240:
3640:
3690:
31:
3714:
3678:
3702:
3651:
1057:
142 km/s. True or absolute motion is more difficult to measure than the proper motion, because the true transverse velocity involves the product of the proper motion times the distance. As shown by this formula, true velocity measurements depend on distance measurements, which are difficult in general.
1080:
Stars with large proper motions tend to be nearby; most stars are far enough away that their proper motions are very small, on the order of a few thousandths of an arcsecond per year. It is possible to construct nearly complete samples of high proper motion stars by comparing photographic sky survey
274:
The positive axes of the two components of its usually annually measured or published shift in proper motion are the exaggerated red arrows, note: the right arrows point to the east horizon. One red annotation is subtly shorter as the cosine of a star resting at 0° declination is 1, so such a star's
977:
For most stars seen in the sky, the observed proper motions are small and unremarkable. Such stars are often either faint or are significantly distant, have changes of below 0.01″ per year, and do not appear to move appreciably over many millennia. A few do have significant motions, and are usually
1056:
A proper motion of 1 arcsec per year 1 light-year away corresponds to a relative transverse speed of 1.45 km/s. Barnard's Star's transverse speed is 90 km/s and its radial velocity is 111 km/s (perpendicular (at a right, 90° angle), which gives a true or "space" motion of
1152:
in the M106 group of galaxies was used in 1999 to find an accurate distance to this object. Measurements were made of the radial motion of objects in that galaxy moving directly toward and away from Earth, and assuming this same motion to apply to objects with only a proper motion, the observed
1097:
of these surveys are well understood and quantifiable, studies have confirmed more and inferred approximate quantities of unseen stars – revealing and confirming more by studying them further, regardless of brightness, for instance. Studies of this kind show most of the nearest stars are
1000:
109:
is the distance (usually expressed as annual velocity) transverse (tangential or perpendicular) to line of sight from the Sun. The angle is shaded light blue from the Sun to the object's start point and its year later position as if it had no radial
687:
911:
323:
in the southern sky, look nearly the same now as they did hundreds of years ago. However, precise long-term observations show that such constellations change shape, albeit very slowly, and that each star has an independent
577:
503:
773:
372:(with 0 degrees meaning the motion is north, 90 degrees meaning the motion is east, (left on most sky maps and space telescope images) and so on), and the second is its magnitude, typically expressed in
271:
An ideal time to measure exactly such a small annual shift is at culmination. The culmination of the star is daily reached when the observer (and Earth) passes as shown by the blue arrows "beneath" the
830:(HIP) have already been converted. Hence, the individual proper motions in right ascension and declination are made equivalent for straightforward calculations of various other stellar motions.
960:
1204:, as in "the city proper") meaning "belonging to" or "own". "Improper motion" would refer to perceived motion that is nothing to do with an object's inherent course, such as due to Earth's
790:, being zero for a hypothetical object fixed at a celestial pole in declination. Thus, a co-efficient is given to negate the misleadingly greater east or west velocity (angular change in
1013:
has the largest proper motion of all stars, moving at 10.3″ yr. Large proper motion usually strongly indicates an object is close to the Sun. This is so for
Barnard's Star, about 6
1082:
3491:
80:
1116:
Stellar proper motions have been used to infer the presence of a super-massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. This now confirmed to exist black hole is called
1105:
Measurement of the proper motions of a large sample of stars in a distant stellar system, like a globular cluster, can be used to compute the cluster's total mass via the
1813:
Ghez, Andrea M.; et al. (2003). "The First
Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth".
107:
596:
1690:
794:) in hours of Right Ascension the further it is towards the imaginary infinite poles, above and below the earth's axis of rotation, in the sky. The change
1715:
843:
1443:
509:
1895:
A. Brunthaler; M.J. Reid; H. Falcke; L.J. Greenhill; C. Henkel (2005). "The
Geometric Distance and Proper Motion of the Triangulum Galaxy (M33)".
1957:
438:
698:
1658:"The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues : Astrometric and Photometric Star Catalogues derived from the ESA Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission"
1335:
1140:
M33, the third largest and only ordinary spiral galaxy in the Local Group, located 0.860 ± 0.028 Mpc beyond the Milky Way. The motion of the
1980:
1416:
311:
Over the course of centuries, stars appear to maintain nearly fixed positions with respect to each other, so that they form the same
1657:
2006:
J. R. Herrnstein; et al. (1999). "A geometric distance to the galaxy NGC4258 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk".
3523:
2070:
1990:
1879:
1598:
1455:
1426:
1399:
1372:
1345:
1315:
1867:
360:(as it excludes the component as to the direction of the line of sight) and it bears two quantities or characteristics: its
1694:
2060:
1037:
or powerful binoculars. Of the stars visible to the naked eye (conservatively limiting unaided visual magnitude to 6.0),
917:
3498:
2817:
1238:
1278:
1145:
1217:
3210:
1228:
1200:
The lesser meaning of "proper" used is arguably dated
English (but neither historic, nor obsolete when used as a
256:
3749:
3503:
3140:
3124:
2159:
1106:
3550:
3417:
805:
to become a component of the proper motion, is sometimes called the "proper motion in right ascension", and
3533:
3484:
3459:
2752:
151:
3474:
3454:
1085:
is one source of such images. In the past, searches for high proper motion objects were undertaken using
376:(symbols: arcsec/yr, as/yr, ″/yr, ″ yr) or milliarcseconds per year (symbols: mas/yr, mas yr).
223:
and its motion from the galactic frame of reference – that is motion in respect to the Sun, and by
2837:
51:
3739:
3668:
3538:
3469:
3439:
1268:
373:
2127:
1136:
are discussed in detail in Röser. In 2005, the first measurement was made of the proper motion of the
3744:
3545:
3422:
3399:
2981:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
1526:"Constraints on the proper motion of the Andromeda galaxy based on the survival of its satellite M33"
412:
of proper motion by convention are arrived at as follows. Suppose an object moves from coordinates (α
224:
112:
In this diagram the radial velocity happens to be one of the Sun and object parting, so is positive.
2688:
2562:
2197:
1642:
1621:
3464:
3215:
3014:
2924:
2884:
2866:
2792:
2363:
2289:
1389:
2086:
1745:
Lemay, Damien (1992). "Book-Review – Sky
Catalogue 2000.0 – V.1 – Stars to Magnitude 8.0 ED.2".
3625:
3605:
3377:
3372:
3270:
3165:
3114:
2919:
2909:
2582:
2380:
2348:
2239:
2222:
1584:
1201:
1050:
1042:
255:
of all 24 hours of Right
Ascension (the measure of absolute celestial east–west position), the
1728:
1588:
1525:
1307:
3479:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3362:
3150:
2316:
1732:
1362:
1233:
1022:
996:(or cpm.), suggesting they may be gravitationally attached or share similar motion in space.
45:
2597:
1494:
3620:
3518:
3508:
3357:
3325:
3119:
2914:
2899:
2212:
2025:
1914:
1832:
1754:
1550:
1490:
992:
966:
682:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}={\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha }}^{2}\cdot \cos ^{2}\delta \ ,}
85:
1093:
can scan digitized images, or comparisons to star catalogs obtained by satellites. As any
786:
accounts for the widening of the lines (hours) of right ascension away from the poles, cos
8:
3734:
3718:
3080:
3063:
2734:
2636:
2459:
1664:
827:
587:
379:
Proper motion may alternatively be defined by the angular changes per year in the star's
3220:
2029:
1918:
1836:
1758:
1636:
1615:
1554:
1193:
were over half a degree away from the positions charted by the ancient Greek astronomer
3706:
3694:
3615:
3576:
3528:
3513:
3427:
3367:
3290:
3200:
3170:
3160:
3104:
3026:
2717:
2353:
2152:
2041:
2015:
1938:
1904:
1848:
1822:
1566:
1540:
1506:
1480:
1273:
1090:
1030:
220:
2087:"I. Considerations on the change of the latitudes of some of the principal fixt stars"
1523:
3566:
2991:
2964:
2944:
2744:
2528:
2516:
2343:
2323:
2277:
2259:
2227:
2106:
2066:
2045:
1986:
1930:
1875:
1795:
1594:
1451:
1422:
1395:
1368:
1341:
1311:
1300:
1258:
1248:
1137:
1110:
1065:
1010:
1003:
402:
349:
at a speed of about 220 km/s at a radius of 8,000 parsecs (26,000 ly) from
155:
132:
3051:
2132:
1942:
1852:
1570:
1510:
275:
east or west shift would not need to be multiplied by the cosine of its declination.
3682:
3394:
3347:
3297:
3285:
3263:
3258:
3185:
3145:
3092:
2874:
2797:
2772:
2666:
2587:
2311:
2272:
2098:
2033:
1922:
1840:
1785:
1558:
1502:
1498:
1205:
1141:
1086:
1046:
409:
369:
365:
357:
353:
which can be taken as the rate of rotation of the Milky Way itself at this radius.
325:
266:
24:
906:{\displaystyle \mu \sin \theta =\mu _{\alpha }\cos \delta =\mu _{\alpha \ast }\ ,}
3581:
3384:
3253:
3097:
3068:
3009:
3004:
2879:
2607:
2572:
2506:
2452:
2447:
2392:
2202:
1253:
380:
288:
216:
163:
20:
3643:
3409:
3248:
3075:
3046:
3021:
2954:
2643:
2511:
2397:
2299:
2189:
2179:
1094:
1018:
361:
350:
304:
136:
124:
1772:
Akhmetov, V. S.; Fedorov, P. N.; Velichko, A. B.; Shulga, V. M. (2017-07-21).
1691:"Stellar motions: parallax, proper motion, radial velocity and space velocity"
982:
Motions can also be in almost seemingly random directions. Two or more stars,
239:
3728:
3595:
3352:
3320:
3195:
2904:
2727:
2698:
2676:
2294:
2267:
2244:
2145:
2110:
1894:
1799:
1387:
1333:
1178:
572:{\displaystyle \mu _{\delta }={\frac {\delta _{2}-\delta _{1}}{\Delta t}}\ .}
312:
1926:
3655:
3330:
3280:
3275:
3175:
3058:
3041:
2999:
2969:
2959:
2894:
2777:
2722:
2703:
2683:
2661:
2653:
2496:
2489:
2328:
2249:
2232:
2102:
1934:
1790:
1773:
1068:
invalidated by moving to a neighbouring constellation – it is now in
987:
498:{\displaystyle \mu _{\alpha }={\frac {\alpha _{2}-\alpha _{1}}{\Delta t}},}
341:
336:
140:
1872:
Reviews in Modern
Astronomy: From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way
768:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}={\mu _{\delta }}^{2}+{\mu _{\alpha \ast }}^{2}\ .}
3571:
3243:
3235:
3225:
3205:
3180:
3109:
3031:
2787:
2762:
2757:
2671:
2631:
2592:
2557:
2540:
2535:
2207:
2020:
1909:
1827:
1583:
1545:
1485:
1149:
1133:
1061:
983:
391:
296:
174:
144:
3155:
2852:
2825:
2802:
2782:
2767:
2619:
2523:
2501:
2479:
2474:
2338:
1617:
A Treatise on
Practical Astronomy, as Applied to Geodesy and Navigation
1263:
1194:
1121:
1038:
1014:
316:
120:
40:
units of distance from the Sun, and its light moved in a year by angle
1774:"The PMA Catalogue: 420 million positions and absolute proper motions"
990:, which are moving in similar directions, exhibit so-called shared or
3342:
3190:
2974:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2889:
2842:
2832:
2626:
2602:
2577:
2484:
2435:
2368:
2358:
2333:
2306:
2282:
2217:
1524:
Abraham Loeb; Mark J. Reid; Andreas
Brunthaler; Heino Falcke (2005).
1243:
1208:, and minor deviations, nutations well within the 26,000-year cycle.
1190:
1170:
1113:, proper motions can be used to compute the distance to the cluster.
1099:
1069:
1034:
1026:
346:
228:
205:
193:
34:
Relation between proper motion and velocity components of an object.
3335:
3036:
2710:
2469:
2442:
1844:
1562:
1471:
Y Sofu & V Rubin (2001). "Rotation Curves of Spiral
Galaxies".
1186:
1045:
5.20) has the highest proper motion at 5.281″ yr, discounting
826:. For example, the proper motion results in right ascension in the
331:
This motion is caused by the movement of the stars relative to the
265:
In red the diagram adds the components of proper motion across the
2037:
1655:
259:(center of the sun's position then) at the J2000 epoch, is vector
219:
allows calculations of an object's motion from the Solar System's
3610:
3085:
2847:
2614:
2567:
2550:
2545:
2464:
965:
Motions in equatorial coordinates can be converted to motions in
815:
If the proper motion in right ascension has been converted by cos
159:
30:
3600:
3588:
2807:
2693:
1182:
1169:
Proper motion was suspected by early astronomers (according to
1117:
1148:
is predicted in about 4.5 billion years. Proper motion of the
999:
16:
Measure of observed changes in the apparent locations of stars
1771:
1089:
to examine the images by eye. More modern techniques such as
197:
2949:
2168:
1360:
320:
209:
201:
128:
3650:
1388:
D. Scott Birney; Guillermo Gonzalez; David Oesper (2007).
1334:
D. Scott Birney; Guillermo Gonzalez; David Oesper (2007).
3315:
2091:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1656:
Matra Marconi Space, Alenia Spazio (September 15, 2003).
1613:
1297:
368:. The first is the direction of the proper motion on the
332:
2137:
1441:
3666:
920:
846:
701:
599:
512:
441:
88:
54:
243:
The celestial north and south poles are above/below
1747:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
1177:AD 400) but a proof was not provided until 1718 by
1153:proper motion predicts a distance to the galaxy of
1865:
1727:Hipparcos: Catalogues: The Millennium Star Atlas:
1299:
955:{\displaystyle \mu \cos \theta =\mu _{\delta }\ .}
954:
905:
767:
681:
571:
497:
339:. The Sun travels in a nearly circular orbit (the
143:, compared to the abstract background of the more
101:
74:
1778:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1442:M Reid; A Brunthaler; Xu Ye; et al. (2008).
1098:intrinsically faint and angularly small, such as
3726:
2005:
1211:
2058:
1978:
1414:
1949:
215:Knowledge of the proper motion, distance, and
2153:
1681:
1634:
1470:
44:radian/s. If there has been no distortion by
2062:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
1593:. Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
1473:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1444:"Mapping the Milky Way and the Local Group"
1306:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p.
1006:, showing position every 5 years 1985–2005.
184:). Their combined value is computed as the
2160:
2146:
2133:Edmond Halley: Discovery of proper motions
2052:
1999:
1888:
1421:. Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
1394:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1367:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
1340:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
1329:
1327:
1109:. Coupled with measurements of the stars'
1075:
1033:of 9.54, it is too faint to see without a
2019:
1908:
1826:
1789:
1607:
1544:
1484:
1972:
1693:. University of Virginia. Archived from
1688:
998:
315:over historical time. As examples, both
238:
150:The components for proper motion in the
29:
1985:. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
1738:
1628:
1381:
1324:
1291:
356:Any proper motion is a two-dimensional
123:measure of the observed changes in the
3727:
1448:Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies
1361:Simon F. Green; Mark H. Jones (2004).
1132:Proper motions of the galaxies in the
1053:6.42), proper motion: 7.058″ yr.
2141:
1859:
1744:
1435:
782:is the declination. The factor in cos
1812:
1806:
1577:
1464:
1446:. In F Combes; Keiichi Wada (eds.).
1408:
1364:An Introduction to the Sun and Stars
1354:
1298:Theo Koupelis; Karl F. Kuhn (2007).
812:the "proper motion in declination".
2128:Hipparcos: High Proper Motion Stars
1517:
1081:images taken many years apart. The
837:is related to these components by:
582:The magnitude of the proper motion
432:. The proper motions are given by:
13:
1638:The Stars: A study of the Universe
1614:Charles Leander Doolittle (1890).
1120:, and has a mass of 4.3 Ă— 10
1064:became the first star to have its
554:
483:
75:{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{t}}{d}}}
14:
3761:
2121:
1663:. ESA. p. 25. Archived from
1279:Very-long-baseline interferometry
801:, which must be multiplied by cos
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3649:
3639:
3638:
1956:Gough, Evan (12 February 2019).
1218:List of high-proper-motion stars
162:) are given in the direction of
2079:
1765:
1721:
1708:
1649:
1590:Textbook on Spherical Astronomy
1229:Astronomical coordinate systems
234:
1587:; Robin Michael Green (1977).
1503:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.137
1239:Leonard–Merritt mass estimator
1107:Leonard-Merritt mass estimator
1:
3551:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1729:The Top 20 High Proper Motion
1284:
1212:Stars with high proper motion
1146:Andromeda–Milky Way collision
1144:was measured in 2012, and an
401:) with respect to a constant
212:or milliarcseconds per year.
135:in the sky, as seen from the
2097:(355): 736–738. 1719-12-31.
2065:. Birkhäuser. p. 1084.
1870:. In Siegfried Röser (ed.).
1689:Majewski, Steven R. (2006).
1197:roughly 1850 years earlier.
1017:away. After the Sun and the
277:The proper motion vector is
152:equatorial coordinate system
7:
3211:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
1960:. The Astrophysical Journal
1955:
1874:. Wiley. pp. 179–194.
1868:"M33 – Distance and Motion"
1866:Andreas Brunthaler (2005).
1222:
972:
819:, the result is designated
10:
3766:
3125:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1269:Space velocity (astronomy)
1215:
1164:
36:A year ago the object was
18:
3634:
3559:
3408:
3306:
3234:
3133:
2990:
2865:
2743:
2652:
2388:
2379:
2258:
2188:
2175:
2167:
1533:The Astrophysical Journal
980:high-proper motion stars.
227:, that in respect to the
225:coordinate transformation
3504:With multiple exoplanets
2059:Otto Neugebauer (1975).
1979:Steven Weinberg (2008).
1415:Horace A. Smith (2004).
1302:In Quest of the Universe
692:technically abbreviated:
319:in the northern sky and
19:Not to be confused with
2290:Asymptotic giant branch
1927:10.1126/science.1108342
1495:2001ARA&A..39..137S
1391:Observational Astronomy
1337:Observational Astronomy
1076:Usefulness in astronomy
3626:Tidal disruption event
3115:Circumstellar envelope
2349:Luminous blue variable
2103:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025
1735:, retrieved 2019-06-27
1635:Simon Newcomb (1904).
1585:William Marshall Smart
1150:NGC 4258 (M106) galaxy
1007:
956:
907:
769:
683:
573:
499:
345:) about the center of
308:
113:
103:
76:
48:or otherwise then ÎĽ =
3750:Concepts in astronomy
3151:Effective temperature
1815:Astrophysical Journal
1733:European Space Agency
1234:Galaxy rotation curve
1002:
957:
908:
770:
684:
574:
500:
242:
104:
102:{\displaystyle v_{t}}
77:
46:gravitational lensing
33:
3621:Planet-hosting stars
3499:With resolved images
3470:Historical brightest
3400:Photometric-standard
3326:Solar radio emission
3120:Eddington luminosity
2900:Triple-alpha process
2838:Thorne–Żytkow object
2213:Young stellar object
1791:10.1093/mnras/stx812
1025:known star. Being a
993:common proper motion
967:galactic coordinates
918:
844:
699:
597:
510:
439:
86:
52:
3445:Highest temperature
3216:Color–color diagram
3081:Protoplanetary disk
2885:Proton–proton chain
2563:Chemically peculiar
2030:1999Natur.400..539H
1919:2005Sci...307.1440B
1903:(5714): 1440–1443.
1837:2003ApJ...586L.127G
1759:1992JRASC..86..221L
1718:by Steven Majewski.
1641:. Putnam. pp.
1555:2005ApJ...633..894L
1181:, who noticed that
833:The position angle
828:Hipparcos Catalogue
588:Pythagorean theorem
420:) to coordinates (α
374:arcseconds per year
186:total proper motion
3450:Lowest temperature
3201:Photometric system
3171:Absolute magnitude
3105:Circumstellar dust
2718:Stellar black hole
2354:Stellar population
2240:Herbig–Haro object
1274:Stellar kinematics
1091:image differencing
1083:Palomar Sky Survey
1031:apparent magnitude
1021:system, it is the
1008:
988:open star clusters
952:
903:
765:
679:
569:
495:
428:) in a time Δ
309:
221:frame of reference
114:
99:
72:
3740:Stellar astronomy
3664:
3663:
3567:Substellar object
3546:Planetary nebulae
2965:Luminous red nova
2875:Deuterium burning
2861:
2860:
2344:Instability strip
2324:Wolf-Rayet nebula
2278:Horizontal branch
2223:Pre-main-sequence
2072:978-3-540-06995-9
2014:(6744): 539–541.
1992:978-0-19-852682-7
1881:978-3-527-40608-1
1620:. Wiley. p.
1600:978-0-521-29180-4
1457:978-0-387-72767-7
1428:978-0-521-54817-5
1401:978-0-521-85370-5
1374:978-0-521-54622-5
1347:978-0-521-85370-5
1317:978-0-7637-4387-1
1259:Relative velocity
1249:Peculiar velocity
1138:Triangulum Galaxy
1111:radial velocities
1087:blink comparators
1066:Bayer designation
948:
899:
761:
675:
565:
561:
490:
133:celestial objects
70:
3757:
3745:Motion (physics)
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3656:Stars portal
3654:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3298:Planetary system
3221:Strömgren sphere
3093:Asteroseismology
2814:Black hole star
2386:
2385:
2312:Planetary nebula
2273:Red-giant branch
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2114:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2023:
2021:astro-ph/9907013
2003:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1958:"Universe Today"
1953:
1947:
1946:
1912:
1910:astro-ph/0503058
1892:
1886:
1885:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1830:
1828:astro-ph/0302299
1821:(2): L127–L131.
1810:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:on March 3, 2016
1669:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1546:astro-ph/0506609
1530:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1488:
1486:astro-ph/0010594
1468:
1462:
1461:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1305:
1295:
1206:axial precession
1160:
1158:
1142:Andromeda Galaxy
1129:(solar masses).
1095:selection biases
1047:Groombridge 1830
961:
959:
958:
953:
946:
945:
944:
912:
910:
909:
904:
897:
896:
895:
871:
870:
774:
772:
771:
766:
759:
758:
757:
752:
751:
750:
733:
732:
727:
726:
725:
711:
710:
688:
686:
685:
680:
673:
666:
665:
653:
652:
647:
646:
645:
631:
630:
625:
624:
623:
609:
608:
586:is given by the
578:
576:
575:
570:
563:
562:
560:
552:
551:
550:
538:
537:
527:
522:
521:
504:
502:
501:
496:
491:
489:
481:
480:
479:
467:
466:
456:
451:
450:
370:celestial sphere
267:celestial sphere
108:
106:
105:
100:
98:
97:
81:
79:
78:
73:
71:
66:
65:
56:
25:stellar parallax
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3648:
3630:
3555:
3524:Milky Way novae
3460:Smallest volume
3404:
3385:Radial velocity
3308:
3302:
3254:Common envelope
3230:
3129:
3098:Helioseismology
3069:Bipolar outflow
3010:Microturbulence
3005:Convection zone
2986:
2880:Lithium burning
2867:Nucleosynthesis
2857:
2739:
2648:
2375:
2254:
2203:Molecular cloud
2184:
2171:
2166:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1860:
1811:
1807:
1770:
1766:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1633:
1629:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1254:Radial velocity
1225:
1220:
1214:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1127:
1124:
1078:
975:
940:
936:
919:
916:
915:
888:
884:
866:
862:
845:
842:
841:
825:
811:
800:
753:
743:
739:
738:
737:
728:
721:
717:
716:
715:
706:
702:
700:
697:
696:
661:
657:
648:
641:
637:
636:
635:
626:
619:
615:
614:
613:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
553:
546:
542:
533:
529:
528:
526:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
482:
475:
471:
462:
458:
457:
455:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
427:
423:
419:
415:
399:
388:
381:right ascension
289:right ascension
276:
273:
270:
264:
237:
217:radial velocity
183:
172:
164:right ascension
125:apparent places
111:
93:
89:
87:
84:
83:
61:
57:
55:
53:
50:
49:
35:
28:
21:proper velocity
17:
12:
11:
5:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3455:Largest volume
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Magnetic field
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:Accretion disk
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:Alfvén surface
3049:
3047:Stellar corona
3044:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3022:Radiation zone
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2644:Blue straggler
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:Main sequence
2400:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2381:Classification
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:Protoplanetary
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2122:External links
2120:
2117:
2116:
2078:
2071:
2051:
1998:
1991:
1971:
1948:
1887:
1880:
1858:
1845:10.1086/374804
1805:
1784:(1): 763–773.
1764:
1737:
1720:
1707:
1680:
1648:
1627:
1606:
1599:
1576:
1563:10.1086/491644
1539:(2): 894–898.
1516:
1463:
1456:
1434:
1427:
1418:RR Lyrae Stars
1407:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1353:
1346:
1323:
1316:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1166:
1163:
1125:
1122:
1077:
1074:
1019:Alpha Centauri
1011:Barnard's Star
1004:Barnard's Star
974:
971:
963:
962:
951:
943:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
913:
902:
894:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
869:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
823:
809:
798:
776:
775:
764:
756:
749:
746:
742:
736:
731:
724:
720:
714:
709:
705:
694:
689:
678:
672:
669:
664:
660:
656:
651:
644:
640:
634:
629:
622:
618:
612:
607:
603:
580:
579:
568:
559:
556:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
525:
520:
516:
505:
494:
488:
485:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
454:
449:
445:
425:
421:
417:
413:
397:
386:
362:position angle
351:Sagittarius A*
313:constellations
305:position angle
236:
233:
181:
170:
137:center of mass
96:
92:
69:
64:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3762:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Intergalactic
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Galactic year
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Most luminous
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Proper motion
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Constellation
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Solar eclipse
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:Earth-centric
3305:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Alpha process
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:Helium planet
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Parker's star
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Lambda Boötis
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Superluminous
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
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2268:Main sequence
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1716:lecture notes
1711:
1697:on 2012-01-25
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1179:Edmund Halley
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257:March equinox
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145:distant stars
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118:
117:Proper motion
94:
90:
67:
62:
58:
47:
43:
39:
32:
26:
22:
3719:Solar System
3519:White dwarfs
3509:Brown dwarfs
3492:Most distant
3440:Most massive
3418:Proper names
3389:
3378:Photographic
3331:Solar System
3309:observations
3236:Star systems
3059:Stellar wind
3042:Chromosphere
3015:Oscillations
2895:Helium flash
2745:Hypothetical
2723:X-ray binary
2662:Compact star
2497:Bright giant
2250:Henyey track
2228:Herbig Ae/Be
2094:
2093:(in Latin).
2090:
2081:
2061:
2054:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1981:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1951:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1871:
1861:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1723:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1651:
1637:
1630:
1616:
1609:
1589:
1579:
1536:
1532:
1519:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1450:. Springer.
1447:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1390:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1336:
1301:
1293:
1202:postpositive
1199:
1174:
1168:
1159:0.5 Mpc
1131:
1115:
1104:
1079:
1059:
1055:
1009:
991:
984:double stars
979:
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342:solar circle
340:
337:Solar System
330:
310:
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292:
284:
279:
278:
260:
252:
248:
244:
235:Introduction
214:
204:, typically
189:
185:
178:
167:
154:(of a given
149:
141:Solar System
116:
115:
41:
37:
3707:Outer space
3695:Spaceflight
3572:Brown dwarf
3348:Circumpolar
3226:Kraft break
3206:Color index
3181:Metallicity
3141:Designation
3110:Cosmic dust
3032:Photosphere
2798:Dark-energy
2773:Electroweak
2758:Black dwarf
2689:Radio-quiet
2672:White dwarf
2558:White dwarf
2208:Bok globule
1964:12 February
1479:: 137–174.
1134:Local Group
1062:Rho Aquilae
1049:(magnitude
1041:(magnitude
1015:light-years
392:declination
297:declination
175:declination
121:astrometric
3735:Astrometry
3729:Categories
3534:Candidates
3529:Supernovae
3514:Red dwarfs
3373:Extinction
3161:Kinematics
3156:Luminosity
3134:Properties
3027:Atmosphere
2925:Si burning
2915:Ne burning
2853:White hole
2826:Quasi-star
2753:Blue dwarf
2608:Technetium
2524:Hypergiant
2502:Supergiant
1701:2008-12-31
1674:2015-04-08
1285:References
1264:Solar apex
1195:Hipparchus
1100:red dwarfs
1039:61 Cygni A
410:components
347:the galaxy
317:Ursa Major
206:arcseconds
194:dimensions
192:). It has
3683:Astronomy
3465:Brightest
3363:Magnitude
3343:Pole star
3264:Symbiotic
3259:Eclipsing
3191:Starlight
2992:Structure
2982:Supernova
2975:Micronova
2970:Recurrent
2955:Symbiotic
2940:p-process
2935:r-process
2930:s-process
2920:O burning
2910:C burning
2890:CNO cycle
2833:Gravastar
2369:Hypernova
2359:Supernova
2334:Dredge-up
2307:Blue loop
2300:super-AGB
2283:Red clump
2260:Evolution
2218:Protostar
2198:Accretion
2190:Formation
2111:0261-0523
2046:204995005
1982:Cosmology
1800:0035-8711
1244:Milky Way
1191:Aldebaran
1171:Macrobius
1070:Delphinus
1035:telescope
1027:red dwarf
942:δ
938:μ
931:θ
928:
922:μ
893:∗
890:α
886:μ
879:δ
876:
868:α
864:μ
857:θ
854:
848:μ
748:∗
745:α
741:μ
723:δ
719:μ
704:μ
671:δ
668:
655:⋅
643:α
639:μ
621:δ
617:μ
602:μ
555:Δ
544:δ
540:−
531:δ
519:δ
515:μ
484:Δ
473:α
469:−
460:α
448:α
444:μ
366:magnitude
229:Milky Way
173:) and of
131:or other
110:velocity.
3644:Category
3539:Remnants
3435:Extremes
3395:Parallax
3368:Apparent
3358:Asterism
3336:Sunlight
3286:Globular
3271:Multiple
3196:Variable
3186:Rotation
3146:Dynamics
3037:Starspot
2711:Magnetar
2654:Remnants
2470:Subgiant
2443:Subdwarf
2295:post-AGB
1943:28172780
1935:15746420
1853:11388341
1571:17099715
1511:11338838
1223:See also
1187:Arcturus
1126:☉
1060:In 1992
1029:with an
973:Examples
364:and its
158:, often
3669:Portals
3611:Gravity
3560:Related
3480:Nearest
3428:Chinese
3276:Cluster
3249:Contact
3086:Proplyd
2960:Remnant
2848:Blitzar
2822:Hawking
2778:Strange
2728:Burster
2684:Neutron
2637:Extreme
2588:He-weak
2233:T Tauri
2026:Bibcode
1915:Bibcode
1897:Science
1833:Bibcode
1755:Bibcode
1753:: 221.
1551:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
1165:History
1023:nearest
978:called
160:J2000.0
139:of the
119:is the
3601:Galaxy
3589:Planet
3577:Desert
3485:bright
3423:Arabic
3244:Binary
3064:Bubble
2788:Planck
2763:Exotic
2699:Binary
2694:Pulsar
2632:Helium
2593:Barium
2536:Carbon
2529:Yellow
2517:Yellow
2490:Yellow
2329:PG1159
2109:
2069:
2044:
2008:Nature
1989:
1941:
1933:
1878:
1851:
1798:
1597:
1569:
1509:
1454:
1425:
1398:
1371:
1344:
1314:
1183:Sirius
1118:Sgr A*
947:
898:
778:where
760:
674:
564:
390:) and
358:vector
326:motion
253:origin
251:; the
82:where
3606:Guest
3410:Lists
3291:Super
2945:Fusor
2818:Black
2803:Quark
2783:Preon
2768:Boson
2704:X-ray
2620:Shell
2573:Ap/Bp
2475:Giant
2393:Early
2339:OH/IR
2169:Stars
2042:S2CID
2016:arXiv
1939:S2CID
1905:arXiv
1849:S2CID
1823:arXiv
1668:(PDF)
1661:(PDF)
1645:–288.
1567:S2CID
1541:arXiv
1529:(PDF)
1507:S2CID
1481:arXiv
403:epoch
272:star.
198:angle
156:epoch
129:stars
3281:Open
3176:Mass
3000:Core
2950:Nova
2843:Iron
2793:Dark
2603:Lead
2583:HgMn
2578:CEMP
2507:Blue
2480:Blue
2398:Late
2180:List
2107:ISSN
2067:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1966:2019
1931:PMID
1876:ISBN
1796:ISSN
1714:See
1687:See
1595:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1189:and
408:The
335:and
321:Crux
210:year
208:per
202:time
200:per
3582:Sub
3316:Sun
2735:SGR
2512:Red
2485:Red
2099:doi
2034:doi
2012:400
1923:doi
1901:307
1841:doi
1819:586
1786:doi
1782:469
1643:287
1622:583
1559:doi
1537:633
1499:doi
1308:369
1155:7.2
986:or
925:cos
873:cos
851:sin
659:cos
424:, δ
416:, δ
333:Sun
283:,
249:CSP
245:CNP
196:of
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