Vega - Knowledge

1355:. This is a category of stars that oscillate in a coherent manner, resulting in periodic pulsations in the star's luminosity. Although Vega fits the physical profile for this type of variable, other observers have found no such variation. Thus the variability was thought to possibly be the result of systematic errors in measurement. However, a 2007 article surveyed these and other results, and concluded that "A conservative analysis of the foregoing results suggests that Vega is quite likely variable in the 1–2% range, with possible occasional excursions to as much as 4% from the mean". Also, a 2011 article affirms that "The long-term (year-to-year) variability of Vega was confirmed". 10478: 1052: 1044: 10466: 1595: 10695: 10415: 10472: 2267: 50: 10968: 11106: 1128: 1136: 2380: 978: 2294:. Hence it is more likely to have been produced as the result of a relatively recent breakup of a moderate-sized (or larger) comet or asteroid, which then further fragmented as the result of collisions between the smaller components and other bodies. This dusty disk would be relatively young on the time scale of the star's age, and it will eventually be removed unless other collision events supply more dust. 2113: 11142: 57: 11166: 11095: 11154: 884: 1234:, Struve revised his value for Vega's parallax to nearly double the original estimate. This change cast further doubt on Struve's data. Thus most astronomers at the time, including Struve, credited Bessel with the first published parallax result. However, Struve's initial result was actually close to the currently accepted value of 0.129″, as determined by the 2167:(AU), where an AU is the average radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It was proposed that this radiation came from a field of orbiting particles with a dimension on the order of a millimetre, as anything smaller would eventually be removed from the system by radiation pressure or drawn into the star by means of 6554: 1346:

Photometric measurements of Vega during the 1930s appeared to show that the star had a low-magnitude variability on the order of ±0.03 magnitude (around ±2.8% luminosity). This range of variability was near the limits of observational capability for that time, and so the subject of Vega's variability

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Following the discovery of an infrared excess around Vega, other stars have been found that display a similar anomaly that is attributable to dust emission. As of 2002, about 400 of these stars have been found, and they have come to be termed "Vega-like" or "Vega-excess" stars. It is believed that

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in its core. Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones, Vega's main-sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years, a tenth of the Sun's. The current age of this star is about 455 million years, or up to about half its expected total main-sequence lifespan.

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or less. To maintain this amount of dust in orbit around Vega, a continual source of replenishment would be required. A proposed mechanism for maintaining the dust was a disk of coalesced bodies that were in the process of collapsing to form a planet. Models fitted to the dust distribution around

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effect. As viewed from the poles, this results in a darker (lower-intensity) limb than would normally be expected for a spherically symmetric star. The temperature gradient may also mean that Vega has a convection zone around the equator, while the remainder of the atmosphere is likely to be in

2290:. The disk of dust is produced as radiation pressure from Vega pushes debris from collisions of larger objects outward. However, continuous production of the amount of dust observed over the course of Vega's lifetime would require an enormous starting mass—estimated as hundreds of times the 3829:

Monnier, J. D.; Che, Xiao; Zhao, Ming; Ekstrom, S.; Maestro, V.; Aufdenberg, J.; Baron, F.; Georgy, C.; Kraus, S.; McAlister, H.; Pedretti, E.; Ridgway, S.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Brummelaar, T. ten (December 10, 2012), "Resolving Vega and the inclination controversy with CHARA/MIRC",

1587:. This is 60% larger than the radius of the star Sirius, while stellar models indicated it should only be about 12% larger. However, this discrepancy can be explained if Vega is a rapidly rotating star that is being viewed from the direction of its pole of rotation. Observations by the 1708:

is only about 32% of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun's atmosphere. (Compare this, for example, to a threefold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun.) For comparison, the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about

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effects. This rapid rotation of Vega produces a pronounced equatorial bulge, so the radius of the equator is 19% larger than the polar radius, compared to just under 11% for Saturn, the most oblate of the Solar System's planets. (The estimated polar radius of this star is

2422:. The observations showed that the debris ring is smooth and symmetric. No evidence was found of the blobs reported earlier, casting doubts on the hypothesized giant planet. The smooth structure has been confirmed in follow-up observations by Hughes et al. (2012) and the 1414:

is about 40 times the Sun's. Because it is rotating rapidly, approximately once every 16.5 hours, and seen nearly pole-on, its apparent luminosity, calculated assuming it was the same brightness all over, is about 57 times the Sun's. If Vega is variable, then it may be a

1258:, is of magnitude −1.46. To standardize the magnitude scale, astronomers chose Vega and several similar stars and averaged their brightness to represent magnitude zero at all wavelengths. Thus, for many years, Vega was used as a baseline for the calibration of absolute 2417:

in Hawaii in 2005, astronomers were able to further constrain the size of a planet orbiting Vega to no more than 5–10 times the mass of Jupiter. The issue of possible clumps in the debris disc was revisited in 2007 using newer, more sensitive instrumentation on the

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In 2021, a paper analyzing 10 years of spectra of Vega detected a candidate 2.43-day signal around Vega, statistically estimated to have only a 1% chance of being a false positive. Considering the amplitude of the signal, the authors estimated a minimum mass of

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to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. This process becomes dominant at a temperature of about 17 million K, which is slightly higher than the core temperature of the Sun, but is less efficient than the Sun's

1688:, the discovery that it is rapidly rotating may challenge some of the underlying assumptions that were based on it being spherically symmetric. With the viewing angle and rotation rate of Vega now better known, this will allow improved instrument calibrations. 1076:, but around 12,000 BCE the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega. Through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around 14,000 CE. Vega is the brightest of the successive northern pole stars. In 210,000 years, Vega will become 2171:. The latter is the result of radiation pressure creating an effective force that opposes the orbital motion of a dust particle, causing it to spiral inward. This effect is most pronounced for tiny particles that are closer to the star. 6442: 1913:. Although Vega is at present only the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, the star is slowly brightening as proper motion causes it to approach the Sun. Vega will make its closest approach in an estimated 264,000 years at a 3199: 1502:

may be present, confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X-rays detected from Vega (or the region very close to Vega) may be difficult as most of any coronal X-rays would not be emitted along the line of sight.

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Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (2003). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Northern Sample I".

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Motion transverse to the line of sight causes the position of Vega to shift with respect to the more distant background stars. Careful measurement of the star's position allows this angular movement, known as

1799:(toward the red), or to a higher frequency (toward the blue) if the motion is toward the Earth. Thus the velocity can be measured from the amount of shift of the star's spectrum. Precise measurements of this 811:

Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive, its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their

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used photographs of the spectra of Vega and similar stars to identify a set of twelve "very strong lines" that were common to this stellar category. These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen

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Each night the positions of the stars appear to change as the Earth rotates. However, when a star is located along the Earth's axis of rotation, it will remain in the same position and thus is called a

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Hurt, Spencer A.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Latham, David W.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Calkins, Michael L.; Berlind, Perry; Angus, Ruth; Latham, Christian A.; Zhou, George (January 21, 2021).

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is a numerical value that decreases in value with increasing brightness of the star. The faintest stars visible to the unaided eye are sixth magnitude, while the brightest in the night sky,

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Earth masses, but considering the very oblique rotation of Vega itself of only 6.2° from Earth's perspective, the planet may be aligned to this plane as well, giving it an actual mass of

2807: 961:(WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included 3889:

Aufdenberg, J.P.; et al. (2006). "First results from the CHARA Array: VII. Long-Baseline Interferometric Measurements of Vega Consistent with a Pole-On, Rapidly Rotating Star?".

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Vega indicate that it is a 120-astronomical-unit-radius circular disk viewed from nearly pole-on. In addition, there is a hole in the center of the disk with a radius of no less than

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or mass loss, although stellar models show that this would normally only occur near the end of a star's hydrogen-burning lifespan. Another possibility is that the star formed from an

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The Future of Photometric, Spectrophotometric and Polarimetric Standardization, ASP Conference Series, Proceedings of a Conference Held 8–11 May 2006 in Blankenberge, Belgium

3043: 2585:, the year star. For a period of history it marked the start of their new year when the ground would be prepared for planting. Eventually this function became denoted by the 6610: 6583: 1536:. This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun. Magnetic fields of roughly 30 G have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 G for the Sun. In 2015, bright 5583:

between a star joining the main sequence and turning off to the red giant branch. With a mass closer to 2.2, however, the interpolated age for Vega is less than a billion.

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that were used to set the initial mean values for this photometric system when it was introduced in the 1950s. The mean magnitudes for these six stars were defined as:

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of Vega is the component of this star's motion along the line-of-sight to the Earth. Movement away from the Earth will cause the light from Vega to shift to a lower

1374:(IRAS) discovered an excess of infrared radiation coming from the star, and this was attributed to energy emitted by the orbiting dust as it was heated by the star. 1262:

brightness scales. However, this is no longer the case, as the apparent magnitude zero point is now commonly defined in terms of a particular numerically specified

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noted stellar parallax in 1805-6 and came up with a 4-second value for the star which was a gross overestimate. The first person to publish a star's parallax was

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Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed "arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun". Vega was the northern

6420: 6549:{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\mu ={\sqrt {{\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha }}^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\delta }}\ =\ 327.78\ {\text{mas/y}}\end{smallmatrix}}} 1313:= 0. In effect, the magnitude scale has been calibrated so that the magnitude of these stars is the same in the yellow, blue and ultraviolet parts of the 3117: 5154:

Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas".

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Although a planet has yet to be directly observed around Vega, the presence of a planetary system cannot yet be ruled out. Thus there could be smaller,

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Dick, Wolfgang R.; Ruben, G. (1988). "The First Successful Attempts to Determine Stellar Parallaxes in the Light of the Bessel/Struve Correspondence".

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The pole of Vega—its axis of rotation—is inclined no more than five degrees from the line-of-sight to the Earth. At the high end of estimates for the

1194:, the first photograph of a star's spectrum showing absorption lines. Similar lines had already been identified in the spectrum of the Sun. In 1879, 742: 8211: 2406:

closer to Vega. The migration of this planet would likely require gravitational interaction with a second, higher-mass planet in a smaller orbit.

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Böhm, T.; et al. (May 2015). "Discovery of starspots on Vega. First spectroscopic detection of surface structures on a normal A-type star".

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had ruled out a companion down to magnitude 16, which would correspond to a body with more than 12 times the mass of Jupiter. Astronomers at the

3301: 1068:. A complete precession cycle requires 25,770 years, during which time the pole of the Earth's rotation follows a circular path across the 504: 2814:, a literal Latin translation of the Arabic name. Medieval star charts also listed the alternate names Waghi, Vagieh and Veka for this star. 9748: 9728: 9718: 9713: 9698: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9224: 8139: 7215:

Wyatt, M. (2003). "Resonant Trapping of Planetesimals by Planet Migration: Debris Disk Clumps and Vega's Similarity to the Solar System".

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Browning, Matthew; et al. (2004). "Simulations of core convection in rotating A-type stars: Differential rotation and overshooting".

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Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)".

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Vega has a rotation period of 16.3 hours, much faster than the Sun's rotational period but similar to, and slightly slower than, those of

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Hughes, A. Meredith; et al. (2012). "Confirming the Primarily Smooth Structure of the Vega Debris Disk at Millimeter Wavelengths".

5190: 1618:) rotational velocity because Vega is seen almost pole-on. This is 88% of the speed that would cause the star to start breaking up from 10318: 10313: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10248: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 9219: 9214: 9199: 9189: 9184: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 8190: 1737:

abundance is about 50% of solar. On the other hand, Vega has only 10% to 30% of the solar abundance for most other major elements with

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with this planet—where their orbital periods form integer fractions with the period of the planet—producing the resulting clumpiness.

1924:. However, Vega may be much older than this group, so the membership remains uncertain. This group contains about 16 stars, including 1040:

at that time. Complementarily, Vega swoops down and kisses the horizon at true North at midnight on Dec 31/Jan 1, as seen from 51° N.

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Determining the nature of the planet has not been straightforward; a 2002 paper hypothesizes that the clumps are caused by a roughly

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solar radii.) From the Earth, this bulge is being viewed from the direction of its pole, producing the overly large radius estimate.

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From the perspective of an observer on a hypothetical planet around Vega, the Sun would appear as a faint 4.3-magnitude star in the

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about the core that evenly distributes the 'ash' from the fusion reaction within the core region. The overlying atmosphere is in

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and showed some slight variability. Thus it was suggested that Vega showed occasional low-amplitude pulsations associated with a

1266:. This approach is more convenient for astronomers, since Vega is not always available for calibration and varies in brightness. 7344:

Piétu, V.; et al. (July 2011). "High-sensitivity search for clumps in the Vega Kuiper-belt. New PdBI 1.3 mm observations".

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Star Lore of All Ages: A Collection of Myths, Legends, and Facts Concerning the Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere

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Uranography: Or, A Description of the Heavens; Designed for Academics and Schools; Accompanied by an Atlas of the Heavens

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beyond the Sun known to be an X-ray emitter when in 1979 it was observed from an imaging X-ray telescope launched on an

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showed a lower than expected flux for the hypothesized particles, suggesting that they must instead be on the order of

1219: 4500:. Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 75. 1174:

process. On 17 July 1850, Vega became the first star (other than the Sun) to be photographed, when it was imaged by

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The path of the north celestial pole among the stars due to the precession. Vega is the bright star near the bottom.

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Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system".

1119:. The Summer Triangle is recognizable in the northern skies for there are few other bright stars in its vicinity. 11236: 6384:

Adelman, Saul J.; et al. (1990). "An elemental abundance analysis of the superficially normal A star Vega".

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Petit, P.; Böhm, T.; Folsom, C. P.; Lignières, F.; Cang, T. (2022). "A decade-long magnetic monitoring of Vega".

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Hamacher, Duane W.; et al. (2010). "An Aboriginal Australian Record of the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae".

11246: 11196: 8918: 7822:[AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy)] (in Chinese). July 3, 2006. Archived from 5916:

Vaiana, G. S. (1980). A. K. Dupree (ed.). "Stellar Coronae – Overview of the Einstein / CFA Stellar Survey In:

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The Call of the Stars: A Popular Introduction to a Knowledge of the Starry Skies with their Romance and Legend

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may be evidence of dynamical perturbations within the system. This may be caused by an intense bombardment of

867:. Stars that display an infrared excess due to dust emission are termed Vega-like stars. In 2021, a candidate 5947:

Munro, R. H.; et al. (May 1977). "Physical properties of a polar coronal hole from 2 to 5 solar radii".

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Hayes, D. S. (May 24–29, 1984). "Stellar absolute fluxes and energy distributions from 0.32 to 4.0 microns".

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that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is observed from the direction of one of these poles.

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The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the

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Absil, O.; et al. (2006). "Circumstellar material in the Vega inner system revealed by CHARA/FLUOR".

4919: 4824: 3377: 2251:). Production of the dust would require collisions between asteroids in a population corresponding to the 2235:. These much wider disks were found to be circular and free of clumps, with dust particles ranging from 1– 1498:

for this star must be very weak or non-existent. However, as the pole of Vega is facing Earth and a polar

1317:. Thus, Vega has a relatively flat electromagnetic spectrum in the visual region—wavelength range 350–850 10936: 10890: 10364: 8215: 7137:"Astronomers discover possible new Solar Systems in formation around the nearby stars Vega and Fomalhaut" 3105: 2207:

had produced high-resolution infrared images of the dust around Vega. It was shown to extend out to 43″ (

1572: 1515: 1183: 958: 674: 4108: 2775:, that among the Nakshatras he is Abhijit, which remark indicates the auspiciousness of this Nakshatra. 11256: 11241: 11132: 10454: 9874: 7546:"Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket" 7291:

Itoh, Yoichi; et al. (2006). "Coronagraphic Search for Extrasolar Planets around ε Eri and Vega".

3077: 2637: 1941: 1870: 1866: 1677:, the local luminosity is higher at the poles. As a result, if Vega were viewed along the plane of its 1230:

was skeptical about Struve's data, and, when Bessel published a parallax of 0.314″ for the star system

1077: 3235:, δ = −38° 47′ 01.291″, which is in the western part of Columba. 1064:. The direction of the Earth's axis of rotation gradually changes over time in a process known as the 9091: 8943: 7726:

Gingerich, O. (1987). "Zoomorphic Astrolabes and the Introduction of Arabic Star Names into Europe".

3453: 3012: 1367: 1290: 1191: 789: 666: 103: 10759: 8143: 8093: 6588: 6561: 4521: 3594:"Hubble Space Telescope Absolute Spectrophotometry of Vega from the Far-Ultraviolet to the Infrared" 1920:

Based on this star's kinematic properties, it appears to belong to a stellar association called the

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in the night sky, and will peak in brightness in 290,000 years with an apparent magnitude of –0.81.

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Stanbridge, William Edward (1857). "On the astronomy and mythology of the Aborigines of Victoria".

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Holland, Wayne S.; et al. (1998). "Submillimetre images of dusty debris around nearby stars".

2423: 2160:) centered on the star. At the measured distance of Vega, this corresponded to an actual radius of 1756:

A0–F0 stars remains unclear. One possibility is that the chemical peculiarity may be the result of

1721:. Thus, in terms of abundances, only about 0.54% of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium. 1522: 1475: 1348: 1314: 788:

will be +86° 14′. Vega was the first star other than the Sun to have its image and

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make a bridge so that Niulang and Zhinü can be together again for a brief encounter. The Japanese

10967: 8245: 6036: 5794: 4543: 3458: 2445: 2349:) to the northeast of Vega. This was hypothesized as either a perturbation of the dust disk by a 2317:

at Mt. Hopkins in 2011, revealed evidence for an inner dust band around Vega. Originating within

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coming from Vega, beyond what would be expected from the star alone. This excess was measured at

1518:. This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an 1436: 1427: 801: 762: 10477: 5656: 1207:

of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.

11226: 10423: 10396: 10391: 10357: 9517: 6825: 5115:"Spectrophotometry with a self-scanned silicon photodiode array. II – Secondary standard stars" 3750:

Evans, D. S. (June 20–24, 1966). "The Revision of the General Catalogue of Radial Velocities".

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Defrère, D.; et al. (2011). "Hot exozodiacal dust resolved around Vega with IOTA/IONIC".

2824:" famously opens with the couplet, "Out on the lawn I lie in bed,/Vega conspicuous overhead". 1321:, most of which can be seen with the human eye—so the flux densities are roughly equal; 2,000– 1000:

summer. From mid-southern latitudes, it can be seen low above the northern horizon during the

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Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (

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Oke, J. B.; et al. (1970). "The Absolute Spectral Energy Distribution of Alpha Lyrae".

5304: 5031: 4716: 4018: 3966: 3562: 3051: 2739:, Vega was sometimes associated with Vanant, a minor divinity whose name means "conqueror". 2508: 1749: 11061: 10795: 10787: 10494: 7974: 7931: 7735: 7677: 7617: 7557: 7516: 7469: 7416: 7363: 7310: 7234: 7181: 7101: 7035: 6982: 6929: 6882: 6841: 6797: 6722: 6664: 6393: 6356: 6315: 6283: 6240: 6150: 6080: 6001: 5956: 5929: 5895: 5858: 5767: 5699: 5619: 5538: 5495: 5458: 5412: 5381: 5354: 5300: 5263: 5163: 5126: 5052: 5027: 4888: 4788: 4747: 4712: 4458: 4392: 4336: 4266: 4143: 4014: 3962: 3908: 3849: 3790: 3759: 3729: 3683: 3645: 3605: 3558: 3389: 2916: 2643: 2601: 2012: 1416: 1352: 1215: 1088: 1037: 875:

method, additionally, another possible Saturn-mass signal with a period of about 200 days.

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Barrado y Navascues, D. (1998). "The Castor moving group. The age of Fomalhaut and VEGA".

5447:"Detection of soft X-rays from Alpha Lyrae and Eta Bootis with an imaging X-ray telescope" 4568: 4437:"A Decade of Radial-velocity Monitoring of Vega and New Limits on the Presence of Planets" 3231:

The Sun would appear at the diametrically opposite coordinates from Vega at α =

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Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System

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Barker, George F. (1887). "On the Henry Draper Memorial Photographs of Stellar Spectra".

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over 56 million years, an orbit large enough to allow the formation of smaller

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that has since become gravitationally unbound. The estimated age of this moving group is

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The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard light sources. At

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Kunitzsch, Paul (1986). "The Star Catalogue Commonly Appended to the Alfonsine Tables".

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Antia, H. M.; et al. (2006). "Determining Solar Abundances Using Helioseismology".

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Mengel, J. G.; et al. (1979). "Stellar evolution from the zero-age main sequence".

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A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations

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and Vega. All members of the group are moving in nearly the same direction with similar

1664:. This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong 11170: 11099: 11025: 10948: 10869: 10565: 10427: 8911: 8354: 8238: 7947: 7921: 7751: 7747: 7693: 7485: 7459: 7432: 7406: 7379: 7353: 7326: 7300: 7250: 7224: 7197: 7171: 7140: 7117: 7051: 7025: 6998: 6972: 6945: 6919: 6738: 6712: 6654: 6256: 6230: 6203: 6096: 6070: 6017: 5991: 5818: 5715: 5689: 5649: 5511: 4806: 4476: 4448: 4408: 4382: 4352: 4326: 4290: 4256: 4030: 4004: 3924: 3898: 3839: 3699: 3673: 3574: 3548: 3405: 3109: 2655: 2563: 2430: 2163: 1674: 1507: 1444: 1387: 1359: 1251: 1179: 1140: 848: 758: 366: 188: 10721: 7943: 6115: 5291:

Gautschy, A.; et al. (1995). "Stellar Pulsations Across The HR Diagram: Part 1".

3803: 3778: 3401: 10931: 10505: 10435: 8962: 8047: 8022: 7951: 7892: 7850: 7799: 7697: 7625: 7590: 7436: 7428: 7330: 6895: 6870: 6761: 6369: 6344: 6207: 6195: 5825: 5738: 5660: 5632: 5607: 5093: 5068: 4975: 4942: 4896: 4855: 4810: 4755: 4680: 4655: 4630: 4623: 4598: 4501: 4480: 4282: 4202: 4066: 4059: 4034: 3865: 3861: 3703: 3508: 3409: 3212: 3057: 2874: 2797: 2763: 2675: 2620: 2604:, Vega may have been one of the stars named Dilgan, "the Messenger of Light". To the 2597: 2495:

at 6.2° inclination) but is too faint to claim as a real signal with available data.

2398: 2373: 2369: 2365:

suggested that the image may indicate a planetary system still undergoing formation.

2350: 2244: 2095: 1992: 1780: 1665: 1619: 1584: 1247: 1084: 906: 868: 833: 719: 639: 602: 205: 74: 7755: 7383: 7254: 7201: 6949: 6742: 6260: 6100: 5719: 4356: 3928: 3578: 3294: 3194:{\displaystyle v_{\text{sp}}={\sqrt {10.7^{2}+8.0^{2}+9.7^{2}}}=16.5~{\text{km/s}}.} 3007:

For a metallicity of −0.5, the proportion of metals relative to the Sun is given by

1478:. The lines of other elements are relatively weak, with the strongest being ionized 855:. This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting 11146: 10954: 10887: 10805: 8819: 8483: 8468: 7939: 7743: 7685: 7565: 7524: 7489: 7477: 7424: 7371: 7318: 7242: 7189: 7121: 7109: 7055: 7043: 7002: 6990: 6937: 6890: 6849: 6805: 6730: 6612:

are the components of proper motion in the R.A. and Declination, respectively, and

6401: 6364: 6323: 6248: 6187: 6158: 6088: 6021: 6009: 5964: 5866: 5775: 5707: 5627: 5546: 5515: 5503: 5466: 5420: 5308: 5271: 5171: 5134: 5060: 4967: 4796: 4466: 4412: 4400: 4344: 4274: 4151: 4022: 3970: 3916: 3857: 3798: 3691: 3613: 3566: 3397: 2931: 2747: 2717: 2616:, the start of autumn was based upon the hour at which Vega set below the horizon. 2550: 2541: 2414: 2322: 2306: 1603: 1439:

fusion reaction. The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a

1227: 1204: 1155: 1069: 1029: 825: 557: 549: 475: 329: 136: 110: 10741: 7823: 7481: 7375: 6994: 6734: 6092: 6013: 4852:

Mapping the Spectrum: Techniques of Visual Representation in Research and Teaching

4294: 4134:

Gulliver, Austin F.; et al. (1994). "Vega: A rapidly rotating pole-on star".

4026: 3483: 1043: 11075: 10942: 10800: 9869: 9854: 9834: 8420: 7793: 7450:

Sibthorpe, B.; et al. (2010). "The Vega debris disc: A view from Herschel".

7047: 5982:

Lignières, F.; et al. (2009). "First evidence of a magnetic field on Vega".

4089: 3975: 3946: 3779:"Astrometric Studies of Aldebaran, Arcturus, Vega, the Hyades, and Other Regions" 3638:

VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S

3570: 3488: 2593: 2536:, "the falling eagle/vulture". The constellation was represented as a vulture in 2504: 2291: 2138: 1831: 1826: 1792: 1776: 1685: 1646: 1565: 1519: 1463: 1440: 1195: 1092: 982: 872: 836:

effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's

792:

photographed. It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through

488: 273: 164: 10465: 6448: 3447: 1347:

has been controversial. The magnitude of Vega was measured again in 1981 at the

8851: 8684: 8499: 8307: 7689: 5327: 4471: 4436: 2836: 2821: 2736: 2605: 2567: 2555: 2354: 2353:

or else an orbiting object that was surrounded by dust. However, images by the

2101: 1999: 1753: 1670: 1511: 1495: 1448: 1391: 1383: 1246:

The brightness of a star, as seen from Earth, is measured with a standardized,

1112: 630: 337: 317: 305: 10736: 7992: 6163: 6138: 5064: 4971: 4744:

Night Has a Thousand Eyes: A Naked-Eye Guide to the Sky, Its Science, and Lore

3539:

van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction".

11221: 11186: 11180: 10881: 10559: 9000: 8995: 8904: 8835: 8779: 8639: 8623: 8573: 8430: 8415: 8339: 7570: 7545: 7162:

Wilner, D.; et al. (2002). "Structure in the Dusty Debris around Vega".

6854: 6829: 6703:

Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. (March 2015). "Close encounters of the stellar kind".

5871: 5846: 4726: 3869: 3422:

That is, a vulture on the ground with its wings folded (Edward William Lane,

2848: 2844: 2793: 2545: 2537: 2248: 1944:. Membership in a moving group implies a common origin for these stars in an 1933: 1816: 1697: 1594: 1467: 1200: 1171: 1148: 821: 813: 711: 294: 249: 210: 91: 10471: 7771:"The Fatherland of the Polynesians – Aryan and Polynesian Points of Contact" 6191: 2387:

In 2003, it was hypothesized that these clumps could be caused by a roughly

11158: 10928: 10731: 10646: 10486: 10135: 10116: 9035: 8990: 8985: 8713: 8544: 8425: 8374: 8359: 8344: 8169: 6910:

Ciardi, David R.; et al. (2001). "On The Near-Infrared Size of Vega".

6199: 5486:

Harvey, Paul E.; et al. (1984). "On the far-infrared excess of Vega".

5425: 5400: 5351:

Proceedings of the Symposium, Calibration of fundamental stellar quantities

4286: 2806: 2716:. However, one day per year on the seventh day of the seventh month of the 2613: 2403: 2302: 2271: 2266: 2192: 1945: 1929: 1925: 1649:

at the poles is greater than at the equator, which produces a variation in

1631: 1533: 1499: 1187: 1017: 864: 448: 396: 6758:

Observer's Guide to Stellar Evolution: The Birth, Life, and Death of Stars

4996: 4571:. IAU Division C: Education, Outreach and Heritage (WGSN). August 21, 2016 3366:{\displaystyle \ \Rightarrow \ 4.83-5-(5\ \times \log _{10}0.13023)=4.256} 2703: 2699: 1540:

were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal

1135: 10922: 10726: 10711: 10703: 10663: 10171: 10111: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 9808: 9030: 9020: 9010: 9005: 8980: 8856: 8763: 8758: 8589: 8528: 8384: 8369: 8364: 7305: 7229: 7176: 7030: 6924: 6659: 6274:

Renson, P.; et al. (1990). "Catalogue of Lambda Bootis Candidates".

6235: 5694: 4387: 4331: 4313:

Su, K. Y. L.; et al. (2005). "The Vega Debris Disk: A Surprise from

4261: 4124:—use the "display all measurements" option to show additional parameters. 3903: 3678: 2817: 2801: 2651: 2434: 2410: 2345:

in 1997 revealed an "elongated bright central region" that peaked at 9″ (

2310: 2256: 2252: 2121: 1847: 1705: 1701: 1588: 1541: 1514:

has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the

1407: 1339: 1274: 1159: 1116: 1033: 1005: 860: 856: 852: 837: 817: 785: 542: 239: 228: 177: 56: 49: 8896: 4278: 4247:

Peterson, D. M.; et al. (2006). "Vega is a rapidly rotating star".

2827:

Vega became the first star to have a car named after it with the French

1462:

with an error margin of 2%. The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by

1370:. In 1983, Vega became the first star found to have a disk of dust. The 784:

around 12,000 BCE and will be so again around the year 13,727, when its

10716: 10601: 10148: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9824: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9723: 9708: 9703: 9693: 9688: 9239: 9025: 8975: 8729: 8400: 7646: 2828: 2781: 2755: 2437:

of planetary orbits around Vega is likely to be closely aligned to the

2148: 2142: 2044: 1914: 1905:. The radial component of this velocity—in the direction of the Sun—is 1681:

instead of almost pole-on, then its overall brightness would be lower.

1240: 1127: 1013: 746: 461: 413: 352: 261: 5847:"The near ultraviolet stellar spectra of alpha Lyrae and beta Orionis" 2647: 1525:. The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of 1072:

that passes near several prominent stars. At present the pole star is

796:

measurements. Vega has functioned as the baseline for calibrating the

11070: 11057: 10998: 10910: 10897: 10832: 10782: 10652: 10618: 10589: 10447: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9888: 9668: 9663: 9653: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9477: 9462: 9457: 9447: 9442: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9402: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9327: 9317: 9302: 9297: 9053: 9048: 9015: 8261: 5507: 5046: 4722: 3888: 2832: 2713: 2712:, lit. "weaver girl", Vega) who is on the far side of the river, the 2578: 2559: 2274:-sized objects that may have contributed to the dust ring around Vega 1937: 1835: 1800: 1796: 1757: 1752:. However, the reason for the existence of such chemically peculiar, 1479: 1423: 1403: 1318: 1236: 1061: 781: 766: 4549:. IAU Division C: Education, Outreach and Heritage (WGSN). July 2016 3951:

for metal-poor A-type stars using V and 2MASS J, H and K magnitudes"

10853: 10813: 10777: 10764: 10630: 10577: 10548: 10536: 10519: 10308: 10253: 10243: 10153: 10106: 9849: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9209: 9204: 9194: 9179: 9124: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9040: 8885: 8880: 7529: 7504: 7449: 7322: 7246: 7193: 6941: 6810: 6785: 6405: 6328: 6303: 6252: 5968: 5779: 5711: 5550: 5471: 5446: 5276: 5251: 5175: 5139: 5114: 5018:

Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (1997). "The Hipparcos Catalogue".

4801: 4776: 4453: 4404: 4348: 4199:

The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science

4155: 4009: 3920: 3695: 3618: 3593: 2778: 2725: 2586: 1851: 1742: 1722: 1537: 1487: 1471: 1410:. At present, Vega has more than twice the mass of the Sun and its 1394: 1329: 1231: 993: 844: 793: 774: 619: 7926: 7464: 7411: 7358: 7113: 6977: 6717: 6075: 5996: 4650:

Chaikin, Andrew L. (1990). Beatty, J. K.; Petersen, C. C. (eds.).

3844: 3553: 977: 10792: 10680: 10641: 10612: 10530: 10334: 10121: 9864: 9839: 9099: 8743: 8668: 8608: 8435: 8410: 8291: 8191:"New evidence for Solar-like planetary system around nearby star" 7270:"New evidence for Solar-like planetary system around nearby star" 7070: 4703:

Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998). "Once and Future Celestial Kings".

2789: 2768: 2743: 2609: 2596:

named this pole star Dayan-same, the "Judge of Heaven", while in

2438: 2388: 1678: 1557: 1363: 1073: 84: 77: 10349: 4654:(4th ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 832:

at the equator. This causes the equator to bulge outward due to

816:

lifetimes. Compared with the Sun, Vega has a lower abundance of

10875: 10181: 10163: 9859: 9844: 8698: 8653: 8459: 8440: 8349: 5444: 5017: 3208:

Introductory Statistics and Analytics: A Resampling Perspective

2772: 2721: 2695: 2571: 2514: 2333:, and may be evidence for the existence of a planetary system. 2330: 2112: 2022: 1811:. The minus sign indicates a relative motion toward the Earth. 1783:, which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion. 1738: 1734: 1730: 1656: 1561: 1431: 1398: 1324: 1255: 1096: 1051: 989: 946: 930: 918: 750: 689: 534: 426: 357: 6060: 4372: 2379: 1779:

near the surface. Energy transfer is instead performed by the

1571:

When the radius of Vega was measured to high accuracy with an

119: 8953: 8594: 8513: 8379: 8269: 6909: 6178:

Quirrenbach, Andreas (2007). "Seeing the Surfaces of Stars".

5325: 2529: 2326: 1491: 1211: 1104: 1021: 800:

brightness scale and was one of the stars used to define the

8230: 7710: 7343: 7267: 6962: 5886:

Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (1999). "Coronae on solar-like stars".

4877:"Anchor Points for the MK System of Spectral Classification" 4373:

Song, Inseok; et al. (2002). "M-Type Vega-like Stars".

4246: 4169: 3662: 1402:

After leaving the main sequence, Vega will become a class-M

1095:, which consists of Vega plus the two first-magnitude stars 8927: 8804: 8558: 7091: 7015: 5605: 5528: 2679: 2362: 1981: 1483: 1263: 1167: 715: 707: 565: 321: 309: 151: 145: 125: 96: 11153: 8188: 7396: 6342: 4777:"Photographs of Venus, Mercury and Alpha Lyræ in Daylight" 2831:

line of cars from 1954 onwards, and later on, in America,

2255:

around the Sun. Thus the dust is more likely created by a

1575:, it resulted in an unexpectedly large estimated value of 1008:

of +38.78°, Vega can only be viewed at latitudes north of

892: 7889:

A History of Zoroastrianism, volume one: The Early Period

6783: 5981: 4434: 3756:

Determination of Radial Velocities and Their Applications

2840: 2005: 1328:. However, the flux density of Vega drops rapidly in the 883: 754: 148: 122: 6871:"Models of the dust structures around Vega-excess stars" 6868: 4725:

data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or

4544:"Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" 4312: 3994: 3507:(2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. 2873:(4th ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 382. 2554:, which were drawn up between 1215 and 1270 by order of 1451:

centered on the core with an overlying convection zone.

1016:

or in the southernmost part of South America, including

887:

Vega is the brightest star in the constellation of Lyra.

871:

on a 2.43-day orbit around Vega was discovered with the

8212:"Spitzer Sees Dusty Aftermath of Pluto-Sized Collision" 7509:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

5256:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

4781:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

2278:

The inner boundary of the debris disk was estimated at

1614:

along the equator, much higher than the observed (i.e.

1494:

emission from Vega is very low, demonstrating that the

8142:. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from 7967:

Proceedings of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria

6276:

Bulletin d'Information du Centre de Données Stellaires

5051:. Astronomers' Universe. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2498: 1858:, which results in angular movement of a degree every 1748:

The unusually low metallicity of Vega makes it a weak

20:"Star Vega" redirects here. For the psychologist, see 11130: 7161: 6618: 6591: 6564: 6445: 6273: 4242: 4240: 3828: 3304: 3244: 3120: 3015: 2839:

in 1971. Other vehicles named after Vega include the

2608:, the constellation Lyra was formed from the harp of 8189:

Gilchrist, Eleanor; et al. (December 1, 2003).

8068:"W. H. Auden – A Summer Night (to Geoffrey Hoyland)" 7505:"On the inclination of extra-solar planetary orbits" 6830:"Dynamical effects of radiation in the solar system" 5153: 4964:

Mapping the Sky: Past Heritage and Future Directions

3378:"The Introduction of Absolute Magnitude (1902–1922)" 2570:

used the names Wega and Alvaca, and depicted it and

2468:

Earth masses. The researchers also detected a faint

939: 923: 824:—that is, a star whose brightness fluctuates. It is 142: 116: 7713:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–36

6644: 6171: 6143:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

5820:

Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis

5640: 4192: 4190: 4133: 2239:

in size. The estimated total mass of this dust is 3

1047:Path of Vega at winter solstice, as seen from 51°N 1028:, Vega remains continuously above the horizon as a 139: 113: 7085: 6624: 6604: 6577: 6548: 6116:"Rapidly Spinning Star Vega has Cool Dark Equator" 5817: 5679: 5648: 5479: 4622: 4237: 4058: 3446: 3365: 3285: 3193: 3037: 2270:Artist's concept of a recent massive collision of 7550:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 7062: 6875:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6834:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6349:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5851:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5608:"A New View of Vega's Composition, Mass, and Age" 4227:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1767:The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 1598:Size comparison of Vega (left) to the Sun (right) 1012:. Therefore, it does not rise at all anywhere in 937:) meaning "falling" or "landing", via the phrase 11178: 7838: 7502: 7290: 6786:"On the nature of the material surrounding VEGA" 5485: 5372:Gray, Raymond (2007). "The Problems with Vega". 5195:Optical and UV Spectrophotometric Standard Stars 4588: 4586: 4187: 3940: 3938: 1222:, when he announced a value of 0.125 arcsecond ( 847:radiation than expected, Vega appears to have a 8210:Hill, Gay Yee; et al. (January 10, 2005). 7268:Gilchrist, E.; et al. (December 1, 2003). 6383: 6336: 5726: 5392: 5326:I.A., Vasil'yev; et al. (March 17, 1989). 5090:Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe 4597:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. 4368: 4366: 4308: 4306: 4304: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3591: 1764:of gas and dust that was unusually metal-poor. 1111:. This formation is the approximate shape of a 10845: 8214:. NASA/Spitzer Space Telescope. Archived from 7914:Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage 7844: 7719: 7443: 7284: 7208: 6862: 5646: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5245: 5243: 4774: 4668: 4616: 4614: 4084: 4082: 3944: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3635: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3502: 3445: 3070: 1447:. This is in contrast to the Sun, which has a 1406:and shed much of its mass, finally becoming a 10365: 8912: 8246: 8131: 7638: 7155: 6779: 6777: 6301: 6214: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5081: 4881:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 4698: 4696: 4583: 4220: 4218: 3935: 3758:. Vol. 30. London, England. p. 57. 2707: 2689: 2683: 2665: 2659: 2630: 2624: 2191:these may provide clues to the origin of the 1956:, and they have an average space velocity of 1653:over the star: the polar temperature is near 1186:, also with a daguerreotype. In August 1872, 182:+38° 47′ 01.2802″ 8108: 8035: 7911: 7661: 7537: 7261: 7068: 7009: 6956: 6903: 6818: 6702: 6412: 6345:"The pulsating lambda Bootis star HD 105759" 5975: 5946: 5940: 5673: 5555:—From pages 769–778: for stars in the range 5290: 4955: 4825:"Spectroscopy and the Birth of Astrophysics" 4768: 4363: 4301: 4127: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3875: 3770: 3382:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 3112:formula applies. Hence, the net velocity is 2513:The name is believed to be derived from the 2152:, and came from within an angular radius of 1963: 1819:, to be calculated. Vega's proper motion is 1660:, while the equatorial temperature is about 917:) comes from a loose transliteration of the 757:, and one of the most luminous stars in the 8209: 8016: 7958: 7863: 7704: 7603: 7578: 7496: 7390: 7128: 6675: 6304:"The Abundance Patterns of Sirius and Vega" 6295: 6267: 6177: 6139:"The physical properties of normal A stars" 6130: 5838: 5809: 5751: 5732: 5586: 5398: 5293:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 5284: 5240: 5214: 5182: 4868: 4643: 4629:. Vol. 2. Courier Dover Publications. 4611: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4196: 4079: 3811: 3745: 3743: 3722:CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues 3538: 3521: 2383:Artist's impression of a planet around Vega 1377: 965:for this star. It is now so entered in the 10372: 10358: 8919: 8905: 8253: 8239: 8010: 7964: 7880: 7728:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6774: 6749: 6377: 6028: 5879: 5651:Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations 5522: 5433: 5147: 5011: 4924:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 42. 4917: 4735: 4693: 4487: 4215: 4162: 2309:in 2001 and then later confirmed with the 1466:of hydrogen; specifically by the hydrogen 8926: 8081: 7985: 7925: 7905: 7762: 7725: 7715:. Vol. VII. E.J. Brill. p. 292. 7667: 7569: 7528: 7463: 7410: 7357: 7304: 7228: 7175: 7029: 6976: 6923: 6894: 6853: 6824: 6809: 6716: 6696: 6658: 6640: 6638: 6368: 6327: 6234: 6220: 6162: 6074: 6054: 5995: 5911: 5909: 5870: 5844: 5757: 5693: 5631: 5606:Yoon, Jinmi; et al. (January 2010). 5470: 5424: 5342: 5275: 5221:McMahon, Richard G. (November 23, 2005). 5138: 5106: 5087: 5048:The Making of History's Greatest Star Map 4994: 4988: 4961: 4928: 4849: 4843: 4800: 4674: 4592: 4470: 4452: 4386: 4330: 4260: 4041: 4008: 3983: 3974: 3902: 3843: 3802: 3677: 3617: 3552: 3049: 2706:) are separated from their mother Zhinü ( 2372:. Dust would collect in orbits that have 2370:Jupiter-mass planet on an eccentric orbit 1917:distance of 13.2 ly (4.04 pc). 1696:In astronomy, those elements with higher 1564:. Because of that, Vega is significantly 1289:values, respectively. Vega is one of six 1162:of celestial objects, began in 1840 when 8193:. Joint Astronomy Centre. Archived from 8137: 7644: 7139:. Joint Astronomy Centre. Archived from 6423:. University of Virginia. Archived from 6418: 6118:. National Optical Astronomy Observatory 6107: 5918:Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun 5786: 5365: 5319: 5044: 4911: 4874: 4522:"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)" 4419: 4096:. Philadelphia: Oxford University Press. 3776: 3740: 3715: 3713: 3592:Bohlin, R. C.; Gilliland, R. L. (2004). 3496: 3416: 2861: 2378: 2265: 2247:(around 7.5 times more massive than the 2111: 1686:standard star for calibrating telescopes 1593: 1273:measures the magnitude of stars through 1134: 1126: 1122: 1050: 1042: 976: 882: 16:Brightest star in the constellation Lyra 8041: 7337: 6681: 6136: 5885: 5815: 5647:Salaris, Maurizio; et al. (2005). 5531:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 5220: 5119:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 5112: 4775:Holden, Edward S.; et al. (1890). 4649: 4620: 4561: 4197:Barger, M. Susan; et al. (2000) . 4088: 3656: 2544:. The Arabic name then appeared in the 2528:star catalogue and was translated into 1419:with a period of about 0.107 day. 1032:. Around July 1, Vega reaches midnight 769:, and the second-brightest star in the 301: 11179: 8060: 7869: 7609: 7584: 7543: 6755: 6635: 5915: 5906: 5575:, stellar models give an age range of 5249: 4741: 4702: 4493: 4224: 4100: 3719: 3631: 3629: 3375: 3225: 2600:it was Tir-anna, "Life of Heaven". In 1544:, and these features show evidence of 1386:is A0V, making it a blue-tinged white 1024:(53° S). At latitudes to the north of 195:+0.026 (−0.02 – +0.07) 10353: 8900: 8234: 8167: 8114: 7886: 7812: 7775:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 7768: 7711:Houtsma, M. Th.; et al. (1987). 7587:Ancient Egypt: the Light of the World 7214: 7134: 6343:Martinez, Peter; et al. (1998). 6113: 6034: 5348: 5188: 4941:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 4934: 4536: 4056: 3752:Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 30 3749: 3710: 3585: 3286:{\displaystyle m=M_{v}-5-5\log _{10}} 3211:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. 3204: 3076:The space velocity components in the 3001: 2479:-day signal which could translate to 1850:, which is equivalent to a change in 1733:is only marginally less abundant and 1700:than helium are termed "metals". The 1591:in 2005–06 confirmed this deduction. 1277:, blue and yellow filters, producing 953:), "the falling eagle". In 2016, the 8087: 8042:Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (1533). 7670:Journal for the History of Astronomy 7069:Girault-Rime, Marion (Summer 2006). 6869:Dent, W. R. F.; et al. (2000). 6437:—The net proper motion is given by: 6037:"Magnetic Field On Bright Star Vega" 5792: 5371: 4675:Roy, Archie E.; et al. (2003). 4514: 3503:Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). 3478: 3476: 3467:participating institution membership 3053:The Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy 2822:A Summer Night (to Geoffrey Hoyland) 2732:(織姫), is also based on this legend. 2728:festival, in which Vega is known as 1691: 80: 8803: 8017:Tyson, Donald; et al. (1993). 7791: 7785: 7645:Houlding, Deborah (December 2005). 6784:Harper, D. A.; et al. (1984). 5797:. Rochester Institute of Technology 5401:"The long-term variability of Vega" 5353:. Vol. 111. pp. 225–252. 5313:10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.000451 5038: 4817: 3626: 2868: 2612:, with Vega as its handle. For the 2499:Etymology and cultural significance 2336: 2174:Subsequent measurements of Vega at 1909:, while the transverse velocity is 1873:components of Vega are (U, V, W) = 1854:. The net proper motion of Vega is 1139:"On the night of July 16–17, 1850, 313: 13: 8140:"The Lockheed Vega and Its Pilots" 7849:. Chinese Intercontinental Press. 7748:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37197.x 7503:Campbell, B.; et al. (1985). 4677:Astronomy: Principles and Practice 4595:A Field Guide to Stars and Planets 4524:. International Astronomical Union 4061:Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning 2133:One of the early results from the 2128: 14: 11273: 11074:(Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; 11060:(Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; 10379: 8161: 7944:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2010.03.06 7845:Wei, Liming; et al. (2005). 6688:. The Macmillan company. p. 6447: 5211:—flux versus wavelength for Vega. 4997:"The First Parallax Measurements" 4875:Garrison, R. F. (December 1993). 4106: 3473: 3402:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2006.02.06 3238:The visual magnitude is given by 2433:orbiting closer to the star. The 1634:, while the equatorial radius is 11164: 11152: 11140: 11105: 11104: 11093: 11054:(Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021) 10966: 10693: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10413: 8019:Three Books of Occult Philosophy 6896:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03331.x 6370:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02070.x 6302:Qiu, H. M.; et al. (2001). 4057:Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963). 3945:Kinman, T.; et al. (2002). 2998:or a ±2.8% luminosity variation. 2805: 2540:, and as an eagle or vulture in 2315:Infrared Optical Telescope Array 2259:around Vega, rather than from a 1684:As Vega had long been used as a 1548:with a period of 0.68 day. 988:Vega can often be seen near the 955:International Astronomical Union 135: 109: 55: 48: 6292:—Entry for HD 172167 on p. 144. 5824:. University of Chicago Press. 5655:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 5445:Topka, K.; et al. (1979). 4831:. American Institute of Physics 3038:{\displaystyle 10^{-0.5}=0.316} 2871:Allen's Astrophysical Qualities 2198: 1372:Infrared Astronomical Satellite 1358:Vega became the first solitary 878: 11252:Henry Draper Catalogue objects 11212:Hypothetical planetary systems 10939:(rapidly-rotating brown dwarf) 7610:Olcott, William Tyler (1911). 7272:. Royal Observatory, Edinburgh 6605:{\displaystyle \mu _{\delta }} 6578:{\displaystyle \mu _{\alpha }} 6137:Adelman, Saul J. (July 2004). 5737:. Cambridge University Press. 5223:"Notes on Vega and magnitudes" 5092:. Cambridge University Press. 4966:. Springer. pp. 119–121. 4621:Burnham, Robert J. R. (1978). 4065:. Courier Dover Publications. 3489:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3439: 3354: 3326: 3308: 2923:is the star's luminosity, and 2672:the First Star of Weaving Girl 2509:Stars in astrology § Vega 2420:Plateau de Bure Interferometer 2313:at Mt. Wilson in 2006 and the 2299:Palomar Testbed Interferometer 1901:, for a net space velocity of 972: 843:Based on observations of more 640:Alpha Lyrae, α Lyrae 1: 11232:Bright Star Catalogue objects 8260: 7589:. Adamant Media Corporation. 7073:. CNRS International Magazine 6790:Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 6386:Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 5399:Butkovskaya, Varvara (2011). 5088:Garfinkle, Robert A. (1997). 4721:– based on computations from 4497:The new encyclopedia of Islam 3433: 3050:Matteucci, Francesca (2001). 2343:James Clerk Maxwell Telescope 2297:Observations, first with the 1834:—the celestial equivalent of 1786: 771:northern celestial hemisphere 336:130.23 ± 0.36 11120:Category:2022 in outer space 11115:Category:2021 in outer space 11110:Category:2020 in outer space 7870:Kippax, John Robert (1919). 7346:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6705:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6685:An Introduction to Astronomy 6682:Moulton, Forest Ray (1906). 6419:Majewski, Steven R. (2006). 6063:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5984:Astronomy & Astrophysics 5330:. Commission 27 of the I.A.U 5328:"On the Variability of Vega" 5252:"On the variability of Vega" 4938:A Short History of Astronomy 4109:"V* alf Lyr – Variable Star" 2869:Cox, Arthur N., ed. (1999). 2137:(IRAS) was the discovery of 2135:Infrared Astronomy Satellite 2021: 2016: 2011: 1998: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1190:took a photograph of Vega's 859:, which is analogous to the 818:elements heavier than helium 7: 7544:Knobel, E. B. (June 1895). 7482:10.1051/0004-6361/201014574 7376:10.1051/0004-6361/201116796 6995:10.1051/0004-6361/201117017 6735:10.1051/0004-6361/201425221 6093:10.1051/0004-6361/201425425 6014:10.1051/0004-6361/200911996 5816:Clayton, Donald D. (1983). 5733:Padmanabhan, Thanu (2002). 5189:Walsh, J. (March 6, 2002). 4995:Anonymous (June 28, 2007). 4854:. Oxford University Press. 4569:"IAU Catalog of Star Names" 4174:application version 0.10.2" 4027:10.1051/0004-6361/202143000 3804:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/452 3106:Cartesian coordinate system 2784:counted Vega as one of the 2678:, there is a love story of 2666: 2631: 1551: 1516:Observatoire du Pic du Midi 1184:Harvard College Observatory 1115:, with Vega located at its 1066:precession of the equinoxes 959:Working Group on Star Names 940: 924: 10: 11278: 11192:A-type main-sequence stars 10455:James Webb Space Telescope 7690:10.1177/002182868601700202 7452:Astronomy and Astrophysics 7429:10.1088/0004-637X/750/1/82 7048:10.1051/0004-6361:20054522 7018:Astronomy and Astrophysics 6965:Astronomy and Astrophysics 6647:Astronomy and Astrophysics 6114:Staff (January 10, 2006). 5888:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5633:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/71 5045:Perryman, Michael (2010). 5020:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4742:Upgren, Arthur R. (1998). 4593:Pasachoff, Jay M. (2000). 3997:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3976:10.1051/0004-6361:20020806 3955:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3862:10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L3 3571:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 3541:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3078:Galactic coordinate system 2718:Chinese lunisolar calendar 2581:people, Vega was known as 2502: 1969:The Vega planetary system 1867:galactic coordinate system 1220:Friedrich G. W. von Struve 996:during the evening in the 66:Location of Vega (circled) 18: 11088: 11039: 11021:(Bernardinelli-Bernstein) 10964: 10862: 10689: 10514:Asteroid close approaches 10503: 10485: 10462: 10407: 10385: 10327: 10189: 10180: 10162: 10134: 10099: 9896: 9887: 9875:WISEP J190648.47+401106.8 9817: 9549: 9516: 9288: 9090: 9062: 8961: 8952: 8944:Lyra in Chinese astronomy 8934: 8873: 8844: 8828: 8812: 8796: 8772: 8751: 8742: 8722: 8706: 8697: 8677: 8661: 8652: 8632: 8616: 8607: 8582: 8566: 8557: 8537: 8521: 8512: 8492: 8476: 8467: 8457: 8393: 8327: 8320: 8300: 8284: 8277: 8268: 7891:. New York: E. J. Brill. 7399:The Astrophysical Journal 7293:The Astrophysical Journal 7217:The Astrophysical Journal 7164:The Astrophysical Journal 6912:The Astrophysical Journal 6308:The Astrophysical Journal 6223:The Astrophysical Journal 6164:10.1017/S1743921304004314 5612:The Astrophysical Journal 5405:Astronomische Nachrichten 5228:. University of Cambridge 5065:10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5 4972:10.1017/S007418090013949X 4850:Hentschel, Klaus (2002). 4319:The Astrophysical Journal 4201:. JHU Press. p. 88. 4136:The Astrophysical Journal 3832:The Astrophysical Journal 3777:Gatewood, George (2008). 3454:Oxford English Dictionary 3376:Hughes, David W. (2006). 2941:variation of ±0.03 gives 2708: 2690: 2684: 2671: 2660: 2625: 2093: 1964:Possible planetary system 1368:White Sands Missile Range 967:IAU Catalog of Star Names 682: 638:Wega, Lucida Lyrae, 636: 629: 625: 390: 385: 381: 267: 260: 199: 71: 42: 11031:P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury) 10982:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) 8117:"Launch vehicles – Vega" 7769:Smith, S. Percy (1919). 7135:Staff (April 21, 1998). 5795:"The Boltzmann Equation" 5735:Theoretical Astrophysics 4472:10.3847/1538-3881/abdec8 4441:The Astronomical Journal 4375:The Astronomical Journal 3783:The Astronomical Journal 3666:The Astronomical Journal 3598:The Astronomical Journal 3205:Bruce, Peter C. (2015). 2854: 2746:people of north-western 2698:) and his two children ( 2424:Herschel Space Telescope 2263:as was earlier thought. 1568:like those two planets. 1523:chemically peculiar star 1476:principal quantum number 1378:Physical characteristics 1349:David Dunlap Observatory 1315:electromagnetic spectrum 828:rapidly with a speed of 22:Star Vega (psychologist) 11081:Mars landing: May 2021) 11066:Mars landing: Feb 2021) 8138:Rumerman, Judy (2003). 8119:. European Space Agency 8021:. Llewellyn Worldwide. 7585:Massey, Gerald (2001). 7474:2010A&A...518L.130S 7368:2011A&A...531L...2P 7040:2006A&A...452..237A 6987:2011A&A...534A...5D 6727:2015A&A...575A..35B 6669:1998A&A...339..831B 6625:{\displaystyle \delta } 6192:10.1126/science.1145599 6085:2015A&A...577A..64B 6035:Staff (July 26, 2009). 6006:2009A&A...500L..41L 5900:1997A&A...318..215S 5305:1995ARA&A..33...75G 5113:Cochran, A. L. (1981). 5032:1997A&A...323L..49P 4717:1998S&T....95d..59T 4019:2022A&A...666A..20P 3967:2002A&A...391.1039K 3947:"The determination of T 3563:2007A&A...474..653V 3459:Oxford University Press 2205:Spitzer Space Telescope 2169:Poynting–Robertson drag 909:. The traditional name 367:Absolute magnitude 206:Evolutionary stage 189:Apparent magnitude 11237:Durchmusterung objects 11100:Outer space portal 10424:Tiangong space station 8115:Staff (May 20, 2005). 8092:. SEDS. Archived from 8044:De Occulta Philosophia 7876:. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 7616:. G.P. Putnam's sons. 7571:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429 6855:10.1093/mnras/97.6.423 6626: 6606: 6579: 6550: 5872:10.1093/mnras/197.1.57 5845:Michelson, E. (1981). 5426:10.1002/asna.201111587 5250:Fernie, J. D. (1981). 5191:"Alpha Lyrae (HR7001)" 4935:Berry, Arthur (1899). 4494:Glassé, Cyril (2008). 3424:Arabic-English Lexicon 3367: 3287: 3195: 3039: 2847:launch system and the 2750:, Australia, named it 2526:Al Achsasi al Mouakket 2524:which appeared in the 2384: 2374:mean-motion resonances 2359:Joint Astronomy Centre 2341:Observations from the 2275: 2125: 1954:100 million years 1599: 1458:, the flux density is 1430:process that combines 1271:UBV photometric system 1152: 1132: 1056: 1048: 985: 888: 806:UBV photometric system 11247:Gliese and GJ objects 11197:Delta Scuti variables 10945:(massive white dwarf) 10112:HD 173416 b (Wangshu) 8939:List of stars in Lyra 8928:Constellation of Lyra 8886:Polarissima Australis 8197:on September 23, 2009 6756:Inglis, Mike (2003). 6627: 6607: 6580: 6551: 5949:Astrophysical Journal 5760:Astrophysical Journal 5682:Astrophysical Journal 5451:Astrophysical Journal 5197:. ESO. Archived from 5156:Astrophysical Journal 3891:Astrophysical Journal 3368: 3288: 3196: 3040: 2382: 2269: 2211:) at a wavelength of 2115: 1671:radiative equilibrium 1651:effective temperature 1606:velocity for Vega is 1597: 1546:rotational modulation 1445:radiative equilibrium 1412:bolometric luminosity 1166:took an image of the 1138: 1130: 1123:Observational history 1054: 1046: 980: 886: 29:Vega (disambiguation) 10796:circumplanetary disk 10788:OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb 10495:Winchcombe meteorite 8881:Polarissima Borealis 7887:Boyce, Mary (1996). 7143:on December 16, 2008 6616: 6589: 6562: 6443: 4921:Studies in astronomy 4652:The New Solar System 4170:"Calculation by the 3302: 3242: 3118: 3013: 2917:bolometric magnitude 2688:) in which Niulang ( 2654:. Consequently, the 2646:consisting of Vega, 2602:Babylonian astronomy 2441:plane of this star. 2391:-mass planet having 2139:excess infrared flux 1977:(in order from star) 1353:Delta Scuti variable 1216:Giuseppe Calandrelli 1083:This star lies at a 1036:when it crosses the 992:in the mid-northern 763:fifth-brightest star 27:For other uses, see 11262:Northern pole stars 11217:Castor Moving Group 11207:Circumstellar disks 11202:Lambda Boötis stars 10977:C/2021 A1 (Leonard) 10878:(elliptical galaxy) 10107:HAT-P-5b (Kráľomoc) 8146:on October 18, 2007 8096:on October 24, 2007 8090:"Vega, Alpha Lyrae" 8088:Frommert, Hartmut. 7979:1857PPIVT...2..137S 7936:2010JAHH...13..220H 7740:1987NYASA.500...89G 7682:1986JHA....17...89K 7622:1911slaa.book.....O 7562:1895MNRAS..55..429K 7521:1985PASP...97..180C 7421:2012ApJ...750...82H 7315:2006ApJ...652.1729I 7239:2003ApJ...598.1321W 7186:2002ApJ...569L.115W 7106:1998Natur.392..788H 6934:2001ApJ...559.1147C 6887:2000MNRAS.314..702D 6846:1937MNRAS..97..423R 6802:1984ApJ...285..808H 6632:is the Declination. 6427:on January 25, 2012 6398:1990ApJ...348..712A 6361:1998MNRAS.301.1099M 6320:2001ApJ...548..953Q 6288:1990BICDS..38..137R 6245:2006ApJ...644.1292A 6155:2004IAUS..224....1A 5961:1977ApJ...213..874M 5934:1980SAOSR.389..195V 5863:1981MNRAS.197...57M 5793:Richmond, Michael. 5772:1970ApJ...161.1015O 5704:2004ApJ...601..512B 5624:2010ApJ...708...71Y 5565:0.2 < Y < 0.3 5543:1979ApJS...40..733M 5500:1984Natur.307..441H 5463:1979ApJ...229..661T 5417:2011AN....332..956B 5386:2007ASPC..364..305G 5359:1985IAUS..111..225H 5268:1981PASP...93..333F 5201:on February 9, 2007 5168:1953ApJ...117..313J 5131:1981ApJS...45...83C 5057:2010mhgs.book.....P 4918:Gore, J.E. (1904). 4893:1993AAS...183.1710G 4793:1890PASP....2..249H 4752:1998nhte.book.....U 4463:2021AJ....161..157H 4397:2002AJ....124..514S 4341:2005ApJ...628..487S 4279:10.1038/nature04661 4271:2006Natur.440..896P 4148:1994ApJ...429L..81G 3913:2006ApJ...645..664A 3854:2012ApJ...761L...3M 3795:2008AJ....136..452G 3764:1967IAUS...30...57E 3734:2002yCat.2237....0D 3688:2003AJ....126.2048G 3650:2009yCat....102025S 3610:2004AJ....127.3508B 3457:(Online ed.). 3394:2006JAHH....9..173H 3080:are: U = 2577:Among the northern 2431:terrestrial planets 2261:protoplanetary disk 1970: 1922:Castor Moving Group 1762:interstellar medium 1437:proton–proton chain 1164:John William Draper 1087:of a widely spaced 1002:Southern Hemisphere 998:Northern Hemisphere 683:Database references 575:Rotational velocity 39: 11026:C/2021 T4 (Lemmon) 10760:Lambda Serpentis b 10411:telescope launches 6622: 6602: 6575: 6546: 6544: 6543: 5922:SAO Special Report 4829:Tools of Cosmology 3492:. Merriam-Webster. 3363: 3283: 3191: 3110:Euclidean distance 3035: 2788:and related it to 2385: 2321:of the star, this 2276: 2164:astronomical units 2154:10 arcseconds 2126: 1968: 1830:(mas) per year in 1750:Lambda Boötis star 1675:Von Zeipel theorem 1600: 1508:spectropolarimetry 1388:main-sequence star 1360:main-sequence star 1252:apparent magnitude 1203:. Since 1943, the 1180:John Adams Whipple 1153: 1133: 1131:Astrophoto of Vega 1078:the brightest star 1057: 1049: 986: 957:(IAU) organized a 889: 849:circumstellar disk 759:Sun's neighborhood 631:Other designations 533:(equatorial) 356:(7.68 ± 0.02 351:25.04 ± 0.07 316: 286.23 304: 200.94 250:Variable type 218:Spectral type 37: 11257:Hipparcos objects 11242:Flamsteed objects 11128: 11127: 10932:astrophysical jet 10704:Alpha Centauri Ab 10347: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10130: 10129: 9883: 9882: 8894: 8893: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8738: 8737: 8693: 8692: 8648: 8647: 8603: 8602: 8553: 8552: 8508: 8507: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8316: 8315: 8308:Polaris Australis 8176:. The Sol Company 8053:978-90-04-09421-5 8028:978-0-87542-832-1 7898:978-90-04-08847-4 7856:978-7-5085-0836-8 7847:Chinese Festivals 7805:978-986-7332-25-7 7631:978-0-7873-1096-7 7596:978-1-60206-086-9 7100:(6678): 788–791. 7071:"Vega's Stardust" 6767:978-1-85233-465-9 6539: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6421:"Stellar Motions" 6186:(5836): 325–326. 6149:(IAUS224): 1–11. 5831:978-0-226-10953-4 5744:978-0-521-56241-6 5666:978-0-470-09220-0 5494:(5950): 441–442. 5411:(9–10): 956–960. 5099:978-0-521-59889-7 5074:978-3-642-11601-8 4981:978-90-277-2810-4 4948:978-0-486-20210-5 4861:978-0-19-850953-0 4761:978-0-306-45790-6 4705:Sky and Telescope 4686:978-0-7503-0917-2 4661:978-0-521-64587-4 4636:978-0-486-23568-4 4604:978-0-395-93431-9 4507:978-0-7425-6296-7 4255:(7086): 896–899. 4208:978-0-8018-6458-2 4072:978-0-486-21079-7 3514:978-1-931559-44-7 3465:(Subscription or 3334: 3313: 3307: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3128: 2963:= 0.03 = 2.5 log 2880:978-0-387-98746-0 2798:Cornelius Agrippa 2764:Srimad Bhagavatam 2676:Chinese mythology 2361:in Hawaii and at 2245:mass of the Earth 2110: 2109: 2034: 2009: 1996: 1978: 1860:11,000 years 1856:327.78 mas/y 1781:radiative process 1692:Element abundance 1666:gravity darkening 1585:radius of the Sun 1248:logarithmic scale 1151:of a star (Vega)" 907:Bayer designation 869:ultra-hot Neptune 820:. Vega is also a 720:Bayer designation 706:is the brightest 701: 700: 11269: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11157: 11156: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11136: 11108: 11107: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11020: 11009: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10988:(248370) 2005 QN 10970: 10937:2MASS J0348−6022 10918: 10916: 10915: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10872:(distant quasar) 10850: 10708: 10697: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10670:(163899) 2003 SD 10660: 10658: 10657: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10566:(231937) 2001 FO 10556: 10554: 10553: 10544: 10542: 10541: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10417: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10187: 10186: 9894: 9893: 9840:HAT-P-5 (Chasoň) 8959: 8958: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8898: 8897: 8810: 8809: 8801: 8800: 8749: 8748: 8704: 8703: 8659: 8658: 8614: 8613: 8564: 8563: 8519: 8518: 8474: 8473: 8465: 8464: 8325: 8324: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7929: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7798:. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 7789: 7783: 7782: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7647:"Lyra: The Lyre" 7642: 7636: 7635: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7467: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7414: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7361: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7308: 7306:astro-ph/0608362 7299:(2): 1729–1733. 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7232: 7230:astro-ph/0308253 7223:(2): 1321–1340. 7212: 7206: 7205: 7179: 7177:astro-ph/0203264 7170:(2): L115–L119. 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7033: 7031:astro-ph/0604260 7013: 7007: 7006: 6980: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6927: 6925:astro-ph/0105561 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6826:Robertson, H. P. 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6720: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6662: 6660:astro-ph/9905243 6642: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6458: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6355:(4): 1099–1103. 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6238: 6236:astro-ph/0603001 6229:(2): 1292–1298. 6218: 6212: 6211: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6078: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5999: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5928:(389): 195–215. 5913: 5904: 5903: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5823: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5697: 5695:astro-ph/0310003 5677: 5671: 5670: 5654: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5603: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5508:10.1038/307441a0 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5442: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4899:on June 25, 2019 4895:. Archived from 4872: 4866: 4865: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4739: 4733: 4720: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4548: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4456: 4432: 4417: 4416: 4390: 4388:astro-ph/0204255 4370: 4361: 4360: 4334: 4332:astro-ph/0504086 4310: 4299: 4298: 4264: 4262:astro-ph/0603520 4244: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4090:Kendall, E. Otis 4086: 4077: 4076: 4064: 4054: 4039: 4038: 4012: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3961:(3): 1039–1052. 3942: 3933: 3932: 3906: 3904:astro-ph/0603327 3886: 3873: 3872: 3847: 3826: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3681: 3679:astro-ph/0308182 3660: 3654: 3653: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3604:(6): 3508–3515. 3589: 3583: 3582: 3556: 3536: 3519: 3518: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3450: 3443: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3347: 3346: 3332: 3311: 3305: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3260: 3259: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3158: 3157: 3145: 3144: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3103: 3101: 3096:, W = 3095: 3093: 3088:, V = 3087: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3005: 2999: 2932:solar luminosity 2884: 2865: 2809: 2711: 2710: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2551:Alfonsine tables 2494: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2415:Subaru Telescope 2401: 2348: 2337:Possible planets 2323:exozodiacal dust 2320: 2307:Gerard van Belle 2289: 2285: 2283: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2119: 2116:A mid-infrared ( 2078: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2043: 2041: 2032: 2003: 1990: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1942:space velocities 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1843: 1829: 1824: 1810: 1808: 1803:give a value of 1774: 1772: 1720: 1718: 1663: 1659: 1641: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1613: 1611: 1582: 1580: 1532: 1530: 1464:absorption lines 1461: 1457: 1417:Delta Scuti type 1342: 1335: 1327: 1312: 1302: 1228:Friedrich Bessel 1225: 1214:orbits the Sun. 1156:Astrophotography 1070:celestial sphere 1030:circumpolar star 943: 941:an-nasr al-wāqi' 927: 905:) is the star's 831: 743:relatively close 733:and abbreviated 710:in the northern 652: 617: 616: 615: 595: 593: 568: 532: 530: 524: 522: 502: 473: 471: 446: 444: 438: 436: 411: 410: 409: 315: 303: 287: 200:Characteristics 192: 172: 167: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 115: 72:Observation data 59: 52: 40: 36: 32: 25: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11151: 11141: 11139: 11131: 11129: 11124: 11094: 11092: 11084: 11041: 11035: 11019: 11015: 11008: 11004: 10990: 10989: 10986: 10960: 10925:(spiral galaxy) 10913: 10912: 10909: 10900: 10899: 10896: 10884:sextuple system 10858: 10848: 10801:TIC 172900988 b 10755:Lalande 21185 c 10706: 10685: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10655: 10654: 10651: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10621: 10620: 10617: 10604: 10603: 10600: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10499: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10460: 10410: 10409:Space probe and 10403: 10400: 10394: 10381: 10378: 10348: 10339: 10323: 10176: 10158: 10144:δ Lyrae cluster 10126: 10095: 9879: 9835:GSC 02652-01324 9813: 9545: 9512: 9284: 9086: 9058: 8948: 8930: 8925: 8895: 8890: 8861: 8845:Past and future 8840: 8824: 8784: 8768: 8734: 8718: 8689: 8673: 8644: 8628: 8599: 8578: 8549: 8533: 8504: 8488: 8445: 8406:γ Chamaeleontis 8389: 8321:Past and future 8312: 8296: 8264: 8259: 8221: 8219: 8218:on May 18, 2007 8200: 8198: 8179: 8177: 8164: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8054: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7963: 7959: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7885: 7881: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7826:on May 21, 2011 7818: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7790: 7786: 7767: 7763: 7724: 7720: 7709: 7705: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7583: 7579: 7542: 7538: 7501: 7497: 7448: 7444: 7395: 7391: 7342: 7338: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7266: 7262: 7213: 7209: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7133: 7129: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7063: 7014: 7010: 6961: 6957: 6908: 6904: 6867: 6863: 6823: 6819: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6754: 6750: 6701: 6697: 6680: 6676: 6643: 6636: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6596: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6417: 6413: 6382: 6378: 6341: 6337: 6300: 6296: 6272: 6268: 6219: 6215: 6176: 6172: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6033: 6029: 5980: 5976: 5945: 5941: 5914: 5907: 5884: 5880: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5731: 5727: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5645: 5641: 5604: 5587: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5527: 5523: 5484: 5480: 5443: 5434: 5397: 5393: 5370: 5366: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5289: 5285: 5248: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5204: 5202: 5187: 5183: 5152: 5148: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5043: 5039: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4787:(10): 249–250. 4773: 4769: 4762: 4746:. Basic Books. 4740: 4736: 4729:is uncertain.) 4701: 4694: 4687: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4591: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4433: 4420: 4371: 4364: 4311: 4302: 4245: 4238: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4195: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4132: 4128: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4101: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4055: 4042: 3993: 3984: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3887: 3876: 3827: 3812: 3775: 3771: 3748: 3741: 3718: 3711: 3661: 3657: 3634: 3627: 3590: 3586: 3537: 3522: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3464: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3373: 3342: 3338: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3277: 3273: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3183: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2940: 2929: 2926: 2914: 2904: 2901: 2893: 2881: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2742:The indigenous 2642:, refers to an 2519:Al Nesr al Waki 2511: 2505:Summer Triangle 2501: 2490: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2448:constellation. 2396: 2346: 2339: 2318: 2292:mass of Jupiter 2287: 2281: 2279: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2131: 2129:Infrared excess 2120:) image of the 2117: 2074: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2039: 2037: 2002: 1989: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1910: 1907:−13.9 km/s 1906: 1902: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1859: 1855: 1844:0.54 mas/y 1841: 1839: 1832:right ascension 1827:milliarcseconds 1822: 1820: 1806: 1804: 1793:radial velocity 1789: 1777:convection zone 1770: 1768: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1694: 1661: 1654: 1647:surface gravity 1637: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1609: 1607: 1578: 1576: 1554: 1528: 1526: 1459: 1455: 1441:convection zone 1380: 1337: 1333: 1322: 1304: 1294: 1223: 1196:William Huggins 1147:made the first 1125: 1093:Summer Triangle 1004:winter. With a 983:Summer Triangle 975: 952: 936: 881: 873:radial velocity 829: 741:. This star is 678: 647: 613: 611: 610: 608: 591: 589: 581: sin 563: 528: 526: 520: 518: 500: 489:Surface gravity 481: 478: 469: 467: 454: 451: 442: 440: 434: 432: 419: 416: 407: 405: 404: 402: 372: 355: 312: 285: 279: 274:Radial velocity 187: 170: 165:Right ascension 163: 138: 134: 112: 108: 73: 67: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 60: 33: 26: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11275: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11174: 11173: 11161: 11149: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11102: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11067: 11055: 11045: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11017: 11012: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10957:(radio source) 10952: 10949:WISE 1534–1043 10946: 10943:ZTF J1901+1458 10940: 10934: 10926: 10920: 10907: 10894: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10870:QSO J0313−1806 10866: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10811: 10803: 10798: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10700: 10698: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10666: 10661: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10627: 10615: 10610: 10598: 10586: 10574: 10562: 10557: 10545: 10533: 10528: 10516: 10510: 10508: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10452: 10440: 10432: 10420: 10418: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10354: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10195: 10193: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9870:WISE 1828+2650 9867: 9862: 9857: 9855:LSR J1835+3259 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9555: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8967: 8965: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8924: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8901: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8807: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8471: 8462: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8258: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8207: 8186: 8163: 8162:External links 8160: 8158: 8157: 8130: 8107: 8080: 8059: 8052: 8034: 8027: 8009: 7984: 7957: 7904: 7897: 7879: 7862: 7855: 7837: 7811: 7804: 7784: 7761: 7718: 7703: 7660: 7637: 7630: 7602: 7595: 7577: 7556:(8): 429–438. 7536: 7530:10.1086/131516 7495: 7442: 7389: 7336: 7323:10.1086/508420 7283: 7260: 7247:10.1086/379064 7207: 7194:10.1086/340691 7154: 7127: 7084: 7061: 7024:(1): 237–244. 7008: 6955: 6942:10.1086/322345 6918:(1): 237–244. 6902: 6881:(4): 702–712. 6861: 6840:(6): 423–438. 6828:(April 1937). 6817: 6811:10.1086/162559 6773: 6766: 6748: 6695: 6674: 6634: 6621: 6599: 6595: 6572: 6568: 6557: 6556: 6532: 6526: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6411: 6406:10.1086/168279 6376: 6335: 6329:10.1086/319000 6294: 6266: 6253:10.1086/503707 6213: 6170: 6129: 6106: 6053: 6027: 5990:(3): L41–L44. 5974: 5969:10.1086/155220 5939: 5905: 5878: 5837: 5830: 5808: 5785: 5780:10.1086/150603 5750: 5743: 5725: 5712:10.1086/380198 5688:(1): 512–529. 5672: 5665: 5639: 5585: 5551:10.1086/190603 5521: 5478: 5472:10.1086/157000 5432: 5391: 5364: 5341: 5318: 5283: 5277:10.1086/130834 5262:(2): 333–337. 5239: 5213: 5181: 5176:10.1086/145697 5146: 5140:10.1086/190708 5105: 5098: 5080: 5073: 5037: 5010: 4987: 4980: 4954: 4947: 4927: 4910: 4867: 4860: 4842: 4816: 4802:10.1086/120156 4767: 4760: 4734: 4692: 4685: 4667: 4660: 4642: 4635: 4610: 4603: 4582: 4560: 4535: 4513: 4506: 4486: 4418: 4405:10.1086/341164 4381:(1): 514–518. 4362: 4349:10.1086/430819 4325:(1): 487–500. 4300: 4236: 4214: 4207: 4186: 4161: 4156:10.1086/187418 4142:(2): L81–L84. 4126: 4099: 4078: 4071: 4040: 3982: 3948: 3934: 3921:10.1086/504149 3897:(1): 664–675. 3874: 3810: 3789:(1): 452–460. 3769: 3739: 3709: 3696:10.1086/378365 3655: 3625: 3619:10.1086/420715 3584: 3547:(2): 653–664. 3520: 3513: 3495: 3472: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3415: 3388:(2): 173–179. 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3224: 3218:978-1118881330 3217: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3179: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3069: 3063:978-0792365525 3062: 3047: 3046: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2927: 2924: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2891: 2879: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2820:'s 1933 poem " 2786:Behenian stars 2754:, "the flying 2737:Zoroastrianism 2606:ancient Greeks 2583:whetu o te tau 2568:Western Europe 2556:King Alfonso X 2500: 2497: 2487:Earth masses ( 2355:Keck telescope 2338: 2335: 2200: 2197: 2145:of 25, 60 and 2130: 2127: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2000:Orbital period 1997: 1987:Semimajor axis 1984: 1979: 1965: 1962: 1958:16.5 km/s 1911:12.9 km/s 1871:space velocity 1788: 1785: 1754:spectral class 1710: 1698:atomic numbers 1693: 1690: 1573:interferometer 1553: 1550: 1512:magnetic field 1449:radiation zone 1428:nuclear fusion 1384:spectral class 1379: 1376: 1332:, and is near 1124: 1121: 1113:right triangle 974: 971: 951:النّسر الْواقع 950: 934: 880: 877: 699: 698: 693: 685: 684: 680: 679: 661: 172167, 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 623: 622: 606: 598: 597: 587: 570: 569: 561: 553: 552: 546: 538: 537: 516: 508: 507: 497: 484: 483: 479: 476: 465: 457: 456: 452: 449: 439:(equatorial), 430: 422: 421: 417: 414: 400: 392: 391: 388: 387: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 370: 362: 361: 349: 341: 340: 334: 325: 324: 299: 290: 289: 282: 277: 269: 268: 265: 264: 258: 257: 252: 246: 245: 242: 235: 234: 231: 224: 223: 220: 214: 213: 208: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 171:18 36 56.33635 168: 160: 159: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 69: 68: 54: 53: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11274: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11227:Bayer objects 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11121: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11103: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11080: 11078: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11013: 11011: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10963: 10956: 10955:Andy's object 10953: 10951:(brown dwarf) 10950: 10947: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10908: 10904: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10882:TIC 168789840 10880: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10855: 10852: 10849:(unconfirmed) 10847: 10844: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10707:(unconfirmed) 10705: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10628: 10625: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10599: 10596: 10587: 10584: 10575: 10572: 10563: 10561: 10560:99942 Apophis 10558: 10555: 10546: 10543: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10502: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10487:Impact events 10484: 10479: 10473: 10467: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10425: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10380:2021 in space 10375: 10370: 10368: 10363: 10361: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10136:Star clusters 10133: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8922: 8917: 8915: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8244: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8118: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8069: 8063: 8055: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8013: 7998: 7994: 7993:"ŚB 11.16.27" 7988: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7920:(3): 220–34. 7919: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7883: 7875: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7734:(1): 89–104. 7733: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7676:(49): 89–98. 7675: 7671: 7664: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7271: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7114:10.1038/33874 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6639: 6619: 6597: 6593: 6570: 6566: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6451: 6439: 6438: 6431:September 27, 6426: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6314:(2): 77–115. 6313: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6042: 6041:Science Daily 6038: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5955:(5): 874–86. 5954: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5910: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5812: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5766:: 1015–1023. 5765: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5581:10 years 5572: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299:(1): 75–114. 5298: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5244: 5224: 5217: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4727:proper motion 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4679:. CRC Press. 4678: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4564: 4545: 4539: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4191: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3298: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3188: 3177: 3174: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102:3.0 km/s 3079: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2995:= 10 ≈ 1.028, 2991: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2956: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2849:Lockheed Vega 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835:launched the 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2812:Vultur cadens 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:winter savory 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2633: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2546:western world 2543: 2542:ancient India 2539: 2538:ancient Egypt 2535: 2534:Vultur Cadens 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2404:rocky planets 2400: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249:asteroid belt 2246: 2243:10 times the 2206: 2203:By 2005, the 2196: 2194: 2188: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2094:86–815 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2036: 2033:(unconfirmed) 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1972: 1961: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1849: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1817:proper motion 1812: 1809:0.9 km/s 1802: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1713: = 1707: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1621: 1617: 1612:3.7 km/s 1605: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Balmer series 1465: 1460:3,650 Jy 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1366:350 from the 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1201:Balmer series 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:daguerreotype 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1149:daguerreotype 1146: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 984: 979: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 944: 942: 932: 928: 926: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 894: 885: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 830:236 km/s 827: 823: 822:variable star 819: 815: 814:main sequence 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 721: 718:. It has the 717: 713: 712:constellation 709: 705: 697: 694: 692: 691: 687: 686: 681: 676: 673: 67174, 672: 668: 665: 91262, 664: 660: 656: 650: 645: 641: 635: 632: 628: 624: 621: 607: 605: 604: 600: 599: 588: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 567: 562: 560: 559: 555: 554: 551: 547: 545: 544: 540: 539: 536: 517: 515: 514: 510: 509: 506: 498: 496: 494: 490: 486: 485: 482: 466: 464: 463: 459: 458: 455: 447:(polar) 431: 429: 428: 424: 423: 420: 401: 399: 398: 394: 393: 389: 384: 380: 376: 374: 368: 364: 363: 359: 354: 350: 348: 347: 343: 342: 339: 335: 333: 331: 327: 326: 323: 319: 311: 307: 300: 298: 296: 295:Proper motion 292: 291: 288:0.9 km/s 283: 281: 275: 271: 270: 266: 263: 259: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243: 241: 237: 236: 232: 230: 226: 225: 221: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211:Main sequence 209: 207: 204: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185: 181: 179: 176: 175: 169: 166: 162: 161: 156: 130: 107: 105: 104:Pronunciation 102: 101: 98: 95: 93: 92:Constellation 90: 89: 86: 83: 79: 76: 70: 58: 51: 41: 35: 30: 23: 11113: 11076: 11069: 11063:Perseverance 11062: 11052:Mars mission 11049: 10732:Kepler-1704b 10647:3361 Orpheus 10446: 10434: 10431:(April 2021) 10426: 10117:HD 178911 Bb 9042: 8970: 8797:Other bodies 8334: 8220:. Retrieved 8216:the original 8201:November 10, 8199:. Retrieved 8195:the original 8178:. Retrieved 8173: 8150:November 12, 8148:. Retrieved 8144:the original 8133: 8123:November 12, 8121:. Retrieved 8110: 8098:. Retrieved 8094:the original 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8062: 8043: 8037: 8018: 8012: 8000:. Retrieved 7996: 7987: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7888: 7882: 7872: 7865: 7846: 7840: 7828:. Retrieved 7824:the original 7814: 7794: 7792:陳久金 (2005). 7787: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7712: 7706: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7651:. Retrieved 7640: 7612: 7605: 7586: 7580: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7274:. Retrieved 7263: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7145:. Retrieved 7141:the original 7130: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7077:November 19, 7075:. Retrieved 7064: 7021: 7017: 7011: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6837: 6833: 6820: 6793: 6789: 6760:. Springer. 6757: 6751: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6684: 6677: 6650: 6646: 6429:. Retrieved 6425:the original 6414: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6122:November 18, 6120:. Retrieved 6109: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6040: 6030: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5819: 5811: 5801:November 15, 5799:. Retrieved 5788: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5734: 5728: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5650: 5642: 5618:(1): 71–79. 5615: 5611: 5570: 5558: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5454: 5450: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5350: 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5321: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5259: 5255: 5230:. Retrieved 5216: 5205:November 15, 5203:. Retrieved 5199:the original 5194: 5184: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5089: 5083: 5047: 5040: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5003:November 12, 5001:. Retrieved 4990: 4963: 4957: 4937: 4930: 4920: 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4897:the original 4884: 4880: 4870: 4851: 4845: 4833:. Retrieved 4828: 4819: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4743: 4737: 4711:(4): 59–63. 4708: 4704: 4676: 4670: 4651: 4645: 4624: 4594: 4573:. Retrieved 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4516: 4496: 4489: 4444: 4440: 4378: 4374: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4252: 4248: 4230: 4226: 4198: 4177:. Retrieved 4171: 4164: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4116:. Retrieved 4112: 4102: 4093: 4060: 4000: 3996: 3958: 3954: 3894: 3890: 3835: 3831: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3755: 3751: 3725: 3721: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3641: 3637: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3544: 3540: 3504: 3498: 3487: 3452: 3441: 3423: 3418: 3385: 3381: 3233:6 36 56.3364 3227: 3207: 3072: 3052: 3003: 2989: 2982: 2971: 2964: 2954: 2944: 2935: 2920: 2909: 2895: 2888: 2870: 2863: 2826: 2816: 2811: 2777: 2769:Shri Krishna 2762: 2760: 2751: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2658:for Vega is 2656:Chinese name 2638:Weaving Girl 2636: 2618: 2614:Roman Empire 2591: 2582: 2576: 2549: 2533: 2522:النسر الواقع 2521: 2518: 2512: 2450: 2443: 2428: 2408: 2386: 2367: 2340: 2303:David Ciardi 2296: 2277: 2272:dwarf planet 2202: 2199:Debris disks 2193:Solar System 2189: 2173: 2132: 2089: 2045: 2029: 2013:Eccentricity 1946:open cluster 1930:Alpha Cephei 1926:Alpha Librae 1919: 1903:19 km/s 1864: 1813: 1790: 1766: 1747: 1726: 1725:is slightly 1695: 1683: 1669:almost pure 1662:8,152 K 1655:10,000 1644: 1601: 1570: 1555: 1505: 1500:coronal hole 1456:5,480 Å 1453: 1421: 1381: 1357: 1345: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1245: 1235: 1226:) for Vega. 1209: 1188:Henry Draper 1176:William Bond 1154: 1082: 1058: 1018:Punta Arenas 987: 962: 938: 922: 914: 910: 902: 891: 890: 879:Nomenclature 865:Solar System 842: 810: 779: 761:. It is the 738: 734: 730: 722: 703: 702: 688: 677: 15486 669: 7001, 644:3 Lyrae 601: 582: 578: 573: 556: 541: 511: 492: 487: 460: 425: 395: 365: 344: 328: 293: 272: 34: 11171:Outer space 11042:exploration 11010:(PanSTARRS) 10923:ALESS 073.1 10863:Discoveries 10727:HD 110082 b 10722:HD 108236 f 10712:COCONUTS-2b 10664:4660 Nereus 10172:Ring Nebula 9363:7043 (Xihe) 9016:η (Aladfar) 8981:γ (Sulafat) 8976:β (Sheliak) 8857:36 Draconis 8222:November 2, 8180:November 9, 8168:Anonymous. 8100:November 2, 7997:vedabase.io 7653:November 4, 7649:. Sktscript 7515:: 180–182. 7276:October 30, 7147:October 29, 6796:: 808–812. 6653:: 831–839. 6392:: 712–717. 6282:: 137–149. 5894:: 215–230. 5577:(0.43–1.64) 5569:0.004 < 5537:: 733–791. 5334:October 30, 5232:November 7, 5162:: 313–352. 5026:: L49–L52. 4999:. Astroprof 4903:February 5, 4118:October 30, 3672:(4): 2048. 3104:. UVW is a 2894:= −2.5 log 2818:W. H. Auden 2802:kabbalistic 2800:listed its 2782:astrologers 2670:, English: 2635:), meaning 2558:. Medieval 2435:inclination 2411:coronagraph 2395:from 40 to 2311:CHARA array 2288:100 AU 2257:debris disk 2253:Kuiper Belt 2233:160 μm 2229:815 AU 2217:543 AU 2209:330 AU 2180:100 μm 2176:193 μm 2143:wavelengths 2124:around Vega 2122:debris disk 2090:Debris disk 2018:Inclination 1848:declination 1745:below 10%. 1706:photosphere 1702:metallicity 1632:solar radii 1620:centrifugal 1589:CHARA array 1542:A-type star 1474:at the n=2 1408:white dwarf 1340:micrometers 1334:100 Jy 1323:4,000 1275:ultraviolet 1260:photometric 1243:satellite. 1160:photography 1117:right angle 1091:called the 1034:culmination 1006:declination 973:Observation 903:Alpha Lyrae 861:Kuiper belt 857:debris disk 838:photosphere 834:centrifugal 798:photometric 786:declination 753:) from the 747:light-years 745:at only 25 731:Alpha Lyrae 725:, which is 657: 721, 543:Metallicity 513:Temperature 255:Delta Scuti 240:color index 229:color index 178:Declination 11181:Categories 10891:black hole 10717:Gliese 486 10691:Exoplanets 10457:(Dec 2021) 10451:(Nov 2021) 10439:(Oct 2021) 10149:Messier 56 9889:Exoplanets 9825:Gliese 758 9043:(Alathfar) 8852:ω Draconis 8820:o Draconis 8730:15 Orionis 8685:δ Octantis 8500:α Pictoris 8484:o Draconis 8345:τ Herculis 8340:ι Herculis 8174:SolStation 8073:January 6, 7830:January 6, 5557:1.75 < 4454:2101.08801 4447:(4): 157. 4233:: 166–172. 4172:Stellarium 4010:2208.09196 3469:required.) 3434:References 2851:aircraft. 2829:Facel Vega 2790:chrysolite 2640:(asterism) 2579:Polynesian 2574:as birds. 2560:astrolabes 2503:See also: 2439:equatorial 2347:70 AU 2237:50 μm 2221:70 μm 2213:24 μm 2185:80 AU 2118:24 μm 1915:perihelion 1825:0.63 1787:Kinematics 1729:abundant, 1704:of Vega's 1645:The local 1583:times the 1319:nanometers 1241:astrometry 1170:using the 1014:Antarctica 802:zero point 596: km/s 564:16.3 548:−0.5 491:(log 462:Luminosity 262:Astrometry 11147:Astronomy 11071:Tianwen-1 11058:Mars 2020 11016:C/2014 UN 11005:C/2014 OG 10999:8P/Tuttle 10893:candidate 10783:NGTS-14Ab 10504:Selected 10448:LICIACube 9064:Flamsteed 8836:δ Doradus 8640:δ Doradus 8545:η Doradus 8431:Alsephina 8426:Aspidiske 8421:υ Carinae 8416:ω Carinae 8411:I Carinae 8375:Alderamin 8262:Pole star 8046:. BRILL. 8002:March 29, 7952:118454721 7927:1010.4610 7820:"天文教育資訊網" 7698:118597258 7465:1005.3543 7437:118553890 7412:1203.0318 7405:(1): 82. 7359:1105.2586 7331:119542260 6978:1108.3698 6718:1412.3648 6620:δ 6598:δ 6594:μ 6571:α 6567:μ 6517:δ 6514:⁡ 6501:⋅ 6489:α 6485:μ 6467:δ 6463:μ 6452:μ 6208:118213499 6076:1411.7789 5997:0903.1247 5857:: 57–74. 5573:< 0.01 5125:: 83–96. 4835:March 29, 4811:120286863 4723:HIPPARCOS 4481:231693198 4035:251710497 3870:2041-8205 3845:1211.6055 3838:(1): L3, 3704:119417105 3644:: 02025. 3554:0708.1752 3410:115611984 3349:⁡ 3336:× 3324:− 3318:− 3309:⇒ 3268:− 3262:− 3108:, so the 3022:− 2833:Chevrolet 2714:Milky Way 2704:γ Aquilae 2700:β Aquilae 2667:Zhī Nǚ yī 2594:Assyrians 2319:8 AU 2147:100 1974:Companion 1938:Fomalhaut 1836:longitude 1801:blueshift 1797:frequency 1758:diffusion 1673:. 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