Masubi 14014:Images 13990:(IRIS) 13881:Naming 13840:Phoebe 13830:Actaea 13820:Nereid 13815:Ilmarë 13780:Tethys 13760:Charon 13750:Oberon 13735:Triton 13730:Europa 13686:Ranked 13650:Ilmarë 13636:Actaea 13561:Hektor 13512:Roxane 13504:Dactyl 13433:Sylvia 13407:Daphne 13352:Moshup 13295:Quaoar 13290:Haumea 13233:Uranus 13228:Saturn 13115:Themis 13105:Chiron 12963:Surtur 12946:Fenrir 12829:Bestla 12824:Thrymr 12650:Skathi 12625:Phoebe 12592:Tarvos 12516:Tarqeq 12479:Ijiraq 12466:Kiviuq 12402:Helene 12377:Tethys 12157:(TSSM) 12151:(LIFE) 12127:(EnEx) 12008:Shirin 11943:Julnar 11938:Jansha 11933:Hassan 11928:Gharib 11923:Ghanim 11918:Fitnah 11898:Behram 11873:Al-Kuz 11820:Fossae 11773:Plains 11696:images 11688:images 11664:global 11630:Images 11516: 11508: 11498: 11477: 11467: 11211: 11203: 11193: 10813: 10805: 10210:May 3, 9900: 9892: 9882: 9855:Nature 9829: 9819: 9811: 9729: 9721: 9369: 9319: 9311: 9283:Nature 9136: 9095: 9004: 8994: 8912:Icarus 8891: 8864:Nature 8846: 8797: 8682:Icarus 8652: 8634:Icarus 8617: 8609: 8583:Nature 8508:Icarus 8491: 8430:Icarus 8283:May 4, 8248: 8230: 8164: 8123:May 8, 8049: 7594: 7558:Icarus 7442: 7434: 7408:Nature 7238:Icarus 7183: 7033:Icarus 6957:May 8, 6945: 6919:May 8, 6888: 6880: 6872: 6846:Nature 6829: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6744:Nature 6724: 6716: 6708: 6682:Nature 6599: 6589: 6527: 6517: 6470:May 4, 6402: 6394: 6247: 6239: 6213:Nature 6054: 6046: 5901: 5837:May 4, 5773: 5765: 5747: 5693: 5599:Icarus 5561:Icarus 5510: 5474:Icarus 5425: 5389:Icarus 5372: 5303:Icarus 5018: 4966: 4956: 4948: 4900: 4890: 4863:Nature 4836: 4828: 4802:Nature 4782: 4729: 4693:Icarus 4673: 4665: 4593: 4585: 4514: 4500:Nature 4301: 4172: 4083: 4075: 4029: 4021: 3973: 3965: 3887: 3879: 3811:Icarus 3789: 3781: 3694: 3638: 3589: 3581: 3378:Lexico 3296:fossae 3121:(LIFE) 3043:(TSSM) 2940:Status 2783:plumes 2730:flybys 2658:E ring 2604:, the 2530:plumes 2421:) and 2238:where 2128:Origin 2110:flybys 2103:energy 2072:-238, 1946:amines 1773:E Ring 1713:mantle 1499:E ring 1419:Europa 1368:ridges 1273:ridges 1235:scarps 1195:-like 1193:geyser 1149:E ring 1090:, and 1088:Tethys 1068:Tethys 1066:) and 1025:497 km 1021:503 km 1017:513 km 977:plains 965:fossae 936:Titans 932:Cronus 928:Saturn 897:Athena 877:Naming 871:albedo 837:Slough 770:damped 735:comets 723:pounds 703:geyser 691:plumes 626:Saturn 507:Kelvin 453:Albedo 408:0.0025 404:0.3305 367:1.6097 332:(1.080 321:Moons) 319:0.1451 315:0.0395 278:Saturn 238:0.0047 15462:Stars 15210:Cycle 15202:Earth 15176:Heavy 15159:Forms 15143:Steam 15138:Vapor 15093:Model 15069:Water 14947:Titan 14936:Dione 14873:Pluto 14867:Ceres 14813:Earth 14806:Venus 14763:Stars 14513:Titan 14487:Dione 14450:Anthe 14439:Mimas 14428:Janus 14408:Atlas 14378:Moons 14368:Rings 14237:rings 13996:(PWS) 13984:(CRS) 13810:Mimas 13800:Vanth 13775:Dione 13770:Ariel 13710:Titan 13644:Varda 13600:Hiisi 13594:Lempo 13581:Queta 13531:Balam 13459:Aegis 13446:Remus 13394:Linus 13322:moons 13285:Pluto 13280:Orcus 13213:Earth 12852:Aegir 12763:Narvi 12748:Gridr 12714:Greip 12692:Skoll 12609:(100) 12422:Titan 12396:Dione 12363:Mimas 12339:Anthe 12311:Atlas 12295:Janus 12145:(JET) 12133:(ELF) 12027:Other 11983:Samad 11978:Salih 11973:Rayya 11963:Otbah 11908:Duban 11893:Ayyub 11853:Ahmad 11794:Sulci 11675:polar 11506:JSTOR 11341:(PDF) 11330:(PDF) 11242:(PDF) 11231:(PDF) 11209:S2CID 11138:(PDF) 11131:(PDF) 11113:(PDF) 11106:(PDF) 10824:(doc) 10811:S2CID 10684:(PDF) 10677:(PDF) 10503:(PDF) 10496:(PDF) 10403:(PDF) 10396:(PDF) 10043:arXiv 9930:(PDF) 9919:(PDF) 9898:S2CID 9738:(PDF) 9727:S2CID 9691:(PDF) 9573:(PDF) 9566:(PDF) 9541:(PDF) 9534:(PDF) 9317:S2CID 9134:JSTOR 9093:S2CID 9067:arXiv 8889:S2CID 8844:S2CID 8795:S2CID 8615:S2CID 8560:(PDF) 8553:(PDF) 8489:S2CID 8339:(PDF) 8332:(PDF) 8277:(PDF) 8270:(PDF) 8246:S2CID 8081:(PDF) 8074:(PDF) 8047:S2CID 8021:arXiv 7860:(PDF) 7841:(PDF) 7592:S2CID 7566:arXiv 7440:S2CID 7291:(PDF) 7280:(PDF) 7212:(PDF) 7205:(PDF) 7181:S2CID 7010:(PDF) 6977:(PDF) 6886:S2CID 6784:S2CID 6722:S2CID 6559:arXiv 6464:(PDF) 6457:(PDF) 6400:S2CID 6245:S2CID 6160:(PDF) 6153:(PDF) 6100:(PDF) 6089:(PDF) 6052:S2CID 5771:S2CID 5508:S2CID 5482:arXiv 5423:S2CID 5397:arXiv 5370:S2CID 5016:S2CID 4986:(PDF) 4834:S2CID 4727:S2CID 4701:arXiv 4671:S2CID 4637:arXiv 4602:(PDF) 4591:S2CID 4553:(PDF) 4512:S2CID 4299:S2CID 4170:S2CID 4081:S2CID 4027:S2CID 3971:S2CID 3885:S2CID 3787:S2CID 3692:S2CID 3598:(PDF) 3587:S2CID 3551:(PDF) 3292:sulci 3140:(ELF) 3078:(JET) 2675:Mimas 2602:Earth 2590:water 2584:with 2138:Mimas 1725:magma 1721:tidal 1364:belts 1327:domed 1161:Titan 1157:Mimas 1092:Mimas 1084:Dione 1060:Dione 1036:Titan 985:rupes 981:sulci 969:dorsa 909:giant 762:Dione 721:(440 630:Titan 622:miles 620:(310 596:1.7% 591:3.2% 584:vapor 582:water 491:temp. 462:0.008 458:1.375 359:Mean 339:0.000 307:252.1 252:1.370 15325:Moon 15320:Mars 15088:Data 15010:Coma 14941:Rhea 14906:Moon 14887:Eris 14820:Mars 14506:Rhea 14184:Surt 14174:Pele 13871:List 13745:Rhea 13725:Moon 13607:Paha 13590:TNOs 13310:Eris 13218:Mars 12978:Ymir 12973:Loge 12933:Kari 12868:Gerd 12857:Beli 12784:Hati 12447:(12) 12415:Rhea 12139:(ET) 11958:Musa 11703:and 11673:and 11514:OCLC 11496:ISBN 11475:OCLC 11465:ISBN 11439:2017 11408:2017 11349:2015 11312:2015 11281:2015 11250:2016 11201:ISSN 11191:ISBN 11089:2022 10991:2018 10961:2017 10931:2017 10898:2009 10867:2008 10832:2015 10803:PMID 10757:2015 10723:2015 10692:2015 10654:2014 10642:News 10624:2014 10593:2015 10542:2014 10511:2015 10472:2020 10441:2006 10411:2014 10373:2015 10343:2007 10312:2015 10279:2006 10245:2006 10212:2017 10181:2017 10169:NASA 10150:2017 10120:2017 10090:2017 10012:2023 9971:2023 9938:2017 9923:NASA 9890:PMID 9827:PMID 9809:ISSN 9764:2022 9719:PMID 9673:2015 9642:2015 9611:2011 9599:NASA 9581:2017 9549:2015 9514:2015 9445:2015 9414:2015 9383:2019 9367:PMID 9309:PMID 9261:2020 9230:2016 9150:2014 9002:PMID 8944:2014 8733:2019 8607:PMID 8568:2014 8415:2014 8403:NASA 8380:2010 8347:2014 8285:2016 8197:2019 8162:ISSN 8125:2015 8089:2015 7993:2010 7960:2017 7930:2019 7899:2018 7868:2017 7823:2012 7789:2008 7777:NASA 7754:2014 7720:2015 7690:2015 7660:2015 7626:2015 7614:NASA 7543:2015 7512:2014 7478:2014 7432:PMID 7390:2011 7360:2015 7299:2006 7220:2006 7083:2014 7018:2017 6959:2015 6943:ISSN 6921:2015 6878:PMID 6870:ISSN 6827:ISSN 6776:PMID 6768:ISSN 6714:PMID 6706:ISSN 6667:2014 6632:2013 6597:PMID 6525:PMID 6472:2016 6434:2006 6392:PMID 6353:2014 6341:NASA 6318:2019 6282:2006 6237:PMID 6168:2014 6130:2012 6044:PMID 5973:2014 5936:2007 5924:NASA 5899:ISBN 5869:2005 5839:2016 5806:2014 5794:NASA 5763:PMID 5709:2017 5691:ISBN 5543:2014 5288:2016 5258:2015 5210:2015 5180:2015 5146:2004 5089:2014 5058:2015 5027:2021 4964:PMID 4946:ISSN 4898:PMID 4826:PMID 4780:PMID 4663:ISSN 4610:2019 4583:PMID 4528:2015 4476:2014 4436:2015 4400:2014 4367:2015 4334:2014 4258:2015 4225:2013 4128:2014 4073:PMID 4019:PMID 3963:PMID 3919:2011 3877:PMID 3779:PMID 3636:ISBN 3606:2020 3579:PMID 3487:2014 3359:2015 3286:and 3208:2022 3188:2017 3172:NASA 3169:2017 3159:(ET) 3150:2017 3131:2015 3112:2012 3088:2012 3069:2011 3053:2010 3033:2008 3017:2007 2996:2007 2983:NASA 2980:2007 2967:NASA 2964:2006 2948:2006 2888:NASA 2877:TSSM 2858:NASA 2848:The 2841:and 2791:life 2538:life 2523:life 2440:core 2313:and 2305:and 2293:and 2285:and 2266:and 2098:INMS 2060:and 2058:iron 1894:The 1850:and 1810:The 1717:core 1700:and 1684:iron 1682:and 1585:INMS 1258:0.04 1254:0.81 1197:jets 1174:The 1159:and 1115:Moon 1044:Rhea 1032:Moon 1001:Moon 869:and 863:mass 731:NASA 673:and 580:91% 552:11.7 498:mean 478:Bond 474:0.04 470:0.81 349:(1.8 327:Mass 15200:On 15133:Ice 14772:Sun 14398:Pan 13844:... 13498:Ida 13376:263 12556:(7) 12275:Pan 11593:at 11183:doi 10855:ESA 10795:doi 10577:doi 10565:106 10053:doi 9880:PMC 9872:doi 9860:618 9817:PMC 9799:doi 9787:119 9711:doi 9476:doi 9464:104 9359:doi 9299:doi 9287:519 9186:doi 9174:104 9126:doi 9122:169 9085:doi 9063:752 9040:doi 8992:PMC 8982:doi 8970:109 8928:doi 8916:191 8881:doi 8869:460 8834:doi 8787:doi 8698:doi 8686:194 8660:doi 8638:188 8599:doi 8587:449 8524:doi 8512:226 8481:doi 8446:doi 8434:235 8238:doi 8152:doi 8148:489 8039:doi 8017:162 7811:ESA 7584:doi 7562:264 7424:doi 7412:474 7348:ESA 7254:doi 7242:188 7171:doi 7071:ESA 7049:doi 7037:186 6997:doi 6985:121 6862:doi 6850:521 6819:doi 6760:doi 6748:500 6698:doi 6686:500 6587:PMC 6577:doi 6555:113 6515:PMC 6507:doi 6384:doi 6372:311 6229:doi 6217:441 6036:doi 6024:215 5755:doi 5733:311 5683:doi 5650:doi 5615:doi 5577:doi 5500:doi 5478:217 5415:doi 5393:306 5360:doi 5348:377 5319:doi 5307:190 5128:doi 5008:doi 4954:PMC 4938:doi 4888:PMC 4880:doi 4868:558 4818:doi 4806:519 4770:doi 4758:356 4719:doi 4697:300 4655:doi 4633:636 4575:doi 4563:344 4504:doi 4291:doi 4162:doi 4112:doi 4065:doi 4053:311 4011:doi 3999:311 3955:doi 3943:311 3869:doi 3857:311 3827:doi 3815:206 3771:doi 3759:315 3731:doi 3682:doi 3670:164 3628:doi 3571:doi 3559:311 3092:DLR 3000:ESA 2862:ESA 2809:." 2556:." 2458:by 2396:), 2371:), 2278:tid 2052:of 1922:). 1815:-CO 1670:on 1606:or 1252:of 1074:). 1058:), 1050:), 1042:), 979:), 953:of 914:of 835:in 798:'s 772:by 586:4% 501:max 495:min 334:318 254:218 224:948 222:237 15510:: 14911:Io 14621:) 14163:Io 13720:Io 13675:27 13618:25 13273:of 13206:of 11537:45 11512:. 11504:. 11473:. 11425:. 11398:. 11394:. 11369:48 11367:. 11336:. 11332:. 11302:. 11298:. 11271:. 11267:. 11233:. 11207:. 11199:. 11189:. 11162:. 11158:. 11146:^ 11080:. 11068:^ 11058:. 11054:. 11035:. 11031:. 11012:. 11008:. 10977:. 10949:RT 10947:. 10921:. 10917:. 10906:^ 10888:. 10884:. 10853:. 10840:^ 10809:. 10801:. 10793:. 10783:12 10781:. 10777:. 10765:^ 10747:. 10743:. 10731:^ 10713:. 10709:. 10662:^ 10640:. 10614:. 10610:. 10583:. 10575:. 10563:. 10559:. 10532:. 10528:. 10462:. 10458:. 10431:. 10427:. 10381:^ 10359:. 10333:. 10329:. 10302:. 10298:. 10287:^ 10265:. 10253:^ 10231:. 10220:^ 10198:. 10171:. 10167:. 10136:. 10110:. 10106:. 10080:. 10074:. 10051:. 10037:. 10023:^ 10014:. 10002:. 9996:. 9982:^ 9973:. 9961:. 9955:. 9921:. 9896:. 9888:. 9878:. 9870:. 9858:. 9852:. 9839:^ 9825:. 9815:. 9807:. 9797:. 9785:. 9781:. 9754:. 9725:. 9717:. 9709:. 9699:38 9697:. 9693:. 9663:. 9659:. 9632:. 9628:. 9597:. 9568:. 9504:. 9500:. 9488:^ 9474:. 9462:. 9435:. 9431:. 9404:. 9400:. 9373:. 9365:. 9357:. 9347:14 9345:. 9341:. 9329:^ 9315:. 9307:. 9297:. 9285:. 9281:. 9269:^ 9251:. 9247:. 9220:. 9216:. 9184:. 9172:. 9158:^ 9140:. 9132:. 9120:. 9114:. 9091:. 9083:. 9075:. 9061:. 9038:. 9028:38 9026:. 9014:^ 9000:. 8990:. 8980:. 8968:. 8964:. 8952:^ 8926:. 8914:. 8910:. 8887:. 8879:. 8867:. 8842:. 8832:. 8822:39 8820:. 8816:. 8793:. 8785:. 8773:. 8754:. 8750:. 8723:. 8719:. 8696:. 8684:. 8672:^ 8658:. 8648:. 8636:. 8613:. 8605:. 8597:. 8585:. 8536:^ 8522:. 8510:. 8487:. 8479:. 8469:41 8467:. 8444:. 8432:. 8401:. 8388:^ 8366:. 8355:^ 8304:45 8302:. 8244:. 8236:. 8226:. 8216:40 8214:. 8187:. 8183:. 8160:. 8146:. 8142:. 8115:. 8111:. 8097:^ 8059:^ 8045:. 8037:. 8029:. 8015:. 8001:^ 7979:. 7968:^ 7950:. 7946:. 7920:. 7916:. 7889:. 7885:. 7855:. 7843:. 7809:. 7775:. 7762:^ 7744:. 7740:. 7728:^ 7706:. 7676:. 7650:. 7646:. 7634:^ 7612:. 7590:. 7582:. 7574:. 7560:. 7533:. 7529:. 7502:. 7498:. 7486:^ 7468:. 7464:. 7452:^ 7438:. 7430:. 7422:. 7410:. 7398:^ 7376:. 7346:. 7335:^ 7317:. 7282:. 7252:. 7240:. 7228:^ 7179:. 7169:. 7159:52 7157:. 7153:. 7141:^ 7125:82 7123:. 7069:. 7047:. 7035:. 7005:. 6995:. 6983:. 6979:. 6949:. 6941:. 6937:. 6911:. 6907:. 6884:. 6876:. 6868:. 6860:. 6848:. 6825:. 6817:. 6807:17 6805:. 6782:. 6774:. 6766:. 6758:. 6746:. 6734:^ 6720:. 6712:. 6704:. 6696:. 6684:. 6657:. 6653:. 6649:. 6622:. 6618:. 6595:. 6585:. 6575:. 6567:. 6553:. 6549:. 6537:^ 6523:. 6513:. 6505:. 6495:17 6493:. 6489:. 6442:^ 6420:. 6398:. 6390:. 6382:. 6370:. 6339:. 6326:^ 6308:. 6302:. 6268:. 6257:^ 6243:. 6235:. 6227:. 6215:. 6203:^ 6187:38 6185:. 6138:^ 6116:. 6091:. 6064:^ 6050:. 6042:. 6034:. 6022:. 6008:^ 5992:82 5990:. 5959:. 5944:^ 5926:. 5922:. 5877:^ 5859:. 5855:. 5825:. 5814:^ 5792:. 5769:. 5761:. 5753:. 5743:. 5731:. 5717:^ 5699:. 5689:. 5681:. 5648:. 5638:89 5636:. 5613:. 5603:56 5601:. 5589:^ 5575:. 5565:47 5563:. 5551:^ 5533:. 5529:. 5506:. 5498:. 5490:. 5476:. 5451:40 5449:. 5435:^ 5421:. 5413:. 5405:. 5391:. 5368:. 5358:. 5346:. 5340:. 5317:. 5305:. 5274:. 5244:. 5226:. 5196:. 5170:. 5166:. 5162:. 5136:. 5126:. 5114:. 5110:. 5079:. 5075:. 5048:. 5044:. 5014:. 5006:. 4994:. 4988:. 4962:. 4952:. 4944:. 4936:. 4924:. 4920:. 4896:. 4886:. 4878:. 4866:. 4860:. 4846:^ 4832:. 4824:. 4816:. 4804:. 4792:^ 4778:. 4768:. 4756:. 4752:. 4739:^ 4725:. 4717:. 4709:. 4695:. 4683:^ 4669:. 4661:. 4653:. 4645:. 4631:. 4627:. 4597:. 4589:. 4581:. 4573:. 4561:. 4555:. 4536:^ 4518:. 4510:. 4502:. 4498:. 4484:^ 4466:. 4462:. 4444:^ 4426:. 4420:. 4408:^ 4386:. 4375:^ 4353:. 4342:^ 4324:. 4320:. 4297:. 4289:. 4279:41 4277:. 4248:. 4242:. 4215:. 4211:. 4199:^ 4184:. 4168:. 4160:. 4150:85 4148:. 4136:^ 4118:. 4108:80 4106:. 4102:. 4079:. 4071:. 4063:. 4051:. 4039:^ 4025:. 4017:. 4009:. 3997:. 3983:^ 3969:. 3961:. 3953:. 3941:. 3927:^ 3905:. 3883:. 3875:. 3867:. 3855:. 3839:^ 3825:. 3813:. 3800:^ 3785:. 3777:. 3769:. 3757:. 3745:^ 3729:. 3719:42 3717:. 3713:. 3690:. 3680:. 3668:. 3664:. 3650:^ 3634:. 3614:^ 3593:. 3585:. 3577:. 3569:. 3557:. 3553:. 3495:^ 3473:. 3452:^ 3424:36 3422:. 3418:. 3397:. 3382:. 3375:. 3349:. 3345:. 3341:. 3328:^ 2683:Io 2608:. 2427:CH 2361:CH 2211:38 2173:63 2076:, 2056:, 1931:pH 1912:NH 1902:(H 1846:, 1842:, 1834:, 1823:. 1686:. 1501:. 1163:. 1086:, 959:. 938:. 873:. 865:, 776:, 709:, 697:. 656:. 642:°F 634:°C 341:28 184:eɪ 15438:: 15061:e 15054:t 15047:v 14747:e 14740:t 14733:v 14615:( 14313:e 14306:t 14299:v 14006:) 14002:( 13930:e 13923:t 13916:v 13182:e 13175:t 13168:v 12221:e 12214:t 12207:v 11749:e 11742:t 11735:v 11585:) 11577:( 11572:) 11541:) 11534:( 11520:. 11481:. 11441:. 11410:. 11379:. 11375:: 11351:. 11314:. 11283:. 11252:. 11215:. 11185:: 11091:. 10993:. 10963:. 10933:. 10900:. 10869:. 10834:. 10797:: 10789:: 10759:. 10725:. 10694:. 10656:. 10626:. 10595:. 10579:: 10571:: 10544:. 10513:. 10474:. 10443:. 10413:. 10375:. 10345:. 10314:. 10281:. 10247:. 10214:. 10183:. 10152:. 10122:. 10092:. 10059:. 10055:: 10045:: 10039:8 9940:. 9904:. 9874:: 9866:: 9833:. 9801:: 9793:: 9766:. 9713:: 9705:: 9675:. 9644:. 9613:. 9583:. 9551:. 9516:. 9482:. 9478:: 9470:: 9447:. 9416:. 9385:. 9361:: 9353:: 9323:. 9301:: 9293:: 9263:. 9232:. 9192:. 9188:: 9180:: 9152:. 9128:: 9099:. 9087:: 9079:: 9069:: 9046:. 9042:: 9034:: 9008:. 8984:: 8976:: 8946:. 8930:: 8922:: 8895:. 8883:: 8875:: 8850:. 8836:: 8828:: 8801:. 8789:: 8781:: 8775:1 8735:. 8704:. 8700:: 8692:: 8666:. 8662:: 8644:: 8621:. 8601:: 8593:: 8570:. 8530:. 8526:: 8518:: 8495:. 8483:: 8475:: 8452:. 8448:: 8440:: 8417:. 8382:. 8349:. 8314:. 8310:: 8287:. 8252:. 8240:: 8222:: 8199:. 8168:. 8154:: 8127:. 8091:. 8053:. 8041:: 8033:: 8023:: 7995:. 7962:. 7932:. 7901:. 7870:. 7851:: 7825:. 7803:" 7791:. 7756:. 7722:. 7692:. 7662:. 7628:. 7598:. 7586:: 7578:: 7568:: 7545:. 7514:. 7480:. 7446:. 7426:: 7418:: 7392:. 7362:. 7329:. 7325:: 7319:9 7301:. 7275:2 7260:. 7256:: 7248:: 7222:. 7187:. 7173:: 7165:: 7135:. 7131:: 7108:. 7104:: 7085:. 7055:. 7051:: 7043:: 7020:. 6999:: 6991:: 6961:. 6923:. 6892:. 6864:: 6856:: 6833:. 6821:: 6813:: 6790:. 6762:: 6754:: 6728:. 6700:: 6692:: 6669:. 6634:. 6603:. 6579:: 6571:: 6561:: 6531:. 6509:: 6501:: 6474:. 6436:. 6406:. 6386:: 6378:: 6355:. 6320:. 6284:. 6251:. 6231:: 6223:: 6193:: 6170:. 6132:. 6058:. 6038:: 6030:: 6002:. 5998:: 5975:. 5938:. 5907:. 5871:. 5841:. 5808:. 5777:. 5757:: 5739:: 5711:. 5685:: 5677:: 5656:. 5652:: 5644:: 5621:. 5617:: 5609:: 5583:. 5579:: 5571:: 5545:. 5514:. 5502:: 5494:: 5484:: 5461:. 5457:: 5429:. 5417:: 5409:: 5399:: 5376:. 5362:: 5354:: 5325:. 5321:: 5313:: 5290:. 5260:. 5212:. 5182:. 5148:. 5130:: 5122:: 5116:8 5091:. 5060:. 5029:. 5010:: 5002:: 4996:5 4970:. 4940:: 4932:: 4926:9 4904:. 4882:: 4874:: 4840:. 4820:: 4812:: 4786:. 4772:: 4764:: 4733:. 4721:: 4713:: 4703:: 4677:. 4657:: 4649:: 4639:: 4612:. 4577:: 4569:: 4530:. 4506:: 4478:. 4438:. 4402:. 4369:. 4336:. 4305:. 4293:: 4285:: 4260:. 4227:. 4194:) 4176:. 4164:: 4156:: 4130:. 4114:: 4087:. 4067:: 4059:: 4033:. 4013:: 4005:: 3977:. 3957:: 3949:: 3921:. 3891:. 3871:: 3863:: 3833:. 3829:: 3821:: 3793:. 3773:: 3765:: 3739:. 3733:: 3725:: 3698:. 3684:: 3676:: 3644:. 3630:: 3608:. 3573:: 3565:: 3489:. 3434:. 3430:: 3361:. 2860:/ 2763:2 2758:H 2575:2 2449:2 2444:H 2436:O 2432:2 2425:( 2416:2 2411:H 2407:2 2402:C 2400:( 2391:8 2386:H 2382:3 2377:C 2375:( 2366:4 2359:( 2315:Q 2311:μ 2307:Q 2303:μ 2295:Q 2291:μ 2287:Q 2283:μ 2276:q 2268:Q 2260:μ 2252:e 2248:r 2244:n 2240:ρ 2223:, 2217:Q 2204:2 2200:e 2194:4 2190:r 2184:5 2180:n 2167:= 2162:d 2159:i 2156:t 2152:q 1968:' 1939:2 1927:3 1917:3 1910:( 1904:2 1878:6 1873:H 1869:6 1864:C 1817:3 1766:) 1676:g 1583:( 1481:. 1256:± 1070:( 1062:( 1054:( 1046:( 1038:( 975:( 847:V 845:H 843:( 638:K 513:K 480:) 472:± 464:( 460:± 447:0 406:± 391:) 389:g 369:± 351:× 345:× 343:) 337:± 313:( 309:± 199:/ 196:n 193:ə 190:i 187:d 181:l 178:ˈ 175:ə 172:s 169:n 166:ɛ 163:/ 131:/ 128:s 125:ə 122:d 119:ə 116:l 113:ɛ 110:s 107:ˈ 104:n 101:ɛ 98:/ 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index