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1826:. These rivers have a significant influence on the character of Kakhetian wines. Kakheti is bordered on the west by another very important wine region of Georgia - Kartli. Together with the location, the climatic conditions of the region play an essential role in the formation of Kakheti wines. Kakheti vineyards are cultivated at an altitude of 250–800 meters above sea level. We can find both humid subtropicals as well as continental climates in the region. Kakheti terroir provides ideal conditions for both local varieties and international wine varieties as well. When talking about the Kakheti wine region, the first thing that comes to mind is Rkatsiteli and Saperavi grapes. These two wine varieties have become the face of the region and Georgia. With the increase in the awareness of Georgian wine, the interest in these varieties is growing, so do not be surprised if you encounter these Kakhetian wine varieties in different wine regions in the world.
71:
1547:. The same year, the Ottoman army marched against the Constantine II, who was unable to stop it and offered to negotiate. The Ottomans entered Tbilisi on June 12, 1723, deceiving and imprisoning King of Kakheti during the negotiations. Fortunately for him, Constantine II managed to escape to his realm. After Vakhtang VI of Kartli immigrated to Russia in 1724, King of Kakheti became the sole leader of the anti-Ottoman resistance in eastern Georgia. Since Safavid Iran was on the verge of collapse, nominally Muslim Constantine II decided to return to the centuries-old pro-Russian foreign policy of his forefathers and offered to place Kartli and Kakheti under the Russian protection. However, Peter the Great, as well as his successors had no intention to start a new war against the Ottomans.
1195:. The Iranians, armed with the latest weaponry, were well prepared for the assault, having dug trenches and deployed their troops in four lines, with the first kneeling, the second standing, the third on horseback, and the fourth on camels. Georgians, lacking firearms, suffered heavy casualties, but the impetus of their attack pierced the Qizilbash lines and spread confusion among the enemy. As the Iranians began to flee, a small group of Georgian troops pursued them while others began to plunder the Qizilbash camp. At this moment, the Iranian reinforcement numbering 20,000, led by Shahbandeh Khan of Azerbaijan, arrived charging the befuddled Georgians; in the resultant confusion, Prince
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968:. After eleven years Terek-Town fort was built, Russians became nearly direct neighbours of Kakheti. In 1563, King Levan, grandson of Alexander I, appealed to the Muscovites to take his realm under their protection against the Ottomans, and Safavids. Tsar Ivan IV responded by sending a Russian detachment to Georgia, but Levan, pressured by Iran, had to turn these troops back after several years. King Alexander II also appealed for Russian support against foreign encroachments. In 1587, he negotiated
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1483:– insignificant town during the fifteenth–seventeenth centuries – emerged as a new political and urban center of the Kingdom. Effectively exploiting military resources of his father's realm, Archil II organized several victorious expeditions in Dagestan, forcing mountaineers to submission. As a result, during the reign of Archil II inroads of the Dagestani bands decreased significantly. However, in 1675, he had to leave Kakheti, while
619:
1479:(1664–1675), the eldest son of the Kartlian King Vakhtang V, was confirmed as a new King of Kakheti, nominally converting to Islam. Eleven years of the Archil's reign proved to be the most successful period of the calamitous seventeenth century. Archil II managed to start a long process of the revival of Kakheti. During his reign tens of deserted villages were repopulated, churches and monasteries repaired, castles rebuilt. In addition,
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1050:. Next spring, he turned on Kakheti, demanding Teimuraz's sons as hostages. After taking counsel, Teimuraz I sent his mother Ketevan and his younger son, Alexander, to Iran. The Shah insisted; reluctantly, the Kakhetians sent the heir, Levan. Shah Abbas I then demanded Teimuraz's attendance. At this point war broke out. In 1614–1617, Abbas I led several campaigns against Kakheti and Kartli, massacred and
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1555:, while Dagestani bands devastated countryside. As a result, Constantine II had to find shelter in Pshavi. Yet still, in 1725, Georgians managed to drive marauding bands of the mountaineers out of Kakheti. By 1730, Kakhetian King was forced to recognize Ottoman supremacy and agreed to pay tribute. Additionally, Constantine II, indifferent to religion, converted from
1021:, younger son of Alexander II, who was raised at the Safavid court and converted to Islam, according to Shah's secret instruction assassinated his father and brother. The assassination of the royal family and usurpation of the crown by Constantine I infuriated the Georgians, who rose in a rebellion under the direction of
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1268:
devastated and never fully recovered from the blow dealt by the invaders. Hundreds of villages, castles and churches were razed to the ground or badly damaged. Yet still, fierce resistance resulted in
Georgians preserving statehood, most of their ethnic territories, as well as religion of the ancestors.
1676:
Loss of independence and establishment of the
Imperial administration led to an imminent uprisings. In 1802, Kakhetian nobles revolted, insurgents planned to restore kartli-Kakhetian Kingdom. However, Russians quickly responded and crushed the rebellion. In 1810–1811, Kakheti suffered from poor
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gorge. At the council of war, George
Saakadze urged King Teimuraz I and other lords to remain in position, since descending into the valley would allow the Iranians to take advantage of their numerical superiority as well as firepower. However, powerful lords were concerned about the enemy ravaging
932:
etc. calling them for aid against the
Ottoman and Safavid incursions. However, nothing came from these attempts, geographic distance and ongoing wars made it impossible for the Europeans to support fellow Christian nation. As a result Georgian political entities had to fight against Muslim invaders
1617:
and his daughter
Ketevan as hostages: Nader Shah married Ketevan to a relative, and enlisted Heraclius, who had military genius, for the Indian front. Meanwhile, in 1738, Teimuraz II, supported by the Qizilbashes, came back in his realm. He managed to suppress the anti-Iranian rebellion led by the
1267:
Demographic, material, economic and cultural losses inflicted to the
Kingdom of Kakheti by the hordes of the Qizilbashes, during the first quarter of the seventeenth century, were irreparable. Population of the Kingdom dwindled to 50,000–60,000, while Gremi and Zagemi were almost completely
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had maintained covert communications with the
Georgian forces and devise a plan to destroy the enemy army. Saakadze surreptitiously united Kartli and Kakheti behind him. He deviously ‘advised’ Qarachaqay Khan to split his forces into small groups and send them into Kakheti, while the major army
1908:
The travel infrastructure in
Kakheti is fast developing, since it is the most visited region of Georgia. One can choose to stay in a guest house, in a small and comfortable hotel, or a beautiful boutique-style hotel while traveling in this region. Telavi and Signagi are the most visited towns.
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was captured. The
Georgian Uprising of 1625 debunked Shah Abbas’ plans of destroying the Georgian states and setting up Qizilbash khanates in Kartli and Kakheti. Losing half of his army forced Shah Abbas I to let vassals rule eastern Georgia. He abandoned plans to cleanse it of Christians.
1677:
harvests and plague, which led to food shortages and high prices. Despite the hardship, Russian officials forced the peasantry to sell their remaining produce to the state at a low price. As the
Russian troops began requisitioning supplies, a peasant uprising flared up in the village of
1349:. Moreover, by 1638, Kakheti was under full control of the unruly King. During the 1630s Teimuraz I renewed his attempts to establish close ties with Russia. In 1639, he petitioned the Tsar of Russia for help and signed an oath of loyalty. However, no military aid had arrived.
1360:, expel Qizilbashes and unite eastern Georgian Kingdoms. However, a conspirator betrayed the plot. Rostom had the Catholicos-Patriarch arrested and imprisoned at the citadel of Tbilisi, where he was strangled. Eudemus I was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as a holy
890:, whose rulers tried to wreak havoc to the borderlands of Kakheti, kidnapping peasants and looting countryside. During the last quarter of the sixteenth century Kakhetian feudal army defeated Shamkhals’ undisciplined bands several times, killing hundreds of marauders.
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later that year. On October 22, 1605, the Kakhetian army routed the Qizilbash forces of Constantine, who was killed on the battlefield. Caught by surprise, Abbas I grudgingly accepted the result of the 1605 Uprising and was forced to confirm sixteen years old
1578:(1732–1744), the only Christian son of Heraclius I. With the accession of Teimuraz II to the throne forty years of Muslim Kings ruling period (1664–1675; 1703–1732) was over. In 1733, Teimuraz II reluctantly recognized suzerainty of the
1345:, uncle of the late Simon II, forced Teimuraz I to Imereti. Rostom (1633–1658) became the new King of Kartli. However, in the following year, to the disappointment of the Shah, Teimuraz I managed to reestablish himself in the Duchies of Aragvi and
1550:
Meanwhile, Ottoman Empire skillfully used coreligionist Sunni Dagestanis against recalcitrant Georgian King, encouraging them to put constant pressure on Kakheti. On September 26, 1724, the Ottomans defeated Constantine's army in the fierce battle of
1224:, bishops of Rustavi and Kharchisho. Furthermore, Zurab Eristavi, the mighty Duke of Aragvi, was severely wounded. The Iranians suffered heavy losses as well, losing some 14,000 men, including Amir Guneh Khan of Erivan – deadly wounded by
1429:
chose to sacrifice their lives to avoid further bloodshed and traveled to Isfahan, where they were executed. The events of the 1659 Uprising produced numerous oral traditions, especially in mountainous regions of eastern Georgia –
1516:(1709–1722) had to deal with the incessant Dagestani inroads. Despite some initial successes, Eliseni, the easternmost region of the Kingdom, was irrevocably lost in the 1710s, and free communities of the mountaineers, known as
1490:
From 1676 to 1703 Kakheti was put under direct control of the Safavid appointed khans, whose authority being merely nominal. Iranian khans, unable to deal with the Georgian nobility backed by restive vassal of the Safavids
1045:
could attack eastern Georgia without hindrance – dethrone Christian Kings, establish Qizilbash khanates and deport or exterminate insubmissive Georgians from their homeland. In October 1613, Abbas I moved his army to
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was killed but the rumor spread that King Teimuraz I had been killed, further demoralizing the Georgian host. The Georgians were defeated, losing about 10,000 killed and wounded, including 900 mountaineers from the
1421:(‘Exterminated’), where the most Qizilbashes were slaughtered, became infamous. By 1660, Shah acknowledged his failure in Kakheti. However, Safavids also threatened retaliation if rebel leaders did not surrender.
1713:, and the Russian forces lost more than 1,000 men in clashes with the insurgents. The rebellion continued throughout 1812 until the superior Imperial army, led by governors of Caucasus – Italian-born
1511:
In 1703, Kakhetian branch of the house of Bagrationi was restored, ruling as the vassals of the degenerating Safavid dynasty. During the next twenty years Heraclius I (1675–1676; 1703–1709) and
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between the Georgians and marauding Dagestani bands, greatly hampering revival of the Kakhetian Kingdom. Teimuraz I took an energetic measures against the Dagestanis’, suddenly attacked and decapitated the
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at the turn of the seventeenth century. On December 28, 1732, the Ottomans, never fully confident in Constantine's loyalty, murdered Kakhetian King in a treacherous way, inviting him to negotiate.
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1909:
Signagi was renovated three years ago. Until recently there were only some family hotels (simple rooms in a family-owned house with a shared bathroom), but now Signagi features several hotels.
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Dagestani peoples, encouraged by the Safavid officials, constantly attacked poorly defended countryside of Kakheti, and massively migrated to the easternmost region of the Kingdom –
871:
the Kingdom was a vassal of the successive dynasties of Persia and to a much shorter period Ottoman Empire but enjoyed intermittent periods of greater independence, especially after 1747.
874:
Formally under the vassalage of the Safavid dynasty, Levan of Kakheti was desirous to diminish foreign influence over Georgia, stealthily sending Kakhetian detachments to his son-in-law
1122:– Saakadze's and Duke Zurab's army massacred 27,000 out of 30,000 strong Turkoman-Persian army, took their arsenal and besieged Tbilisi's citadel before the puppet-king
1062:. Shah Abbas I castrated both sons of the obdurate King and savagely tortured and burned to death his mother Queen Ketevan on September 13, 1624. Ketevan was canonized by the
2900:
1613:, conceded that a Christian King would best keep Kartli and Kakheti peaceful and spare him from fighting on two fronts. First, he took with him to Iran Teimuraz II, his son
1391:
court – the Shah urged him to accept Islam, offered him meat on a fast day and, when Teimuraz I declined, threw wine in his face and imprisoned him in Astrabad by the
867:. Additionally, greatly accelerated process of the Islamization of the North Caucasian peoples, including Dagestani mountaineers – direct neighbours of Kakheti. From
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Throughout the fifteenth–eighteenth centuries Georgian Kings and Princes, including those of Kakheti, constantly tried to establish diplomatic relations with the
1587:
1369:
1326:, the Safavid governor of Ganja and Karabakh. After Abbas's death in 1629, once mighty clan of the Undiladze fell into disfavor and was destroyed on the order of the
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1495:(1676–1688; 1703–1709), tried to weaken aristocratic resistance by encouraging further incursions and migration of the Dagestanis’ into Kakhetian lands.
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Abbas I, like Iran's and Turkey's chroniclers, was aghast at this debacle. His counterattack came in June 1625, when another Qizilbash army numbering 40,000, led by
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superpower. Alexander I of Kakheti became the first Georgian King to establish formal diplomatic contact with the Russians, dispatching two embassies to Grand Duke
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to subdue eastern Georgia. Although Saakadze had already served the Shah for twelve years, Abbas I didn't trust Georgian general completely and kept George's son,
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2908:
1458:
1383:, thus becoming the first Georgian King to visit Russia. In 1661, seventy-two years old King was captured during the Imeretian campaign of the King of Kartli,
1464:
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and remains a symbolic figure in Georgian history. The story of her martyrdom was publicized in Europe, and several literary works were produced, including
982:(1601–1602), the rebellious son of Alexander II, during his short reign reaffirmed loyalty to the foreign policy of his predecessors. However, as the
582:
Beyond the modern-day administrative subdivision into the districts, Kakheti has traditionally been subdivided into four parts: Inner Kakheti (შიდა კახეთი,
1307:, avenging for his participation in the Abbas I's Georgian campaigns. Besides that Teimuraz I tried to reestablish Christianity in the westernmost part of
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217:
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and Kartlian nobles, to assassinate Rostom of Kartli, when the Muslim King was relaxing unguarded in the country. After that, Teimuraz I had to capture
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After that, Saakadze's army invaded neighbouring provinces of the Safavid Empire – plundering Ganja and razing to the ground countryside to the
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1686:
1539:, who adopted an anti-Safavid policy and made an alliance with Russia, which proved to be unsuccessful. Constantine II of Kakheti, reinforced by the
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several times, simultaneously strengthening his realm. In addition, Alexander's army had to confront north-eastern neighbour of the Kingdom –
802:(1574-1605), was marked by peace and prosperity, population grew steadily and at the turn of the seventeenth century reached 250,000–300,000.
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river to be massacred by Kakhetians. Additionally, Teimuraz's army immediately invaded Arran and Karabakh several times, pillaging Ganja twice.
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nation against the Ottoman and Safavid hordes during the first quarter of the seventeenth century. The film is based on the six-volume novel,
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1682:
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814:, attracting merchants and artisans from the neighbouring countries. New churches, castles and palaces were built and agriculture developed.
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in the 1560s. Alexander II, the astute son of the previous King, continued Levan's policy, switching sides during the Ottoman–Safavid
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1629:(1744–1762) as the kings of Kartli and Kakheti and allowed them to perform Christian coronations. Father and son were crowned at the
1520:, were established, while Georgian peasants living there had to leave or to Islamize gradually. They who chose the latter, became known as
1469:
1114:– another Georgian noble in Abbas's service – charged with his main forces, virtually annihilating leaderless Iranian troops.
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Following the battle, Saakadze again led the Georgian resistance and turned to guerrilla war, eliminating some 12,000 Qizilbashes in the
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were caught by surprise and had to flee further south hastily. Even though Georgians managed to capture thousands of Qizilbashes. As
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at the beginning of the eleventh century, but for less than a decade. Only in the beginning of the twelfth century did Georgian King
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1685:, killing 2 officers and 212 soldiers, captured and slaughtered the entire Russian garrison of Signagi and later seized Telavi,
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virtually alone, while geographical isolation greatly limited opportunity for the Georgian elites to come into contact with the
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1923:
1110:, and his Georgian escorts killed other Qizilbash commanders, including Imam Verdi Khan, Qarachaqay's son. Receiving a signal,
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in his campaigns to restore Iranian dominance in eastern Transcaucasus, in the 1730s. Initially, Tahmasp Qoli Khan already as
3649:
1498:
1078:
In 1624, Shah Abbas I turned his attention to Georgia again. Fearing a potential revolt, he dispatched some 35,000 men under
1315:, traditionally closely related with Kakheti. Despite some initial successes, efforts made by the King proved to be futile.
1609:, distrusted the stubborn King, who refused to convert to Islam even after detainment. However, the Shah, preoccupied by
1563:. Seven years long resistance of Georgians resulted in invaders abandoning initial plan of annexation of Kakheti, as the
986:
began in Russia, Georgian political entities could not count on Muscovite assistance in their struggle for independence.
1318:
During the next five years Teimuraz I got rid of his major rivals one by one – defeating Saakadze in the decisive
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is partially located in this province and is subject to a border dispute between Georgian and Azerbaijani authorities.
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and Dagestanis, invaded Kartli and captured Tbilisi on May 4, 1723. Defeated King of Kartli and his supporters fled to
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1610:
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In 1656, Shah Abbas II made another attempt to settle Turkoman tribes in Kakheti. As a result, in 1659, Georgians
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their estates and threatened to defect unless the battle was given at once, thus the Grand Mouravi was overruled.
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1775:
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river, thus avenging Shah Abbas’ invasions. Since the Georgian Uprising was sudden, Qizilbash tribes living in
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and 500 musketeers. Horsemen and foot soldiers were armed with bows, arrows, sabres, shields and spears, while
536:
494:
1697:. After some hesitations the rebels were supported by the local nobility and clergy. They proclaimed a prince
3323:
1395:. Here, the most valiant Georgian King of the seventeenth century died in 1663. Teimuraz I was buried in the
1943:
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on October 1, 1745 – the first Christian coronation of the eastern Georgian kings in over a century.
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1531:(1722–1732), the illegitimate son of Heraclius I, became the new King of Kakheti. In the next year,
1499:
Eighteenth century: Heraclius II, political and cultural revival, twilight of the Kartli-Kakhetian Kingdom
1672:
1801–1917: Kakheti within the Russian Empire, uprisings, modernization, Georgian national awakening
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1503:
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in the 1460s. In contrast with other Georgian political entities, long reign of Kakhetian Kings –
3520:
1364:. Six years later stubborn King of Kakheti was finally ousted from the power, losing the heir –
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During the sixteenth century international situation of the Georgian Kingdoms worsened dramatically,
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The Kakheti Wine Region is located in the eastern part of Georgia and comprises two river basins,
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On March 25, 1625, Saakadze summoned the war council where he personally slew Qarachaqay Khan and
1054:
hundreds of thousands ethnic Georgians to Iran, also despite stiff resistance and heavy defeat at
1030:(1605–1648) – nemesis of the Safavids in the future – as a new King of Kakheti.
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1854:
1764:
1736:. Since the Georgian independence in 1991, Kakheti has been a region of the republic of Georgia.
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had hand-guns. Furthermore, Alexander II made some futile efforts to introduce artillery from
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again, tens of thousands Turkomans were massacred, or forced to leave Kakheti. The location,
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1126:(1619–1630) could arrive. Within days, all Kartli and Kakheti was in Georgian hands.
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1322:(1626) and assassinating Simon II and Zurab Eristavi, both in 1630. In 1632, he sheltered
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1330:. In response, Daud Khan colluded with Teimuraz I, deceitfully leading detachment of the
1323:
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had already been martyred on the orders of the Shah in 1622, Teimuraz I was invited from
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During the last years of the sixteenth century Kakhetian feudal army consisted of 10,000
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652:
393:
1622:, and consolidate his power in Kartli, thus de facto uniting eastern Georgian Kingdoms.
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A shrewd statesman, Teimuraz II tried to use Qizilbashes to his advantage and supported
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1387:(1658–1675). Teimuraz I was escorted as an honoured prisoner through Kartli to
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basin; Kiziq'i (ქიზიყი) between the Alazani and the Iori; Thither Area (გაღმა მხარი,
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The Caucasian War in Different Essays, Episodes, Legends, and Biographies. volume I
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on January 31, 1812. The insurgents defeated Russians in the hard-fought battle of
1619:
1442:, where poems dedicated to local heroes became popular. In the nineteenth century,
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In 1642, Teimuraz I conspired with Catholicos-Patriarch of eastern Georgia –
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who defended the royal banner to the last, as well as the prominent nobles –
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is its administrative center. The region comprises eight administrative districts:
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was forced to stay in Isfahan for years, before his nominal conversion to Islam.
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Fifteenth–Sixteenth centuries: peace and prosperity, geopolitical situation
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from the historical province of Kakheti and the small, mountainous province of
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Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1660:. Russian suzerainty over Kakheti and the rest of Georgia was recognized by
1075:(1657). Moreover, Shah sought to populate Kakheti with the Turkoman tribes.
952:, freed from the Mongol-Tatar yoke in 1480, seemed as a steadfastly growing
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Seventeenth century: Abbas I's invasions, Teimuraz I, struggle for survival
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606:) on the left bank of the Alazani. It also includes the medieval region of
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to take the crowns of Kartli and Kakheti, thereby uniting both Kingdoms.
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Georgian Orthodox church and fortress located in Kakheti, 10th century AD
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In 1762, the Kakhetian Kingdom was united with the neighboring Georgian
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from the end of the eighth century. It was incorporated into the united
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The Alazani River Plain, with the Caucasus Mountains in the background
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Valley alone. Among the dead was Shahbandeh Khan of Azerbaijan, while
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1372:. Rostom, loyal vassal of the Shah, became the new ruler of Kakheti.
1327:
1299:
1251:
1217:
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879:
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774:(1089–1125) incorporate Kakheti into his Kingdom successfully.
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whose name has fallen into gradual oblivion since the 15th century.
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3186:
3131:
3077:
1810:
1579:
1468:(1956) is also a Soviet Georgian historical drama film directed by
1375:
Taking shelter in Imereti, deposed Kakhetian King had his grandson
1308:
1291:
1213:
1154:
1096:
1011:
837:
825:
811:
306:
1900:
1090:, as a hostage. The Shah's anxiety was justified, since the Grand
3583:
3525:
3502:
3464:
3449:
3411:
3300:
3227:
3219:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3042:
2991:
2884:
2096:
1823:
1690:
1678:
1431:
1357:
1295:
1180:
1091:
999:
833:
591:
471:
385:
3573:
2072:
863:– Empires, while Georgia was completely isolated from the
571:
446:. The region is bordered to the west by the Georgian regions of
3487:
3482:
3366:
3361:
3290:
3204:
3173:
2978:
2959:
2318:
2306:
1710:
1480:
1435:
1380:
1341:
In 1633, Safavid counterattack came, the Qizilbash army led by
1184:
1007:
618:
607:
389:
377:
298:
192:
61:
36:
2799:
Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings 1589 to 1605. Volume I
2738:
2590:
1246:(1942) is a Soviet Georgian historical drama film directed by
3459:
3416:
3406:
3196:
2986:
2670:
2668:
2655:
2653:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2284:
2282:
2113:
2111:
1232:
1158:
917:
807:
803:
467:
339:
2614:
2455:
1379:
sent to the Russian court. In 1658, Teimuraz I travelled to
2563:
2527:
2491:
2467:
2416:
2267:
2045:. Regional Government of Kakheti. Retrieved on May 22, 2009
1721:
finally defeated it and pacified the region by early 1813.
1656:, in 1801 the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed to the
998:
The scene of the martyrdom of Queen Ketevan on a panoramic
905:
439:
2774:
2692:
2665:
2650:
2602:
2580:
2578:
2515:
2385:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2294:
2279:
2231:
2219:
2195:
2135:
2108:
2433:
2431:
2207:
1709:
as the King of Kartli-Kakheti. The revolt soon spread to
1446:
used these traditions to create one of his finest poems,
2638:
2626:
2060:
2762:
2704:
2680:
2575:
2551:
2539:
2342:
2243:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2123:
1724:
In 1918–1921 Kakheti was part of the independent
2503:
2443:
2428:
2404:
2373:
2255:
2008:"Ancient monastery starts modern-day feud in Caucasus"
1625:
In 1744, Nader Shah confirmed Teimuraz II and his son
810:
became one of the most important urban centers of the
578:
is becoming an important cultural center in the region
2479:
1507:
King Teimuraz II by Efim Vinogradov and Alexei Grekov
2750:
1983:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
1041:
with the Ottomans was temporarily over. From now on
2084:
2048:
855:became battleground of the powerful Muslim –
1586:, caught by unawares, were defeated in the bloody
1582:, only to attack his forces in the next year. The
944:If the political and military assistance from the
442:producing regions of Georgia, home to a number of
3121:
2005:
1456:produced another classic of Georgian literature,
1279:. A sketch from the album of the contemporaneous
1183:Field, while the Georgians were higher up in the
462:. Popular tourist attractions in Kakheti include
3636:
974:, forming an alliance between Kakheti and the
362:
3107:
2916:
2823:
2569:
2497:
2422:
2324:
2312:
2273:
1975:
2841:
2780:
2744:
2698:
2674:
2659:
2608:
2596:
2461:
2398:
2288:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2141:
2117:
2066:
1868:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1778:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
613:
539:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3114:
3100:
2923:
2909:
2808:The Dialogue between Teimuraz and Rustveli
1179:, entered in Kartli and bivouacked on the
2814:
2644:
2632:
2620:
1888:Learn how and when to remove this message
1798:Learn how and when to remove this message
628:The Kakheti region is divided into eight
559:Learn how and when to remove this message
438:. Kakheti is one of the most significant
2859:
2832:
2768:
2710:
2686:
2584:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2473:
2355:
2249:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2129:
2078:
1899:
1809:
1739:
1592:
1502:
1401:
1270:
1191:On July 1, 1625, Teimuraz I ordered the
1128:
993:
892:
816:
617:
570:
3660:Historical regions of Georgia (country)
2885:Kakheti regional administration website
2805:
2521:
2509:
2449:
2437:
2410:
2379:
2367:
2336:
2300:
2261:
2237:
1946:. National Statistics Office of Georgia
1644:under King Heraclius II. Following the
1250:, depicting the heroic struggle of the
948:proved to be unrealistic, in the north
3637:
2868:
2485:
960:of Muscovy in 1483 and 1491. In 1556,
784:disintegration of the Georgian Kingdom
232:11,310 km (4,370 sq mi)
3655:Former provinces of Georgia (country)
3095:
2904:
2862:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2850:
2817:Description of the Kingdom of Georgia
2796:
2756:
2102:
2090:
2054:
1829:
371:
1866:adding citations to reliable sources
1833:
1776:adding citations to reliable sources
1743:
1133:George Saakadze's portrait drawn by
1118:(25 March) brought an extraordinary
537:adding citations to reliable sources
504:
2939:Administrative divisions of Georgia
2897:(Հայերը Կախեթում) PDF. In Armenian.
2890:Travel guide to Kakheti wine region
1732:and in 1936–1991 part of the
1298:river. Such a development led to a
13:
937:taking place in Europe during the
806:, capital city of the Kingdom and
14:
3671:
3442:Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
3012:Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
2878:
1966:"Regional Gross Domestic Product"
1728:, in 1922–1936 part of the
1535:ordered him to remove from power
636:Municipalities of Kakheti Region
380:) formed in the 1990s in eastern
3163:
2968:
2932:
2844:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
2006:Michael Mainville (2007-05-03).
1838:
1748:
1574:Constantine II was succeeded by
1452:(1892), while his fellow writer
509:
175:
127:
109:Vashlovani Strict Nature Reserve
89:
80:
69:
60:
49:
2842:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2007).
2716:
454:, to the north and east by the
2815:Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1973).
2029:
1999:
1958:
1936:
1726:Democratic Republic of Georgia
908:and Christian Monarchs of the
897:King Levan, a fresco from the
594:; Outer Kakheti (გარე კახეთი,
590:, along the right bank of the
495:David Gareja monastery complex
99:From the top to bottom-right:
1:
2801:. Cambridge University Press.
2797:Allen, William E. D. (1970).
1929:
1924:List of sovereigns of Kakheti
1275:King Teimuraz I and his wife
3650:Regions of Georgia (country)
2833:Lamberti, Arcangelo (2020).
2806:Bagrationi, Archili (1989).
2728:p 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014
2105:, pp. 137–138, 217–218.
1618:influential Kartlian noble,
500:
7:
2824:Egnatashvili, Beri (1989).
1912:
1206:nine brothers Kherkheulidze
705:Dedoplistskaro Municipality
588:Tsiv-Gombori mountain range
250: • Estimate
10:
3676:
3161:
2826:The New Georgian Chronicle
2790:
1311:, between the mountainous
1294:, on the left bank of the
1204:. Among the dead were the
757:
458:, and to the southeast by
16:Region (mkhare) of Georgia
3549:
3511:
3473:
3440:
3342:
3309:
3261:
3218:
3195:
3172:
3130:
3071:
3055:
3035:
2977:
2966:
2945:
2869:Witsen, Nicolaes (2013).
2860:Rayfield, Donald (2013).
2081:, pp. 176, 179, 227.
1642:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
484:Lagodekhi Protected Areas
363:
334:
315:
305:
292:
281:
270:
265:
257:
249:
241:
236:
228:
223:
213:
208:
198:
188:
170:
135:
126:
101:Lagodekhi Managed Reserve
43:
34:
24:
3036:City with special status
1904:Gremi church in Kakheti.
1631:Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
1064:Georgian Orthodox Church
764:independent principality
614:Administrative divisions
1944:"Population by regions"
282: • Per Capita
3475:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
3122:Historical regions of
3017:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
2871:Noord en Oost Tartarye
2851:Potto, Vasily (1887).
2819:. Sabchota Sakartvelo.
2036:Kakheti municipalities
1905:
1815:
1598:
1508:
1410:
1287:
1260:(1937–1958), of
1197:Teimuraz Mukhranbatoni
1146:
1072:Katharina von Georgien
1014:
950:Grand Duchy of Muscovy
901:
829:
744:Sighnaghi Municipality
718:Lagodekhi Municipality
625:
579:
266:Gross Regional Product
1987:hdi.globaldatalab.org
1903:
1813:
1740:Winemaking in Kakheti
1596:
1541:Transcaucasian Tatars
1537:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
1506:
1425:, Shalva and Elizbar
1423:Bidzina Cholokashvili
1405:
1274:
1132:
1104:Yusuf Khan of Shirvan
1058:forced Teimuraz I to
1035:treaty of Nasuh Pasha
997:
896:
820:
731:Sagarejo Municipality
679:Gurjaani Municipality
621:
574:
261:27/km (71/sq mi)
214: • Governor
105:Tusheti National Park
2947:Autonomous republics
2895:Armenians in Kakheti
1862:improve this section
1772:improve this section
1701:, great-grandson of
1646:Treaty of Georgievsk
1162:Luarsab II of Kartli
899:Philotheou monastery
786:, Kakheti became an
692:Kvareli Municipality
666:Akhmeta Municipality
533:improve this section
258: • Density
2855:. V. A. Berezovski.
2747:, pp. 385–386.
2722:Timothy C. Dowling
2623:, pp. 603–604.
2599:, pp. 177–178.
2536:, pp. 214–220.
2524:, pp. 471–472.
2476:, pp. 188–189.
2370:, pp. 448–449.
2339:, pp. 447–448.
2327:, pp. 769–771.
2315:, pp. 780–781.
2303:, pp. 446–447.
2240:, pp. 444–445.
1730:Transcaucasian SFSR
1715:Marquis de Paulucci
1493:George XI of Kartli
1324:Daud Khan Undiladze
1285:Cristoforo Castelli
1226:Manuchar III Jaqeli
1210:Baadur Tsitsishvili
939:early modern period
788:independent Kingdom
653:Telavi Municipality
637:
598:) along the middle
277:3.13 billion (2022)
151: /
3022:Samtskhe–Javakheti
2846:. Scarecrow Press.
2041:2011-07-21 at the
1906:
1830:Travel information
1816:
1666:Treaty of Gulistan
1654:Agha Mohammad Khan
1599:
1569:Samtskhe-Saatabago
1509:
1427:Eristavis of Ksani
1411:
1406:King Archil II by
1397:Alaverdi Monastery
1320:battle of Bazaleti
1300:prolonged conflict
1288:
1237:Qazaq Khan Cherkes
1147:
1015:
980:David I of Kakheti
971:The Book of Pledge
902:
830:
635:
626:
623:Alaverdi Monastery
580:
488:Alaverdi Monastery
456:Russian Federation
373:[kʼaχetʰi]
271: • Total
242: • Total
229: • Total
218:Giorgi Aladashvili
3632:
3631:
3344:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
3089:
3088:
3076:independent (see
3048:
3007:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
2864:. Reaktion Books.
2570:Egnatashvili 1989
2498:Egnatashvili 1989
2464:, pp. 26–27.
2423:Egnatashvili 1989
2325:Egnatashvili 1989
2313:Egnatashvili 1989
2274:Egnatashvili 1989
2012:Middle East Times
1898:
1897:
1890:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1719:Nikolay Rtishchev
1699:Grigol Bagrationi
1638:Kingdom of Kartli
1603:Tahmasp Qoli Khan
1597:King Heraclius II
1588:battle of Magharo
1370:battle of Magharo
1368:, in the fateful
1262:Anna Antonovskaya
1257:The Grand Mouravi
1248:Mikheil Chiaureli
1106:, while his son,
1068:Andreas Gryphius’
984:Times of Troubles
966:Ivan the Terrible
964:was conquered by
914:Holy Roman Empire
876:Simon I of Kartli
772:David the Builder
755:
754:
586:) to the east of
569:
568:
561:
448:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
432:Kakhetian dialect
352:
351:
155:41.750°N 45.717°E
117:Tsinandali Palace
19:Mkhare in Georgia
3667:
3382:Tskhradzmiskhevi
3167:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3046:
2972:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2784:
2781:Mikaberidze 2007
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2745:Mikaberidze 2007
2742:
2736:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2699:Mikaberidze 2007
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2675:Mikaberidze 2007
2672:
2663:
2660:Mikaberidze 2007
2657:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2609:Mikaberidze 2007
2606:
2600:
2597:Mikaberidze 2007
2594:
2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2462:Mikaberidze 2007
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2399:Mikaberidze 2007
2396:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2289:Mikaberidze 2007
2286:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2226:Mikaberidze 2007
2223:
2217:
2214:Mikaberidze 2007
2211:
2205:
2202:Mikaberidze 2007
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2142:Mikaberidze 2007
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2118:Mikaberidze 2007
2115:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2067:Mikaberidze 2007
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2014:. Archived from
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1842:
1834:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1752:
1744:
1705:and grandson of
1620:Givi Amilakhvari
1116:Annunciation Day
798:(1518-1574) and
768:Georgian Kingdom
638:
634:
564:
557:
553:
550:
544:
513:
505:
375:
366:
365:
348:
345:
343:
341:
326:
181:
179:
178:
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
131:
113:Kakheti Vineyard
93:
84:
73:
64:
53:
22:
21:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3545:
3507:
3469:
3436:
3338:
3305:
3257:
3214:
3191:
3168:
3159:
3126:
3120:
3090:
3085:
3067:
3051:
3031:
2973:
2964:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2881:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2043:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1915:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1859:
1843:
1832:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1769:
1753:
1742:
1674:
1650:sack of Tbilisi
1533:Shah Tahmasp II
1501:
1454:Akaki Tsereteli
1408:Nicolaes Witsen
1389:Shah Abbas II's
1305:Sultan of Elisu
1243:George Saakadze
1202:Duchy of Aragvi
1177:Kaikhosro-Mirza
1135:Teramo Castelli
1084:George Saakadze
1080:Qarachaqay Khan
1037:was concluded,
992:
976:Russian Tsardom
935:epochal changes
865:Christian world
780:
762:Kakheti was an
760:
616:
565:
554:
548:
545:
530:
514:
503:
376:) is a region (
338:
324:
323:
301:(Georgian Time)
176:
174:
159:
157:
153:
150:
145:
142:
140:
138:
137:
122:
121:
120:
119:
96:
95:
94:
86:
85:
76:
75:
74:
66:
65:
56:
55:
54:
39:
37:Mkhare (region)
30:
27:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Maghrandvaleti
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
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3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
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3379:
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3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
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3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
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2879:External links
2877:
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2835:Colchide Sacra
2830:
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2803:
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2783:, p. 386.
2773:
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2749:
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2679:
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2649:
2647:, p. 612.
2645:Vakhushti 1973
2637:
2635:, p. 605.
2633:Vakhushti 1973
2625:
2621:Vakhushti 1973
2613:
2611:, p. 136.
2601:
2589:
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1788:September 2023
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1658:Russian Empire
1529:Constantine II
1518:Djaro-Belokani
1500:
1497:
1444:Vazha-Pshavela
1281:Roman Catholic
1222:Cholokashvilis
1214:David Jandieri
1143:Ottoman Empire
1139:Constantinople
1112:Zurab Eristavi
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2873:. Universali.
2872:
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2769:Rayfield 2013
2765:
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2727:
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2711:Rayfield 2013
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2558:Rayfield 2013
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2546:Rayfield 2013
2542:
2535:
2534:Lamberti 2020
2530:
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2474:Lamberti 2020
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2250:Rayfield 2013
2246:
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2216:, p. 26.
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2190:Rayfield 2013
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2154:Rayfield 2013
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2126:
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2079:Rayfield 2013
2075:
2069:, p. 25.
2068:
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2032:
2018:on 2007-09-29
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1945:
1939:
1935:
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1922:
1920:
1919:Kakhetian pig
1917:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1892:
1889:
1881:
1871:
1867:
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1857:
1856:
1852:
1847:This section
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1757:This section
1755:
1751:
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1566:
1565:Ottoman Porte
1562:
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1061:
1057:
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1036:
1033:In 1612, the
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:Queen Ketevan
1020:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Graça Convent
1001:
996:
987:
985:
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877:
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866:
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858:
854:
853:Transcaucasus
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:(1476-1511),
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
750:
748:1,251 km
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:1,515 km
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:2,531 km
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:1,000 km
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:2,248 km
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:1,094 km
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
640:
639:
633:
631:
624:
620:
611:
609:
605:
604:Gaghma Mkhari
601:
597:
593:
592:Alazani River
589:
585:
584:Shida Kakheti
577:
573:
563:
560:
552:
542:
538:
534:
528:
527:
523:
518:This section
516:
512:
507:
506:
498:
496:
493:The Georgian
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
369:
360:
356:
347:
337:
333:
330:
321:
318:
314:
310:
308:
307:ISO 3166 code
304:
300:
297:
295:
291:
288:10,235 (2022)
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
222:
219:
216:
212:
207:
203:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
173:
169:
164:
136:Coordinates:
134:
130:
125:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
83:
72:
63:
52:
42:
38:
33:
23:
3551:Tao-Klarjeti
3513:Shida Kartli
3311:Kvemo Kartli
3262:
3073:
3027:Shida Kartli
3002:Kvemo Kartli
2996:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2724:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2522:Archili 1989
2517:
2510:Archili 1989
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2450:Archili 1989
2445:
2438:Archili 1989
2418:
2411:Archili 1989
2406:
2380:Archili 1989
2375:
2368:Archili 1989
2363:
2337:Archili 1989
2332:
2320:
2308:
2301:Archili 1989
2296:
2269:
2262:Archili 1989
2257:
2245:
2238:Archili 1989
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1938:
1907:
1884:
1875:
1860:Please help
1848:
1817:
1794:
1785:
1770:Please help
1758:
1734:Georgian SSR
1723:
1703:Heraclius II
1675:
1664:in the 1813
1635:
1627:Heraclius II
1624:
1611:war on India
1600:
1573:
1567:had done in
1549:
1545:Shida Kartli
1526:
1510:
1489:
1474:
1465:Bashi-Achuki
1463:
1459:Bashi-Achuki
1457:
1447:
1412:
1374:
1366:Prince David
1351:
1340:
1317:
1289:
1266:
1255:
1241:
1230:
1190:
1170:
1148:
1101:
1095:camped near
1077:
1070:
1043:Shah Abbas I
1032:
1016:
969:
943:
903:
878:against the
873:
850:
831:
800:Alexander II
781:
761:
627:
603:
596:Gare Kakheti
595:
583:
581:
555:
546:
531:Please help
519:
492:
452:Kvemo Kartli
426:
367:
354:
353:
202:
3604:Zemo Kartli
3541:Zena Sopeli
3334:Dmaniskhevi
3276:Gagmamkhari
3271:Garekakheti
3155:Samurzakano
2837:. Artanuji.
2828:. Nakaduli.
2810:. Nakaduli.
2486:Witsen 2013
1683:Bodbiskhevi
1576:Teimuraz II
1561:Sunni Islam
1485:Heraclius I
1419:Gatsqvetila
1362:hieromartyr
1343:Rostom Khan
1313:Dido people
1283:missionary
1019:Constantine
888:Shamkhalate
880:Qizilbashes
792:Alexander I
722:890 km
683:849 km
647:Population
158: /
3639:Categories
3536:Samachablo
3422:Khevsureti
3377:Ksniskhevi
3182:Machakhela
2757:Potto 1887
2734:1598849484
2103:Allen 1970
2091:Allen 1970
2055:Allen 1970
2022:2007-06-23
1992:2018-09-13
1930:References
1707:George XII
1662:Qajar Iran
1607:Nader Shah
1470:Leo Esakia
1449:Bakhtrioni
1440:Khevsureti
1385:Vakhtang V
1218:Machabelis
1056:Tsitsamuri
1028:Teimuraz I
842:musketeers
834:cavalrymen
782:After the
600:Iori River
460:Azerbaijan
430:speak the
428:Kakhetians
237:Population
209:Government
3624:Javakheti
3599:Sokhoista
3579:Shavsheti
3498:Samegrelo
3493:Sabediano
3455:Lechkhumi
3402:Tchartali
3387:Tsanareti
3372:Tskhavati
3324:Gardabani
3253:Sajavakho
3238:Mukhurisi
3140:Abkhazeti
3047:(capital)
1849:does not
1759:does not
1695:Pasanauri
1640:into the
1615:Heraclius
1527:In 1722,
1477:Archil II
1475:In 1664,
1377:Heraclius
1354:Eudemus I
1328:Shah Safi
1277:Khorashan
1017:In 1605,
962:Astrakhan
520:does not
501:Geography
418:Lagodekhi
294:Time zone
3619:Samtskhe
3614:Trialeti
3564:Klarjeti
3521:Bazaleti
3392:Tsilkani
3357:Mukhrani
3352:Mtiuleti
3329:Gachiani
3319:Borchalo
3296:Saingilo
3281:Gujareti
3150:Tsebelda
3132:Abkhazia
3078:Abkhazia
3074:De facto
2955:Abkhazia
2039:Archived
1950:27 April
1913:See also
1648:and the
1553:Zedavela
1522:Ingiloys
1514:David II
1462:(1896).
1415:revolted
1309:Dagestan
1252:Georgian
1220:, seven
1173:Isa Khan
1155:Karabakh
1124:Simon II
1108:Avtandil
1097:Martqopi
1052:deported
1012:Portugal
958:Ivan III
954:Orthodox
912:–
838:infantry
836:, 3,000
826:medieval
812:Caucasus
436:Georgian
406:Sagarejo
398:Gurjaani
368:K’akheti
359:Georgian
342:.kakheti
3645:Kakheti
3594:Basiani
3584:Ardahan
3526:Dvaleti
3503:Svaneti
3450:Takveri
3432:Khorkhi
3412:Khandro
3397:Tsobeni
3301:Tusheti
3263:Kakheti
3248:Sachino
3228:Argveti
3220:Imereti
3187:Chaneti
3124:Georgia
3043:Tbilisi
2997:Kakheti
2992:Imereti
2979:Regions
2791:Sources
1870:removed
1855:sources
1824:Alazani
1780:removed
1765:sources
1691:Dusheti
1679:Akhmeta
1432:Tusheti
1393:Caspian
1358:Tbilisi
1334:to the
1296:Alazani
1292:Eliseni
1216:, nine
1181:Marabda
1145:in 1626
1120:victory
1092:Mouravi
1060:Imereti
1002:at the
1000:azulejo
926:Prussia
861:Safavid
857:Ottoman
846:Muscovy
822:Kvetera
758:History
751:29,948
738:51,761
725:41,678
712:21,221
699:29,827
686:54,337
673:31,461
660:58,350
576:Signagi
541:removed
526:sources
476:Kvetera
472:Signagi
464:Tusheti
422:Akhmeta
414:Signagi
402:Qvareli
386:Tusheti
382:Georgia
355:Kakheti
335:Website
253:306,216
245:310,051
189:Capital
183:Georgia
171:Country
146:45°43′E
143:41°45′N
26:Kakheti
3589:Nigali
3488:Odishi
3483:Egrisi
3427:Kherki
3367:Pkhovi
3362:Pshavi
3291:Hereti
3286:Kiziki
3243:Okriba
3210:Surebi
3205:Lazika
3174:Adjara
3145:Abzhua
3045:
2960:Adjara
2732:
1711:Kartli
1693:, and
1580:Sultan
1481:Telavi
1436:Pshavi
1381:Moscow
1332:Qajars
1193:attack
1185:Kojori
1151:Araxes
1008:Lisbon
930:Naples
922:France
808:Zagemi
608:Hereti
394:Telavi
390:Telavi
378:mkhare
364:კახეთი
361::
319:(2021)
193:Telavi
180:
29:კახეთი
3569:Speri
3460:Racha
3417:Khevi
3407:Khada
3197:Guria
3056:Other
2987:Guria
1969:(PDF)
1687:Anaga
1584:Turks
1347:Ksani
1233:Ksani
1166:Gonio
1159:Saint
1088:Paata
1048:Ganja
918:Spain
906:Popes
804:Gremi
796:Levan
644:Area
641:Name
480:Bodbe
468:Gremi
322:0.757
311:GE-KA
299:UTC+4
3609:Tori
3574:Kola
3233:Vake
2730:ISBN
1952:2024
1853:any
1851:cite
1822:and
1820:Iori
1763:any
1761:cite
1717:and
1557:Shia
1438:and
1336:Iori
1212:and
1175:and
1082:and
910:West
869:1555
859:and
824:, a
524:any
522:cite
486:and
450:and
440:wine
420:and
344:.gov
325:high
224:Area
3559:Tao
1864:by
1774:by
1652:by
1559:to
1137:in
1039:war
1006:in
884:war
535:by
490:.
434:of
424:.
346:.ge
340:www
329:5th
317:HDI
3641::
3080:,
2667:^
2652:^
2577:^
2430:^
2387:^
2344:^
2281:^
2110:^
2010:.
1985:.
1689:,
1668:.
1590:.
1524:.
1472:.
1434:,
1399:.
1264:.
1228:.
1141:,
1099:.
1010:,
978:.
941:.
928:,
924:,
920:,
916:,
848:.
632::
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
388:.
370:;
327:·
115:,
111:,
107:,
103:,
3115:e
3108:t
3101:v
3084:)
2924:e
2917:t
2910:v
2025:.
1995:.
1971:.
1954:.
1891:)
1885:(
1880:)
1876:(
1872:.
1858:.
1801:)
1795:(
1790:)
1786:(
1782:.
1768:.
562:)
556:(
551:)
547:(
543:.
529:.
357:(
286:₾
275:₾
204:8
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