380:, the woman's brother-in-law, Gheorghe Marinescu, organized a vampire hunting group made up of several family members. After drinking some alcohol, they dug up the coffin of Petre Toma, made an incision in his chest, and tore the heart out. After removal of the heart, the body was burned and the ashes were mixed in water and drunk by Toma's niece, believing that this would put an end to the haunting. Dolj County police later arrested six of the family members who participated in the ritual, charging them with "disturbing the peace of the dead". They were sentenced to six months' imprisonment and ordered to pay damages to the family of the deceased. Since then, in the nearby village of Amărăştii de Sus, people drive a fire-hardened stake through the heart or belly of the dead as a "preventive measure".
520:
106:) and considers this parallel derivation to indicate membership in the same "mythological micro-system." The "-oi" suffix notably converts feminine terms to the masculine gender as well as often investing it with a complex mixture of augmentation and pejoration. The root has been related particularly to owls.
538:
details burials in
Romania: "If the deceased has red hair, he is very concerned that he was back in the form of dog, frog, flea or bedbug, and that it enters into houses at night to suck the blood of beautiful young girls. So it is prudent to nail the coffin heavily, or, better yet, a stake through
436:
The strigoi take the milk from the cows, take the manna of the wheat, the strength of the people, stop the rains, bring hail and bring death among men and cattle. On Saint George's day (April 23), the boys water the girls so that they don't suffer from strigoi, but also so that they don't turn into
861:
Drago Orlić je još prije dvadesetak godina (Orlić, 1986) prikupio i tiskao vrlo zanimljivo gradivo o ukorijenjenosti i životnosti tradicije vezane uz štrige i štrigune u Istri. ... Štrige i štriguni su najbliži pojmu vještica. Štrigun se rodi u črnem mihuru koji se potom sašije pod pazuh. Bez tog
1189:
440:
To kill them, the grave of the supposed strigoi is searched and the order is read to him by the priests and an oak, yew or ash branch is struck in his heart, it is pierced with a nail or a knife, to remain bound of the coffin and not being able to go out to do mischief.
432:
If there is a drought in a village, it means that there is a strigoi that prevents the rains. If it rains with stones (hail), God punishes the strigoi who does not let "clean rain fall", and if it rains with sun, it is believed that one of the strigoi has been killed.
345:, where after the death of an old man, several family members began to die in suspicious circumstances. Unearthed, the corpse did not show signs of decomposition, his eyes were wide open, and his face was red and twisted. The corpse was burned to save his soul.
428:
The strigoi are said to be bald on top of the head, do not eat garlic and onions, avoid incense, and towards the feast of Saint Andrew they sleep outdoors. Their spine is elongated in the shape of a tail, covered with hair.
530:
A common way used to identify a vampire was to place a 7-year-old boy dressed in white on a white horse near the graveyard at midday. It was believed that the horse would stop at the grave of the suspected vampire.
325:
started to die mysteriously. The villagers began to suspect a recently deceased count was a vampire, dwelling in his old fortress. Frightened villagers burned the castle to stop the deaths.
232:
in contemporary local records. Grando is supposed to have terrorized his former village sixteen years after his death. Eventually he was decapitated by the local priest and villagers. The
376:, claimed that she had been visited by her late uncle, a 76-year-old Romanian man named Petre Toma who had died in December the previous year. Fearing the deceased might have become a
306:
as nocturnal creatures that preyed on infants. He reports a tradition in which, upon the birth of a child, one tosses a stone behind oneself and exclaims "This into the mouth of the
842:
1218:
Chereches, Alexandra Oana, y
Violeta Catalina Badea. 2018. «De cadáveres Desenterrados Y Corazones Quemados: Los Muertos Vivientes En La Literatura Oral Rumana» . In:
258:, Paris 1855), whose story was much more elaborate, full of fantastic details to make the story more interesting and sensational. In modern times, the Croatian writer
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1265:
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did not receive a proper burial. This made the ghost of the former dictator a threat in the minds of superstitious
Romanians. A revolutionary activist,
862:črnog mihura ili u drugoj varijanti crne kugle s kojom se rađa, gubi moć. Štrige i štriguni su opaki i vrlo opasni i po život ljudi, a piju i krv.
259:
510:
Strigoi mort: a dead strigoi, the most dangerous. They emerge from their graves in order to torment their families until their relatives die.
357:
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when he visited Kringa during his travels. This was the first written document on vampires. Grando was also mentioned in writings by
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beliefs. However, he associated them with witches or warlocks rather than blood-drinking undead vampires. The book mentions
1346:
1323:. This section of the vampire article contains a drawing of a strigo and a discussion of the strigoi's characteristics.
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549:(1892) describes another preventive method, unearthing and beheading, then re-interring the corpse and head face-down.
242:
1086:
898:
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729:
559:, published by New English Library editions in 1976, reported that the meat of a pig killed on the 17 October, the
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636:
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405:
published in 1882 refer to cases of strigoism. The strigoi can be a living man, born under certain conditions:
144:
237:
186:, Greek στρίγξ), referred to night-time entities that craved human flesh and blood, particularly infants'.
33:
are troubled spirits that are said to have risen from the grave. They are attributed with the abilities to
746:
349:
519:
94:(feminine "-oaie"). Otila Hedeşan notes that the same augmentative suffix appears in the related terms
1043:
251:
1171:
596:
578:(the Strigoi) was the name of a Romanian-language satirical magazine published briefly in 1862 in
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913:, translated into Slovene by Iztok Osojnik, Zbirka Beri globalno, Ljubljana (Tuma) 2007.
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even has the parallel cognate augmentative suffix and means "sorcerer." In French,
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873:
1125:
1161:
Nouvelle Géographie universelle, tome I, Hachette, Paris, 19 volumes, 1876-1894
606:
314:
191:
20:
988:
In Search of
Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires (Completely Revised)
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1320:
1287:
850:
666:
579:
449:
398:
338:
216:. The villager is believed to have been the first real person described as a
1316:
361:
240:
wrote about Jure Grando
Alilović's life and afterlife in his extensive work
130:
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465:
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An 1865 article on
Transylvanian folklore by Wilhelm Schmidt describes the
294:– a traditional test for witchcraft – as a method of identifying a striga.
287:
91:
87:
38:
567:, was a good way to guard against vampires, according to Romanian legend.
932:"Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Rumänen Siebenbürgens"
829:[On 'Štrige', 'Štriguni' and 'Krsnici' in the Istrian Peninsula]
373:
364:
with braids of garlic. This is a traditional remedy against the strigoi.
209:
139:
42:
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82:
959:
180:
172:
116:
34:
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Transactions and
Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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One of the earliest mentions of a historical strigoi is the story of
51:
may be a modern interpretation of the
Strigoi through their historic
1223:
803:
481:
283:
52:
786:
Oliphant, Samuel Grant (1913). "The Story of the Strix: Ancient".
626:
621:
473:
372:
In
February 2004, a woman from the village of Marotinu de Sus in
217:
164:
154:
107:
56:
47:
1062:"Pour échapper aux vampires, rien ne vaut les vieilles recettes"
843:
Faculty of
Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb
631:
213:
646:
611:
497:
342:
1284:
The Encyclopedia of Vampires, Werewolves, and Other Monsters
1190:"Publicaţiile Periodice Româneşti - PPR Tom. I. (1820-1906)"
1022:"Le Feu vivant: la parenté et ses rituels dans les Carpates"
74:
word that originated from a root related to the Latin terms
747:"Generative mechanisms in Romanian derivational morphology"
754:
Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy
335:
In Search of Dracula, The History of Dracula and Vampires
171:
In the late Roman period the word became associated with
893:, Biblioteka 21, Zagreb (Naklada Ljevak) 2006. (Croat)
841:(1). Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology,
41:, and to gain vitality from the blood of their victims.
874:
Writer Boris Peric at the Literaturhaus in Switzerland
291:
272:
are mentioned by the Moldavian statesman and soldier
175:
or a type of ill-omened nocturnal flying creature. A
282:(1714–1716). He thought that the striga were mostly
138:
means a bird-woman who sucks the blood of children.
142:used the term "stryges" in Chapter II of his novel
16:
Vampires or troubled spirits from Romanian folklore
1243:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1235:"footnote 10 in 'The Romanian Folkloric Vampire'"
526:(Romanian burial) written by Simion Florea Marian
1328:
1044:"Adevărul despre 'Cazul strigoiului Petre Toma'"
722:The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead
456:compiles all appellations of strigoi in Romania
409:Be the seventh child of the same sex in a family
977:
514:
262:has researched the legend and written a book (
1139:The Darkling: A Treatise on Slavic Vampirism
827:"O štrigama, štrigunima i krsnicima u Istri"
321:that peasant children from a village in the
256:La mystique divine, naturelle, et diabolique
818:
1079:Noul dicţionar explicativ al limbii Române
690:
637:Vampires in popular culture § Strigoi
1229:
1136:
1081:, Bucharest: Litera Internaţional, 2002.
341:mentions an event in 1969 in the city of
1260:
1019:
952:
785:
518:
492:, or vampire. The types described are:
403:Datinile Poporului român la înmormântări
1103:Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii Române
929:
883:
881:
824:
775:. Timişoara: Marineasa. pp. 15–16.
770:
1329:
1274:
719:
693:"A village still in thrall to Dracula"
744:
367:
1194:Bibliografia naţională retrospectivă
878:
148:, published in 1892. The Greek word
1176:morduedevampires.pagespro-orange.fr
691:McLaughlin, Daniel (18 June 2005).
189:It is related to the Romanian verb
13:
1317:How Vampires Work § Later Vampires
1212:
724:. Visible Ink Press. p. 584.
297:
243:The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola
14:
1373:
1309:
1224:https://doi.org/10.17561/blo.v8.6
796:American Philological Association
503:Strigoi viu: a living strigoi or
198:
955:"An Authenticated Vampire Story"
953:Hartmann, Franz (May 16, 2009).
360:, carpeted the apartment of the
328:
220:because he was referred to as a
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128:which mean "witch". The Italian
1182:
1164:
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1119:
1108:
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1072:
1054:
1036:
1013:
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946:
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903:
825:Vinšćak, Tomo (December 2005).
212:(1579–1656) from the region of
1137:Perkowski, Jean Louis (1989).
1068:(in French). 20 December 2011.
867:
794:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
779:
764:
738:
713:
684:
659:
319:An Authenticated Vampire Story
1:
1196:. Biblioteca Academiei Române
652:
597:Christmas in Romania § Advent
570:
145:The Castle of the Carpathians
1337:Romanian legendary creatures
418:Die by execution for perjury
383:
238:Johann Weikhard von Valvasor
114:, such as the Italian words
62:
7:
835:Studia Ethnologica Croatica
773:Şapte eseuri despre strigoi
585:
534:In 1887, French geographer
515:Prevention & protection
388:
350:Romanian Revolution of 1989
195:, which means "to scream".
10:
1378:
1220:Boletín De Literatura Oral
720:Melton, J. Gordon (2010).
539:the chest of the corpse."
18:
1347:Mythological hematophages
1237:. In Dundes, Alan (ed.).
1066:courrierinternational.com
1020:Karnoouh, Claude (1995).
991:. Boston, Massachusetts:
930:Schmidt, Wilhelm (1865).
415:Die without being married
252:Johann Joseph von Goerres
110:are found throughout the
86:with the addition of the
444:
424:Die from a witch's curse
162:, and the Albanian word
102:borrowed from Hungarian
35:transform into an animal
1240:The Vampire: a Casebook
1172:"The Dracula scrapbook"
1105:, Academia Română, 1998
1026:Revue des Études Slaves
771:Hedeşan, Otila (1998).
547:Înmormântarea la români
524:Înmormîntarea la Români
19:For the 2009 film, see
1276:Guiley, Rosemary Ellen
745:Petic, Mircea (2011).
527:
317:mentioned in his book
936:Österreichische Revue
592:Burial at cross-roads
553:The Dracula Scrapbook
522:
1267:Descriptio Moldaviae
967:on January 11, 2014.
543:Simeon Florea Marian
454:Mitologie românească
323:Carpathian Mountains
279:Descriptio Moldaviae
210:Jure Grando Alilović
1231:Perkowski, Jan Lois
1222:8 (julio): 115–32.
1115:Definition of Vídmă
979:McNally, Raymond T.
602:Folklore of Romania
397:and the folklorist
1264:(1714). "Striga".
1262:Cantemir, Dimitrie
528:
412:Lead a life of sin
393:The encyclopedist
368:Post-communist era
168:are also cognate.
31:Romanian mythology
1315:Tom Harris.
1301:978-0-8160-4684-3
1254:978-0-299-15924-5
1006:978-0-395-65783-6
983:Florescu, Radu R.
919:978-961-6682-05-3
701:. London, England
437:these creatures.
395:Dimitrie Cantemir
354:Nicolae Ceaușescu
274:Dimitrie Cantemir
248:Erasmus Francisci
112:Romance languages
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431:
427:
402:
401:in his book
392:
377:
371:
347:
334:
333:In his book
332:
318:
312:
307:
303:
301:
277:
276:in his work
269:
268:
263:
255:
241:
229:
225:
221:
207:
190:
188:
183:
176:
170:
163:
159:
158:, Hungarian
153:
149:
143:
135:
129:
125:
115:
103:
99:
95:
88:augmentative
81:
75:
67:
66:
46:
26:
25:
1290:. pp.
1270:(in Latin).
995:. pp.
676:February 7,
464:in western
374:Dolj County
358:Gelu Voican
348:During the
264:The Vampire
260:Boris Perić
140:Jules Verne
43:Bram Stoker
1331:Categories
1148:0893572004
1126:DEX Online
960:scribd.com
856:2011-11-04
798:: 133–49.
705:13 January
653:References
576:Strigoiulu
571:Other uses
486:vârcolacul
362:Conducător
343:Căpățâneni
236:scientist
181:Late Latin
100:bosorcoi (
1280:"Strigoi"
851:1330-3627
667:"Strigoi"
617:Pricolici
561:feast day
470:Wallachia
384:Mythology
313:In 1909,
284:Moldavian
234:Carniolan
152:, Polish
63:Etymology
57:vampirism
39:invisible
37:, become
1357:Vampires
1278:(2004).
1233:(1998).
1200:18 March
985:(1994).
642:Vǎrkolak
586:See also
505:sorcerer
482:Bucovina
389:Creation
192:a striga
131:stregone
122:Venetian
108:Cognates
104:boszorka
72:Romanian
1292:268–270
1259:citing
845:: 231.
627:Strzyga
622:Shtriga
490:Cel-rau
474:Oltenia
458:strâgoi
378:strigoi
308:strigoi
304:strigoi
292:dunking
230:štrigun
226:štrigon
222:strigoi
218:vampire
173:witches
165:shtriga
160:sztriga
155:strzyga
120:or the
90:suffix
68:Strigòi
48:Dracula
27:Strigoi
1362:Undead
1298:
1251:
1145:
1085:
1003:
917:
911:Vampir
897:
890:Vampir
849:
812:282549
810:
728:
632:Suangi
270:Striga
214:Istria
184:striga
136:stryge
126:strìga
117:strega
83:striga
1099:moroi
831:(PDF)
808:JSTOR
758:XXXIV
750:(PDF)
647:Leyak
612:Moroi
498:witch
478:vidmă
462:Moroi
445:Types
177:strix
150:Strix
124:word
96:moroi
92:"-oi"
77:strix
70:is a
55:with
53:links
1296:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1202:2016
1143:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1001:ISBN
915:ISBN
895:ISBN
847:ISSN
760:: 8.
726:ISBN
707:2019
678:2019
580:Pest
472:and
286:and
250:and
98:and
1319:at
1101:in
997:8–9
800:doi
563:of
555:by
545:in
480:in
310:!"
228:or
80:or
45:'s
29:in
1333::
1294:.
1282:.
1247:.
1245:46
1192:.
1174:.
1064:.
1046:.
1030:67
1024:.
999:.
981:;
957:.
934:.
880:^
859:.
839:17
837:.
833:.
806:.
792:44
790:.
756:.
752:.
695:.
669:.
582:.
488:,
484:,
476:,
468:,
460:,
337:,
224:,
59:.
1304:.
1257:.
1204:.
1151:.
1097:*
1009:.
940:3
814:.
802::
734:.
709:.
680:.
507:.
500:.
254:(
179:(
23:.
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