Qajar Iran - Knowledge

1665: 1600: 2045: 1581: 1562: 98: 2041:. Mozaffar al-Din Shah was a moderate, but relatively ineffective ruler. Royal extravagances coincided with an inadequate ability to secure state revenue which further exacerbated the financial woes of the Qajar. In response, the Shah procured two large loans from Russia (in part to fund personal trips to Europe). Public anger mounted as the Shah sold off concessions – such as road building monopolies, the authority to collect duties on imports, etc. – to European interests in return for generous payments to the Shah and his officials. Popular demand to curb arbitrary royal authority in favor of the rule of law increased as concern regarding growing foreign penetration and influence heightened. 2129:, a United States administrator hired as treasurer-general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protégés and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone. When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital. To prevent this, on 20 December, Bakhtiari chiefs and their troops surrounded the Majles building, forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, and shut down the assembly, once again suspending the constitution. 3704:'s command of the army of the Azerbaijan Province, his segment of the army was the main force that defended Iran against the Russian invaders. Hence, the quality and organization of his units were superior to that of the rest of the Iranian army. Soldiers of Abbas Mirza's units were furnished from the villages of Azerbaijan and according to quotas in line with the rent each village was responsible for. Abbas Mirza provided for the payment of his troops' outfits and armaments. James Justinian Morier estimated the force under Abbas Mirza's command at 40,000 men, consisting of 22,000 cavalry, 12,000 infantry which included an artillery force, as well as 6,000 1195: 84: 3780: 569: 555: 2061:, with wide powers to represent the people and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. The shah signed the constitution on 30 December 1906, but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment. He died five days later. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for the security of life and property. The hopes for the constitutional rule were not realized, however. 3700:, that is, they were paid for and were under the command of provincial Iranian rulers and governors. They were mobilized to join the royal army when the call required to do so. Also, as was custom, tribes were supposed to provide troops for the army depending on their size. Thus, larger tribes were supposed to provide larger numbers, whilst smaller tribes provided smaller numbers. After receiving payment, the central government expected military men to (for the greater part) to pay for their own supplies. During the era of wars with Russia, with crown prince 1999:

doctors and officers were prominent at the Shah's court, influencing policy personally. Russia and Britain had competing investments in the industrialisation of Iran including roads and telegraph lines, as a way to profit and extend their influence. However, until 1907 the Great Game rivalry was so pronounced that mutual British and Russian demands to the Shah to exclude the other, blocked all railroad construction in Iran at the end of the 19th century. In 1907 the British and Russian Empires partitioned Iran into spheres of influence with the

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city so it could be expanded as needed. He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Iranians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering, amongst numerous others. Unfortunately, Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his greatest monument completed, but it still stands in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country.

1527:. Iran had by these two treaties, in the course of the 19th century, irrevocably lost the territories which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries. The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia was Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century. 2399: 2057:

establishment of a "house of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran. In August, the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. In October, an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or

1991:— continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars — this Russian domination of Iran continued for nearly a century. The Iranian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds. 3731:

the country against foreign influences. The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country. After 1915, Russia and Britain demanded the recall of the Swedish advisers. Some Swedish officers left, while others sided with the Germans and Ottomans in their intervention in Persia. The remainder of the Gendarmerie was named

3872:, which became the capital of Iran under the Qajars in 1786 under Agha Mohammad Khan, resembled more-so a garrison rather than a town prior to becoming the capital. At the time, as a developing city, it held some 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, but only when the Iranian royal court was in residence. During summer, the royal court moved to a cooler area of 1255:

recognized the latter's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries. Erekle appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress Catherine II of Russia, asking for at least 3,000 Russian troops, but he was ignored, leaving Georgia to fend off the Iranian threat alone. Nevertheless, Erekle II still rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's

5603:"Griboedov not only extended protection to those Caucasian captives who sought to go home but actively promoted the return of even those who did not volunteer. Large numbers of Georgian and Armenian captives had lived in Iran since 1804 or as far back as 1795." Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. 1811: 1476:(r. 1797–1834), the Qajars set out to fight against the invading Russian Empire, who were keen to take the Iranian territories in the region. This period marked the first major economic and military encroachments on Iranian interests during the colonial era. The Qajar army suffered a major military defeat in the war, and under the terms of the 1920:, and the surrounding areas were transferred to Russian control under the command of General Alexander Komarov in 1884. Several trade concessions by the Iranian government put economic affairs largely under British control. By the late 19th century, many Iranians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests. 1179:, the then-ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire, both immediate bordering geopolitical rivals of Russia. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the 1926:, was the young prince Naser al-Din's advisor and constable. With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. When Nasser ed-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam was awarded the position of the prime minister and the title of 1351:. Reassessment of Iranian hegemony over Georgia did not last long; in 1799 the Russians marched into Tbilisi, two years after Agha Mohammad Khan's death. The next two years were a time of muddle and confusion, and the weakened and devastated Georgian kingdom, with its capital half in ruins, was easily 5660:; chapter 4. Quote: " deep inside understood that he would be unable to resist Sinan Pasha, i.e. the Sardar of Jalaloghlu, in a battle. Therefore he ordered to relocate the whole population of Armenia – Christians, Jews, and Muslims alike, to Persia, so that the Ottomans find the country depopulated." 2124:

of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Iran into spheres of influence. The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in

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These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. She convinced the young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to

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At that time, Iran was nearly bankrupt. During the next two and a half years Amir Kabir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society. Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. The instruments of central administration were

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During Naser al-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Iran and the country's modernization was begun. Naser al-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Iran's independence, but foreign interference

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Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Iran secure, the Iranians demanded Erekle II to renounce the treaty with Russia and to reaccept Iranian suzerainty, in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. The Ottomans, Iran's neighboring rival,

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or Gilan. It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the

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was founded in 1911 with the assistance of Sweden. The involvement of a neutral country was seen to avoid "Great Game" rivalry between Russia and Britain, as well as avoid siding with any particular alliance (in the prelude to World War I). Iranian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen

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at the time but were crushed under Amir Kabir. Foreign interference in Iran's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents;

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Following the official losing of the aforementioned vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. Solidly Persian-speaking territories of Iran were lost, with all its inhabitants in it. Following the 1804–1814 War, but also per the 1826–1828 war which ceded the

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As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties of 1813 and 1828 respectively, the formerly Iranian territories became part of Russia for around the next 180 years, except Dagestan, which has remained a Russian possession ever since. Out of the greater part of the

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had devastated the city and reversed its fortunes. In 1809, the population of Tabriz was estimated at 50,000 including 200 Armenian families who lived in their own quarter. The Azerbaijan province's total population, as per a 1806 estimate, was somewhere between 500,000 and 550,000 souls. The towns

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explains that there are other estimates which roughly match Gardane's estimate, however, Gardane was the first to complete a full outline of the Qajar army as he and his men were tasked with training the Qajar army. According to Gardane's report of Fath-Ali Shah's contemporaneous army, some 144,000

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by Russian officers gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This influence was especially pronounced because the Iranian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced. By the 1890s, Russian tutors,

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in 1851, the first modern university in Iran and the Middle East. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. It marked the beginning of modern education in Iran. Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the

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British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Iran, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. The Tsar ordered the troops in Tabriz "to act harshly and quickly", while purges were ordered, leading to many executions of prominent revolutionaries. The

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on the throne. Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties. The upheavals of the Constitutional Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade. In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July

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The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. When the shah reneged on a promise to permit the

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under its King Solomon II. The Georgians, hopelessly outnumbered, were eventually defeated despite stiff resistance. In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. The Iranian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off many thousands of

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invaded it relatively shortly after, in the same year. At that time, large parts of Iran were under tight Russian influence and control, and since 1910 Russian forces were present inside the country, while many of its cities possessed Russian garrisons. Due to the latter reason, as Prof. Dr.

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notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." Erekle II returned to Tbilisi to rebuild the city, but the destruction of his capital was a death blow to his hopes and projects. Upon learning of the fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the

3969:). The province itself consisted of twenty-one districts, in which nine large domains were located that belonged to Muslims and Armenians, twenty-one Armenian villages, ninety Muslim villages (both settled and nomadic), with Armenians constituting an estimated minority. In the 1297:

With half of the troop's Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into a huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. Erekle had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring

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reported disapproval of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. By June 1914, Russia established near-total control over its northern zone, while Britain had established influence over

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were tribal cavalry, 40,000 were infantry (which included those trained on European lines), whilst 2,500 were part of the artillery units (which included the zamburakchis). Some half of the total amount of cavalrymen, that is 70,000–75,000, were so-called

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between Russia and Britain for influence over central Asia. As the Qajar state's sovereignty was challenged this took the form of military conquests, diplomatic intrigues, and the competition of trade goods between two foreign empires. Ever since the 1828

1802:), to the Russians. After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia. 2108:, and elsewhere. In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht to Tehran led by Mohammad Vali Khan Sepahsalar Khalatbari Tonekaboni, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. The ex-shah went into exile in Russia. Shah died in 3718:

By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. It was viewed as a process of defensive modernisation; however, this also led to

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In late 1915, due to pro-CP actions by Iranian gendarmerie (encouraged by Ahmad Shah Qajar and the Majlis), Russian forces in northwest Iran marched toward Tehran. Russian occupation of Tehran would mean complete Russian control of Iran.

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Iran was divided into five large provinces and a large number of smaller ones at the beginning of Fath Ali Shah's reign, about 20 provinces in 1847, 39 in 1886, but 18 in 1906. In 1868, most province governors were Qajar princes.

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January 1804. (...) Russo-Persian War. The Russian invasion of Persia. (...) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov (Sisianoff) invade Persia and storm the citadel of Ganjeh, beginning the Russo-Persian War

1763:'s campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia. After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. Following 3847:

In 1800, three years into Fath-Ali Shah's reign, Iran numbered an estimated six million people. A few years later, in 1812, the population numbered an estimated nine million. At the time, the country numbered some 70,000

1046:. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the standards of 18th-century Iran. In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of 693:. Despite its territorial losses, Qajar Iran reinvented the Iranian notion of kingship and maintained relative political independence, but faced major challenges to its sovereignty, predominantly from the Russian and 1664: 4855:

For example, the Turkmen of Iran were instrumental in the establishment of Kajar dynasty in Iran in the late eighteenth century, and opponents of the Iranian constitution sought Turkmen support in the revolution of

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of 1917 and the subsequent withdrawal of most of the Russian troops, the Ottomans gained the upper hand in Iran, occupying significant portions of the country until the end of the war. Between 1914 and 1918, the

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on 27 December, and Heydar Latifiyan was killed, but the Russian advance was delayed, long enough for the Majlis to dissolve and the Shah and his court to escape to Qom. This preserved the independence of Iran.

958:, and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power. The immediate ancestor of the Qajar dynasty, Shah Qoli Khan of the Quvanlu of Ganja, married into the Quvanlu Qajars of Astarabad. His son, 132: 766:) was the common and official name of Iran. The idea of the Guarded Domains illustrated a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society where the Persian language, culture, monarchy, and 3683:) recruited from the sedentary population. The army of his nephew and successor Fath-Ali Shah was much larger and from 1805 onwards incorporated European-trained units. According to the French general 4172:, published by I. B. Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language." 3896:

in Tehran's north during summer, which was located at a higher altitude and thus had a more cool climate. These seasonal movements used to reduce Tehran's population to a few thousand seasonally.

141: 4197:, Vol. 29, No. 2 (May, 1997), 235; "Azeri Turkish was widely spoken at the two courts in addition to Persian, and Mozaffareddin Shah (r. 1896–1907) spoke Persian with an Azeri Turkish accent." 8281: 5114:(...) Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination. 1561: 1230:

under his rule. He viewed, like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, the territories no different from the territories in mainland Iran. Georgia was a province of Iran the same way

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often considered the most likely tribe from which they later separated. According to the same late legend, the Qajar tribe's namesake ancestor was Qajar Noyan, said to be the son of a

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The consequences of these events came a few years later when a strong new Iranian dynasty under the Qajars emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Iran. Their head,

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again fully under the Persian orbit. For Agha Mohammad Khan, the resubjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian empire was part of the same process that had brought

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The Qajar military was one of the dynasty's largest conventional sources of legitimacy, albeit was increasingly influenced by foreign powers over the course of the dynasty.

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that had migrated into the province. A Russian estimate asserted that the Pambak region of the northern part of the Erivan Khanate, which had been occupied by the Russians

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Irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, were a major element until the late nineteenth century, and irregular forces long remained a significant part of the Qajar army.

2081: 721: 3687:, who was stationed in Iran, the army under Fath-Ali Shah numbered 180,000 men in 1808, thus far surpassing the army of Agha Mohammad Khan in size. The modern historian 1131:(Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty. When Nader Shah died in 1747, they capitalized on the chaos that had erupted in mainland Iran, and declared 131: 1004:, the Qajars had evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy. 5451: 3771:

At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.

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Though Qajar Iran had announced strict neutrality on the first day of November 1914 (which was reiterated by each successive government thereafter), the neighboring

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in the late 13th-century, a period in which regional actions, trade, written culture, and partly Shia Islam, contributed to the establishment of the early modern

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1910. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the

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tribe first started to gain prominence during the establishment of the Safavids. When Ismail led the 7,000 tribal soldiers on his successful expedition from

4597: 3955:, held a total population of 2,832, consisting of 1,529 Muslims and 1,303 Christian Armenians. According to the Russian demographic survey of 1823 of the 2044: 1379:(1828), as the ancient ties could only be severed by a superior force from outside. It was therefore also inevitable that Agha Mohammad Khan's successor, 9813: 5383: 1833:

Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran. His grandson

9853: 9440: 8293: 6442: 5582: 5284: 9546: 97: 9898: 5477: 5436: 5368: 1691:, the absolute bulk of the Ayrums and Qarapapaqs that were still remaining in newly conquered Russian territories were settled in and migrated to 8960: 8951: 8695: 8207: 3696:. This meant that they received their salaries from the shah's personal funds during periods of supposed mobilization. All others were so-called 1363:, which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries, it would also directly lead up to the wars of even several years later, namely the 8192: 2146:

autonomous tribal leaders in the southeastern zone. Qajar Iran would become a battleground between Russian, Ottoman, and British forces in the

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At the time of Agha Mohammad Khan's death in 1797, his military was at its apex and counted 60,000 men, consisting of 50,000 tribal cavalry (

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states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of

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independence. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the

8483: 7300: 1383:(under whom Iran would lead the two above-mentioned wars) would follow the same policy of restoring Iranian central authority north of the 942:". Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16–17th centuries for the Safavids. The Qajars were resettled by 1971:, where he was murdered on the shah's orders. Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah. 9848: 8261: 4453: 2577: 1850: 1687:, many thousands of Ayrums and Qarapapaqs were settled in Tabriz. During the remaining part of the 1804–1813 war, as well as through the 5143: 5003: 4403: 2084:

and abolish parliamentary government. After several disputes with the members of the Majles, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered

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Sluglett, Peter (2014). "The Waning of Empires: The British, the Ottomans and the Russians in the Caucasus and North Iran, 1917–1921".

6025: 4078: 2080:(reigned 1907–1909), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, 5730:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century

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Azizi, Mohammad-Hossein. "The historical backgrounds of the Ministry of Health foundation in Iran." Arch Iran Med 10.1 (2007): 119–23.

2096:, arrest many of the deputies (December 1907), and close down the assembly (June 1908). Resistance to the shah, however, coalesced in 1547:

claimed by Georgia. Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, It also decisively parted the

1139:, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries. At about the same time, 860:

following the collapse of the Ilkhanate in 1335. Then, during the late 15th-century, the Qajars resettled in the historical region of

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to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925 and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as

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Gavin R. G. Hambly reconstructed the early history of the Qajars in a hypothetical manner, suggesting that they immigrated towards

5622: 5511: 915:. Despite being smaller than other tribes, the Qajars continued to play a major role in important events during the 16th-century. 9893: 8180: 4009: 3932:, which at the time were no more than an amalgam of villages, were estimated to hold 25,000 and 10,000 inhabitants respectively. 3550: 7404:

Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). ""All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century".

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From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813

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from Iran in the newly conquered Russian territories. Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in

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Russian rule, and thus disembarked for Turkey or Iran. These migrations once again, towards Iran, included masses of Caucasian

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In 1868, Jews were the most significant minority in Tehran, numbering 1,578 people. By 1884 this figure had risen to 5,571.

2368: 1740:, which was also to be established in the late 19th century. The initial ranks of the brigade would be entirely composed of 697:

empires. Foreign advisers became powerbrokers in the court and military. They eventually partitioned Qajar Iran in the 1907

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as well as Armenian volunteer units and battalions, and the Ottomans on the other side. However, with the advent of the

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The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism

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The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism

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The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832

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Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications", Praeger/Greenwood,1998 – Page 67:

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and other Caucasian Muhajirs. This brigade would prove decisive in the following decades to come in Qajar history.

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became integral elements of the developing national identity. The concept presumably had started to form under the

6278:"The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century" 1880:, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Iranian ties to the cities of 9838: 9141: 8681: 8517: 8512: 8251: 7878: 5813:

The Small Players of the Great Game: The Settlement of Iran's Eastern Borderlands and the Creation of Afghanistan

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independent kingdom (during the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar)Puppet monarchy of England, France and America

9746: 9571: 9451: 9435: 8921: 8856: 8757: 8706: 8478: 8429: 8414: 8318: 8308: 8288: 8080: 7739: 6786:(2013a). "From confidence to apprehension: early Iranian interaction with Russia". In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.). 5153: 5013: 4463: 4413: 4114: 4104: 3684: 3584: 2759: 2159: 2147: 2093: 1732:, other Transcaucasian Muslims, as well as many North Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians, Shia Lezgins and 725: 375: 9379: 8150: 8090: 5268:

In May 1826, Russia, therefore, occupied Mirak, in the Erivan khanate, in violation of the Treaty of Gulistan.

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would be ideal. A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in

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in 1500/1501, a contingent of Qajars was among them. After this, they emerged as a prominent group within the

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in the west, he sent Erekle the last ultimatum, which he also declined, but, sent couriers to St.Petersburg.

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in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for Russian influence in Iran.

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Agha Mohammad Shah was later assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in

7507: 7497: 3943:(Nakhjavan) held a total population of some 5,000 in the year 1807, whereas the total population of the 9615: 9076: 8941: 8409: 8187: 8085: 7306: 7016: 6987: 4074: 3579: 3540: 2038: 1939: 1706: 1330: 278: 7502: 7353:

Behrooz, Maziar (2013b). "Revisiting the Second Russo-Iranian War (1826–28): Causes and Perceptions".

5755: 9903: 9719: 9310: 9080: 8861: 8787: 8649: 8624: 8547: 8298: 8197: 8140: 7552: 7324: 6497: 5290: 3868:

was the largest city at the time, with a population of about 200,000 inhabitants. More to the north,

3521: 3425: 2684: 1540: 1461: 1160: 1136: 978: 560: 2187:

states, declaring neutrality was useless, especially as Iran had no force to implement this policy.

1069:, the last of the Zand dynasty. He reestablished Iranian control over the territories in the entire 9430: 9220: 9100: 9051: 9023: 8886: 8424: 8338: 8067: 6835: 5057: 4786:

K. M. Röhrborn. Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 4

4099: 3841: 3837: 3642: 3604: 3599: 3589: 2378: 2165: 2030: 2000: 1696: 1039: 1013: 912: 698: 655: 587: 298: 4851:

The Yomut Turkmen: A Study of Social Organization among a Central Asian Turkic-Speaking Population

4502:""All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century" 3738:

The number of Russian officers in the Cossack Brigade would increase over time. Britain also sent

9661: 9635: 9626: 9496: 9456: 9060: 8996: 8956: 8691: 8542: 8399: 8358: 7616: 6259: 4814:

Keddie, Nikki R. (1971). "The Iranian Power Structure and Social Change 1800–1969: An Overview".

3809: 3765: 3712: 3167: 2923: 2504: 2339: 2291: 2085: 2022: 1995: 1842: 1737: 1128: 1001: 810:. It has been speculated that the Qajars were originally part of a larger tribal group, with the 763: 713: 267: 6976:

Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Āghā Muhammad Khān and the establishment of the Qājār dynasty". In

3779: 1767:'s massive relocation of Armenians and Muslims in 1604–05, their numbers dwindled even further. 1709:'s brutal punitive expeditions and misgovernment, drove large numbers of Muslims, and even some 9873: 9868: 9863: 9751: 9390: 9131: 9086: 8810: 8772: 8500: 8256: 4024: 3920: 3857: 3484: 2987: 2461: 1935: 1934:

overhauled, and Amir Kabir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. There were

1705:

states; "The steady encroachment of Russian troops along the frontier in the Caucasus, General

1672: 1605: 1571: 1520: 1465: 1124: 807: 433: 327: 35: 6062: 5728: 5569:А. Г. Булатова. Лакцы (XIX – нач. XX вв.). Историко-этнографические очерки. — Махачкала, 2000. 4626: 4361:

H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T. Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank (1981).

1872:

during the 19th century. Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day

1159:. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in 30:"Qajar" redirects here. For the modern-day country on the other side of the Persian Gulf, see 9039: 8991: 8966: 8686: 8434: 8212: 8130: 7747: 7704: 7252: 7005:

Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In

5280: 4054: 4034: 3978: 3768:

was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces, and would become supported by the British.

2865: 2785: 2723: 2252: 2239: 2121: 1980: 1959: 1748: 1733: 1680: 1508: 1420: 1412: 1376: 1291: 1266:, and after a turn of events by which he gathered more support from his subordinate khans of 472: 420: 347: 119: 6743:

Amanat, Abbas (2019). "Remembering the Persianate". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.).

2495: 798:

A late legend holds that the Qajars first came to Iran in the 11th-century along with other

9590: 9492: 9385: 9325: 9300: 9279: 9259: 9232: 9034: 8976: 8871: 8634: 8599: 8363: 7545: 6883: 5760: 4084: 3750:

remained in Iran as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the

3720: 3594: 2248:

Local irregular forces under Heydar Latifiyan blocked the Russian advance at Robat Karim.

1586: 1567: 1156: 1030:

played the most prominent role in bringing Qajars to power. In 1779 following the death of

231: 195: 6443:"The Swedish-led Gendarmerie in Persia 1911–1916 State Building and Internal Colonization" 1841:, succeeded him in 1834. When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son 235: 8: 9823: 9330: 9019: 8752: 8644: 8243: 8238: 8202: 8135: 7984: 7672: 6414: 6145: 5785: 5174: 5030: 3758: 3727: 3327: 3197: 2626: 2422: 2227: 2134: 1868:

rule since the mid–18th century. Britain also extended its control to other areas of the

1834: 1717: 1631: 1535:

in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and three generally unrecognized republics

1480:

in 1813, Iran was forced to cede most of its Caucasian territories comprising modern-day

1176: 1164: 1106: 1094: 1058: 986: 982: 908: 667: 5093: 1290:

at the time, instructed Erekle to avoid "expense and fuss", while Erekle, together with

876:. Like the other Oghuz tribes in Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia during the rule of the 9694: 9656: 9601: 9596: 9501: 9416: 9056: 8916: 8876: 8716: 8711: 8609: 8594: 8353: 8155: 7976: 7945: 7838: 7595: 7479: 7450: 7421: 7382: 7370: 7296: 7274: 6839: 6661: 6644:

Sohrabi, Narciss M. (2023). "The politics of in/visibility: The Jews of urban Tehran".

6559: 6551: 6313: 6305: 5877: 5869: 5619: 5471: 5430: 5362: 5049: 4831: 4537: 4529: 4221: 4069: 4029: 3743: 3530: 3317: 2937: 2408: 2207: 2191: 2048:

Mozaffar al-Din Shah and Attendants Seated in a Garden One of 274 vintage photographs (

2034: 1795: 1495:

About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan Treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's

1477: 1450: 1408: 1372: 1299: 1211: 1120: 803: 407: 5842:"The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 1879–1894" 4170:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

1187:

in 1784, but was withdrawn in 1787, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, as

9788: 9704: 9621: 9527: 9517: 9426: 9335: 9320: 9315: 9284: 9274: 9264: 9254: 9241: 9096: 8800: 8614: 8552: 8527: 8507: 8457: 8377: 8225: 7854: 7846: 7771: 7723: 7483: 7454: 7425: 7390: 7374: 7332: 7310: 7282: 7260: 7237: 7215: 7197: 7178: 7159: 7127: 7105: 7083: 7056: 7020: 6991: 6962: 6943: 6921: 6900: 6868: 6862: 6847: 6812: 6808:

Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia

6791: 6769: 6748: 6729: 6707: 6688: 6665: 6563: 6543: 6391: 6381: 6317: 6297: 6153: 6068: 6033: 5967: 5957: 5881: 5861: 5817: 5734: 5538: 5457: 5416: 5389: 5348: 5321: 5294: 5257: 5204: 5149: 5061: 5009: 4873: 4835: 4795: 4632: 4579: 4569: 4541: 4521: 4459: 4409: 4368: 4311: 4290: 4228: 4019: 3974: 3940: 3889: 3853: 3357: 3257: 3247: 2957: 2947: 2905: 2805: 2749: 2312: 2304: 2220: 2216: 2077: 1857: 1837:, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture 1481: 1430: 1307: 1231: 1116: 927: 869: 861: 678: 639: 255: 2215:

massacred many thousands of Iran's Assyrian and Armenian population, as part of the

1821: 9675: 9666: 9576: 9566: 9522: 9362: 9350: 9304: 9249: 9066: 8931: 8762: 8731: 8576: 8557: 8266: 7886: 7471: 7442: 7413: 7362: 7142: 6653: 6535: 6472: 6289: 5853: 5653: 4823: 4513: 4399: 3956: 3904: 3387: 3077: 3047: 2264: 2143: 2116: 1984: 1341: 1090: 1027: 939: 931: 919: 717: 663: 311: 189: 89: 58: 7446: 7302:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 7071: 7035: 6704:

Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896

2271:, and succeeded to the throne at age 11. However, the occupation of Persia during 1849:

and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. He was not able to prevent

638:, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing 9709: 9646: 9581: 9556: 9541: 9480: 9269: 9121: 9011: 8833: 8532: 8468: 8372: 8220: 8122: 7894: 7870: 7806: 7787: 7779: 7755: 7640: 7582: 7475: 7417: 7366: 7075: 7010: 6981: 6806: 6763: 6371: 6293: 6150:

A brief history of political parties in Iran: the extinction of the Qajar dynasty

5947: 5811: 5626: 5492:

The historical homeland of the Talysh was divided between Russia and Iran in 1813

5201:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

4802: 4559: 4517: 4362: 4335: 4193:"Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, 3267: 3217: 3117: 3087: 3027: 2967: 2885: 2855: 2825: 2795: 2590: 2435: 2387: 2199: 2109: 2049: 1893: 1756: 1446: 1429:

Map showing Irans's northwestern borders in the 19th century, comprising Eastern

1416: 1306:

By this, after the conquest of Tbilisi and being in effective control of eastern

1247: 1203: 1172: 1140: 946:

throughout Iran. The great number of them also settled in Astarabad (present-day

943: 741: 446: 7012:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

6983:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

3915:, the largest city of the Azerbaijan Province, as well as the seat of the Qajar 2115:

On 16 July 1909, the Majles voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son,

9551: 9071: 8896: 8384: 8348: 8011: 7929: 7862: 7688: 7327:(2016). "The Armenian Genocide in the Context of 20th-Century Paramilitarism". 7257:

The Cambridge History of Iran Volume=7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

7097: 6783: 6524:"Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926" 3948: 3944: 3747: 3688: 3377: 3057: 3037: 2977: 2613: 2524: 2280: 2276: 2184: 2179: 2126: 1865: 1826: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1512: 1496: 1468:, massacring and expelling thousands of its inhabitants, thereby beginning the 1457: 1338: 1334: 1267: 1168: 1019: 857: 729: 694: 674: 631: 227: 6657: 6539: 5857: 4827: 3947:

was some 100,000 in 1811. However, the latter figure does not account for the

1503:. It ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of 969:–1693) was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs 9807: 9782: 9686: 9671: 9641: 9586: 9466: 9421: 9370: 9340: 8043: 7937: 7902: 7624: 6897:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

6864:

A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)

6547: 6395: 6301: 6225: 6037: 5971: 5865: 5453:

Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia

4583: 4525: 4327: 4109: 3999: 3994: 3970: 3908: 3456: 3445: 3187: 3107: 3067: 2514: 2474: 2139: 1988: 1751:

included the official rights for the Russian Empire to encourage settling of

1721: 1658: 1590: 1552: 1544: 1473: 1456:

On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the

1380: 1356: 1283: 1271: 1241: 1066: 1065:

slaves. By 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including

970: 959: 892: 885: 811: 771: 635: 627: 574: 511: 506: 264: 261: 252: 5317:

The newly independent states of Eurasia: Handbook of former Soviet republics

5254:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

4455:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

1967:

usurp the throne. In October 1851, the shah dismissed him and exiled him to

1864:. The city had been part of Iran in Safavid times, but Herat had been under 1853:

and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Iranian influence.

9714: 9699: 9651: 9560: 9105: 8971: 8394: 8343: 8051: 8035: 8019: 7961: 7119: 6935: 6721: 6447:

Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies

5620:

A. S. Griboyedov. "Записка о переселеніи армянъ изъ Персіи въ наши области"

5126: 5124: 5122: 5089: 4952: 4950: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 3881: 3849: 3751: 3574: 3503: 3466: 3434: 3397: 3367: 3287: 3127: 2693: 2212: 1873: 1869: 1770:

At the time of the Russian invasion of Iran, some 80% of the population of

1764: 1729: 1548: 1388: 1384: 1315: 1294:

and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians.

1152: 1035: 994: 834: 753: 647: 546: 223: 2064: 1151:, he remained autonomous. In 1783, Erekle II placed his kingdom under the 985:

and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future

673:

In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost much territory to the

9792: 9756: 9507: 9192: 9115: 8946: 7433:

Grobien, Philip Henning (2021). "Iran and imperial nationalism in 1919".

7006: 6977: 3701: 3632: 3277: 3237: 2997: 2875: 2272: 2203: 1905: 1901: 1741: 1650: 1641:, set off to migrate to mainland Iran. Some of these groups included the 1608:, 1826. Franz Roubaud. Part of the collection of the Museum for History, 1287: 1000:

Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of

955: 849: 799: 785:("Domains of Iran"), most commonly used in the writings from Qajar Iran. 478: 215: 7528: 6914:

Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).

6309: 6277: 5873: 5841: 5551: 5119: 4947: 4910: 4533: 4501: 4418: 4287:

Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power

3797: 3761:

in 1916, which was initially separate from the Persian army until 1921.

2327: 9146: 8537: 8027: 7953: 7921: 7731: 6208: 4049: 3877: 3407: 3227: 3207: 3177: 3137: 3097: 2929: 2895: 2815: 2769: 2414: 1975: 1927: 1877: 1725: 1646: 1627: 1524: 1489: 1442: 1394: 1263: 1112: 1031: 990: 974: 923: 881: 877: 802:

clans. However, the Qajars neither appear in the Oghuz tribal lists of

778: 767: 701:, carving out Russian and British influence zones and a neutral zone. 686: 209: 6555: 6523: 6169: 3963:, held 371 households, who were divided in four quarters or parishes ( 1946: 712:, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing 8272:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

7992: 7969: 7763: 7696: 7664: 7175:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

7082:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 251–255. 6377: 5953: 4565: 4405:

Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day

3788: 3337: 3307: 3297: 3007: 2845: 2703: 2287: 2283:

troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered.

1897: 1889: 1791: 1752: 1710: 1523:; the new border between neighboring Russia and Iran were set at the 1326: 1256: 1180: 1100: 1078: 1062: 1050:

because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his

904: 848:) was descended from Qajar Noyan. Based on the claims of the legend, 774: 737: 724:. Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the 359: 239: 6373:

Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism

6248:

A Fiscal History of Iran in the Safavid and Qajar Periods, 1500–1925

5949:

Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism

5583:"The Iranian Armed Forces in Politics, Revolution and War: Part One" 4561:

Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism

2112:, in April 1925. Every future Shah of Iran would also die in exile. 1943:

the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time.

9182: 8522: 8404: 7656: 6830:. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 5637: 5635: 3965: 3936: 3893: 3157: 3147: 2713: 2600: 2398: 1958:

One of the greatest achievements of Amir Kabir was the building of

1951: 1917: 1536: 1485: 1434: 1360: 1275: 1215: 1070: 1023: 935: 896: 873: 853: 682: 677:

over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern

651: 7080:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā

6026:"Opinion | The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On" 5095:

The History of Persia from the Earliest Period to the Present Time

2017: 1515:

and Dagestan, as well as therefore the ceding of what is nowadays

1499:. This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the 1425: 9725: 7648: 4300: 3900: 3873: 3865: 3347: 2835: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2564: 2537: 2101: 1881: 1799: 1654: 1516: 1438: 1279: 1274:, and having re-secured the territories up to including parts of 1223: 1199: 1184: 900: 865: 815: 690: 659: 7102:

Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society

5632: 1143:

had ascended the Iranian throne; Erekle II quickly tendered his

192:(court literature/language, administrative, cultural, official), 9531: 8851: 7680: 7512: 6005: 4200: 3960: 3929: 3912: 3885: 3869: 3861: 2733: 2636: 2299: 2268: 2097: 2069: 2058: 1983:, Russia had received territorial domination in Iran. With the 1968: 1913: 1814: 1720:

of Caucasian Muslims as a result of the Russian victory in the

1692: 1642: 1623: 1504: 1348: 1227: 1219: 1086: 1074: 1047: 947: 823: 819: 709: 219: 176: 7537: 6788:

Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800

6685:

Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers

5385:

Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism

4360: 3735:

after a patrol unit that existed in the early Qajar dynasty.

1817:

in the royal presence. The painting style is distinctly Qajar.

1202:

by Agha Muhammad Khan. A Qajar-era Persian miniature from the

650:, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the 8389: 7522: 7212:

Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819

6844:

Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800–1925

5921: 5896: 5112:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. 4979: 4977: 3739: 2541: 2105: 1861: 1838: 1787: 1760: 1051: 838: 720:, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an 31: 7140: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6226:"Portraits and Pictures of Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (Kadjar)" 5663: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4332:

A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire

1987:

shifting to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened

1896:

on 21 September 1881, Iran ceased any claim to all parts of

1531:

territory, six separate nations would be formed through the

1344:, who succeeded Catherine in November, shortly recalled it. 1337:

to the Qajar possessions on April of that year, but the new

1278:

in the north and up to the westernmost border of modern-day

8169: 7632: 7568: 4898: 3925: 3834: 2554: 1909: 1885: 1609: 1511:

in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire

1311: 1082: 1043: 1026:

in their bureaucracy". Among these Turkic tribes, however,

951: 643: 482: 7259:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–104. 5687: 5675: 4974: 4962: 1355:

in 1801. As Iran could not permit or allow the cession of

9147:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

7234:

Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran

6913: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6582: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 5699: 5557: 5221: 5130: 4956: 4929: 4744: 4717: 4439: 4433: 1810: 5983: 5981: 5273: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4734: 4732: 3919:("crown prince"), used to be a prosperous city, but the 2369:

Military history of Iran § Qajar Empire (1789–1925)

1794:

constituted a minority of about 20%. As a result of the

1333:, upon the proposal of Gudovich, and sent an army under 159:

Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century.

7009:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). 6980:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). 6110: 6088: 6086: 6084: 5897:"RUSSIA v. RUSSIANS AT THE COURT OF MOḤAMMAD-ʿALI SHAH" 4262: 4260: 4258: 4175: 1860:, Britain prevented Iran from reasserting control over 1163:

than some provinces in northern mainland Iran, such as

7049:

Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977).

6920:. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6603: 6570: 6336: 6324: 5535:

Studies in History, Language and Culture of Azerbaijan

5233: 5180: 2194:. Numerous clashes would take place there between the 1329:

themselves. To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II

1057:

The Qajar armies at that time were mostly composed of

6098: 5978: 5388:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. 4989: 4768: 4729: 4705: 4657: 4468: 3833:

In the late 18th century, during the final period of

64: 6081: 5344:

Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus

5080:, 3rd edition, Barnes and Noble 1969, Vol. 2, p. 293 4756: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4645: 4255: 1395:

Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories

6122: 5993: 5537:(in Persian). Tehran: Hazar-e Kerman. p. 245. 5101: 4935: 7226:The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832 6188: 5502: 5500: 5450:Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). 5449: 4886: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4220: 2190:At the beginning of the war, the Ottomans invaded 1724:. Others simply voluntarily refused to live under 1101:Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus 1085:. In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in 989:. Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of 668:punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects 5286:Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition 3911:, held a population of less than 20,000 by 1800. 3844:) numbered some five to six million inhabitants. 3742:to reinforce the Brigade. After the start of the 2153: 2021:Qajar-era currency bill featuring a depiction of 1759:. At the close of the fourteenth century, after 1617: 1445:, before being forced to cede the territories to 9805: 7048: 6745:The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere 6473:"SWEDEN ii. SWEDISH OFFICERS IN PERSIA, 1911–15" 6011: 2318: 1908:as the new boundary with Imperial Russia. Hence 1214:, as his first objective, resolved to bring the 8208:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 7124:Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan, 1796–1925 6067:. Columbia University Press. pp. 330–338. 5780: 5778: 5497: 5340: 4631:. Columbia University Press. pp. 330–338. 4388: 3977:held 10,425 inhabitants in 1804 at the time of 1262:In August 1795, Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the 1077:, a town near the ruins of the ancient city of 1042:, the leader of the Qajars, set out to reunify 198:(court language, mother tongue of royal family) 8294:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 8193:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 6765:Making and Remaking Empire in Early Qajar Iran 6275: 5839: 5809: 4320: 1637:last territories, large migrations, so-called 1147:submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, 626:, was the Iranian state under the rule of the 9819:States and territories disestablished in 1925 8076:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 7553: 7069: 5279: 4349:A companion to the history of the Middle East 4206: 4144: 3650: 977:. He was killed in 1726. Fath Ali Khan's son 911:warriors and served as the main force of the 818:named Sartuq Noyan, who reportedly served as 757: 50: 9152:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 7141:Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; 7044:. Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5. pp. 541–542. 6940:Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800–1925) 6528:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5775: 5476:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5435:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5408: 5367:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4816:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4789: 4310:, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, 4195:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2006: 1466:invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja 864:, becoming affiliated with the neighbouring 666:. He was formally crowned as Shah after his 8262:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 7503:The International Qajar Studies Association 7403: 7381: 7191: 7172: 6860: 6825: 6639: 6637: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5641: 5577: 5575: 5313: 4983: 4968: 4872:. Cambridge University Press. p. 469. 4853:. University of Michigan Press. p. 8. 4796:Encyclopedia Iranica. Ganja. Online Edition 4499: 3907:and being Iran's former capital during the 3892:Province. Other Tehrani residents moved to 1073:. Agha Mohammad established his capital at 9814:States and territories established in 1785 8768:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 8630:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 8146:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 7560: 7546: 7228:, Columbia University Press, New York 1957 5320:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. 3864:in the south numbered circa 50,000, while 3657: 3643: 1805: 1675:" during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 1451:two Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century 740:took power in 1925, thus establishing the 153: 9854:Early modern history of Georgia (country) 8277:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 7533:International Institute of Social History 7236:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7096: 7055:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6728:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–992. 5607:Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 339. 5347:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. 5037:, p. 38. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4181: 2311:Ahmad Shah died on February 21, 1930, in 1464:(eastern Georgia). In 1804, the Russians 8096:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 7461: 7352: 7196:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 7147:Encyclopǣdia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5 7072:"Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature" 7033: 6834: 6782: 6634: 6521: 6369: 5945: 5629:, Фундаментальная Электронная Библиотека 5572: 5532: 5526: 5381: 5239: 5148:Central European University Press, 2004 4904: 4557: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 3778: 2233: 2125:the center. Matters came to a head when 2063: 2043: 2016: 1974:Qajar Iran would become a victim of the 1945: 1820: 1809: 1663: 1424: 1193: 926:) to local Turkic khans", and, "in 1554 9899:Former countries of the interwar period 8882:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 7432: 6894: 6804: 6682: 6643: 6628: 6597: 6576: 6357: 6330: 6218: 6104: 6092: 5810:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (31 July 2004). 5251: 5186: 5045: 5043: 5026: 5024: 5022: 4867: 4780: 4620: 4618: 4458:, pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 2226:The front in Iran would last up to the 1460:capitalized on the moment, and annexed 954:) near the south-eastern corner of the 490:• Deposed by Constituent Assembly 14: 9806: 8420:History of democracy in classical Iran 7231: 7118: 7004: 6975: 6956: 6761: 6742: 6720: 6701: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6437: 6435: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6276:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2012). 6141: 6139: 6137: 6056: 6054: 5987: 5840:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2009). 5412:The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation 5409:Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). 5341:E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). 5227: 5198: 5107: 4813: 4807: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4553: 4551: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4266: 4218: 4060:Constitutionalization attempts in Iran 2259: 1716:In 1864 until the early 20th century, 1081:. In 1796, he was formally crowned as 880:, the Qajars likely also converted to 722:intervention led by the Russian Empire 9218: 9142:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 8927:Iran and the World Trade Organization 8831: 8574: 8455: 7580: 7541: 7525:Digital Archive by Harvard University 7323: 7250: 7034:Hitchins, Keith (1998). "EREKLE II". 6934: 6881: 6264:La Turquie sous le règne d’Abdul-Aziz 6209:The Origins of the Iranian Revolution 6152:. J. First. Amir Kabir Publications. 6128: 6060: 6023: 5835: 5833: 5753: 5005:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 4941: 4848: 4624: 4272: 4252:، ته‍ران‌: انتشارات علمی، ۱۳۷۱، ص ۲۸۷ 2082:attempted to rescind the constitution 2037:in 1896, the crown passed to his son 1310:, Agha Mohammad was formally crowned 147:(Salute of the Sublime State of Iran) 8314:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 8304:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 7295: 7273: 7153: 6363: 6116: 5999: 5922:"INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT" 5894: 5726: 5040: 5019: 4892: 4615: 3792: 2322: 1022:tribal forces, while using educated 833:). This legend also claims that the 142:Salamati-ye Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Iran 9547:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 9188:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 9162:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 8961:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 8696:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 7529:Qajar Documentation Fund Collection 7518:Some Photos of Qajar Family Members 6460: 6432: 6402: 6134: 6051: 6017: 5803: 5098:, pp. 189–191. London: John Murray. 4548: 4480: 4367:. Brill Archive. pp. 65, 370. 4145: 3979:the Russian conquest and occupation 1093:, and was succeeded by his nephew, 51: 27:Country in Western Asia (1789–1925) 24: 9849:Early modern history of Azerbaijan 8086:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 7346: 6959:Religion and Society in Qajar Iran 5939: 5830: 5008:Reaktion Books, 15 February. 2013 4598:"ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907" 4351:, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516. 3783:Painting of a woman in Qajar Iran. 1994:In 1879, the establishment of the 1191:had started on a different front. 744:, the last Iranian royal dynasty. 25: 9915: 9157:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 8778:Supreme National Security Council 8604:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8234:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 8141:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 8131:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 7491: 7279:The Making of the Georgian Nation 6024:Meyer, Karl E. (10 August 1987). 5252:Dowling, Timothy C., ed. (2015). 5054:The Making of the Georgian Nation 4115:Occupation of Iran In World War I 4065:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 2170:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 2013:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 1718:another mass expulsion took place 1713:Christians, into exile in Iran." 907:confederacy, who were made up of 884:and adopted the teachings of the 781:world. Its shortened variant was 708:created an elected parliament or 706:Persian Constitutional Revolution 662:with ease, putting an end to the 460:Persian Constitutional Revolution 9787: 9778: 9777: 8753:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 7194:Historical Dictionary of Georgia 7070:Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (1988). 7037:EREKLE II – Encyclopædia Iranica 6867:(2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. 6515: 6490: 6269: 6253: 6240: 6201: 5199:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). 4212: 3796: 3626: 2397: 2326: 2198:, who were further aided by the 1598: 1579: 1560: 1555:ever since between two nations. 1189:a new war against Ottoman Turkey 1115:had granted the kingship of the 1007: 932:Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar 592: 567: 553: 539: 128: 96: 82: 9844:Early modern history of Armenia 8952:Military equipment manufactured 8518:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 8282:United States withdrawal (2018) 8203:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 7567: 7214:, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, 7192:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). 7173:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 6861:Bournoutian, George A. (2002). 6162: 5914: 5888: 5747: 5720: 5711: 5647: 5610: 5597: 5563: 5533:Mansoori, Firooz (2008). "17". 5484: 5443: 5402: 5375: 5334: 5307: 5245: 5192: 5168: 5159: 5136: 5083: 5070: 4861: 4842: 4590: 4408:, Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. 4354: 4341: 4100:Treaty of Saint Petersburg 1907 3828: 3764:In 1921, the Russian-officered 2148:Persian campaign of World War I 1533:dissolution of the Soviet Union 843: 828: 726:Persian campaign of World War I 704:In the early 20th century, the 9894:1925 disestablishments in Iran 9512:modern / contemporary 8758:Expediency Discernment Council 8081:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 8070:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 7594: 7052:The Cambridge History of Islam 6846:. Edinburgh University Press. 6768:. Cambridge University Press. 6012:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 5108:Fisher, William Bayne (1991). 4870:A History of Islamic Societies 4242: 4187: 4162: 4138: 4105:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 3840:'s reign, Iran (including the 2308:, reigning from 1925 to 1941. 2160:Persian campaign (World War I) 2154:World War I and related events 1618:Migration of Caucasian Muslims 1501:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 1470:Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 981:(1722–1758) was the father of 934:, whose family came to govern 634:origin, specifically from the 376:National Consultative Assembly 13: 1: 8726:state-sponsorship allegations 8456: 7447:10.1080/00263206.2020.1853535 6917:The Cambridge History of Iran 6790:. Routledge. pp. 49–68. 6522:Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). 5756:"AMĪR KABĪR, MĪRZĀ TAQĪ KHAN" 5605:The Cambridge History of Iran 5110:The Cambridge History of Iran 4155: 4120:British occupation of Bushehr 4079:Speaker of the Majlis of Iran 4010:Ottoman–Iranian War 1821–1823 2774: 2738: 2618: 2605: 2582: 2569: 2546: 2529: 2479: 2466: 2453: 2440: 2427: 2319:Government and administration 1892:. With the conclusion of the 1702:The Cambridge History of Iran 1685:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 1405:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 1401:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 1369:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 1365:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 1321:The Cambridge History of Iran 1237:The Cambridge History of Iran 1155:of the Russian Empire in the 963: 9829:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 9183:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 8575: 8484:twin towns and sister cities 7790:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 7667:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 7643:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 7523:Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran 7476:10.1080/19436149.2014.905084 7418:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334 7367:10.1080/00210862.2012.758502 7329:The Armenian Genocide Legacy 7281:. Indiana University Press. 6957:Gleave, Robert, ed. (2005). 6895:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). 6826:Bournoutian, George (1980). 6294:10.1080/00210862.2011.637776 5733:. UNESCO. pp. 470–477. 5314:L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). 4868:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). 4518:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334 4500:Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). 4219:Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). 4095:Iranian Constitution of 1906 2267:was born 21 January 1898 in 373:None (until 1906; 1907–1909) 7: 9889:1785 establishments in Iran 9834:Monarchy in Persia and Iran 9462:Water supply and sanitation 9219: 9193:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 8832: 8252:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 7627:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 7581: 5456:. Basic Books. p. 66. 5035:A Modern History of Georgia 4045:Iranian famine of 1917–1919 4040:Iranian famine of 1870–1872 4020:Anglo-Iranian War 1856–1857 4015:Russo-Iranian War 1826–1828 4005:Russo-Iranian War 1804–1813 3987: 2362: 2174:Persian famine of 1917–1919 2088:(almost solely composed of 2076:Mozaffar al-Din Shah's son 2068:Persian Cossack Brigade in 1924:Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir 758: 65: 10: 9920: 8942:Economy of the Middle East 8319:2021–2022 Iranian protests 8309:2019–2020 Iranian protests 8289:2017–2018 Iranian protests 7750:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 7307:Princeton University Press 7017:Cambridge University Press 6988:Cambridge University Press 6676: 6215:56/4 (Autumn 1980): 673–7. 5415:. University of Michigan. 5203:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1035. 4075:Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat 3786: 2366: 2251:The Russian force won the 2237: 2163: 2157: 2010: 1621: 1519:and the remaining part of 1398: 1104: 1011: 793: 788: 29: 9773: 9739: 9685: 9488: 9479: 9409: 9361: 9293: 9240: 9231: 9227: 9214: 9175: 9167:National Development Fund 9130: 9087:Telecommunications and IT 9081:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 9010: 8907:Foreign direct investment 8852:Bonyad (charitable trust) 8844: 8840: 8827: 8786: 8745: 8587: 8583: 8570: 8464: 8451: 8331: 8198:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8188:Interim Government (1979) 8167: 8115: 8108: 8004: 7914: 7831: 7822: 7799: 7716: 7609: 7602: 7593: 7589: 7576: 7331:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 7177:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 6747:. Brill. pp. 15–62. 6658:10.1177/00084298231152642 6540:10.1017/S0020743800022388 5858:10.1080/00210860902907396 5291:Columbia University Press 5256:. ABC-CLIO. p. 729. 4828:10.1017/S0020743800000842 4308:Cambridge History of Iran 4250:ایران در دوره سلطنت قاجار 4207:Javadi & Burrill 1988 3935:In Iran's domains in the 2007:Constitutional Revolution 1137:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 979:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar 759:Mamalik-i Mahrusa-yi Iran 561:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 518: 502: 498: 488: 469: 456: 443: 430: 417: 404: 394: 390: 382: 369: 365: 353: 343:• 1795-1801 (first) 341: 337: 321: 317: 305: 293:• 1789–1797 (first) 291: 287: 277: 245: 205: 182: 172: 164: 152: 112: 78: 73: 66:Mamalik-i Mahrusa-yi Iran 45: 8917:International oil bourse 8682:Ministry of Intelligence 8267:Syrian civil war (2011–) 8091:1921 Persian coup d'état 7498:The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages 7154:Kohn, George C. (2006). 6805:Behrooz, Maziar (2023). 6683:Atabaki, Touraj (2006). 6370:Andreeva, Elena (2007). 5946:Andreeva, Elena (2007). 5382:Andreeva, Elena (2010). 5058:Indiana University Press 4558:Andreeva, Elena (2007). 4334:, Universe, 2011, p.36, 4131: 4125:Iranian coup d'état 1921 3842:Khanates of the Caucasus 2166:Jungle Movement of Gilan 2094:bomb the Majlis building 2031:Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar 2001:Anglo-Russian Convention 1697:West Azerbaijan province 1040:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 1014:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 734:1921 Persian coup d'état 728:and the invasion by the 699:Anglo-Russian Convention 656:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 588:Imperial State of Persia 355:• 1923–1925 (last) 307:• 1909–1925 (last) 299:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 104:Coat of arms (1907–1925) 9441:scientists and scholars 8947:Milad Tower and complex 8737:Women's rights movement 8732:White Revolution (1963) 8400:Peoples of the Caucasus 7742:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 7635:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 7232:Paidar, Parvin (1997). 7158:. Infobase Publishing. 6260:Frederick van Millingen 5727:Adle, Chahryar (2005). 5625:13 January 2016 at the 4849:Irons, William (1975). 3856:Christians, and 20,000 3766:Persian Cossack Brigade 3757:The British formed the 3713:Persian Cossack Brigade 3711:Russia established the 3679:) and 10,000 infantry ( 2449:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 2292:Persian Cossack Brigade 2086:Persian Cossack Brigade 2023:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 1806:Development and decline 1738:Persian Cossack Brigade 1681:Battle of Ganja of 1804 1507:and the signing of the 1161:Russo-Iranian relations 1002:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 822:to the Ilkhanate ruler 764:Guarded Domains of Iran 747: 736:, the military officer 732:. Four years after the 714:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 612:Guarded Domains of Iran 268:constitutional monarchy 47:Guarded Domains of Iran 9839:Modern history of Iran 9752:Anti-Iranian sentiment 9747:Science and technology 9572:Intellectual movements 9452:International rankings 9436:Intellectual movements 8922:International rankings 8415:Heads of state of Iran 8221:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 7782:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 7619:culture (3400–2000 BC) 7435:Middle Eastern Studies 6762:Ashraf, Assef (2024). 6726:Iran: A Modern History 6702:Amanat, Abbas (1997). 6380:. pp. 20, 63–76. 6196:History of Modern Iran 5956:. pp. 20, 63–76. 5658:The Books of Histories 5281:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 4568:. pp. 20, 63–76. 4347:Choueiri, Youssef M., 4306:William Bayne Fisher. 4289:, I. B. Tauris, 2000, 4223:Islamic Desk Reference 4089:Prime Minister of Iran 3784: 3774: 2988:Masmughans of Damavand 2462:Zayandeh River Culture 2073: 2053: 2026: 1955: 1830: 1818: 1747:Furthermore, the 1828 1695:(in modern-day Iran's 1676: 1572:State Hermitage Museum 1521:Republic of Azerbaijan 1453: 1207: 924:Republic of Azerbaijan 808:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 378:(1906–1907; from 1909) 270:(1906–1907; 1909–1925) 258:(1789–1906; 1907–1909) 36:Qajar (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 9040:Shetab Banking System 9030:Banking and insurance 8992:Tehran Stock Exchange 8912:Intellectual property 8257:PJAK conflict (2004–) 8030:Turcomans (1378–1508) 8022:Turcomans (1374–1468) 7971:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 7774:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 7210:Gvosdev, Nikolas K.: 6884:"BANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN" 6498:"South Persia Rifles" 6213:International Affairs 6146:Bahar, Mohammad Taghi 6061:Afary, Janet (1996). 5754:Algar, Hamid (1989). 5644:, pp. 11, 13–14. 5165:Gvosdev (2000), p. 86 4801:11 March 2007 at the 4625:Afary, Janet (1996). 4035:Treaty of Turkmanchay 3880:, near Khamseh (i.e. 3782: 3721:internal colonisation 2866:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 2820:3rd-century BC–132 BC 2786:Kingdom of Cappadocia 2742: 6th century BC 2724:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2253:Battle of Robat Karim 2240:Battle of Robat Karim 2234:Battle of Robat Karim 2122:Anglo-Russian Entente 2067: 2047: 2020: 1981:Treaty of Turkmanchay 1949: 1824: 1813: 1749:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1667: 1509:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1428: 1421:Battle of Robat Karim 1413:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1197: 473:Battle of Robat Karim 421:Treaty of Turkmenchay 396:• Establishment 348:Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi 183:Common languages 18:Sublime State of Iran 9884:20th century in Iran 9879:19th century in Iran 9001:Technology start-ups 8902:Environmental issues 8892:Economic Reform Plan 8806:Provincial governors 8496:Environmental issues 8244:Iran Air Flight 655 7985:Jalayirid Sultanate 7857:Caliphate (750–1258) 7699:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 7513:Qajar Family Website 7464:Middle East Critique 7251:Perry, John (1991). 7126:. Mazda Publishers. 7042:Encyclopædia Iranica 7019:. pp. 144–173. 6990:. pp. 104–143. 6942:. Mazda Publishers. 6888:Encyclopædia Iranica 6502:Encyclopædia Iranica 5926:ENCYCLOPEDIA IRANICA 5901:Encyclopædia Iranica 5790:Encyclopædia Iranica 5761:Encyclopedia Iranica 5293:. pp. 69, 133. 5031:Lang, David Marshall 4602:Encyclopedia Iranica 4452:Timothy C. Dowling. 4085:Mirza Nasrullah Khan 4025:Treaty of Paris 1857 3959:, its largest city, 2133:British Ambassador, 2033:was assassinated by 1940:a revolt in Khorasan 1856:In 1856, during the 1829:family in Qajar Iran 1790:) whereas Christian 1587:Storming of Lankaran 1570:, 13 February 1812. 1568:Battle of Sultanabad 1331:declared war on Iran 1157:Treaty of Georgievsk 214:minority religions: 9859:History of Dagestan 9401:Freedom of religion 8987:Supreme Audit Court 8866:Automotive industry 8513:Iranian Balochistan 8239:1987 Mecca incident 8136:Iran crisis of 1946 8125:dynasty (1925–1979) 8054:Dynasty (1751–1794) 7995:dynasty (1338–1357) 7987:dynasty (1335–1432) 7979:dynasty (1314–1393) 7964:dynasty (1244–1381) 7948:dynasty (1077–1231) 7932:dynasty (1011–1215) 7849:Caliphate (661–750) 7841:Caliphate (632–661) 7809:Empire (AD 224–651) 7726:Empire (550–330 BC) 7707:Empire (626–539 BC) 7691:Empire (678–549 BC) 7675:Empire (911–609 BC) 7383:Bournoutian, George 7297:Suny, Ronald Grigor 7275:Suny, Ronald Grigor 7149:. pp. 542–551. 6840:Hillenbrand, Carole 6646:Studies in Religion 6119:, pp. 243–244. 5230:, pp. 145–146. 5142:Alekseĭ I. Miller. 5078:A history of Persia 5050:Suny, Ronald Grigor 4907:, pp. 541–542. 4753:, pp. 105–106. 4726:, pp. 104–105. 4209:, pp. 251–255. 4146:ممالک محروسهٔ ایران 3899:In Iran's east, in 3884:), or at Ujan near 3759:South Persia Rifles 3728:Iranian Gendarmerie 3522:Contemporary period 3426:Early modern period 3328:Jalayirid Sultanate 3198:Khwarazmian dynasty 2627:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2505:Kura–Araxes culture 2423:Baradostian culture 2290:, commander of the 2260:Fall of the dynasty 2228:Armistice of Mudros 2135:George Head Barclay 1954:in Washington, D.C. 1930:, the Great Ruler. 1632:Circassian genocide 1589:, 13 January 1813. 1177:Catherine the Great 1107:Battle of Krtsanisi 1095:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 987:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 983:Mohammad Khan Qajar 918:The Safavids "left 9532:Persian New Year ( 8937:Main economic laws 8508:Iranian Azerbaijan 8410:Monarchs of Persia 8354:Persianate society 8062:Empire (1789–1925) 8046:Empire (1736–1796) 8038:Empire (1501–1736) 8014:Empire (1370–1507) 7940:Empire (1037–1194) 7905:dynasty (934–1062) 7897:dynasty (931–1090) 7889:dynasty (861–1003) 7758:Empire (312–63 BC) 7659:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 7253:"The Zand dynasty" 7156:Dictionary of Wars 7145:(1998). "EREVAN". 6882:Caton, M. (1988). 6030:The New York Times 5558:Fisher et al. 1991 5131:Fisher et al. 1991 4957:Fisher et al. 1991 4930:Fisher et al. 1991 4434:Fisher et al. 1991 4070:1st Iranian Majlis 4030:Treaty of Gulistan 3838:Agha Mohammad Khan 3808:. You can help by 3785: 3748:tsarist supporters 3744:Russian Revolution 3541:Interim Government 3531:Iranian Revolution 3318:Muzaffarid dynasty 3022:864 – 14th century 3012:791 – 11th century 2938:Rashidun Caliphate 2760:Kingdom of Armenia 2409:Prehistoric period 2338:. You can help by 2286:In February 1921, 2221:Armenian genocides 2208:Russian Revolution 2192:Iranian Azerbaijan 2090:Caucasian Muhajirs 2074: 2054: 2035:Mirza Reza Kermani 2027: 1956: 1831: 1819: 1796:Treaty of Gulistan 1677: 1639:Caucasian Muhajirs 1478:Treaty of Gulistan 1454: 1409:Treaty of Gulistan 1353:absorbed by Russia 1212:Agha Mohammad Khan 1208: 804:Mahmud al-Kashgari 614:, commonly called 408:Treaty of Gulistan 52:ممالک محروسه ایران 9801: 9800: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9735: 9734: 9642:Opium consumption 9475: 9474: 9311:Ethnic minorities 9285:Iranian languages 9210: 9209: 9206: 9205: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8702:Political parties 8640:Children's rights 8625:Foreign relations 8619:2009 presidential 8566: 8565: 8528:Iranian Kurdistan 8447: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8327: 8326: 8299:COVID-19 pandemic 8158:Revolution (1979) 8104: 8103: 7924:Empire (977–1186) 7881:dynasty (864–928) 7873:dynasty (821–873) 7865:dynasty (819–999) 7818: 7817: 7734:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 7396:978-90-04-44516-1 7389:. Leiden: Brill. 7338:978-1-137-56163-3 7316:978-1-4008-6558-1 7143:Hewsen, Robert H. 7133:978-156-859-084-4 7089:978-0-71009-115-4 6968:978-041-533-814-1 6949:978-156-859-147-6 6853:978-085-224-459-3 6754:978-90-04-38728-7 6600:, pp. 38–39. 6415:"Cossack Brigade" 6387:978-0-203-96220-6 6246:Willem M. Floor, 6074:978-0-231-10351-0 5963:978-0-203-96220-6 5895:Andreeva, Elena. 5823:978-1-134-38378-8 5672:, pp. 12–13. 5544:978-600-90271-1-8 5508:"Caucasus Survey" 5463:978-0-465-04576-1 5422:978-975-6782-18-7 5395:978-0-415-78153-4 5354:978-0-7425-0063-1 5327:978-0-89774-940-4 5300:978-0-231-07068-3 5090:Malcolm, Sir John 5002:Donald Rayfield. 4879:978-0-521-77933-3 4638:978-0-231-10351-0 4575:978-0-203-96220-6 4374:978-90-04-06196-5 3826: 3825: 3667: 3666: 3559: 3558: 3512: 3511: 3475: 3474: 3416: 3415: 3358:Afrasiyab dynasty 3258:Khorshidi dynasty 3248:Pishkinid dynasty 3138:Ghaznavid dynasty 2958:Abbasid Caliphate 2948:Umayyad Caliphate 2914: 2913: 2910:550s–11th century 2806:Kingdom of Pontus 2750:Achaemenid Empire 2714:Anshanite Kingdom 2675: 2674: 2578:Oxus Civilization 2486: 2485: 2356: 2355: 2313:Neuilly-sur-Seine 2305:Reza Shah Pahlavi 2078:Mohammad Ali Shah 1950:A former Iranian 1858:Anglo-Persian War 1089:, the capital of 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 580: 579: 452:21 September 1881 256:absolute monarchy 133: 116: (1873–1909) 16:(Redirected from 9911: 9904:Former countries 9791: 9781: 9780: 9632:National symbols 9486: 9485: 9301:Iranian citizens 9238: 9237: 9229: 9228: 9216: 9215: 9198:Research centers 8887:Economic history 8842: 8841: 8829: 8828: 8763:Guardian Council 8585: 8584: 8572: 8571: 8453: 8452: 8430:Electric history 8425:Military history 8339:Ancient Persians 8247: 8246:shootdown (1988) 8229: 8216: 8213:Iranian Embassy 8183: 8172: 8170:Islamic Republic 8159: 8151:1953 coup d'état 8126: 8113: 8112: 8071: 8068:Khanates of the 8063: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8015: 7996: 7988: 7980: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7906: 7898: 7890: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7842: 7829: 7828: 7810: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7708: 7700: 7692: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7620: 7607: 7606: 7591: 7590: 7578: 7577: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7487: 7458: 7429: 7400: 7378: 7342: 7325:Üngör, Uğur Ümit 7320: 7292: 7270: 7247: 7224:Lang, David M.: 7207: 7188: 7169: 7150: 7137: 7120:Keddie, Nikki R. 7115: 7093: 7076:Yarshater, Ehsan 7066: 7045: 7030: 7001: 6972: 6953: 6936:Floor, Willem M. 6931: 6910: 6891: 6878: 6857: 6836:Bosworth, Edmund 6831: 6822: 6801: 6779: 6758: 6739: 6717: 6698: 6670: 6669: 6641: 6632: 6626: 6601: 6595: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6469: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6411: 6400: 6399: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6273: 6267: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6228:. qajarpages.org 6222: 6216: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6166: 6160: 6143: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6079: 6078: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5706:Bournoutian 1980 5703: 5697: 5694:Mikaberidze 2015 5691: 5685: 5682:Bournoutian 1980 5679: 5673: 5670:Bournoutian 1980 5667: 5661: 5654:Arakel of Tabriz 5651: 5645: 5642:Bournoutian 1980 5639: 5630: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5579: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5514:on 15 April 2015 5510:. 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Tauris. 6798: 6784:Behrooz, Maziar 6776: 6755: 6736: 6714: 6695: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6642: 6635: 6627: 6604: 6596: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6403: 6388: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6282:Iranian Studies 6274: 6270: 6258: 6254: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6170:"جنگ‌های جهانی" 6168: 6167: 6163: 6144: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6082: 6075: 6059: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5979: 5964: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5893: 5889: 5846:Iranian Studies 5838: 5831: 5824: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684:, pp. 1–2. 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5633: 5627:Wayback Machine 5616: 5615: 5611: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5556: 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8879: 8874: 8869: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8838: 8837: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8811:Supreme Leader 8808: 8803: 8798: 8792: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8773:Local councils 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8668: 8659: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8650:Women's rights 8647: 8642: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8597: 8591: 8589: 8581: 8580: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8501:Climate change 8493: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8385:Jiroft culture 8382: 8381: 8380: 8373:Iranic peoples 8370: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8349:Persianization 8346: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 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I.B.Tauris. 6699: 6694:978-1860649646 6693: 6687:. I.B.Tauris. 6678: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6633: 6602: 6581: 6569: 6534:(4): 639–663. 6514: 6489: 6477:Iranica Online 6459: 6431: 6419:Iranica Online 6401: 6386: 6362: 6335: 6323: 6288:(3): 333–354. 6268: 6252: 6239: 6217: 6207:Roger Homan, " 6200: 6198:, (2008), p.91 6187: 6161: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6080: 6073: 6050: 6016: 6014:, p. 597. 6004: 6002:, p. 408. 5992: 5990:, p. 440. 5977: 5962: 5938: 5913: 5887: 5852:(3): 445–463. 5829: 5822: 5802: 5786:"DĀR AL-FONŪN" 5774: 5746: 5739: 5719: 5710: 5698: 5696:, p. 141. 5686: 5674: 5662: 5646: 5631: 5609: 5596: 5571: 5562: 5560:, p. 336. 5550: 5543: 5525: 5496: 5483: 5462: 5442: 5421: 5401: 5394: 5374: 5353: 5333: 5326: 5306: 5299: 5272: 5263:978-1598849486 5262: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5210:978-1851096725 5209: 5191: 5189:, p. 728. 5179: 5177:(1957), p. 249 5167: 5158: 5135: 5133:, p. 329. 5118: 5100: 5082: 5069: 5039: 5018: 4988: 4986:, p. 409. 4973: 4971:, p. 327. 4961: 4959:, p. 327. 4946: 4934: 4932:, p. 328. 4909: 4897: 4885: 4878: 4860: 4841: 4806: 4788: 4779: 4777:, p. 106. 4767: 4755: 4743: 4741:, p. 105. 4728: 4716: 4714:, p. 104. 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4666:, p. 443. 4656: 4644: 4637: 4614: 4589: 4574: 4547: 4512:(3): 401–413. 4479: 4477:, p. 177. 4467: 4438: 4436:, p. 330. 4417: 4387: 4373: 4353: 4340: 4336:online edition 4319: 4299: 4271: 4254: 4241: 4233: 4211: 4199: 4186: 4184:, p. 128. 4182:Katouzian 2007 4174: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3973:, the city of 3949:Kurdish tribes 3945:Erivan Khanate 3939:, the town of 3903:, holding the 3860:. The city of 3830: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3817:September 2021 3803: 3801: 3776: 3773: 3689:Maziar Behrooz 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3585:Heads of state 3582: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3378:Timurid Empire 3374: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3168:Nasrid dynasty 3164: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3062:pre-879 – 1215 3060: 3058:Ghurid dynasty 3054: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3038:Samanid Empire 3034: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3018:Alid dynasties 3014: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2614:Avestan period 2610: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2525:Jiroft culture 2521: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2499: 2496:Ancient period 2494: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2482:5th millennium 2477: 2471: 2470: 2469:6th millennium 2464: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2364: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2347:September 2021 2333: 2331: 2320: 2317: 2261: 2258: 2238:Main article: 2235: 2232: 2213:Ottoman troops 2185:Touraj Atabaki 2180:Ottoman Empire 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2127:Morgan Shuster 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 1904:, setting the 1807: 1804: 1778:were Muslims ( 1772:Erivan Khanate 1659:Transcaucasian 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1566: 1559: 1513:South Caucasus 1497:Erivan Khanate 1488:, and most of 1462:Kartli-Kakheti 1396: 1393: 1335:Valerian Zubov 1105:Main article: 1102: 1099: 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 795: 792: 790: 787: 783:mamalik-i Iran 749: 746: 730:Ottoman Empire 675:Russian Empire 640:Lotf 'Ali Khan 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 590: 581: 578: 577: 572: 564: 563: 558: 550: 549: 544: 532: 531: 526: 516: 515: 504: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 476: 470: 467: 466: 463: 457: 454: 453: 450: 444: 441: 440: 437: 431: 428: 427: 424: 418: 415: 414: 411: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 371: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 354: 351: 350: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 328:Prime minister 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 306: 303: 302: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 272: 271: 259: 249: 247: 243: 242: 228:Zoroastrianism 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 150: 149: 127: 125:(Royal salute) 110: 109: 102: 95: 94: 88: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9916: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9874:1800s in Iran 9872: 9870: 9869:1790s in Iran 9867: 9865: 9864:1780s in Iran 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9784: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9727: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9606:news agencies 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9217: 9213: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8967:Privatization 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8436: 8435:Years in Iran 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8359:Turco-Persian 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8228:War (1980–88) 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8020:Qara Qoyunlu 8018: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717:550 BC–AD 224 7715: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7673:Neo-Assyrian 7671: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7266:9780521200950 7262: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7243:9780521595728 7239: 7235: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7220:0-312-22990-9 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7104:. Routledge. 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7026:0-521-20095-4 7022: 7018: 7015:. Cambridge: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6997:0-521-20095-4 6993: 6989: 6986:. Cambridge: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961:. Routledge. 6960: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6722:Amanat, Abbas 6719: 6715: 6713:9781860640971 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6631:, p. 39. 6630: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6579:, p. 54. 6578: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6366: 6360:, p. 47. 6359: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6333:, p. 40. 6332: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6243: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6158:9789640005965 6155: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6131:, p. 18. 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6107:, p. 10. 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5942: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5816:. Routledge. 5815: 5814: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5740:9789231039850 5736: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5714: 5708:, p. 14. 5707: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5585:. 22 May 2012 5584: 5578: 5576: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5242:, p. 63. 5241: 5240:Behrooz 2013a 5236: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5162: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5145:Imperial Rule 5139: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5066:0-253-20915-3 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4944:, p. 96. 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4905:Hitchins 1998 4901: 4895:, p. 55. 4894: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4765:, p. 43. 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4702:, p. 82. 4701: 4696: 4690:, p. 33. 4689: 4684: 4678:, p. 15. 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4654:, p. 13. 4653: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4328:Parviz Kambin 4323: 4317: 4316:0-521-20094-6 4313: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4295:1-86064-629-8 4292: 4288: 4285:Cyrus Ghani. 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4236: 4234:90-04-09738-4 4230: 4225: 4224: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4141: 4137: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:Minor Tyranny 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000:Qajar dynasty 3998: 3996: 3995:Qajar (tribe) 3993: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971:Ganja Khanate 3968: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3804:This section 3802: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3485:Modern period 3481: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3457:Afsharid Iran 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3446:Hotak dynasty 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3188:Seljuk Empire 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3108:Buyid dynasty 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3068:Sajid dynasty 3066: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860:132 BC–224 AD 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2850:141 BC–222 AD 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2840:147 BC–224 AD 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830:247 BC–224 AD 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790:320s BC–17 AD 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2778: 323 BC 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764:331 BC–428 AD 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754:550 BC–330 BC 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728:626 BC–539 BC 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2718:635 BC–550 BC 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2694:Median Empire 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2515:Proto-Elamite 2513: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2478: 2476: 2475:Dalma culture 2473: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443:20,000–10,000 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430:36,000–18,000 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2334:This section 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1989:Qajar dynasty 1986: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1960:Dar ol Fonoon 1953: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936:Bahai revolts 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Mohammad Shah 1828: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:Caucasian War 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:1826–1828 war 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1591:Franz Roubaud 1588: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:South Ossetia 1542: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:Fath Ali Shah 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:Fath Ali Shah 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Transcaucasia 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1286:, who sat in 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:Lotf Ali Khan 1064: 1061:warriors and 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1008:Rise to power 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:Sultan Husayn 961: 960:Fath Ali Khan 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 922:(present-day 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 886:Safavid order 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 840: 836: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 786: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 760: 755: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628:Qajar dynasty 625: 621: 617: 613: 591: 589: 586: 585: 582: 576: 575:Afsharid Iran 573: 566: 565: 562: 559: 552: 551: 548: 545: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 517: 513: 508: 505: 501: 497: 493: 487: 484: 480: 477: 474: 468: 465:5 August 1906 464: 461: 455: 451: 448: 442: 438: 435: 429: 425: 422: 416: 412: 409: 403: 399: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 368: 364: 361: 358: 352: 349: 346: 340: 336: 332: 329: 325: 324:Grand viziers 320: 316: 313: 310: 304: 300: 296: 290: 286: 282: 280: 276: 269: 266: 265:parliamentary 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 248: 244: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 211: 208: 204: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 185: 181: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 156: 151: 148: 144: 143: 126: 122: 121: 115: 111: 105: 99: 91: 85: 77: 72: 67: 60: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9740:Other topics 9724: 9652:Persian name 9591:Islamization 9533: 9493:Architecture 9446:universities 9391:Zoroastrians 9386:Christianity 9376:Baháʼí Faith 9326:Azerbaijanis 9233:Demographics 9047:Construction 9035:Central Bank 8977:Space Agency 8872:Child labour 8707:Principlists 8687:Cyberwarfare 8635:Human rights 8600:Constitution 8395:Azerbaijanis 8364:Indo-Persian 8344:Greater Iran 8215:siege (1980) 8174:1979–present 8059: 7825:early modern 7823:Medieval and 7617:Kura-Araxes 7508:Dar ol-Qajar 7467: 7463: 7438: 7434: 7409: 7405: 7386: 7358: 7354: 7328: 7301: 7278: 7256: 7233: 7225: 7211: 7193: 7174: 7155: 7146: 7123: 7101: 7079: 7051: 7041: 7036: 7011: 7007:Avery, Peter 6982: 6978:Avery, Peter 6958: 6939: 6916: 6899:. ABC-CLIO. 6896: 6887: 6863: 6843: 6827: 6807: 6787: 6764: 6744: 6725: 6703: 6684: 6649: 6645: 6629:Behrooz 2023 6598:Behrooz 2023 6577:Behrooz 2023 6572: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6505:. Retrieved 6501: 6492: 6480:. Retrieved 6476: 6450:. Retrieved 6446: 6422:. Retrieved 6418: 6372: 6365: 6358:Behrooz 2023 6331:Behrooz 2023 6326: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6242: 6230:. Retrieved 6220: 6212: 6203: 6195: 6194:Abrahamian, 6190: 6178:. Retrieved 6176:(in Persian) 6173: 6164: 6149: 6124: 6112: 6105:Atabaki 2006 6100: 6095:, p. 9. 6093:Atabaki 2006 6063: 6041:. Retrieved 6029: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5948: 5941: 5929:. Retrieved 5925: 5916: 5904:. Retrieved 5900: 5890: 5849: 5845: 5812: 5805: 5793:. Retrieved 5789: 5765:. Retrieved 5759: 5749: 5729: 5722: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5617:(in Russian) 5612: 5604: 5599: 5587:. Retrieved 5565: 5553: 5534: 5528: 5516:. Retrieved 5512:the original 5491: 5486: 5452: 5445: 5411: 5404: 5384: 5377: 5343: 5336: 5316: 5309: 5285: 5275: 5267: 5253: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5216:(1804–1813). 5214: 5200: 5194: 5187:Dowling 2014 5182: 5170: 5161: 5144: 5138: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5053: 5034: 5004: 4964: 4937: 4900: 4888: 4869: 4863: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4822:(1): 3–20 . 4819: 4815: 4809: 4791: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4627: 4605:. Retrieved 4601: 4592: 4560: 4509: 4505: 4470: 4454: 4404: 4380:28 September 4378:. Retrieved 4364:Muslim World 4363: 4356: 4348: 4343: 4331: 4322: 4307: 4302: 4286: 4249: 4244: 4222: 4214: 4202: 4194: 4189: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4140: 4055:Dar ul-Funun 3983: 3964: 3934: 3916: 3909:Afsharid era 3898: 3858:Zoroastrians 3846: 3832: 3829:Demographics 3814: 3810:adding to it 3805: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3752:Soviet Union 3737: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3595:LGBT history 3555:1979–present 3504:Pahlavi Iran 3493: 3467:Zand dynasty 3435:Safavid Iran 3398:Qara Qoyunlu 3288:Kurt dynasty 3128:Hasanwayhids 2928: 2906:Qarinvandids 2810:281 BC–62 BC 2800:312 BC–63 BC 2413: 2357: 2344: 2340:adding to it 2335: 2310: 2303: 2285: 2263: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2225: 2189: 2177: 2131: 2114: 2075: 2055: 2028: 1993: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1932: 1922: 1874:Turkmenistan 1870:Persian Gulf 1855: 1847: 1843:Naser al-Din 1832: 1769: 1765:Shah Abbas I 1746: 1730:Azerbaijanis 1715: 1700: 1679:Through the 1678: 1669:A. Sharlmann 1657:, and other 1635: 1549:Azerbaijanis 1529: 1494: 1455: 1346: 1319: 1316:Mughan plain 1305: 1296: 1261: 1253: 1251:of Georgia. 1246: 1245:part of the 1235: 1209: 1148: 1144: 1132: 1127:and his son 1110: 1056: 1036:Zand dynasty 1017: 999: 995:Zand dynasty 944:Shah Abbas I 938:in southern 917: 890: 835:Turco-Mongol 800:Oghuz Turkic 797: 782: 751: 703: 672: 648:Zand dynasty 624:Qajar Empire 623: 620:Qajar Persia 619: 615: 611: 609: 547:Zand dynasty 529:Succeeded by 528: 523: 439:4 March 1857 360:Reza Pahlavi 236:Baháʼí Faith 232:Christianity 146: 140: 124: 120:Salâm-e Shâh 118: 113: 40: 9757:Tehrangeles 9720:Traditional 9457:Nationality 9395:persecution 9380:persecution 9331:Circassians 9280:Neo-Aramaic 9260:Azerbaijani 9132:State-owned 9057:Health care 9020:Agriculture 8857:Brain drain 8796:Ambassadors 8491:Earthquakes 8028:Aq Qoyunlu 7977:Muzaffarid 7954:Eldiguzids 7946:Anushtegin 7772:Kingdom of 7748:Kingdom of 7740:Kingdom of 7732:Atropatene 7724:Achaemenid 7665:Kingdom of 7610:3400–539 BC 5988:Amanat 1997 5228:Hambly 1991 4775:Hambly 1991 4763:Amanat 2017 4751:Hambly 1991 4739:Hambly 1991 4724:Hambly 1991 4712:Hambly 1991 4700:Ashraf 2024 4688:Amanat 2019 4676:Amanat 1997 4664:Amanat 2017 4652:Amanat 1997 4475:Amanat 2017 4267:Amanat 1997 3876:such as at 3708:infantry. 3702:Abbas Mirza 3278:Mihrabanids 3238:Hazaraspids 2998:Baduspanids 2876:Paratarajas 2870:19 AD–224/5 2388:History of 2296:coup d'état 2294:, staged a 2273:World War I 2204:Agha Petros 1906:Atrek River 1902:Transoxiana 1827:Zoroastrian 1742:Circassians 1683:during the 1651:Circassians 1377:Turkmenchay 1375:(1813) and 1288:Georgiyevsk 1125:Teimuraz II 967: 1685 956:Caspian Sea 850:Iranologist 654:. In 1796, 642:, the last 636:Qajar tribe 524:Preceded by 514:(1825–1925) 509:(1789–1825) 479:December 27 370:Legislature 216:Sunni Islam 196:Azerbaijani 138:(1909–1925) 9824:Qajar Iran 9808:Categories 9657:Philosophy 9616:newspapers 9597:Literature 9502:architects 9497:Achaemenid 9417:Corruption 8877:Corruption 8717:Reformists 8712:Propaganda 8610:Corruption 8595:Censorship 8538:Lake Urmia 8226:Iran–Iraq 7922:Ghaznavid 7800:AD 224–651 7764:Frataraka 7596:Prehistory 6376:. London: 6232:21 January 6129:Üngör 2016 6043:24 October 5952:. London: 5154:9639241989 5014:1780230702 4942:Perry 1991 4564:. London: 4464:1598849484 4414:0141903414 4239:p. 285-286 4156:References 4050:Amir Kabir 3953:after 1804 3941:Nakhchivan 3890:Azerbaijan 3878:Soltaniyeh 3852:, 170,000 3787:See also: 3494:Qajar Iran 3408:Aq Qoyunlu 3392:1370s–1592 3228:Salghurids 3208:Eldiguzids 3178:Shabankara 3152:990/1–1117 2896:Zarmihrids 2816:Fratarakas 2770:Atropatene 2708:652–625 BC 2698:678–550 BC 2367:See also: 2315:, France. 2164:See also: 2117:Ahmad Shah 1976:Great Game 1928:Amir Kabir 1878:Uzbekistan 1647:Qarapapaqs 1628:Qarapapaqs 1622:See also: 1525:Aras River 1490:Azerbaijan 1443:Azerbaijan 1303:captives. 1292:Solomon II 1264:Aras River 1165:Mazandaran 1153:protection 1113:Nader Shah 1032:Karim Khan 991:Karim Khan 975:Tahmasp II 882:Shia Islam 878:Aq Qoyunlu 862:Azerbaijan 779:Persianate 768:Shia Islam 752:Since the 687:Azerbaijan 616:Qajar Iran 246:Government 212:(official) 210:Shia Islam 9622:Mythology 9528:Calendars 9518:Astronomy 9427:Education 9336:Georgians 9321:Assyrians 9316:Armenians 9242:Languages 9134:companies 9097:Transport 9077:Petroleum 8862:Companies 8801:President 8788:Officials 8722:Terrorism 8671:Air Force 8615:Elections 8553:Provinces 8548:Mountains 8458:Geography 8378:languages 8116:1925–1979 8044:Afsharid 8005:1370–1925 7993:Chobanid 7887:Saffarid 7839:Rashidun 7807:Sasanian 7788:Kings of 7780:Parthian 7756:Seleucid 7697:Scythian 7657:Kassites 7641:Akkadian 7484:143816605 7455:230604129 7426:143785614 7375:143736977 6666:257370493 6564:159878744 6548:0020-7438 6396:166422396 6378:Routledge 6318:159730844 6302:0021-0862 6117:Suny 2015 6038:0362-4331 6000:Kohn 2006 5972:166422396 5954:Routledge 5882:143812599 5866:0021-0862 5795:6 January 5472:cite book 5431:cite book 5363:cite book 5076:P.Sykes, 5056:, p. 59. 4893:Suny 1994 4836:163247729 4607:22 August 4584:166422396 4566:Routledge 4542:143785614 4526:0021-0862 3789:Qajar art 3681:tofangchi 3508:1925–1979 3498:1789–1925 3471:1751–1794 3461:1736–1796 3451:1722–1729 3439:1501–1736 3412:1468–1508 3402:1406–1468 3382:1370–1507 3372:1359–1596 3368:Mar'ashis 3362:1349–1504 3352:1335–1357 3342:1337–1376 3338:Sarbadars 3332:1337–1376 3322:1335–1393 3312:1335–1357 3302:1256–1335 3292:1244–1396 3282:1236–1537 3272:1223-1306 3262:1184-1597 3252:1155–1231 3242:1155–1424 3232:1148–1282 3222:1141–1319 3212:1135–1225 3202:1077–1231 3192:1037–1194 3182:1030–1355 3172:1029–1236 3162:1008–1141 3008:Justanids 2978:Bavandids 2846:Characene 2608:1500–1155 2595:2400–2150 2585:2400–1700 2572:2550-2020 2532:3100–2200 2519:3200–2700 2509:3400–2000 2456:6000–5000 2288:Reza Khan 2230:in 1918. 2200:Assyrians 2144:Bakhtiari 1898:Turkestan 1890:Samarqand 1792:Armenians 1753:Armenians 1726:Christian 1661:Muslims. 1327:Georgians 1257:ultimatum 1181:Black Sea 1171:. 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