578:
321:
383:
672:
548:
620:
196:
534:
29:
130:
3696:
434:
3746:
3770:
3734:
3758:
3707:
270:
414:
in the radio band can produce images with angular resolutions of about 1 milliarcsecond, and hence, for bright radio sources, the precision of parallax measurements made in the radio can easily exceed those of optical telescopes like Gaia. These measurements tend to be sensitivity limited, and need
569:
Any stars that did not move between observations are, for the purpose of the accuracy of the measurement, infinitely far away. This means that the distance of the movement of the Earth compared to the distance to these infinitely far away stars is, within the accuracy of the measurement, 0. Thus a
188:
543:
The observed path is an ellipse: the projection of Earth's orbit around the Sun through S onto the distant background of non-moving stars. The farther S is removed from Earth's orbital axis, the greater the eccentricity of the path of S. The center of the ellipse corresponds to the point where S
1360:
1231:
Precise parallax measurements of distance have an associated error. This error in the measured parallax angle does not translate directly into an error for the distance, except for relatively small errors. The reason for this is that an error toward a smaller angle results in a greater error in
1005:
378:
in conjunction with earth-based observatories. The relative proximity of the two stars combined with the 6.5 billion kilometer (about 43 AU) distance of the spacecraft from Earth yielded a discernible parallax of arcminutes, allowing the parallax to be seen visually without instrumentation.
1176:
203:
Measurement of annual parallax was the first reliable way to determine the distances to the closest stars. In the second quarter of the 19th century, technological progress reached to the level which provided sufficient accuracy and precision for stellar parallax measurements.
402:
for all moderately bright stars, thus mapping nearby stars (and potentially planets) up to a distance of tens of thousands of light-years from Earth. Data
Release 2 in 2018 claims mean errors for the parallaxes of 15th magnitude and brighter stars of 20–40 microarcseconds.
258:
Those three results, two of which were measured with the best instruments at the time (Fraunhofer great refractor used by Struve and
Fraunhofer heliometer by Bessel) were the first ones in history to establish the reliable distance scale to the stars.
1078:
1241:
916:
266:(In Vienna) in 1896, and was used for measuring the distance to other stars by trigonometric parallax. By 1910 it had computed 16 parallax distances to other stars, out of only 108 total known to science at that time.
1089:
753:
340:
of nearby stars, increasing the number of stellar parallaxes measured to milliarcsecond accuracy a thousandfold. Even so, Hipparcos is only able to measure parallax angles for stars up to about 1,600
161:
that for it to be compatible with the lack of observable stellar parallax, there would have to be an enormous and unlikely void between the orbit of Saturn and the eighth sphere (the fixed stars).
857:
1793:; Casertano, Stefano; Anderson, Jay; Mackenty, John; Filippenko, Alexei V. (2014). "Parallax Beyond a Kiloparsec from Spatially Scanning the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope".
1413:
The reception of
Copernicus' heliocentric theory: proceedings of a symposium organized by the Nicolas Copernicus Committee of the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science
554:
The plane of Earth's orbit is at an angle to a line from the Sun through S. The vertices v and v' of the elliptical projection of the path of S are projections of positions of Earth E and E
77:, the extremely small observed shift is largest at time intervals of about six months, when Earth arrives at opposite sides of the Sun in its orbit, giving a baseline distance of about two
355:
now has a precision of 20 to 40 microarcseconds, enabling reliable distance measurements up to 3,066 parsecs (10,000 ly) for a small number of stars. This gives more accuracy to the
1886:
1855:
85:
itself is considered to be half of this maximum, about equivalent to the observational shift that would occur due to the different positions of Earth and the Sun, a baseline of one
3547:
1373:
is the parallax. The approximation is far more accurate for parallax errors that are small relative to the parallax than for relatively large errors. For meaningful results in
69:) of any nearby star (or other object) against the background of distant stars. By extension, it is a method for determining the distance to the star through trigonometry, the
415:
to be made one at a time, so the work is generally done only for sources like pulsars and X-ray binaries, where the radio emission is strong relative to the optical emission.
293:
sped the process in the early 20th century. Automated plate-measuring machines and more sophisticated computer technology of the 1960s allowed more efficient compilation of
153:
that the effect would be undetectable if the stars were far enough away, but for various reasons, such gigantic distances involved seemed entirely implausible: it was one of
771:, defined as the difference in position of a star as seen from Earth and Sun, i.e. the angle subtended at a star by the mean radius of Earth's orbit around the Sun. The
596:-v, it follows that the corresponding angles of intersection of these parallel lines with this transversal are congruent: the angle θ between lines of sight E-v and E
308:). Accurate calculations of distance based on stellar parallax require a measurement of the distance from Earth to the Sun, now known to exquisite accuracy based on
1221:
786:
The angles involved in these calculations are very small and thus difficult to measure. The nearest star to the Sun (and also the star with the largest parallax),
900:
880:
1016:
704:, a convenient trigonometric approximation can be used to convert parallaxes (in arcseconds) to distance (in parsecs). The approximate distance is simply the
1355:{\displaystyle \delta d=\delta \left({1 \over p}\right)=\left|{\partial \over \partial p}\left({1 \over p}\right)\right|\delta p={\delta p \over p^{2}}}
1377:, Dutch astronomer Floor van Leeuwen recommends that the parallax error be no more than 10% of the total parallax when computing this error estimate.
1000:{\displaystyle \tan x\approx x{\text{ radians}}=x\cdot {\frac {180}{\pi }}{\text{ degrees}}=x\cdot 180\cdot {\frac {3600}{\pi }}{\text{ arcseconds}},}
1607:
137:
Stellar parallax is so small that it was unobservable until the 19th century, and its apparent absence was used as a scientific argument against
1171:{\displaystyle d=1{\text{ au}}\cdot 180\cdot {\frac {3600}{\pi }}\approx 206,265{\text{ au}}\approx 3.2616{\text{ ly}}\equiv 1{\text{ parsec}}.}
1555:"Stellarum duplicium et multiplicium mensurae micrometricae per magnum Fraunhoferi tubum annis a 1824 ad 1837 in specula Dorpatensi institutae"
1771:
783:. Annual parallax is normally measured by observing the position of a star at different times of the year as Earth moves through its orbit.
570:
line of sight from Earth's first position E to vertex v will be essentially the same as a line of sight from the Earth's second position E
281:
Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the
1415:, Torun, Poland, 1973, ed. Jerzy Dobrzycki, International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. Nicolas Copernicus Committee;
759:(the nearest star to Earth other than the Sun), whose parallax is 0.7685, is 1 / 0.7685 parsecs = 1.301 parsecs (4.24 ly) distant.
2088:
362:
As distances between the two points of observation are increased, the visual effect of the parallax is likewise rendered more visible.
1878:
1847:
711:
92:
Stellar parallax is so difficult to detect that its existence was the subject of much debate in astronomy for hundreds of years.
498:
577:
574:
to the same vertex v, and will therefore run parallel to it - impossible to depict convincingly in an image of limited size:
3579:
2134:
2082:
1451:
1428:
470:
812:
232:
477:
3554:
2873:
228:
97:
2154:
2115:
1420:
616:, which is the angle θ between observed positions of S in relation to its apparently unmoving stellar surroundings.
517:
451:
411:
1189:, a convenient unit for measuring distance using parallax. Therefore, the distance, measured in parsecs, is simply
685:, or even in thousandths of arcseconds (milliarcseconds). The distance unit parsec is defined as the length of the
540:
Stars that did not seem to move in relation to each other are used as reference points to determine the path of S.
882:
is the parallax, 1 au (149,600,000 km) is approximately the average distance from the Sun to Earth, and
484:
3266:
255:, and published his results in 1838. Henderson published his results in 1839, after returning from South Africa.
530:
Throughout the year the position of a star S is noted in relation to other stars in its apparent neighborhood:
3800:
3559:
3196:
3180:
2215:
693:
455:
320:
3606:
3473:
466:
213:
93:
1686:
Habison, Peter (1998). "Astrometry and early astrophysics at
Kuffner Observatory in the late 19th century".
3589:
3540:
3515:
2808:
1469:
3530:
3510:
2009:
1944:
1604:
167:
first tried to measure stellar parallaxes in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his
2893:
3724:
3594:
3525:
3495:
359:
and improves the knowledge of distances in the
Universe, based on the dimensions of the Earth's orbit.
74:
3601:
3478:
3455:
3037:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
1996:
1931:
1616:
903:
2744:
2618:
2253:
705:
382:
158:
3520:
3271:
3070:
2980:
2940:
2922:
2848:
2419:
2345:
444:
244:
212:
which was a gross overestimate. The first successful stellar parallax measurements were done by
3681:
3661:
3433:
3428:
3326:
3221:
3170:
2975:
2965:
2638:
2436:
2404:
2295:
2278:
356:
305:
1441:
700:, where the other leg is 1 AU long. Because stellar parallaxes and distances all involve such
547:
491:
398:, launched 19 December 2013, is expected to measure parallax angles to an accuracy of 10 micro
3535:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3418:
3206:
2372:
2072:
671:
391:
301:(CCDs) replaced photographic plates and reduced optical uncertainties to one milliarcsecond.
298:
176:
22:
2653:
2033:
1968:
790:, has a parallax of 0.7685 ± 0.0002 arcsec. This angle is approximately that
3676:
3574:
3564:
3413:
3381:
3175:
2970:
2955:
2268:
2182:
2028:
1963:
1812:
1695:
1649:
1566:
1535:
1498:
1192:
205:
324:
Hubble precision stellar distance measurement has been extended 10 times further into the
8:
3790:
3774:
3136:
3119:
2790:
2692:
2515:
1073:{\displaystyle p''\approx {\frac {1{\text{ au}}}{d}}\cdot 180\cdot {\frac {3600}{\pi }}.}
370:
performed the first interstellar parallax measurement on 22 April 2020, taking images of
263:
172:
41:
3276:
2186:
1816:
1699:
1653:
1570:
1539:
1502:
592:
is a transversal in the same (approximately
Euclidean) plane as parallel lines E-v and E
3762:
3750:
3671:
3632:
3584:
3569:
3483:
3423:
3346:
3256:
3226:
3216:
3160:
3082:
2773:
2409:
2208:
2018:
1953:
1828:
1802:
1665:
1639:
885:
865:
290:
1909:
1824:
3795:
3622:
3047:
3020:
3000:
2800:
2584:
2572:
2399:
2379:
2333:
2315:
2283:
2150:
2130:
2111:
2078:
1703:
1669:
1447:
1424:
1416:
1374:
697:
304:
Stellar parallax remains the standard for calibrating other measurement methods (see
86:
78:
53:
3107:
1832:
243:, a friend of Struve, carried out an intense observational campaign in 1837–1838 at
3738:
3403:
3353:
3341:
3319:
3314:
3241:
3201:
3148:
2930:
2853:
2828:
2722:
2643:
2367:
2328:
2038:
1973:
1820:
1657:
1574:
1506:
1391:
787:
756:
371:
345:
282:
240:
142:
101:
2043:
2000:
1978:
1935:
619:
3637:
3440:
3309:
3153:
3124:
3065:
3060:
2935:
2663:
2628:
2562:
2508:
2503:
2448:
2258:
1745:
1611:
701:
269:
208:
noted stellar parallax in 1805-6 and came up with a 4-second value for the star
3699:
3465:
3304:
3131:
3102:
3077:
3010:
2699:
2567:
2453:
2355:
2245:
2235:
2077:. Astrophysics and space science library. Vol. 350. Springer. p. 86.
1386:
803:
690:
562:
intersects the line Sun-S at a right angle; the triangle created by points E, E
294:
224:
105:
3784:
3651:
3445:
3408:
3376:
3251:
2960:
2783:
2754:
2732:
2350:
2323:
2300:
2201:
2104:
1707:
1578:
1511:
1486:
337:
195:
164:
138:
533:
3711:
3386:
3336:
3331:
3231:
3114:
3097:
3055:
3025:
3015:
2950:
2833:
2778:
2759:
2739:
2717:
2709:
2552:
2545:
2384:
2305:
2288:
1661:
395:
367:
220:
129:
28:
3627:
3299:
3291:
3281:
3261:
3236:
3165:
3087:
2843:
2818:
2813:
2727:
2687:
2648:
2613:
2596:
2591:
2263:
566:
and S is an isosceles triangle with the line Sun-S as its symmetry axis.
154:
1772:"NASA's Hubble Extends Stellar Tape Measure 10 Times Farther into Space"
104:
made first successful parallax measurements in 1832–1838, for the stars
3211:
2908:
2881:
2858:
2838:
2823:
2675:
2579:
2557:
2535:
2530:
2394:
1790:
1720:
776:
458: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
341:
286:
252:
277:, which would be a view looking towards the split lens of a heliometer
223:
in 1832–1833, where he measured parallax of one of the closest stars,
3398:
3246:
3030:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2945:
2898:
2888:
2682:
2658:
2633:
2540:
2491:
2424:
2414:
2389:
2362:
2338:
2273:
791:
780:
779:) is defined as the distance for which the annual parallax is 1
682:
399:
386:
Parallax of
Proxima Centauri as observed from New Horizons and Earth.
333:
325:
217:
168:
49:
1554:
794:
by an object 2 centimeters in diameter located 5.3 kilometers away.
433:
187:
3391:
3092:
2766:
2525:
2498:
2023:
1958:
1644:
1235:
However, an approximation of the distance error can be computed by
686:
375:
248:
150:
113:
82:
65:
45:
2173:
Dyson, F. W. (1915). "Measurement of the distances of the stars".
1879:"New Horizons Conducts the First Interstellar Parallax Experiment"
1848:"New Horizons Conducts the First Interstellar Parallax Experiment"
1807:
1394:(an abandoned space mission project that would have used parallax)
3666:
3141:
2903:
2670:
2623:
2606:
2601:
2520:
2057:
Similar derivations are in most astronomy textbooks. See, e.g.,
3656:
3644:
2863:
2749:
1186:
907:
772:
146:
33:
2005:
Data
Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties"
1940:
Data
Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties"
1789:
1746:"Hubble stretches the stellar tape measure ten times further"
1630:
Reid, Mark (2020). "The first stellar parallaxes revisited".
748:{\displaystyle d{\text{ (pc)}}\approx 1/p{\text{ (arcsec)}}.}
309:
344:
away, a little more than one percent of the diameter of the
199:
The split lens of the
Bamberg Heliometer (late 19th century)
3005:
2224:
1776:
1526:
Henderson, Thomas (1840). "On the Parallax of α Centauri".
363:
352:
236:
209:
109:
3706:
3371:
681:
Stellar parallax measures are given in the tiny units of
678:
The more distant an object is, the smaller its parallax.
37:
2193:
630:
from the Sun to S now follows from simple trigonometry:
1605:
Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Sterns des Schwans
1681:
1679:
3722:
1244:
1195:
1092:
1019:
919:
888:
868:
815:
714:
56:
and 1 parsec are not to scale, 1 parsec = ~206265 AU)
336:
was launched primarily for obtaining parallaxes and
1676:
852:{\displaystyle \tan p={\frac {1\,{\text{au}}}{d}},}
2103:
1999:; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018).
1934:; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018).
1354:
1215:
1170:
1072:
999:
894:
874:
851:
747:
1769:
1491:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3782:
2145:Zeilik, Michael A.; Gregory, Stephan A. (1998).
1770:Harrington, J.D.; Villard, Ray (10 April 2014).
2064:
1232:distance than an error toward a larger angle.
767:Stellar parallax is most often measured using
2209:
2149:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing.
2144:
2058:
1732:
1591:
906:(valid when the angle is small compared to 1
179:of Earth's axis, and catalogued 3,222 stars.
2172:
2074:Hipparcos, the new reduction of the raw data
1553:von Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (1837).
1519:
1478:
1223:, when the parallax is given in arcseconds.
1083:If the parallax is 1", then the distance is
1010:so the parallax, measured in arcseconds, is
670:
618:
576:
546:
532:
124:
2070:
2216:
2202:
1552:
1474:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 42.
1467:
182:
2147:Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics
2101:
2042:
2032:
2022:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1806:
1643:
1546:
1525:
1510:
1484:
834:
518:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:
2106:Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos
1439:
381:
319:
312:reflection off the surfaces of planets.
268:
194:
186:
133:The Dollond heliometer of the late 1700s
128:
27:
21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2124:
1991:
1989:
1876:
1845:
1685:
1623:
3783:
604:is equal to the angle θ between E
273:Diagram of a heliometer from the 1911
32:Stellar parallax is the basis for the
2197:
1995:
1930:
1721:CERN paper on plate measuring machine
1528:Memoirs of Royal Astronomical Society
1986:
1889:from the original on 4 November 2023
1858:from the original on 4 November 2023
1629:
456:adding citations to reliable sources
427:
262:A large heliometer was installed at
227:. Between 1835 and 1836, astronomer
2091:from the original on 18 March 2015.
1924:
1910:"ESA's Gaia Mission to study stars"
1585:
1440:Buchheim, Robert (4 October 2007).
902:is the distance to the star. Using
406:
315:
63:is the apparent shift of position (
13:
2166:
1907:
1289:
1285:
696:the angle of one arcsecond at one
418:
239:, publishing his results in 1837.
229:Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
98:Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
14:
3812:
412:Very long baseline interferometry
36:, which is the distance from the
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3705:
3695:
3694:
1877:Talbert, Tricia (10 July 2020).
1846:Talbert, Tricia (10 June 2020).
432:
171:, but he instead discovered the
2051:
1901:
1870:
1839:
1763:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1620:, vol. 16, pp. 65–96.
1487:"On the Parallax of α Centauri"
443:needs additional citations for
1597:
1461:
1433:
1405:
1:
3607:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1398:
797:
544:would be seen from the Sun:
233:Dorpat university observatory
2010:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1945:Astronomy & Astrophysics
423:
7:
3267:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
2110:. New York: W. H. Freeman.
2102:Hirshfeld, Alan w. (2001).
2071:van Leeuwen, Floor (2007).
2044:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051
1979:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051
1825:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/161
1380:
762:
157:'s principal objections to
73:. Created by the different
10:
3817:
3181:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1688:Acta Historica Astronomiae
1485:Henderson, Thomas (1839).
1443:The Sky is Your Laboratory
904:small-angle approximations
81:between observations. The
75:orbital positions of Earth
20:
3690:
3615:
3464:
3362:
3290:
3189:
3046:
2921:
2799:
2708:
2444:
2435:
2314:
2244:
2231:
2223:
2125:Whipple, Fred L. (2007).
2059:Zeilik & Gregory 1998
1795:The Astrophysical Journal
1733:Zeilik & Gregory 1998
1632:Astronomische Nachrichten
1617:Astronomische Nachrichten
1592:Zeilik & Gregory 1998
1559:Astronomische Nachrichten
668:θ), where E-Sun is 1 AU.
235:measured the distance of
125:Early theory and attempts
3560:With multiple exoplanets
1579:10.1002/asna.18370141609
1226:
652:so that d = E-Sun / tan(
159:Copernican heliocentrism
2346:Asymptotic giant branch
2034:2018A&A...616A...1G
1969:2018A&A...616A...1G
368:New Horizons spacecraft
332:In 1989, the satellite
275:Encyclopædia Britannica
245:Koenigsberg Observatory
183:19th and 20th centuries
71:stellar parallax method
3682:Tidal disruption event
3171:Circumstellar envelope
2405:Luminous blue variable
2127:Earth Moon and Planets
1662:10.1002/asna.202013833
1512:10.1093/mnras/4.19.168
1356:
1217:
1172:
1074:
1001:
896:
876:
853:
749:
702:skinny right triangles
675:
623:
581:
551:
537:
387:
357:cosmic distance ladder
329:
306:Cosmic distance ladder
299:charge-coupled devices
278:
200:
192:
134:
120:History of measurement
57:
3801:Concepts in astronomy
3207:Effective temperature
1357:
1218:
1216:{\displaystyle d=1/p}
1173:
1075:
1002:
897:
877:
854:
750:
674:
622:
580:
550:
536:
392:European Space Agency
385:
351:The Hubble telescope
323:
272:
198:
190:
132:
31:
23:Parallax in astronomy
3677:Planet-hosting stars
3555:With resolved images
3526:Historical brightest
3456:Photometric-standard
3382:Solar radio emission
3176:Eddington luminosity
2956:Triple-alpha process
2894:Thorne–Żytkow object
2269:Young stellar object
1471:Studies in astronomy
1369:is the distance and
1242:
1193:
1090:
1017:
917:
886:
866:
813:
712:
558:such that a line E-E
452:improve this article
206:Giuseppe Calandrelli
16:Concept in astronomy
3501:Highest temperature
3272:Color–color diagram
3137:Protoplanetary disk
2941:Proton–proton chain
2619:Chemically peculiar
2187:1915Obs....38..292D
1817:2014ApJ...785..161R
1700:1998AcHA....3...93H
1654:2020AN....341..860R
1571:1837AN.....14..249S
1540:1840MmRAS..11...61H
1503:1839MNRAS...4..168H
1468:Gore, J.E. (1904).
291:photographic plates
289:using astronomical
264:Kuffner Observatory
191:Bessel's heliometer
173:aberration of light
145:. It is clear from
42:astronomical object
3506:Lowest temperature
3257:Photometric system
3227:Absolute magnitude
3161:Circumstellar dust
2774:Stellar black hole
2410:Stellar population
2296:Herbig–Haro object
1610:2007-06-24 at the
1352:
1213:
1168:
1070:
997:
892:
872:
849:
745:
676:
624:
582:
552:
538:
467:"Stellar parallax"
388:
330:
279:
201:
193:
135:
79:astronomical units
58:
3720:
3719:
3623:Substellar object
3602:Planetary nebulae
3021:Luminous red nova
2931:Deuterium burning
2917:
2916:
2400:Instability strip
2380:Wolf-Rayet nebula
2334:Horizontal branch
2279:Pre-main-sequence
2136:978-1-4067-6413-0
2084:978-1-4020-6341-1
1912:. Astronomy Today
1750:ESA/Hubble Images
1453:978-0-387-73995-3
1429:978-90-277-0311-8
1375:stellar astronomy
1350:
1310:
1296:
1269:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1124:
1105:
1065:
1046:
1040:
992:
987:
962:
957:
938:
895:{\displaystyle d}
875:{\displaystyle p}
844:
838:
740:
721:
708:of the parallax:
528:
527:
520:
502:
87:astronomical unit
3808:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3712:Stars portal
3710:
3709:
3698:
3697:
3354:Planetary system
3277:Strömgren sphere
3149:Asteroseismology
2870:Black hole star
2442:
2441:
2368:Planetary nebula
2329:Red-giant branch
2218:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2160:
2140:
2121:
2109:
2093:
2092:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2036:
2026:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:Henney, Paul J.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1810:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1409:
1392:TAU (spacecraft)
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1125:
1117:
1106:
1103:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
991: arcseconds
990:
988:
980:
963:
960:
958:
950:
939:
936:
901:
899:
898:
893:
881:
879:
878:
873:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
839:
836:
829:
788:Proxima Centauri
757:Proxima Centauri
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
738:
733:
722:
719:
667:
665:
664:
661:
658:
649:θ) = E-Sun / d,
648:
646:
645:
642:
639:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
573:
565:
561:
557:
523:
516:
512:
509:
503:
501:
460:
436:
428:
419:Parallax method
407:Radio astrometry
372:Proxima Centauri
346:Milky Way Galaxy
316:Space astrometry
297:. In the 1980s,
283:filar micrometer
241:Friedrich Bessel
214:Thomas Henderson
143:early modern age
102:Friedrich Bessel
94:Thomas Henderson
61:Stellar parallax
3816:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3704:
3686:
3611:
3580:Milky Way novae
3516:Smallest volume
3460:
3441:Radial velocity
3364:
3358:
3310:Common envelope
3286:
3185:
3154:Helioseismology
3125:Bipolar outflow
3066:Microturbulence
3061:Convection zone
3042:
2936:Lithium burning
2923:Nucleosynthesis
2913:
2795:
2704:
2431:
2310:
2259:Molecular cloud
2240:
2227:
2222:
2175:The Observatory
2169:
2167:Further reading
2164:
2157:
2137:
2118:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
1997:Brown, A. G. A.
1994:
1987:
1932:Brown, A. G. A.
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1840:
1782:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1684:
1677:
1628:
1624:
1612:Wayback Machine
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1565:(16): 249–252.
1551:
1547:
1524:
1520:
1497:(19): 168–170.
1483:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1438:
1434:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1383:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1116:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1057:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
989:
979:
959:
949:
935:
918:
915:
914:
887:
884:
883:
867:
864:
863:
835:
830:
828:
814:
811:
810:
800:
769:annual parallax
765:
737:
729:
718:
713:
710:
709:
662:
659:
656:
655:
653:
650:
643:
640:
637:
636:
634:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
571:
563:
559:
555:
524:
513:
507:
504:
461:
459:
449:
437:
426:
421:
409:
318:
295:star catalogues
185:
127:
122:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Largest volume
3508:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Magnetic field
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3132:Accretion disk
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:Alfvén surface
3105:
3103:Stellar corona
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3078:Radiation zone
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2700:Blue straggler
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:Main sequence
2456:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2437:Classification
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:Protoplanetary
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2142:
2135:
2129:. Read Books.
2122:
2116:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2063:
2050:
1985:
1923:
1900:
1869:
1838:
1791:Riess, Adam G.
1762:
1737:
1735:, § 22-3.
1725:
1713:
1675:
1638:(9): 860–869.
1622:
1596:
1584:
1545:
1518:
1477:
1460:
1452:
1432:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:Apparent place
1382:
1379:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1228:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1008:
1007:
996:
986:
983:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
956:
953:
948:
945:
942:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
891:
871:
860:
859:
848:
843:
833:
827:
824:
821:
818:
804:right triangle
799:
796:
764:
761:
744:
739: (arcsec)
736:
732:
728:
725:
717:
691:right triangle
632:
526:
525:
440:
438:
431:
425:
422:
420:
417:
408:
405:
338:proper motions
317:
314:
225:Alpha Centauri
184:
181:
126:
123:
121:
118:
106:Alpha Centauri
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3813:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Intergalactic
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Galactic year
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Most luminous
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Proper motion
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Constellation
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Solar eclipse
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:Earth-centric
3361:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Alpha process
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:Helium planet
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Parker's star
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Lambda Boötis
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Superluminous
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Main sequence
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Hayashi track
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2156:0-03-006228-4
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:0-7167-3711-6
2113:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1911:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1723:USNO StarScan
1722:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:Bessel, FW, "
1600:
1594:, p. 44.
1593:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:90-277-0311-6
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1011:
994:
984:
981:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961: degrees
954:
951:
946:
943:
940:
937: radians
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
913:
912:
911:
909:
905:
889:
869:
846:
841:
831:
825:
822:
819:
816:
809:
808:
807:
805:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
760:
758:
755:For example,
742:
734:
730:
726:
723:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
688:
684:
679:
673:
669:
631:
629:
626:The distance
621:
617:
579:
575:
567:
549:
545:
541:
535:
531:
522:
519:
511:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469: –
468:
464:
463:Find sources:
457:
453:
447:
446:
441:This section
439:
435:
430:
429:
416:
413:
404:
401:
397:
393:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
322:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
271:
267:
265:
260:
256:
254:
250:
249:61 Cygni
247:for the star
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
189:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:James Bradley
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:heliocentrism
131:
117:
115:
114:61 Cygni
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
55:
51:
48:angle of one
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
24:
19:
3775:Solar System
3575:White dwarfs
3565:Brown dwarfs
3548:Most distant
3496:Most massive
3474:Proper names
3450:
3434:Photographic
3387:Solar System
3365:observations
3292:Star systems
3115:Stellar wind
3098:Chromosphere
3071:Oscillations
2951:Helium flash
2801:Hypothetical
2779:X-ray binary
2718:Compact star
2553:Bright giant
2306:Henyey track
2284:Herbig Ae/Be
2178:
2174:
2146:
2126:
2105:
2073:
2066:
2053:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1798:
1794:
1781:. Retrieved
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1691:
1687:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1599:
1587:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1463:
1446:. Springer.
1442:
1435:
1412:
1411:See p.51 in
1407:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1234:
1230:
1182:
1180:
1162: parsec
1082:
1009:
861:
801:
785:
768:
766:
680:
677:
651:
627:
625:
584:Since line E
583:
568:
553:
542:
539:
529:
514:
505:
495:
488:
481:
474:
462:
450:Please help
445:verification
442:
410:
396:Gaia mission
389:
361:
350:
331:
303:
280:
274:
261:
257:
221:South Africa
202:
163:
136:
91:
70:
64:
60:
59:
18:
3763:Outer space
3751:Spaceflight
3628:Brown dwarf
3404:Circumpolar
3282:Kraft break
3262:Color index
3237:Metallicity
3197:Designation
3166:Cosmic dust
3088:Photosphere
2854:Dark-energy
2829:Electroweak
2814:Black dwarf
2745:Radio-quiet
2728:White dwarf
2614:White dwarf
2264:Bok globule
777:light-years
694:adjacent to
342:light-years
287:Astrographs
155:Tycho Brahe
141:during the
44:that has a
3791:Astrometry
3785:Categories
3590:Candidates
3585:Supernovae
3570:Red dwarfs
3429:Extinction
3217:Kinematics
3212:Luminosity
3190:Properties
3083:Atmosphere
2981:Si burning
2971:Ne burning
2909:White hole
2882:Quasi-star
2809:Blue dwarf
2664:Technetium
2580:Hypergiant
2558:Supergiant
2024:1804.09365
1959:1804.09365
1801:(2): 161.
1783:17 October
1645:2009.11913
1399:References
798:Derivation
720: (pc)
706:reciprocal
683:arcseconds
478:newspapers
400:arcseconds
253:heliometer
3739:Astronomy
3521:Brightest
3419:Magnitude
3399:Pole star
3320:Symbiotic
3315:Eclipsing
3247:Starlight
3048:Structure
3038:Supernova
3031:Micronova
3026:Recurrent
3011:Symbiotic
2996:p-process
2991:r-process
2986:s-process
2976:O burning
2966:C burning
2946:CNO cycle
2889:Gravastar
2425:Hypernova
2415:Supernova
2390:Dredge-up
2363:Blue loop
2356:super-AGB
2339:Red clump
2316:Evolution
2274:Protostar
2254:Accretion
2246:Formation
2061:, § 11-1.
1808:1401.0484
1708:0003-2670
1694:: 93–94.
1670:221949223
1614:" (1838)
1534:: 61–68.
1458:Page 184.
1334:δ
1322:δ
1290:∂
1286:∂
1255:δ
1246:δ
1155:≡
1144:≈
1127:≈
1122:π
1114:⋅
1108:⋅
1063:π
1055:⋅
1049:⋅
1029:≈
985:π
977:⋅
971:⋅
955:π
947:⋅
930:≈
924:
820:
792:subtended
781:arcsecond
724:≈
508:June 2020
424:Principle
334:Hipparcos
326:Milky Way
218:Cape Town
169:telescope
50:arcsecond
3796:Parallax
3700:Category
3595:Remnants
3491:Extremes
3451:Parallax
3424:Apparent
3414:Asterism
3392:Sunlight
3342:Globular
3327:Multiple
3252:Variable
3242:Rotation
3202:Dynamics
3093:Starspot
2767:Magnetar
2710:Remnants
2526:Subgiant
2499:Subdwarf
2351:post-AGB
2089:Archived
1887:Archived
1856:Archived
1833:55928992
1755:12 April
1608:Archived
1381:See also
1151: ly
1140: au
1104: au
1039: au
1025:″
763:Variants
608:-v and E
376:Wolf 359
251:using a
177:nutation
175:and the
151:geometry
83:parallax
66:parallax
46:parallax
3725:Portals
3667:Gravity
3616:Related
3536:Nearest
3484:Chinese
3332:Cluster
3305:Contact
3142:Proplyd
3016:Remnant
2904:Blitzar
2878:Hawking
2834:Strange
2784:Burster
2740:Neutron
2693:Extreme
2644:He-weak
2289:T Tauri
2183:Bibcode
2181:: 292.
2029:Bibcode
1964:Bibcode
1916:8 March
1893:14 July
1813:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1650:Bibcode
1567:Bibcode
1536:Bibcode
1499:Bibcode
1183:defines
666:
654:
647:
635:
492:scholar
231:at the
3657:Galaxy
3645:Planet
3633:Desert
3541:bright
3479:Arabic
3300:Binary
3120:Bubble
2844:Planck
2819:Exotic
2755:Binary
2750:Pulsar
2688:Helium
2649:Barium
2592:Carbon
2585:Yellow
2573:Yellow
2546:Yellow
2385:PG1159
2153:
2133:
2114:
2081:
2017:. A1.
1952:. A1.
1862:20 May
1831:
1706:
1668:
1450:
1427:
1419:
1365:where
1187:parsec
1147:3.2616
908:radian
862:where
802:For a
775:(3.26
773:parsec
698:vertex
494:
487:
480:
473:
465:
147:Euclid
112:, and
100:, and
89:(AU).
40:to an
34:parsec
3662:Guest
3466:Lists
3347:Super
3001:Fusor
2874:Black
2859:Quark
2839:Preon
2824:Boson
2760:X-ray
2676:Shell
2629:Ap/Bp
2531:Giant
2449:Early
2395:OH/IR
2225:Stars
2019:arXiv
1954:arXiv
1829:S2CID
1803:arXiv
1666:S2CID
1640:arXiv
1227:Error
1181:This
689:of a
499:JSTOR
485:books
310:radar
52:. (1
3337:Open
3232:Mass
3056:Core
3006:Nova
2899:Iron
2849:Dark
2659:Lead
2639:HgMn
2634:CEMP
2563:Blue
2536:Blue
2454:Late
2236:List
2151:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2003:Gaia
1938:Gaia
1918:2008
1895:2020
1883:NASA
1864:2021
1852:NASA
1785:2014
1777:NASA
1757:2014
1704:ISSN
1448:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1185:the
1119:3600
1060:3600
982:3600
633:tan(
471:news
390:The
374:and
364:NASA
353:WFC3
237:Vega
210:Vega
110:Vega
3638:Sub
3372:Sun
2791:SGR
2568:Red
2541:Red
2039:doi
2015:616
1974:doi
1950:616
1821:doi
1799:785
1658:doi
1636:341
1575:doi
1507:doi
1136:265
1130:206
1111:180
1052:180
974:180
952:180
921:tan
910:),
817:tan
687:leg
454:by
394:'s
366:'s
285:.
216:in
149:'s
38:Sun
3787::
2671:Be
2624:Am
2607:CH
2602:CN
2521:OB
2516:WR
2179:38
2177:.
2087:.
2037:.
2027:.
2013:.
2007:.
1988:^
1972:.
1962:.
1948:.
1942:.
1885:.
1881:.
1854:.
1850:.
1827:.
1819:.
1811:.
1797:.
1774:.
1748:.
1702:.
1690:.
1678:^
1664:.
1656:.
1648:.
1634:.
1573:.
1563:14
1561:.
1557:.
1532:11
1530:.
1505:.
1493:.
1489:.
1423:,
837:au
806:,
612:-v
600:-v
588:-v
348:.
116:.
108:,
96:,
54:AU
3727::
2864:Q
2683:B
2597:S
2509:B
2504:O
2492:M
2487:K
2482:G
2477:F
2472:A
2467:B
2462:O
2217:e
2210:t
2203:v
2189:.
2185::
2161:.
2159:.
2141:.
2139:.
2120:.
2047:.
2041::
2031::
2021::
2001:"
1982:.
1976::
1966::
1956::
1936:"
1920:.
1897:.
1866:.
1835:.
1823::
1815::
1805::
1787:.
1759:.
1710:.
1698::
1692:3
1672:.
1660::
1652::
1642::
1581:.
1577::
1569::
1542:.
1538::
1515:.
1509::
1501::
1495:4
1456:.
1371:p
1367:d
1346:2
1342:p
1337:p
1328:=
1325:p
1318:|
1313:)
1308:p
1305:1
1300:(
1293:p
1280:|
1276:=
1272:)
1267:p
1264:1
1259:(
1252:=
1249:d
1211:p
1207:/
1203:1
1200:=
1197:d
1166:.
1158:1
1133:,
1100:1
1097:=
1094:d
1068:.
1044:d
1035:1
1022:p
995:,
968:x
965:=
944:x
941:=
933:x
927:x
890:d
870:p
847:,
842:d
832:1
826:=
823:p
743:.
735:p
731:/
727:1
716:d
663:2
660:/
657:1
644:2
641:/
638:1
628:d
614:′
610:′
606:′
602:′
598:′
594:′
590:′
586:′
572:′
564:′
560:′
556:′
521:)
515:(
510:)
506:(
496:·
489:·
482:·
475:·
448:.
328:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
