Stop motion - Knowledge

672: 811: 677: 676: 673: 678: 675: 166:. Plateau thought the construction of a sequential set of stereoscopic image pairs would be the more difficult part of the plan than adapting two copies of his improved fantascope to be fitted with a stereoscope. Wheatstone had suggested using photographs on paper of a solid object, for instance a statuette. Plateau concluded that for this purpose 16 plaster models could be made with 16 regular modifications. He believed such a project would take much time and careful effort, but would be well worth it because of the expected marvelous results. The plan was never executed, possibly because Plateau was almost completely blind by this time. 796:(1918). The collaborative film combined live-action with animated dinosaur models in a 45-minute film, but after the premiere it was cut down to approximately 12 minutes. Dawley did not give O'Brien credits for the visual effects, and instead claimed the animation process as his own invention and even applied for patents. O'Brien's stop motion work was recognized as a technique to create lifelike creatures for adventure films. O' Brien further pioneered the technique with animated dinosaur sequences for the live-action feature 294: 8213: 5623: 8223: 5633: 330: 2681: 726: 260:, in which the camera is temporarily stopped during the recording of a scene to create a change before filming is continued (or for which the cause of the change is edited out of the film). In the resulting film, the change will be sudden and a logical cause of the change will be mysteriously absent or replaced with a fake cause that is suggested in the scene. The oldest known example is used for the beheading in 4370: 674: 481: 45: 1246: 1616:. Soon after this documentary, the term was trademarked by Vinton to differentiate his team's work from others who had been, or were beginning to do, "clay animation". While the word has stuck and is often used to describe clay animation and stop motion, it remains a trademark owned currently by Laika Entertainment, Inc. Twenty clay-animation episodes featuring the clown 177:. The only known extant disc contains stereoscopic photograph pairs of different phases of the motion of a machine. Due to the long exposure times necessary to capture an image with the photographic emulsions of the period, the sequence could not be recorded live and must have been assembled from separate photographs of the various positions of the machinery. 2233: 2620:(1998) featured creatures built by stop-motion specialist Alan Friswell, who made the miniature figures from modelling clay and latex rubber, over armatures of wire and ball-and-socket joints. The models were then animated one frame at a time, and incorporated into the CGI elements of the game through digital photography. " 743: 1081: 662:, but the creatures wouldn't cooperate or would even die under the bright lamps needed for filming. He solved the problem by using wire for the limbs of dried beetles and then animating them in stop motion. The resulting short film, presumably 1 minute long, was probably titled by the Latin name for the species: 1766:, along with four of his other short multi-technique animated films, most of which eventually evolved into his own feature-length film of the same title. Effectively demonstrating almost all animation techniques, as well as how he produced them, the film was released to theaters in 1987 and to video in 1989. 252:

are lost. Extant contemporary movie catalogs, reviews and other documentation can provide some details on lost films, but this kind of written documentation is also incomplete and often insufficient to properly date all extant films or even identify them if original titles are missing. Possible stop

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for ABC television. The shows featured stop-motion characters combined with live action, based on the books of Beverly Cleary. John Clark Matthews was the animation director, with Justin Kohn, Joel Fletcher, and Gail Van Der Merwe providing character animation. The company also produced other films

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approximately half a year later. Although the films and her technique received much attention of the press, it seems she did not continue making films after she returned to New York from managing a YMCA in Paris around 1918. None of her films have yet surfaced, but the extant magazine articles have

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showed an animated performance of the figures from a popular wooden toy set. Smith would later claim that this was "the first stop-motion picture in America". The inspiration would have come from seeing how puffs of smoke behaved in the interrupted recordings for a stop trick film they were making.

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and stop motion animation of several objects, a puppet and a model of the haunted hotel. It was the first stop motion film to receive wide scale appreciation. Especially a large close-up view of a table being set by itself baffled viewers; there were no visible wires or other noticeable well-known

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on poseable wire frames. He then sketched all the sequential movements on paper. When he arranged these vertically on a long strip, it was possible to give a presentation of the complete dance with a home cinema projector. Later on, he bought a movie camera and between 1906 and 1909 he made many

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so that it looked like one needle was being pushed in and out of the cardboard when animated. He realized that this method provided basically endless possibilities to make different 3D animations. He then introduced two methods to animate stereoscopic pairs of images, one was basically a stereo

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Replicating the distinct tactile look of traditional stop motion has gained popularity in contemporary media through the use of CGI. This approach can often provide a more cost-effective and accessible means of achieving the stop motion aesthetic. Noteworthy among such endeavors is the work of

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during the war and stayed in China afterwards. Due to the scarcity of paint and film stock shortly after the war, Mochinaga decided to work with puppets and stop motion. His work helped popularize puppet animation in China, before he returned to Japan around 1953 where he continued working as

331: 2558:(CGI) include the low entry price and the appeal of its distinct look. Another merit of stop motion is that it accurately displays real-life textures, while CGI texturing is more artificial and not quite as close to realism. This is appreciated by a number of animation directors, such as 731: 727: 1420:'s released his short artistic films since 1964, which usually contain much experimental stop motion. He started to gain much international recognition in the 1980s. Since 1988 he has mostly been directing feature films which feature much more live action than stop motion. These include 1721:

in 1976. Since 1979, over 100 episodes have been broadcast irregularly. Since 2014, new episodes were presented in theatrically released package films. The series became very popular in several countries, especially in The Netherlands, the only country where the characters are voiced.

728: 487: 485: 482: 717:(Рождество обитателей леса, 1913) featured other animated puppets, including Father Christmas and a frog. Starevich made several other stop motion films in the next two years, but mainly went on to direct live-action short and feature films before he fled from Russia in 1918. 486: 1958:" based on the life and works of the famous American author. While the film may have been a little sophisticated for young audiences at the time, it got rave reviews from critics and adults in general. Vinton's team also created the Nomes and the Nome King for Disney's " 334: 225:. He used a model of the planet and a light source standing in for the sun. While actual recordings of the passage of Venus have not been located, some practice discs survived and the images of one were turned into a short animated film decades after the development of 353:

was released on 31 January 1908 and features heaps of clay molding itself into detailed sculptures that are capable of minor movements. The final sculpture depicts an old woman and walks around before it's picked up, squashed and molded back into a sitting old lady.

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technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back. Any kind of object can thus be animated, but

326:(April 1906) features over three minutes of stop motion animation with dolls and objects to represent a fictional automated theatre owned by Bob, played by a live-action child actor. It is the oldest extant film with proper stop motion and a definite release date. 2236: 730: 253:

motion in lost films is even harder to trace. The principles of animation and other special effects were mostly kept a secret, not only to prevent use of such techniques by competitors, but also to keep audiences interested in the mystery of the magic tricks.

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was posted on YouTube on January 19, 2009. The video, directed by Lavie and Yuval and Merav Nathan, uses stop motion and has achieved great success with over 25.4 million views, also earning a 2010 Grammy Award nomination for "Best Short Form Music Video".

2235: 2240: 2239: 2234: 484: 2242: 2241: 713:(Стрекоза и муравей, 1913). Reportedly many viewers were impressed with how much could be achieved with trained insects, or at least wondered what tricks could have been used, since few people were familiar with the secrets of stop motion animation. 115:. Both orthographical variants, with and without the hyphen, are correct, but the hyphenated one has a second meaning that is unrelated to animation or cinema: "a device for automatically stopping a machine or engine when something has gone wrong". 829:, possibly the first female animator, had much success with her "Caricatypes" clay statuettes before she began experimenting with clay animation. Some of her first resulting short films were screened on 25 March 1917. She released an adaptation of 690:

After moving to Moscow, Starevich continued animating dead insects, but now as characters in imaginative stories with much dramatic complexity. He garnered much attention and international acclaim with these short films, including the 10-minute

749: 747: 744: 1085: 748: 1083: 158:). A new translucent variation had improved picture quality and could be viewed with both eyes, by several people at the same time. Plateau stated that the illusion could be advanced even further with an idea communicated to him by 2493:

films. Go motion involved programming a computer to move parts of a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic

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in 1878, a small number of picture sequences were photographed with subjects in separate poses. These can now be regarded as a form of stop motion or pixilation, but very few results were meant to be animated. Until celluloid

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Many young people begin their experiments in movie making with stop motion, thanks to the ease of modern stop-motion software and online video publishing. Many new stop-motion shorts use clay animation into a new form.

1750:, which commemorated Mickey's 50th anniversary in 1978. Jittlov again produced some impressive multi-technique stop-motion animation a year later for a 1979 Disney special promoting their release of the feature film 746: 594:

film by Émile Cohl may have caused more confusion about the release dates of Cooper's matchstick animations. It also raises the question whether Cohl may have been inspired by Melbourne-Cooper or vice versa.

1084: 2142:, was one of the more widely released stop-motion features and became the highest grossing stop-motion animated movie of its time, grossing over $ 50 million domestic. Henry Selick also went on to direct 2051:

interviews. Park then used the same format to produce a series of commercials between 1990 and 1992. The commercials have been credited as having introduced a more "caring" way of advertising in the UK.

1898:. It was aired a few times on American cable channels but has yet to be commercially released. Primarily clay, some characters required armatures, and walk cycles used pre-sculpted hard bases legs. 2762: 894:

developed his own stop motion technique of replacing wooden dolls (or parts of them) with similar figures displaying changed poses and/or expressions. He called it Pal-Doll and used it for his

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which were each nominated for Academy Awards. In 1977, Vinton made a documentary about this process and his style of animation which he dubbed "claymation"; he titled the documentary

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It wasn't until 1954 before a feature animated film with a technique other than cel animation was produced in the US. The first was the stop motion adaptation of 19th century composer

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in 1989. The East German show was continued on other German networks when DFF ended in 1991, and is one of the longest running animated series in the world. The theatrical feature

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in 2000 by Elmer Kaan and Alexander Lentjes. This is also the first ever 3D stereoscopic stop motion and CGI short in the history of film. The first all stop-motion 3D feature is

1389:(1961-1965) featuring penguin-like birds knitted by Peter's wife Joan and filmed on their farm (where most of their productions were filmed in an unused barn). It was followed by 285:

claimed to have invented the stop-trick and popularized it by using it in many of his short films. He reportedly used stop-motion animation in 1899 to produce moving letterforms.

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Smith would have suggested to get a patent for the technique, but Blackton thought it wasn't that important. Smith's recollections are not considered to be very reliable.

2581:, saying that he wanted "the expressiveness and the material nature of a handmade piece of animation — an artisanal, beautiful exercise in carving, painting, sculpting". 1667:

was recorded in a Salvation Army Hostel and Plasticine puppets were animated to dramatise the dialogue. A second film, also for the BBC followed in 1978. A TV series

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short films, including puppet animations. As a dancer and choreographer, Shiryaev had a special talent to create motion in his animated films. According to animator

2266:. Created and produced by Pete Bryden and Ed Cookson, the series was then given its own slot on BBC1 and BBC2 and has been broadcast extensively around the world. 1110:(1949). Harryhausen would go on to create many memorable stop motion effects for a string of successful fantasy films over the next three decades. These included 766: 578:

would supply soldiers with sufficient matches. No archival records are known that could proof that the film was indeed created in 1899 during the beginning of the

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One of the main British animation teams, John Hardwick and Bob Bura, were the main animators in many early British TV shows, and are famous for their work on the

1225:. The 10-minute daily bedtime show for young children features the title character as an animated puppet, and other puppets in different segments. A very similar 3802: 1315:

has been telecasted annually since 1964 and has become one of the most beloved holiday specials in the United States. They made three theatrical feature films

5012: 3661: 1688:, a Canadian government film arts agency that had supported animators for decades. A pioneer of refined multiple stop-motion films under the NFB banner was 200:

received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices (much like the later zoetrope). Desvignes'

184:'s published an article about his Stereophoroskop and other experiments aimed at stereoscopic moving images. He mentioned a method of sticking needles in a 4751: 4649: 4634: 1760:, Jittlov's work stood out as the best part of the special. Jittlov released his footage the following year to 16mm film collectors as a short film titled 562:, an estimated 36 contained forms of animation. Based on later reports by Melbourne-Cooper and by his daughter Audrey Wadowska, some believe that Cooper's 513:

bought a copy to further distribute the film, it was carefully studied by some of their filmmakers to find out how it was made. Reportedly it was newcomer

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in 1930, but problems with its soundtrack delayed its release. In 1937 it was released with a German soundtrack and in 1941 with its French soundtrack.

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that featured clay molding itself into three complete busts. No copy of the film has yet been located. It was soon followed by the similar extant film

3977: 2076: 4052: 193:. Czermak explained how suitable stereoscopic photographs could be made by recording a series of models, for instance to animate a growing pyramid. 4838: 3311: 1661:. In 1977 they started on a series of animated films, again using modelling clay, but this time made for a more adult audience. The soundtrack for 1368:

in collaboration with Danish paper sculptor Thok Søndergaard (Thoki Yenn), featuring dog Snap, cut from a sheet of paper by pair of scissors Snip.

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video software which comes with the option for Stop Motion videos. This has been released December 8, 2011 as a 3DS system update. Also, the film

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scenes in the same setting. These are believed to also have been produced in 1899, while a release date of 1908 has also been given. The 1908

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which became the first stop-motion film to win an Oscar. Will Vinton followed with several other successful short film experiments including

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and the Quay brothers (although the latter claim to have only discovered Švankmajer's films after having developed their own similar style).

938: 852:(finished 1920, released 1924) featured detailed hand-made insect puppets that could convey facial expressions with moving lips and eyelids. 3688:"Jason Douglass – Artist, Author, and Pioneering Motion Picture Animator: The Career of Helena Smith Dayton (runner-up) – Animation Studies" 318:. He has often been compared to Georges Méliès as he also made many fantasy films with stop tricks and other illusions (helped by his wife, 8031: 5562: 2182:

released on BBC. Bob the Builder was a popular British stop-motion television series created by Keith Chapman & produced and owned by

4843: 4389: 3830: 1311: 1305: 8257: 2199:. The Emmy-winning sitcom aired on Fox for two seasons, then moved to the WB for an additional season. Vinton launched another series, 907: 3867: 2980: 2070:. Three more short films and one feature film and many TV adaptions and spin-offs would follow. Among many other awards, Park won the 810: 6779: 5604: 4791: 4735: 3284: 2530:. Those Phil Tippett's go motion tests acted as motion models for his first photo-realistic use of computers to depict dinosaurs in 7567: 4853: 4833: 1955: 1068: 994:. An abbreviated version of this sequence was later used in television ads for Autolite, especially those on the 1950s CBS program 1641:

that would produce many commercials, TV series, short films and eventually also feature films. In 1976 they created the character

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animator Ian Worthington, exemplified by his 2021 short film "Captain Yajima". Another prominent example of this trend includes

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on November 24, 2006, and won the 13th Korean Animation Awards in 2007 for Best Animation. Ffango Entertoyment also worked with

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was established in 1888 and set the standard for the moving image, animation could only be presented via mechanisms such as the

6966: 1409: 984:, an automotive parts supplier, featured stop-motion animation of its products marching past Autolite factories to the tune of 5674: 5599: 5584: 4654: 4280: 4074: 3767: 3671: 3348: 2990: 2104: 1963: 1697: 1025: 521:(June 1907), featuring his own imaginative use of the stop-motion technique. It was followed by the revolutionary hand-drawn 406:, mainly shows people in bear costumes, but the short film also features a short stop-motion segment with small teddy bears. 2060:

TV series (2003, 2005–2006) and a Christmas special (2005). Also in 1989, Park introduced his very popular clay characters

6427: 6216: 5552: 4821: 4816: 4740: 3819: 790:(1917). O'Brien was then hired by producer Herbert M. Dawley to direct, create effects, co-write and co-star with him for 4863: 4644: 4420: 3709:"Pat a Mat spolu kutí už 40 let a stále se nevzdávají. Za socialismu je chtěli zakázat, za kapitalismu málem zkrachovali" 3433: 2854: 2625: 1566: 1561: 1432: 1339: 1337:(1966) before the collaboration ended. Rankin/Bass worked with other animators for more TV specials, with titles such as 1155: 1124: 990: 932: 398: 270:. The technique of stop motion can be interpreted as repeatedly applying the stop trick. In 1917, clay animation pioneer 8014: 6784: 4513: 2171: 1317: 635:

his work was decades ahead of its time. Part of Shiryaev's animation work is featured in Viktor Bocharov's documentary

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and have received universal critical acclaim from fans and critics. Gōda also directed the stop-motion movie series

4858: 4639: 4561: 4003: 2610: 2303: 2144: 1692:, who brought in many other animators to create their own creatively controlled films. Notable among these are the 1520: 1168: 1144: 977:(1933) is widely regarded as a milestone in stop-motion animation and a highlight of Hollywood cinema in general. 7131: 6211: 4781: 4119: 2024: 1668: 1136: 390: 7994: 6340: 6151: 4796: 4725: 4621: 4591: 4571: 2130: 771: 2834: 1048:

and other international festivals. Trnka would make several more award-winning stop motion features including

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in London. Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success".

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British television has shown many stop motion series for young children since the 1960s. An early example is

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was produced in 1899 and therefore the first stop-motion animation. The extant black-and-white film shows a

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animation director. In the 1960s, Mochinaga supervised the "Animagic" puppet animation for productions by

7895: 7467: 7020: 6885: 6574: 5902: 4762: 4611: 4586: 2699: 1775: 1351: 1130: 948: 17: 4028: 2748:), 'stop-motion' a device for automatically stopping a machine or engine when something has gone wrong ( 7905: 7512: 7355: 6000: 5135: 5088: 2555: 2044: 1981: 1779: 960: 798: 703: 468: 129: 4145: 3516:"They Thought it was a Marvel": Arthur Melbourne-Cooper (1874-1961) : Pioneer of Puppet Animation 7915: 7472: 7427: 7335: 6713: 6156: 6116: 5667: 5098: 4811: 4708: 4566: 4473: 3953: 2704: 2306:

animated series in 2004 after an approval with the Gyeonggi Digital Contents Agency. It was aired in

2162: 1149: 996: 3842: 1186:(1955), which shortly thereafter propelled him into the production of his more structured TV series 366:

filmed a single-shot "lightning sculpting" film with a baker molding faces from a patch of dough in

8262: 7417: 6437: 6432: 6300: 6141: 5764: 5377: 5357: 4757: 2621: 2571: 2483: 2378: 2372: 2271: 2126:(since 1997). Except for the pilot, all animation has been created on computers in the same style. 2113: 1820: 614:(1908) features a scene with many animated toys that lasts approximately three and a half minutes. 463: 7482: 2732: 1888:

In 1980, Marc Paul Chinoy directed the 1st feature-length clay animated film, based on the famous

1252:, two inventive but clumsy neighbors, was introduced in 1976, while the first made-for-TV episode 1017:. It was not meant for general cinemas, but did become part of the official selection of the 1946 7407: 7285: 6737: 6541: 5744: 5715: 5472: 5332: 4786: 4413: 3464: 2477: 2410: 2112:. In 1995 they made a second short with the same titled, commissioned as a Christmas greeting by 1923: 1814: 1794: 1589: 1574: 1490: 1296: 1229:

series, possibly conceived earlier, ran on West German television from 1 December 1959 until the

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films since 1932. The particular replacement animation method itself also became better known as

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Disney experimented with several stop-motion techniques by hiring independent animator-director

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The Dinosaur Films of Ray Harryhausen: Features, Early 16mm Experiments and Unrealized Projects

2714: 2014: 1967: 1913: 1676: 965: 606: 403: 197: 181: 4053:"Travis Knight Explains 'Absurd' Decision to Make Stop-Motion Epic 'Kubo and the Two Strings'" 3759: 3514: 3226: 233: 7863: 7422: 7064: 6954: 6611: 5498: 5467: 5457: 5382: 5342: 5113: 4882: 4448: 4393: 2522: 1708: 1323: 1222: 973: 664: 455: 375:

In 1905, Porter showed animated letters and very simple cutout animation of two hands in the

7900: 3978:"Everything you need to know about the making of Guillermo del Toro's stop-motion Pinocchio" 3751: 302: 8247: 8216: 8113: 8009: 7672: 7375: 7240: 7052: 6986: 6397: 6334: 6329: 6206: 6020: 5973: 5855: 5806: 5705: 5660: 5641: 5447: 5295: 5279: 5140: 5070: 5040: 5022: 4953: 4942: 4688: 4553: 4543: 4503: 3871: 3803:"The future looks bright for companies that moved into the Gyeonggi Digital Content Agency" 2598: 2536:

in 1993. A low-tech, manual version of this blurring technique was originally pioneered by

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In 1999, Will Vinton launched the first US prime-time stop-motion television series called

1935: 1505:. Noyes also used stop motion to animate sand lying on glass for his musical animated film 1459: 1230: 1045: 1018: 523: 510: 368: 293: 84: 1072:(1959). He also directed many short films and experimented with other forms of animation. 346: 311: 8: 7719: 7592: 7577: 7442: 7345: 7280: 6976: 6937: 6809: 6794: 6621: 6380: 6186: 6161: 6126: 6079: 5520: 5362: 5300: 4528: 4483: 4453: 4004:"Director Henry Selick talks 'Wendell and Wild' and the 'charm' of stop-motion animation" 2879: 2542: 2345: 2053: 1848: 1839: 1693: 1663: 1657:. The five-inch-high presenter was made from a traditional British modelling clay called 1622: 1542: 1329: 1010: 883: 840:

provided several stills and approximately 20 poorly printed frames from two film strips.

830: 826: 445: 282: 271: 964:(1947). Many of his puppetoon films were selected for preservation in the United States 558:

Of the more than 300 short films produced between 1896 and 1915 by British film pioneer

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referred to the principle behind her work as "stop action", a synonym of "stop motion".

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viewer using two stroboscopic discs and the other was more or less similar to the later

95:. Stop motion of flat materials such as paper, fabrics or photographs is usually called 8123: 8043: 7967: 7853: 7843: 7745: 7637: 7617: 7517: 7497: 7265: 7193: 7099: 7084: 7015: 6720: 6656: 6514: 6494: 6385: 6035: 5956: 5890: 5880: 5843: 5626: 5547: 5477: 5422: 5254: 5244: 5227: 5145: 5003: 4715: 4693: 4538: 4508: 4498: 4468: 4406: 4300: 3820:

Beetlejuice 2 Revives A 42-Year-Old Tim Burton Trademark Missing From His Last 3 Movies

2921:"Les inventions animées, Émile Cohl au prisme d'une histoire culturelle des techniques" 2660: 2651: 2559: 2537: 2109: 2061: 1800: 1704: 1638: 1501:

refined the technique of "free-form" clay animation with his Oscar-nominated 1965 film

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Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique

1843:, using recorded soundtracks of real people talking. A further series in 1986, called 388:

Porter experimented with a small bit of crude stop-motion animation in his trick film

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made several practice discs for the recording of the passage of Venus with his series

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won the Oscar for Best Animated Short in 1990. In 1986, they also produced a notable

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patented a "Stéréoscope-fantascope ou Bïoscope" (or abbreviated as stéréofantascope)

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The term "stop motion", relating to the animation technique, is often spelled with a

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Animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own

7397: 2820: 2216:. The shorts, animated by stop-motion studio Dwarf, are currently still produced in 1577:

of the same title. They also produced a documentary of their production techniques,

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Willis O' Brien's expressive and emotionally convincing animation of the big ape in

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By 1920 Starewicz had settled in Paris, and started making new stop motion films.

707:(Прекрасная Люканида, или Война усачей с рогачами, October 1912) and the 5-minute 8143: 8068: 8058: 8053: 8038: 7947: 7890: 7789: 7684: 7602: 7597: 7527: 7462: 7382: 7255: 7250: 7223: 7119: 6917: 6880: 6826: 6819: 6772: 6646: 6616: 6529: 6489: 6484: 6417: 6363: 6348: 6268: 6243: 6238: 6176: 6094: 6084: 6045: 5961: 5885: 5811: 5574: 5493: 5442: 5432: 5387: 5118: 5035: 4964: 4828: 4463: 4322: 3615: 3558: 3406: 3385: 3364: 3196: 3174: 3153: 3132: 3087: 3006: 2669:, which uses CGI to replicate the visual style and imperfections of stop motion. 2431: 2425:

in 1955 by Paul Sprunck. The third and latest stop motion short in stereo 3D was

2421:), made in 1939 by John Norling. The second stereoscopic stop-motion release was 2354: 2341: 2179: 2150: 2066: 2027: 1988: 1977: 1804:

were all filmed using stop-motion animation, with the latter two films utilising

1570: 1391: 1380: 1209: 1101: 1041: 954: 579: 575: 363: 185: 174: 155: 88: 7777: 4380: 4191: 3893: 3729: 2821:"Medals and Honourable Mentions Awarded by the International Juries: With a ..." 1217: 1176:, featuring stop motion animation of dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. 697:(Прекрасная Люканида, или Война усачей с рогачами) (March 1912), the two-minute 8128: 8098: 8078: 7940: 7925: 7870: 7828: 7667: 7622: 7612: 7587: 7542: 7532: 7310: 7290: 7260: 7245: 7203: 7168: 7126: 7114: 7109: 6902: 6873: 6762: 6747: 6691: 6546: 6504: 6015: 5831: 5722: 5503: 5392: 5274: 5249: 5108: 5060: 5050: 4915: 4533: 4268: 3928: 2664: 2311: 2256: 2201: 2005: 1918: 1903: 1752: 1689: 1634: 1594: 1036: 1005: 985: 467:(1908, considered lost) by Blackton and his British-American Vitagraph partner 435: 226: 151: 7984: 7782: 7074: 4169: 3458: 3427: 3052: 2848: 2835:"Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People" 2649:

to single out and move individual atoms which were used to make characters in

2209: 1947:

commercial from the 1970s is now legendary among model animation enthusiasts.

48:

A clay model of a chicken, designed to be used in a clay stop motion animation

8241: 8103: 8083: 7632: 7572: 7557: 7447: 7392: 7387: 7360: 7330: 7295: 7136: 7089: 7079: 7042: 7010: 7000: 6991: 6961: 6831: 6767: 6708: 6703: 6641: 6606: 6551: 6509: 6479: 6469: 6462: 6278: 6226: 6196: 6181: 6136: 6121: 6040: 5907: 5860: 5826: 5786: 5754: 5727: 5259: 5192: 5045: 4938: 4905: 4075:"Guillermo del Toro's magical Pinocchio process video is utterly mesmerizing" 2965: 2942: 2629: 2512: 2366: 2334: 2329: 1999: 1929: 1890: 1882: 1727: 1447: 1427: 1360: 1056: 571: 539: 212: 170: 7412: 4290: 2920: 2577:

Guillermo del Toro aimed to praise the benefits of stop motion in his movie

2120:. The concepts and characters were further developed into the TV hit series 1901:

Stop motion was also used for some shots of the final sequence of the first

1553:

book series, including the original series of the same name (1975–1982) and

514: 440: 7974: 7957: 7910: 7760: 7704: 7235: 7230: 7161: 7037: 6981: 6932: 6907: 6895: 6626: 6358: 6353: 6290: 6253: 6231: 6221: 6099: 6030: 6010: 5912: 5870: 5776: 5759: 5557: 5426: 5367: 5347: 5327: 5269: 5222: 5123: 5055: 4720: 4698: 4244: 3581: 3027: 2850:

1874 Pierre Jules César Janssen - Passage artificiel de Venus sur le Soleil

2709: 2613: 2563: 2472: 2444: 2407: 2390: 2349: 2196: 2156: 2135: 2117: 1959: 1856: 1809: 1739: 1735: 1713: 1376: 1249: 3489: 2393:

are still using stop-motion animation in some of their live action films.

1446:. Švankmajer's work has been highly influential on other artists, such as 83:) are most commonly used. Puppets, models or clay figures built around an 8226: 8188: 8168: 8163: 8148: 8138: 8118: 8048: 8026: 7952: 7799: 7794: 7652: 7457: 7437: 7402: 7151: 7047: 6804: 6789: 6730: 6696: 6474: 6447: 6412: 6283: 6273: 6146: 6106: 6074: 6025: 5941: 5922: 5895: 5791: 5749: 5700: 5525: 5305: 5083: 4910: 2506: 2498:

effect. Tippett also used the process extensively in his 1984 short film

2495: 2436: 2320: 2095: 2082: 1951: 1681: 1585: 1546: 1454: 1173: 1163: 659: 583: 517:

who unraveled the mystery. Not long after, Cohl released his first film,

249: 163: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3540: 2895: 2823:

Her Majesty's Commissioners. 10 April 1862 – via Internet Archive.

1512:

Italian director Francesco Misseri created the clay animation TV series

1192:(1955–1989), with the iconic titular character. In partnership with the 1003:

The first British animated feature was the stop motion instruction film

902:. In Europe he mainly worked on promotional films for companies such as 434:(23 February 1907) featured a combination of live-action with practical 204:, received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the 8178: 8158: 8108: 8088: 8073: 8063: 7979: 7930: 7740: 7547: 7487: 7305: 7198: 7141: 7069: 7027: 6858: 6676: 6661: 6631: 6589: 6558: 6248: 6111: 5875: 5816: 5796: 5686: 5530: 5397: 5310: 4993: 4988: 4933: 4240: 3572: 2606: 2594: 2567: 2449: 2386: 2360: 2302:, produced by Korean studio Ffango Entertoyment is greenlighted into a 2262: 2213: 2139: 2122: 2099: 1954:

and his team released an ambitious feature film in stop motion called "

1944: 1658: 1630: 1372: 1365: 1292: 1179: 1095: 895: 891: 814: 632: 567: 376: 278: 257: 92: 80: 76: 63: 31: 4217:"From Legos to CGI: An Interview with Kris Theorin – Senses of Cinema" 4123: 3831:

How Wes Anderson sneaks stop-motion animation into every film he makes

2933: 1182:

started his adventures in clay with a freeform clay short film called

626:

started making approximately 20- to 25-centimeter-tall puppets out of

236:

created a large zoetrope with a series of plaster models based on his

7989: 7935: 7833: 7772: 7765: 7607: 7502: 7452: 7173: 7059: 6922: 6868: 6671: 6594: 6584: 6457: 6452: 6067: 6062: 6052: 5978: 5951: 5927: 5865: 5838: 5781: 5540: 5510: 5320: 5264: 5214: 5182: 4981: 4969: 4895: 4429: 4098: 3636: 2694: 2468: 2462: 2283: 2034: 1921:. Allen's stop-motion work can also be seen in such feature films as 1864: 1834: 1805: 1696:

films of Jacques Drouin, made with the original pinscreen donated by

1674:

Sand-coated puppet animation was used in the Oscar-winning 1977 film

1654: 1646: 1534: 1498: 1471: 1385: 1283: 927: 899: 622:

As a means to plan his performances, ballet dancer and choreographer

459:

in 1908, with the latter also containing some very early pixelation.

140: 60: 6651: 2605:

Stop motion has occasionally been used to create the characters for

2269:

Other notable stop-motion feature films released since 2000 include

1272:

started out as assistant animator in short anime (propaganda) films

7875: 7537: 7432: 7218: 7208: 7156: 6846: 6305: 6057: 5734: 5535: 5402: 5352: 5337: 5315: 5187: 5164: 4676: 4398: 3541:"East Anglian Film Archive: Animated Matches Playing Cricket, 1899" 2634: 2440: 2427:

The Incredible Invasion of the 20,000 Giant Robots from Outer Space

2247: 1971: 1962:" feature, for which they received an Academy Award Nomination for 1617: 1476: 1474:

produced popular TV series with animated puppets in adaptations of

1397: 1383:) produced several stop motion series with puppets, beginning with 1261: 1090: 981: 190: 144: 3577:"Peter Lord on Alexander Shiryaev, animation's great lost pioneer" 2655:. This was the tiniest scale stop-motion video made at that time. 439:

tricks. This inspired other filmmakers, including French animator

315: 8198: 7880: 7823: 6841: 3475: 3444: 3073: 2865: 2680: 2489: 2191: 2048: 1826: 1529: 1514: 1403: 903: 869: 546:

is often confused with Bosetti's object animation tour de force

34:, the combination of still photographs into a fast-moving video. 8153: 7350: 7275: 6927: 6863: 6836: 6499: 6312: 6166: 5197: 5172: 5078: 4384: 4369: 2554:

The reasons for using stop motion instead of the more advanced

2504:, a 10 minutes long sequence depicting a herbivorous dinosaur ( 2277: 1650: 1300: 652: 154:

published a note about improvements for his Fantascope (a.k.a.

108: 68: 5652: 2752:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, Vol. 2 N–Z, 1993 edition, p. 3,074) 2254:

The BBC commissioned thirteen episodes of stop frame animated

906:. Later Pal gained much success in Hollywood with a string of 7838: 6971: 6949: 6942: 6742: 5452: 4478: 2837:. W. and R. Chambers. 10 April 1868 – via Google Books. 2333:

has mostly utilized stop-motion animation, using custom made

2315: 2217: 2019: 1443: 1188: 357: 2443:

and directed by Henry Selick. Another recent example is the

2413:

throughout film history. The first 3D stop-motion short was

1778:

often used stop-motion model animation in such films as the

1717:, two inventive but clumsy neighbors, in the 7-minute short 44: 6890: 5683: 5030: 3846: 3313:

The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911-1967, 2d ed

3058: 2549: 2307: 2260:

in 2004 as inserts into their flagship pre-school program,

1684:. Hoedeman was one of dozens of animators sheltered by the 548:

Le garde-meubles automatique (The Automatic Moving Company)

443:

and Segundo de Chomón. De Chomón would release the similar

3637:"The dinosaur and the missing link, a prehistoric tragedy" 2796:

Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952

1645:

who appeared as an animated side-kick to the TV presenter

1245: 5515: 1464: 1371:

Apart from their cutout animation series, British studio

505:

made a big impression in Paris, where it was released as

767:

The Dinosaur and the Missing Link: A Prehistoric Tragedy

2982:

Transforming Type: New Directions in Kinetic Typography

2526:

in 1985, a full-length dinosaurs documentary hosted by

2086:

movie, which was another film from Aardman Animations.

1907:

movie, also for the scenes of the small alien ships in

550:(1912). Both films feature furniture moving by itself. 527:(17 August 1908) and many more animated films by Cohl. 372:(1902), considered as foreshadowing of clay animation. 91:. Stop motion with live actors is often referred to as 4250:

Creating 3-D animation: The Aardman Book of Filmmaking

3891: 2352:, which have collectively grossed over $ 400 million: 1034:

The first Czech animated feature was the package film

881:

Starewicz finished the first feature stop motion film

642: 2467:

Another more complicated variation on stop motion is

1626:, starting from a first appearance in February 1976. 1333:(1966, released in 1967), and the television special 2676: 2540:

in the silent era, and was used in his feature film

1808:: an invention from renowned visual effects veteran 1237:(2010) was fully animated with stop motion puppets. 651:(1882–1965), started his film career around 1909 in 409:

On 15 February 1908, Porter released the trick film

5595:

List of animated television series by episode count

4192:"Drop What You're Doing and Watch 'Captain Yajima'" 3460:

The Automatic Moving Company (Romeo Bossetti, 1912)

1584:In 1975, filmmaker and clay animation experimenter 582:. Others place it at 1914, during the beginning of 322:). By 1906 Chomón was using stop motion animation. 162:: a combination of the fantascope and Wheatstone's 4299: 2077:Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit 1873:), as well as further films by Sproxton and Lord. 1541:The British artists Brian Cosgrove and Mark Hall ( 1497:In the 1960s and 1970s, independent clay animator 701:(Веселые сценки из жизни животных), the 12-minute 3490:"East Anglian Film Archive: Matches Appeal, 1899" 2108:, a short cutout animated student film made with 2037:became very successful with his short claymation 1833:In the UK, Aardman Animations continued to grow. 1545:) produced two stop-motion animated adaptions of 1303:, starting with the syndicated television series 243: 8239: 4324:Disney A to Z: The Updated Official Encyclopedia 3253:"The Moving picture world. v.3 (1908:July-Dec.)" 610:(1904) may have included stop-motion animation. 530:Other notable stop-motion films by Cohl include 314:(1871–1929) made many trick films in France for 5590:List of animated films by box office admissions 1742:toys ever produced, in a short sequence called 1295:' Videocraft International, Ltd. (later called 720: 4171:A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie 5668: 4414: 4072: 3134:A Sculptor's Welsh Rabbit Dream (1908) - IMDb 2584: 2212:directed 30-second sketches of the character 939:And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street 873:(1914) featured some stop motion techniques. 860:One of the earliest clay animation films was 770:(1915). Apart from the titular dinosaur and " 248:It is estimated that 80 to 90 percent of all 4143: 2396: 1837:funded a new series of clay animated films, 655:filming live insects. He wanted to document 123: 3929:"AthenaStudios | Why Stop-Motion Animation" 3913:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3201:. University of Chicago Press. p. 11. 2401: 2250:, a modern example of stop motion animation 1738:to make the first stop-motion animation of 908:Academy Award for Best Animated Short Films 855: 402:(2 March 1907), made in collaboration with 111:as "stop-motion"—either standalone or as a 5675: 5661: 4421: 4407: 3731:Pat & Mat (TV Series 1976–2018) - IMDb 3429:THE REAL Emile Cohl's 'Le Mobilier Fidèle' 3408:The Automatic Moving Company (1910) - IMDb 3198:Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 1528:, 1976), and a TV series with an animated 1463:(1965) which played for many years on the 1215:On 22 November 1959, the first episode of 1024:The first Belgian animated feature was an 821:and other Helena Smith-Dayton films (1917) 553: 358:Edwin S. Porter and Wallace McCutcheon Sr. 3754:The Advanced Art of Stop-Motion Animation 3028:"El escultor moderno - Vídeo Dailymotion" 2932: 2925:1895. Mille Huit Cent Quatre-vingt-quinze 2750:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2406:Stop motion has very rarely been shot in 1824:, and the first two feature films in the 1812:. The many shots including the ghosts in 1711:debuted their animated puppet characters 1235:Das Sandmännchen – Abenteuer im Traumland 532:Les allumettes animées (Animated Matches) 507:L'hôtel hanté: fantasmagorie épouvantable 4327:(updated ed.). New York: Hyperion. 4214: 4099:"About ClayNation stop motion animation" 4029:"Tim Burton talks about 'Frankenweenie'" 3512: 3309: 2550:Comparison to computer-generated imagery 2337:and other toys as principal characters. 2231: 1980:released his award-winning fantasy film 1244: 1079: 884:Le Roman de Renard (The Tale of the Fox) 809: 741: 724: 670: 479: 328: 292: 43: 4189: 4001: 3336: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3194: 2978: 2872: 2777: 2296:In 2003, the pilot film for the series 2178:In November 1998, the first episode of 2072:Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 417:(6 May 1908) by Wallace McCutcheon Sr. 300:in a stop motion/pixilation scene from 14: 8240: 4273:Leonard Maltin's Movie and Video Guide 3951: 3758:. Boston: Course Technology. pp. 3749: 3659: 3155:The Sculptor's Nightmare (1908) - IMDb 2510:), being chased by a carnivorous one ( 1680:, produced by Dutch-Canadian animator 1629:At very much the same time in the UK, 1592:to create an experimental film called 1327:(1966, stop motion / live-action) and 1309:(1960-1961). The Christmas TV special 1218:Unser Sandmänchen (Our Little Sandman) 805: 637:Alexander Shiryaev: A Belated Premiere 256:Stop motion is closely related to the 5656: 4402: 4073:Pulliam-Moore, Charles (2022-09-24). 4026: 3791:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196895/ 3787:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094541/ 3783:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196767/ 3109:"Edwin S. Porter | American director" 2918: 2246:The music video to "Green" (2018) by 1792:, the Tauntauns and AT-AT walkers in 1698:Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker 1044:. The film won several awards at the 864:, which impressed audiences in 1912. 843: 668:(Жук-олень, 1910, considered lost). 617: 570:figure writing an appeal to donate a 420: 5563:Films with live action and animation 4428: 4344:Encyclopedia of Animation Techniques 4146:"Claymation RPG Hylics 2 is out now" 3603:Alexander Shiryaev: Belated Premiere 3571: 3533: 3282: 3215: 2853:. magical media museum. 2012-05-05. 2792: 2030:, were produced by Trickfilmstudio. 1401:(1969-1972, 1974, revived in 2015), 1202:(1960–2004). The theatrical feature 288: 3954:"Why do we still love stop motion?" 3513:Vries, Tjitte de; Mul, Ati (2009). 2318:to produce the 2010 film remake of 2154:, and Tim Burton went on to direct 1410:Tottie: The Story of a Doll's House 1156:Hansel and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy 933:The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins 757:(1925); animation by Willis O'Brien 643:Ladislas Starevich (Russian period) 24: 8015:List of American independent films 4275:(2007 ed.). New York: Plume. 4232: 3289:. University of California Press. 2172:The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb 1318:Willy McBean and His Magic Machine 1240: 1104:learned under O'Brien on the film 876: 25: 8274: 8258:Audiovisual introductions in 1897 4655:Modern TV cable and streaming era 4392:, early stop-motion film (1908), 4362: 4120:"Blu-Tack - Make Our Next Advert" 3310:Fielding, Raymond (May 7, 2015). 3225:Crafton, Donald (July 14, 2014). 1194:United Lutheran Church in America 736:The Dinosaur and the Missing Link 8221: 8212: 8211: 5631: 5622: 5621: 4368: 4122:. Blu-tack.co.uk. Archived from 3870:. Moonridge5.com. Archived from 3559:"Animated Matches (1908) - IMDb" 3340:Emile Cohl, Caricature, and Film 3283:Fell, John L. (April 10, 1983). 3228:Emile Cohl, Caricature, and Film 2799:. University Press of Kentucky. 2679: 2611:Virgin Interactive Entertainment 2609:, as an alternative to CGI. The 1830:series use Tippett's go motion. 1559:(1992–2001), a full-length film 1444:the legend of the German scholar 1433:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 1169:Journey to the Beginning of Time 1040:(1947) with animated puppets by 5682: 4346:. Philadelphia: Running Press. 4302:Chicken Run: Hatching the Movie 4215:Comiskey, Andrea (2023-08-04). 4208: 4183: 4162: 4137: 4112: 4091: 4066: 4045: 4020: 3995: 3970: 3945: 3921: 3885: 3860: 3835: 3824: 3813: 3795: 3776: 3743: 3722: 3701: 3680: 3653: 3629: 3608: 3595: 3565: 3551: 3506: 3482: 3467:from the original on 2021-11-02 3463:. Sebastian Ortiz. 2013-09-25. 3451: 3436:from the original on 2021-05-08 3420: 3399: 3378: 3357: 3330: 3303: 3276: 3263: 3245: 3188: 3176:The Haunted Hotel (1907) - IMDb 3167: 3146: 3125: 3101: 3089:The 'Teddy' Bears (1907) - IMDb 3080: 3065:from the original on 2019-11-04 3045: 3020: 2999: 2979:Brownie, Barbara (2014-12-18). 2972: 2949: 2912: 2888: 2857:from the original on 2021-07-17 2344:, the stop-motion successor to 2227: 2195:, co-created by actor-comedian 1669:The Amazing Adventures of Morph 1503:Clay (or the Origin of Species) 1306:The New Adventures of Pinocchio 1208:(1992, released in 1995) was a 1026:adaptation of the Tintin comic 867:The early Italian feature film 411:A Sculptor's Welsh Rabbit Dream 37:For the EP by Maki Ohguro, see 4144:O'Connor, Alice (2020-06-22). 3519:. Amsterdam University Press. 3387:Animated Matches (1908) - IMDb 3343:. Princeton University Press. 3337:Crafton, Donald (2014-07-14). 3231:. Princeton University Press. 3054:HOW JONES LOST HIS ROLL (1905) 3008:Modern Sculptors (1908) - IMDb 2841: 2827: 2813: 2786: 2771: 2755: 2744:'stop', combinations section ( 2738: 2726: 2290:Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio 2131:The Nightmare Before Christmas 2074:for the feature-length outing 2056:later directed two 13-episode 1879:music video for "Sledgehammer" 1312:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 1031:(1947) with animated puppets. 1028:The Crab with the Golden Claws 850:Dans les Griffes de L'araignée 764:'s first stop motion film was 598:Melbourne-Cooper's lost films 244:1895–1928: The silent film era 102: 13: 1: 5585:Most expensive animated films 5240:Direct manipulation animation 4891:Barrier-grid and stereography 4253:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 4002:Edwards, Belen (2022-10-29). 2793:Zone, Ray (3 February 2014). 2733:"Case study: Chicken in Clay" 2720: 2647:scanning tunneling microscope 2015:over 150 five-minute episodes 1686:National Film Board of Canada 1346:Santa Claus is Comin' to Town 1113:The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms 890:Hungarian-American filmmaker 793:The Ghost of Slumber Mountain 788:Curious Pets of Our Ancestors 699:Happy Scenes from Animal Life 538:(1910, in collaboration with 475: 206:1862 International Exhibition 5131:Non-photorealistic rendering 4027:Young, John (May 12, 2012). 3892:3-D Revolution Productions. 3845:. Elmer Kaan. Archived from 3617:Lucanus Cervus (1910) - IMDb 3366:Japanese Magic (1907) - IMDb 2597:'s music video for the song 2475:and first used on the films 2456: 1994:The Mouse and the Motorcycle 1956:The Adventures Of Mark Twain 1786:: the holochess sequence in 1776:Industrial Light & Magic 1763:The Wizard of Speed and Time 1223:DFF (East German television) 1166:made his first feature film 1119:It Came from Beneath the Sea 1000:, which Autolite sponsored. 980:A 1940 promotional film for 923:Jasper and the Haunted House 721:Willis O'Brien's early films 267:The Execution of Mary Stuart 262:Edison Manufacturing Company 7: 4763:International Animation Day 4190:Shields, Meg (2021-05-19). 3952:Tucker, Emma (2020-09-16). 3432:. Alpha Crocy. 2010-09-27. 2927:(in French) (53): 140–153. 2919:Carou, Alain (2007-12-01). 2700:List of stop motion artists 2672: 2423:The Adventures of Sam Space 2010:based on children's books. 1798:, and the AT-ST walkers in 1488:in Canada) (1967-1974) and 1416:Czech surrealist filmmaker 1352:Here Comes Peter Cottontail 1260:) was produced in 1979 for 1131:The Golden Voyage of Sinbad 949:John Henry and the Inky-Poo 710:The Grasshopper and the Ant 79:figures (clay animation or 10: 8279: 7906:Classical Hollywood cinema 7095:Commedia sexy all'italiana 6003:Exploitation film template 5947:Commedia sexy all'italiana 5233:Linear Animation Generator 5136:Physically based animation 2881:From Daedaleum to Zoetrope 2585:Stop motion in other media 2556:computer-generated imagery 2460: 2080:. Park also worked on the 1943:(1993). Allen's King Kong 1556:Noddy's Toyland Adventures 130:Early history of animation 127: 118: 36: 29: 8207: 7810: 7728: 7473:German underground horror 7428:Documentary Film Movement 7336:American eccentric cinema 7321: 6567: 5693: 5617: 5486: 5415: 5288: 5213: 5163: 5069: 5021: 5002: 4924: 4881: 4874: 4822:Children's animated films 4771: 4669: 4552: 4444: 4437: 3711:(in Czech). extrastory.cz 3561:– via www.imdb.com. 3326:– via Google Books. 3299:– via Google Books. 3241:– via Google Books. 2985:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2878:Herbert, Stephen. (n.d.) 2809:– via Google Books. 2767:(in French). Hayez. 1849. 2705:List of stop motion films 2645:Scientists at IBM used a 2397:Variations of stop motion 2145:James and the Giant Peach 1335:Ballad of Smokey the Bear 1268:Japanese puppet animator 1069:A Midsummer Night's Dream 1051:The Emperor's Nightingale 124:1849 to 1895: Before film 4731:Animation film festivals 4342:Taylor, Richard (1996). 3195:Crafton, Donald (1993). 2966:10.5040/9781580819015.01 2402:Stereoscopic stop motion 2373:Kubo and the Two Strings 2169:The stop-motion feature 2114:Fox Broadcasting Company 2089: 1847:, premiered the work of 1774:In the 1970s and 1980s, 1769: 1746:, part of a TV special, 1518:(1970-1976, 2002–2007), 1075: 944:Jasper and the Beanstalk 856:Other silent stop motion 464:The Humpty Dumpty Circus 415:The Sculptor's Nightmare 391:Dream of a Rarebit Fiend 340:The Sculptor's Nightmare 30:Not to be confused with 7408:Cinema of Transgression 6542:Cinema of Transgression 5553:Twelve basic principles 5473:Instructional animation 3750:Priebe, Ken A. (2011). 3660:Webber, Roy P. (2004). 3113:Encyclopedia Britannica 2478:The Empire Strikes Back 2105:The Spirit of Christmas 1924:The Crater Lake Monster 1815:Raiders of the Lost Ark 1795:The Empire Strikes Back 1575:classic children's book 1562:The Wind in the Willows 1297:Rankin/Bass Productions 1125:Jason and the Argonauts 862:Modelling Extraordinary 704:The Cameraman's Revenge 694:The Beautiful Leukanida 684:The Beautiful Leukanida 560:Arthur Melbourne-Cooper 554:Arthur Melbourne-Cooper 382:How Jones Lost His Roll 7493:Hollywood on the Tiber 5151:Virtual cinematography 4748:Highest-grossing films 4650:Early TV broadcast era 4298:Sibley, Brian (2000). 2715:Time-lapse photography 2453:is in 3D stop motion. 2251: 2175:was released in 1993. 1968:The California Raisins 1964:Special Visual Effects 1930:Q - The Winged Serpent 1914:Batteries Not Included 1567:multi-season TV series 1340:The Little Drummer Boy 1265: 1098: 966:National Film Registry 822: 784:The Birth of a Flivver 758: 739: 715:The Insects' Christmas 687: 607:The Enchanted Toymaker 586:. Cooper created more 496: 404:Wallace McCutcheon Sr. 362:American film pioneer 343: 307: 198:Peter Hubert Desvignes 182:Johann Nepomuk Czermak 49: 7483:Grupo Cine Liberación 7423:Czechoslovak New Wave 7418:Commedia all'italiana 5765:Commedia all'italiana 5468:Independent animation 5458:Educational animation 4394:European Film Gateway 3933:www.athenastudios.com 3896:. The3drevolution.com 3271:Two Reels and a Crank 2885:Retrieved 2014-05-31. 2780:"Das Stereophoroskop" 2415:In Tune With Tomorrow 2245: 1917:in 1987, animated by 1588:joined with sculptor 1248: 1145:Engelbert Humperdinck 1088: 813: 752: 734: 681: 490: 338: 296: 223:photographic revolver 196:On 27 February 1860, 134:Before the advent of 71:with movable joints ( 47: 8253:Animation techniques 8010:Guerrilla filmmaking 7673:Kitchen sink realism 7628:Praška filmska škola 7558:New French Extremity 7468:German Expressionist 7376:Kitchen sink realism 7241:Contemporary Western 7021:Environmental issues 6552:New French Extremity 6510:New French Extremity 6335:Softcore pornography 6330:Hardcore pornography 6197:New French Extremity 5448:Animated documentary 5280:Whiteboard animation 5173:Traditional puppetry 4817:Adult animated films 4726:Biologist simulators 4689:Animation department 4390:"Hänschens Soldaten" 4377:at Wikimedia Commons 4321:Smith, Dave (1998). 4306:. New York: Abrams. 4150:Rock, Paper, Shotgun 3286:Film Before Griffith 2956:"Romeo and Juliet". 2642:are other examples. 2599:Her Morning Elegance 2516:). With new footage 2348:, has released five 2299:Curucuru and Friends 2134:(1993), directed by 2033:Aardman Animations' 1894:comic strip. Titled 1671:was aired in 1980. 1579:Making Frog and Toad 1521:The Red and the Blue 1460:The Magic Roundabout 1279:Momotarō no Umiwashi 1231:German reunification 1046:Venice Film Festival 1019:Cannes Film Festival 451:La maison ensorcelée 369:Fun in a Bakery Shop 240:of birds in flight. 57:stop frame animation 7746:Children and family 7720:Yugoslav Black Wave 7593:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 7478:Nigerian Golden Age 7443:European art cinema 7346:Australian New Wave 5521:Character animation 5301:Character animation 4839:Children's animated 4196:Film School Rejects 3868:"Alexander Lentjes" 3641:Library of Congress 2543:The Tale of the Fox 2538:Władysław Starewicz 2346:Will Vinton Studios 2205:, for UPN in 2001. 2054:Richard Goleszowski 2043:in 1989, which had 2013:From 1986 to 2000, 1987:From 1986 to 1991, 1849:Richard Goleszowski 1840:Conversation Pieces 1694:pinscreen animation 1623:Saturday Night Live 1565:(1983) and later a 1543:Cosgrove Hall Films 1426:, an adaptation of 1282:(1943). He fled to 1196:, he also produced 1137:Clash of the Titans 1011:Halas and Batchelor 912:Rhythm in the Ranks 831:William Shakespeare 827:Helena Smith Dayton 806:Helena Smith Dayton 776:Prehistoric Poultry 446:The House of Ghosts 272:Helena Smith-Dayton 234:Étienne-Jules Marey 8044:Major film studios 7638:Pure Film Movement 7618:Polish Film School 7518:Italian neorealist 7498:Hong Kong New Wave 7100:Mexican sex comedy 6157:German underground 5548:Creature animation 5478:Virtual newscaster 5423:Abstract animation 5255:Ink-wash animation 5245:Humanoid animation 5228:Audio-Animatronics 4792:Lost or unfinished 4716:Animation database 4694:Animation director 4101:. ClayNation.co.uk 3690:. 29 December 0201 3605:(2003) documentary 2652:A Boy and His Atom 2593:Singer-songwriter 2560:Guillermo del Toro 2471:, co-developed by 2441:best-selling novel 2252: 2110:construction paper 2062:Wallace and Gromit 1801:Return of the Jedi 1639:Aardman Animations 1620:were a feature of 1330:Mad Monster Party? 1270:Tadahito Mochinaga 1266: 1099: 844:Starewicz in Paris 823: 819:Battle of the Suds 780:R.F.D. 10,000 B.C. 759: 740: 688: 649:Ladislas Starevich 624:Alexander Shiryaev 618:Alexander Shiryaev 564:Matches: an Appeal 519:Japon de fantaisie 497: 493:Japon de fantaisie 426:J. Stuart Blackton 421:J. Stuart Blackton 344: 310:Spanish filmmaker 308: 160:Charles Wheatstone 50: 8235: 8234: 8174:Socialist realist 7886:Behind-the-scenes 7663:Socialist realist 7658:Spaghetti Western 7648:Romanian New Wave 7523:Japanese New Wave 7189:Sword and sorcery 7105:Nazi exploitation 6687:Mumbai underworld 6443:Planetary romance 5650: 5649: 5411: 5410: 5338:Erasure animation 5159: 5158: 4901:Limited animation 4844:Computer-animated 4782:Computer-animated 4704:Animation studios 4665: 4664: 4373:Media related to 4282:978-0-4522-8756-3 3984:. 9 December 2022 3769:978-1-4354-5613-6 3673:978-0-7864-1666-0 3601:Viktor Bocharov, 3350:978-1-4008-6071-5 2992:978-0-85785-533-6 2934:10.4000/1895.2423 2900:www.lost-films.eu 2528:Christopher Reeve 2518:Prehistoric Beast 2501:Prehistoric Beast 2435:(2009), based on 2272:Fantastic Mr. Fox 2243: 2184:HIT Entertainment 2058:Creature Comforts 2040:Creature Comforts 1875:Creature Comforts 1870:Creature Comforts 1703:Czech filmmakers 1601:The Great Cognito 1526:Il Rosso e il Blu 1442:, a rendition of 1289:Arthur Rankin Jr. 1221:was broadcast on 1199:Davey and Goliath 1150:Hänsel und Gretel 1086: 1063:Old Czech Legends 1015:British Admiralty 917:Tulips Shall Grow 750: 732: 679: 612:Dreams of Toyland 502:The Haunted Hotel 488: 431:The Haunted Hotel 399:The "Teddy" Bears 351:Sculpteur moderne 347:Segundo de Chomón 336: 324:Le théâtre de Bob 312:Segundo de Chomón 289:Segundo de Chomón 238:chronophotographs 186:stroboscopic disc 175:stroboscopic disc 136:chronophotography 113:compound modifier 16:(Redirected from 8270: 8225: 8215: 8214: 8194:Vulgar auteurism 8022:Interstitial art 8000:Hyperlink cinema 7715:Vulgar auteurism 7710:Toronto New Wave 7700:Telefoni Bianchi 7695:Sword-and-sandal 7513:Italian futurist 7508:Iranian New Wave 7371:British New Wave 7184:Sword-and-sandal 7065:Rape and revenge 7006:Mouth of Garbage 6852:Tentacle erotica 6800:Goona-goona epic 6780:Extraterrestrial 6667:Heroic bloodshed 6301:Occult detective 6132:Christmas horror 5984:Sword-and-sandal 5716:Hong Kong action 5711:Heroic bloodshed 5677: 5670: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5635: 5625: 5624: 5605:anime franchises 5580:Cartoon violence 5568:highest grossing 5463:Erotic animation 5438:Animated cartoon 5205:Supermarionation 5178:Digital puppetry 5099:Facial animation 5019: 5018: 4879: 4878: 4752:Opening weekends 4442: 4441: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4372: 4357: 4338: 4317: 4305: 4294: 4264: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3757: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3280: 3274: 3269:Albert E. SMith 3267: 3261: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2958:Romeo and Juliet 2953: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2892: 2886: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2778:Czermak (1855). 2775: 2769: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2689: 2687:Animation portal 2684: 2683: 2618:Magic and Mayhem 2487:(1981), and the 2244: 2138:and produced by 1818:, the Dragon in 1709:Vladimír Jiránek 1569:, both based on 1482:Barnaby the Bear 1453:French animator 1205:Gumby: The Movie 1107:Mighty Joe Young 1087: 836:Romeo and Juliet 825:New York artist 751: 733: 680: 592:Animated Matches 588:Animated Matches 576:Bryant & May 489: 456:Hôtel électrique 337: 320:Julienne Mathieu 303:Hôtel électrique 298:Julienne Mathieu 218:Passage de Vénus 97:cutout animation 73:puppet animation 39:Stop Motion (EP) 21: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8263:Special effects 8238: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8203: 8144:Semidocumentary 8069:Minimalist film 8059:Message picture 8054:Maximalist film 7948:Database cinema 7931:Computer screen 7891:Black-and-white 7816: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7724: 7680:Soviet parallel 7603:Parallel cinema 7598:Pan-Indian film 7528:Kammerspielfilm 7463:French New Wave 7383:Budapest school 7366:Brighton School 7341:New Objectivity 7323: 7317: 7286:Science fiction 6918:Bruceploitation 6827:Girls with guns 6773:Turksploitation 6647:Gentleman thief 6563: 6398:Science fiction 6244:Minimalist film 6239:Maximalist film 6217:Science fiction 6177:Japanese horror 5974:Social guidance 5689: 5681: 5651: 5646: 5613: 5575:Cartoon physics 5494:Animation music 5482: 5443:Animated sitcom 5433:Adult animation 5407: 5388:Special effects 5284: 5209: 5155: 5065: 5006: 4998: 4920: 4870: 4849:Direct-to-video 4767: 4661: 4548: 4433: 4427: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4341: 4335: 4320: 4314: 4297: 4283: 4269:Maltin, Leonard 4267: 4261: 4239: 4235: 4233:Further reading 4230: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3958:Creative Review 3950: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3545:www.eafa.org.uk 3539: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3494:www.eafa.org.uk 3488: 3487: 3483: 3470: 3468: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3439: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3068: 3066: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3034:. 22 April 2008 3026: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2977: 2973: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2860: 2858: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2587: 2552: 2496:motion blurring 2465: 2459: 2417:(also known as 2404: 2399: 2385:Directors like 2232: 2230: 2202:Gary & Mike 2180:Bob the Builder 2092: 2067:A Grand Day Out 2045:talking animals 1989:Churchill Films 1772: 1677:The Sand Castle 1571:Kenneth Grahame 1499:Eliot Noyes Jr. 1381:Oliver Postgate 1364:(1960-1961) by 1243: 1241:1960s and 1970s 1210:box-office bomb 1102:Ray Harryhausen 1080: 1078: 955:Jasper in a Jam 879: 877:1930s and 1940s 858: 846: 808: 762:Willis O' Brien 742: 725: 723: 671: 647:Polish-Russian 645: 620: 580:Second Boer War 556: 544:Mobilier fidèle 536:Mobilier fidèle 480: 478: 469:Albert E. Smith 436:special effects 423: 364:Edwin S. Porter 360: 329: 291: 246: 132: 126: 121: 105: 89:model animation 55:(also known as 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8276: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8219: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8129:Reverse motion 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8079:Modernist film 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7941:midnight movie 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7729:By demographic 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7668:Social realist 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7623:Poliziotteschi 7620: 7615: 7613:Poetic realist 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7568:New generation 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7543:Modernist film 7540: 7535: 7533:L.A. Rebellion 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7398:Cinéma du look 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7311:Zapata Western 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7291:Singing cowboy 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7246:Dacoit Western 7243: 7238: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7127:Shoshimin-eiga 7124: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7115:Nunsploitation 7112: 7110:Pornochanchada 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6883: 6878: 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6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6127:Chinese horror 6124: 6119: 6114: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5504:Mickey Mousing 5501: 5490: 5488: 5487:Related topics 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 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3742: 3721: 3700: 3679: 3672: 3652: 3628: 3607: 3594: 3575:(2008-11-14). 3564: 3550: 3532: 3525: 3505: 3481: 3450: 3419: 3398: 3377: 3356: 3349: 3329: 3322: 3302: 3295: 3275: 3262: 3244: 3237: 3214: 3207: 3187: 3166: 3145: 3124: 3100: 3079: 3061:. 2010-09-17. 3044: 3019: 2998: 2991: 2971: 2960:. 2012-06-15. 2948: 2911: 2887: 2871: 2840: 2826: 2812: 2805: 2785: 2770: 2754: 2737: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2674: 2671: 2666:The LEGO Movie 2607:computer games 2586: 2583: 2551: 2548: 2461:Main article: 2458: 2455: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2335:action figures 2312:Frontier Works 2257:Summerton Mill 2229: 2226: 2091: 2088: 2006:Ralph S. Mouse 1982:The Pied Piper 1919:David W. Allen 1771: 1768: 1753:The Black Hole 1690:Norman McLaren 1635:David Sproxton 1610:Rip Van Winkle 1595:Closed Mondays 1470:Polish studio 1418:Jan Švankmajer 1324:The Daydreamer 1262:ČST Bratislava 1242: 1239: 1077: 1074: 1037:The Czech Year 1006:Handling Ships 991:Military March 986:Franz Schubert 961:Tubby the Tuba 878: 875: 857: 854: 845: 842: 807: 804: 799:The Lost World 755:The Lost World 722: 719: 665:Lucanus Cervus 644: 641: 619: 616: 555: 552: 477: 474: 422: 419: 359: 356: 290: 287: 283:Georges Méliès 245: 242: 227:cinematography 156:phénakisticope 152:Joseph Plateau 128:Main article: 125: 122: 120: 117: 104: 101: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8275: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8218: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8124:Postmodernist 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8114:Participatory 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8084:Musical short 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7995:Found footage 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7901:Cinéma vérité 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817:or production 7809: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Prussian film 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7578:New Nollywood 7576: 7574: 7573:New Hollywood 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Cannibal boom 7391: 7389: 7388:Calligrafismo 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7356:Berlin School 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7306:Weird Western 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Slice of life 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Bavarian porn 7088: 7087: 7086: 7085:Sexploitation 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7043:Partisan film 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:Muslim social 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6992:Zombie comedy 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967:Giant monster 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Mexploitation 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Coming-of-age 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6537:Transgressive 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Psychological 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470:Slice of life 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207:Psychological 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Korean horror 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6152:Found footage 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Magic realism 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957:Sexploitation 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Calligrafismo 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:City symphony 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Bouncing ball 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Hydrotechnics 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333:Drawn-on-film 5331: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289:Other methods 5287: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260:Magic Lantern 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Virtual human 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:hand tracking 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4939:clay painting 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:international 4734: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539:United States 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4353:1-56138-531-X 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4334:0-7868-6391-9 4330: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4313:0-8109-4124-4 4309: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4260:0-8109-1996-6 4256: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4245:Sibley, Brian 4242: 4238: 4237: 4218: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4165: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4126:on 2010-02-11 4125: 4121: 4115: 4100: 4094: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3895: 3888: 3874:on 2018-11-30 3873: 3869: 3863: 3849:on 2021-01-22 3848: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3816: 3808: 3807:hancinema.net 3804: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3669: 3666:. McFarland. 3665: 3664: 3656: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3526:9789085550167 3522: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3325: 3323:9781476607948 3319: 3316:. McFarland. 3315: 3314: 3306: 3298: 3296:9780520047587 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3238:9781400860715 3234: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3208:9780226116679 3204: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3170: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2806:9780813145891 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2781: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630:The Neverhood 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2572:Travis Knight 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2533:Jurassic Park 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2513:Tyrannosaurus 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367:The Boxtrolls 2363: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350:feature films 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2330:Robot Chicken 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2163:Frankenweenie 2159: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001: 2000:Runaway Ralph 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1883:Peter Gabriel 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758:Major Effects 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1728:Trumptonshire 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1714:Pat & Mat 1710: 1706: 1705:Lubomír Beneš 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1538:(1978-1979). 1537: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1494:(1977-1982). 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1448:Terry Gilliam 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428:Lewis Carroll 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1395:(1965-1967), 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1361:Snip and Snap 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Pat & Mat 1247: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1057:Prince Bayaya 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1001: 999: 998: 993: 992: 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213:Jules Janssen 209: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 171:Jules Duboscq 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 137: 131: 116: 114: 110: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 62: 58: 54: 46: 40: 33: 19: 7963:Experimental 7958:Ethnofiction 7858: 7705:Third Cinema 7608:Persian Film 7351:Auteur films 7322:By movement 7179:Swashbuckler 7038:Ozploitation 7033:Outlaw biker 6913:Martial arts 6908:Magical girl 6758:Exploitation 6753:Ethnographic 6682:Mafia comedy 6325:Pornographic 6202:Psycho-biddy 6187:Lovecraftian 6021:Contemporary 6002: 5996:Exploitation 5991:Experimental 5871:Mockumentary 5740:Biographical 5600:anime series 5558:Motion comic 5427:visual music 5373:Pose to pose 5348:Inbetweening 5328:Chuckimation 5270:Shadowmation 5223:Animatronics 5124:eye tracking 5104:Morph target 5056:Multi-sketch 4925: 4807:Short series 4721:Art pipeline 4699:Story artist 4645:World War II 4514:South Africa 4343: 4323: 4301: 4272: 4249: 4220:. Retrieved 4210: 4199:. Retrieved 4195: 4185: 4175:, retrieved 4170: 4164: 4153:. Retrieved 4149: 4139: 4128:. Retrieved 4124:the original 4114: 4103:. Retrieved 4093: 4082:. Retrieved 4078: 4068: 4057:. Retrieved 4055:. 2016-08-21 4047: 4036:. Retrieved 4032: 4022: 4011:. Retrieved 4007: 3997: 3986:. Retrieved 3981: 3972: 3961:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3936:. Retrieved 3932: 3923: 3898:. Retrieved 3887: 3876:. Retrieved 3872:the original 3862: 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3843:"Elmer Kaan" 3837: 3826: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3778: 3753: 3745: 3735:, retrieved 3730: 3724: 3713:. Retrieved 3703: 3692:. Retrieved 3682: 3662: 3655: 3644:. Retrieved 3640: 3631: 3621:, retrieved 3616: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3586:. Retrieved 3582:The Guardian 3580: 3567: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3515: 3508: 3497:. Retrieved 3493: 3484: 3474:– via 3469:. Retrieved 3459: 3453: 3443:– via 3438:. Retrieved 3428: 3422: 3412:, retrieved 3407: 3401: 3391:, retrieved 3386: 3380: 3370:, retrieved 3365: 3359: 3339: 3332: 3312: 3305: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3227: 3197: 3190: 3180:, retrieved 3175: 3169: 3159:, retrieved 3154: 3148: 3138:, retrieved 3133: 3127: 3116:. Retrieved 3112: 3103: 3093:, retrieved 3088: 3082: 3072:– via 3067:. Retrieved 3053: 3047: 3036:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3012:, retrieved 3007: 3001: 2981: 2974: 2957: 2951: 2924: 2914: 2903:. Retrieved 2899: 2896:"Lost Films" 2890: 2880: 2874: 2864:– via 2859:. Retrieved 2849: 2843: 2829: 2815: 2795: 2788: 2782:(in German). 2773: 2763: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2728: 2710:Still motion 2665: 2657: 2650: 2644: 2633: 2604: 2592: 2588: 2576: 2564:Henry Selick 2553: 2541: 2531: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2488: 2484:Dragonslayer 2482: 2476: 2473:Phil Tippett 2466: 2448: 2445:Nintendo 3DS 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419:Motor Rhythm 2418: 2414: 2408:stereoscopic 2405: 2391:Wes Anderson 2384: 2379:Missing Link 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2340:Since 2009, 2339: 2328: 2327:Since 2005, 2326: 2319: 2297: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2228:21st century 2221: 2207: 2200: 2197:Eddie Murphy 2190: 2188: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2161: 2157:Corpse Bride 2155: 2149: 2143: 2136:Henry Selick 2129: 2128: 2121: 2118:Brian Graden 2103: 2093: 2081: 2075: 2065: 2057: 2038: 2032: 2018: 2012: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1976: 1960:Return to Oz 1949: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1881:, a song by 1874: 1868: 1860: 1857:Barry Purves 1852: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1821:Dragonslayer 1819: 1813: 1810:Phil Tippett 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1773: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740:Mickey Mouse 1736:Mike Jittlov 1733: 1726: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1675: 1673: 1664:Down and Out 1662: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1606:The Creation 1605: 1599: 1593: 1590:Bob Gardiner 1583: 1578: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1533: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1458: 1452: 1437: 1431: 1421: 1415: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1392:Pogles' Wood 1390: 1384: 1377:Peter Firmin 1370: 1359: 1357: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1299:, Inc.) and 1277: 1273: 1267: 1257: 1256:(translated 1253: 1234: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1203: 1197: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1172:inspired by 1167: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1089: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1004: 1002: 995: 989: 979: 972: 970: 959: 958:(1946), and 953: 947: 943: 937: 931: 926:(1942), the 921: 915: 911: 910:, including 889: 882: 880: 868: 866: 861: 859: 849: 847: 834: 824: 818: 797: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772:missing link 765: 760: 754: 735: 714: 708: 702: 698: 692: 689: 683: 663: 660:stag beetles 646: 636: 628:papier-mâché 621: 611: 605: 601:Dolly’s Toys 599: 597: 591: 587: 563: 557: 547: 543: 535: 534:(1908), and 531: 529: 522: 518: 506: 500: 498: 492: 462: 461: 454: 450: 444: 429: 424: 414: 410: 408: 397: 396: 389: 387: 380: 374: 367: 361: 350: 345: 339: 323: 309: 301: 276: 265: 255: 250:silent films 247: 231: 216: 210: 201: 195: 179: 168: 149: 133: 106: 87:are used in 72: 56: 52: 51: 8248:Stop motion 8189:Video nasty 8184:Underground 8169:Slow cinema 8139:Sceneggiata 8027:Live action 8005:Independent 7985:Film à clef 7953:Docufiction 7921:Compilation 7896:Blockbuster 7864:Traditional 7859:Stop-motion 7795:Chick flick 7653:Slow cinema 7643:Remodernist 7458:Free Cinema 7438:Erra Cinema 7403:Cinema Novo 7281:Revisionist 6790:Gendai-geki 6726:Psychedelic 6714:Apocalyptic 6580:Beach party 6475:Slow cinema 6448:Space opera 6413:Fantastique 6284:Sceneggiata 6274:Musicarello 6147:Fantastique 6026:Fantastique 5969:Educational 5896:Video essay 5851:Documentary 5526:model sheet 5383:Rubber hose 5306:model sheet 5084:Cel shading 4926:Stop motion 4911:Rotoscoping 4883:Traditional 4812:Stop-motion 4758:Outsourcing 4519:South Korea 4499:Philippines 4494:North Korea 4381:Stop-motion 4375:stop motion 4241:Lord, Peter 3894:"Animation" 3573:Lord, Peter 3032:Dailymotion 2622:ClayFighter 2507:Monoclonius 2437:Neil Gaiman 2376:(2016) and 2321:Cheburashka 2287:(2015) and 2210:Tsuneo Gōda 2096:Trey Parker 2083:Chicken Run 1952:Will Vinton 1939:(1987) and 1748:Mickey's 50 1744:Mouse Mania 1682:Co Hoedeman 1586:Will Vinton 1547:Enid Blyton 1491:The Moomins 1484:in the UK, 1455:Serge Danot 1407:(1974) and 1349:(1970) and 1276:(1941) and 1227:Sandmänchen 1174:Jules Verne 1164:Karel Zeman 1134:(1973) and 936:(1943) and 786:(1917) and 682:Starewicz' 604:(1901) and 584:World War I 499:Blackton's 377:intertitles 164:stereoscope 103:Terminology 53:Stop motion 18:Stop-motion 8242:Categories 8109:Paracinema 8094:Neorealist 8089:Mythopoeia 8074:Mockbuster 8039:Low-budget 7980:Featurette 7813:technique, 7811:By format, 7690:Surrealist 7685:Structural 7563:New German 7553:Neorealist 7548:Mumblecore 7488:Heimatfilm 7448:Film d'art 7413:Cinéma pur 7147:South Seas 7120:Sex report 6386:Paranormal 6349:Propaganda 6249:Mumblecore 6036:Historical 5918:Historical 5807:Remarriage 5797:Mo lei tau 5531:walk cycle 5398:Syncro-Vox 5311:walk cycle 5215:Mechanical 5141:Procedural 5041:PowerPoint 4994:Puppetoons 4989:Pixilation 4954:silhouette 4943:strata-cut 4934:Claymation 4875:Techniques 4864:Television 4635:Silent Era 4567:Bangladesh 4562:Azerbaijan 4449:Bangladesh 4438:By country 4222:2023-08-29 4201:2023-08-29 4177:2023-07-12 4155:2024-07-02 4130:2010-04-24 4105:2011-01-06 4084:2023-07-12 4059:2023-05-02 4038:2023-05-02 4013:2023-05-02 3988:2023-05-02 3963:2023-07-12 3938:2023-07-12 3900:2010-04-24 3878:2010-04-24 3853:2010-04-24 3737:2020-01-23 3715:2021-12-20 3694:2020-01-25 3646:2020-02-17 3623:2020-01-22 3588:2020-07-26 3499:2019-07-25 3471:2021-08-10 3440:2021-08-10 3414:2020-02-21 3393:2020-02-20 3372:2020-02-20 3257:HathiTrust 3182:2020-02-20 3161:2020-02-20 3140:2020-02-20 3118:2019-07-25 3095:2020-02-20 3069:2021-08-10 3038:2020-02-20 3014:2020-02-20 2905:2020-01-31 2861:2021-08-10 2721:References 2624:" for the 2595:Oren Lavie 2568:Tim Burton 2450:ParaNorman 2387:Tim Burton 2361:ParaNorman 2304:children's 2263:Tikkabilla 2140:Tim Burton 2123:South Park 2116:executive 2100:Matt Stone 2025:children's 2023:, a Swiss 1978:Jiří Barta 1945:Volkswagen 1904:Terminator 1659:Plasticine 1653:programme 1631:Peter Lord 1614:Claymation 1373:Smallfilms 1366:John Halas 1293:Jules Bass 1180:Art Clokey 1096:Art Clokey 1094:(1955) by 1066:(1953) or 1042:Jiří Trnka 1009:(1945) by 896:Puppetoons 892:George Pal 633:Peter Lord 574:for which 568:matchstick 515:Émile Cohl 476:Émile Cohl 441:Émile Cohl 279:trick film 258:stop trick 93:pixilation 81:claymation 77:plasticine 64:filmmaking 32:time lapse 8099:No-budget 8064:Meta-film 8032:animation 7990:Film-poem 7926:Composite 7871:Anthology 7834:Animation 7829:Actuality 7815:approach, 7583:New Queer 7503:Indiewood 7453:Film gris 7324:or period 7301:Spaghetti 7224:Submarine 7204:Vigilante 7169:Superhero 6923:Chopsocky 6869:Jidaigeki 6738:Dystopian 6637:Detective 6595:Buddy cop 6585:Body swap 6515:Political 6495:Financial 6458:Tokusatsu 6453:Steampunk 6369:Bromantic 6341:Malayalam 6320:Crossover 6296:Detective 6264:Backstage 6212:Religious 6068:Tech noir 6063:Pulp noir 6053:Film noir 5928:Melodrama 5866:Docudrama 5839:Cyberpunk 5832:Slapstick 5822:Screwball 5782:Gross out 5745:Christian 5723:Adventure 5541:off-model 5511:Key frame 5368:Pixel art 5363:Pinscreen 5321:off-model 5265:Scanimate 5183:Machinima 4982:Brickfilm 4970:go motion 4896:Flip book 4430:Animation 4079:The Verge 2943:0769-0959 2883:, Part 2. 2695:Brickfilm 2626:Super NES 2579:Pinocchio 2523:Dinosaur! 2469:go motion 2463:Go motion 2457:Go motion 2284:Anomalisa 2224:in 2004. 2208:In 1999, 2094:In 1992, 2035:Nick Park 1991:produced 1950:In 1985, 1909:Spielberg 1896:I go Pogo 1865:Nick Park 1835:Channel 4 1806:go motion 1789:Star Wars 1782:Star Wars 1780:original 1756:. Titled 1731:trilogy. 1655:Take Hart 1647:Tony Hart 1535:Quaq Quao 1472:Se-ma-for 1386:Pingwings 1284:Manchukuo 1258:Wallpaper 1162:In 1955, 1147:'s opera 974:King Kong 928:Dr. Seuss 900:puppetoon 232:In 1887, 221:with his 211:In 1874, 202:Mimoscope 180:In 1855, 169:In 1852, 150:In 1849, 141:film base 8217:Category 8104:One-shot 7968:Abstract 7854:Computer 7538:Lettrist 7433:Dogme 95 7361:Bourekas 7331:Absolute 7271:Northern 7266:Meat pie 7219:Euro War 7214:Anti-war 7080:Rumberas 7001:Mountain 6903:Luchador 6859:Homeland 6847:Shotacon 6820:Suburban 6748:Economic 6709:Disaster 6642:Gangster 6617:Colonial 6607:Cannibal 6568:By theme 6525:Romantic 6480:Thriller 6438:New Wave 6433:Military 6391:Thriller 6359:Romantic 6306:Whodunit 6279:Operetta 6259:Arthouse 6227:Splatter 6122:Cannibal 6112:Arthouse 6095:Suburban 6085:Southern 6058:Neo-noir 5962:Thriller 5856:Animated 5844:Japanese 5812:Romantic 5802:Thriller 5728:Survival 5706:Arthouse 5694:By style 5627:Category 5536:lip sync 5416:Variants 5403:Zoetrope 5353:Morphing 5316:lip sync 5296:Blocking 5188:Aniforms 5165:Puppetry 5146:Skeletal 5013:timeline 5004:Computer 4859:Internet 4741:regional 4677:Animator 4670:Industry 4534:Thailand 4504:Portugal 4484:Malaysia 4291:70671727 4271:(2006). 4247:(1998). 4008:Mashable 3982:The Week 3909:cite web 3465:Archived 3434:Archived 3063:Archived 2855:Archived 2673:See also 2638:for the 2635:Hylics 2 2546:(1931). 2481:(1980), 2432:Coraline 2382:(2019). 2370:(2014), 2364:(2012), 2358:(2009), 2355:Coraline 2293:(2022). 2281:(2009), 2275:(2009), 2248:Cavetown 2222:Komaneko 2151:Coraline 2047:voicing 1984:(1986). 1972:The Noid 1936:The Gate 1933:(1982), 1927:(1977), 1845:Lip Sync 1618:Mr. Bill 1509:(1975). 1477:Colargol 1457:created 1413:(1984). 1398:Clangers 1355:(1971). 1343:(1968), 1321:(1965), 1184:Gumbasia 1140:(1981). 1128:(1963), 1122:(1955), 1116:(1953), 1091:Gumbasia 1060:(1950), 1054:(1949), 1013:for the 997:Suspense 982:Autolite 952:(1946), 946:(1945), 942:(1944), 920:(1942), 914:(1941), 802:(1925). 782:(1917), 778:(1916), 639:(2003). 394:(1906). 281:pioneer 191:zoetrope 145:zoetrope 85:armature 61:animated 59:) is an 8199:Z movie 7975:Feature 7911:Collage 7881:B movie 7849:Cartoon 7588:No wave 7256:Florida 7251:Fantasy 7231:Western 7174:Surfing 7162:Eurospy 7132:Slavery 6982:Vampire 6962:Monster 6933:Kung fu 6874:Samurai 6842:Lolicon 6810:Romance 6657:Gong'an 6627:Concert 6612:Chicano 6575:Animals 6463:Western 6418:Fantasy 6376:Fantasy 6354:Reality 6291:Mystery 6269:Jukebox 6254:Musical 6232:Satanic 6222:Slasher 6192:Natural 6172:Holiday 6080:Romance 6046:Science 6011:Fantasy 5913:Dramedy 5777:Dramedy 5642:Outline 5009:history 4960:Graphic 4906:Masking 4797:Package 4622:Ukraine 4592:Hungary 4554:History 4544:Vietnam 4509:Romania 4469:Estonia 4464:Czechia 3476:YouTube 3445:YouTube 3074:YouTube 2866:YouTube 2735:(1997). 2661:Blender 2520:became 2490:RoboCop 2192:The PJs 2049:vox pop 1941:Freaked 1863:), and 1827:RoboCop 1784:trilogy 1649:on his 1637:formed 1530:origami 1515:Mio Mao 1507:Sandman 1404:Bagpuss 1274:Arichan 930:penned 904:Philips 870:Cabiria 657:rutting 511:Gaumont 509:. 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