695:
680:
58:
49:
110:
347:
241:
668:
85:
546:
553:
At the first sign of trouble, steenbok typically lie low in the vegetation. If a predator or perceived threat comes closer, a steenbok will leap away and follow a zigzag route to try to shake off the pursuer. Escaping steenbok frequently stop to look back, and flight is alternated with prostration
371:
7–19 cm long (see image left). There is a black crescent-shape between the ears, a long black bridge to the glossy black nose, and a black circular scent-gland in front of the eye. The tail is not usually visible, being only 4–6 cm long.
532:
Steenbok are active during the day and the night; however, during hotter periods, they rest under shade during the heat of the day. The time spent feeding at night increases in the dry season. While resting, they may be busy grooming,
366:
is any shade from fawn to rufous, typically rather orange. The underside, including chin and throat, is white, as is the ring around the eye. Ears are large with "finger-marks" on the inside. Males have straight, smooth, parallel
510:
on low-level vegetation (they cannot reach above 0.9 m), but are also adept at scraping up roots and tubers. In central Kruger
National Park, Steenbok show a distinct preference for
621:
fawn is produced. The fawn is kept hidden in vegetation for 2 weeks, but suckles for 3 months. Females become sexually mature at 6–8 months and males at 9 months.
491:
savannah throughout the year, with no tendency to migrate to moister areas during the dry season (unlike many larger
African savannah ungulates, including species
679:
613:
Breeding occurs throughout the year, although more fawns are born
November to December in the southern spring–summer; some females may breed twice a year.
610:, engaging in "bluff-and-bluster" type displays with rival males—prolonged contests invariably involve well-matched individuals, usually in their prime.
694:
5680:
5745:
5719:
5812:
5654:
5693:
1128:
5737:
1069:
5698:
30:
This article is about the
African antelope. For the European wild goat sometimes known as "Steinbock" or "steenbok", see
5872:
913:
836:
814:
725:
1051:
5852:
5750:
5593:
498:
Population density is typically 0.3–1.0 individuals per square kilometre, reaching 4 per km in optimal habitats.
5842:
1015:
656:. Up to 24 subspecies have been described from Southern Africa, distinguished on such features as coat colour.
5822:
1480:
5862:
5857:
5832:
2269:
1101:
524:. They are almost entirely independent of drinking water, gaining the moisture they need from their food.
5847:
5732:
5620:
5615:
5867:
5827:
1549:
1121:
109:
606:. Territories range from 4 hectares to 1 square kilometre. The male is aggressive during the female's
5837:
4526:
1471:
1462:
17:
5817:
4313:
781:
559:
4962:
4355:
2251:
1392:
1047:
686:
667:
5789:
4475:
1911:
5685:
5555:
2013:
1719:
1638:
5607:
57:
5784:
5163:
4193:
2418:
1647:
1531:
1114:
602:, so that they know where their mate is most of the time. Scent marking is primarily through
481:. They are said to favour unstable or transitional habitats. At least in the central part of
214:
5776:
1059:
48:
5711:
5641:
5602:
5470:
5236:
5227:
5172:
4797:
4761:
4734:
4142:
4133:
3578:
3569:
1935:
1794:
1737:
1683:
507:
482:
457:
66:
873:
853:
8:
5416:
5118:
5109:
4857:
4725:
4698:
4634:
4295:
4175:
4124:
1803:
1710:
1301:
230:
74:
979:
Du Toit, J.T. (1990). "Feeding-height stratification among
African browsing ruminants".
854:"Molecular Insights into the Evolution of the Family Bovidae: A Nuclear DNA Perspective"
5503:
5494:
4866:
4806:
4788:
4770:
4716:
4689:
4680:
4304:
4286:
4220:
3913:
3639:
3116:
3107:
2826:
2260:
1728:
1540:
1522:
1401:
992:
948:
595:
104:
931:
Du Toit, Johan T (1993). "The feeding ecology of a very small ruminant, the steenbok (
5771:
5628:
5136:
5127:
4815:
4743:
4671:
4502:
4484:
4337:
3287:
2682:
2673:
2525:
2427:
2206:
2173:
2116:
1986:
1513:
1374:
1075:
1065:
1011:
909:
878:
832:
810:
758:
5633:
5530:
5284:
5275:
5154:
4995:
4986:
4779:
4451:
4442:
4390:
4381:
4229:
4202:
4115:
3895:
3503:
2929:
2920:
2910:
2883:
2604:
2473:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1438:
1429:
1365:
1292:
1283:
988:
944:
868:
776:
614:
266:
362:, standing 45–60 cm (16"–24") at the shoulder, and weigh 7-16 kg. Their
5758:
5260:
5251:
5199:
5190:
4971:
3828:
3819:
3296:
2892:
1944:
1854:
1692:
1504:
1383:
1356:
1347:
487:
453:
397:
5724:
520:) when few forbs are available. They will also take fruits and only very rarely
5460:
5398:
5028:
5019:
4544:
4493:
4414:
4405:
4346:
4184:
3886:
3708:
3699:
3254:
3221:
3203:
2691:
2501:
2376:
2215:
1203:
1175:
368:
1106:
5806:
5706:
5578:
5085:
5067:
4953:
4890:
4881:
3940:
3675:
3648:
3419:
3329:
3320:
3305:
3170:
3134:
3089:
3026:
3017:
2534:
2492:
2385:
2351:
2341:
2242:
2224:
1887:
1836:
1746:
1310:
1096:
1055:
767:
599:
575:
94:
89:
1079:
5479:
5448:
5338:
5010:
4824:
4752:
4625:
4568:
4559:
4277:
4211:
3973:
3931:
3846:
3657:
3377:
3368:
3230:
3161:
3050:
3041:
2783:
2552:
2233:
2188:
2155:
1926:
1818:
1785:
1701:
882:
618:
409:
351:
549:
Steenbok typically lie low in vegetation cover at the first sign of threat
346:
5763:
5667:
5587:
5100:
4848:
4010:
3964:
3955:
3904:
3856:
3717:
3559:
3152:
3143:
2971:
2765:
2756:
2746:
2640:
2483:
2293:
2284:
2197:
2040:
1962:
1845:
1770:
1761:
1138:
603:
590:
Steenbok are typically solitary, except for when a pair come together to
554:
during extended pursuit. They are known to take refuge in the burrows of
521:
449:
381:
181:
161:
31:
240:
5659:
4707:
4607:
4432:
4024:
3446:
3428:
3179:
2874:
2859:
2850:
2817:
2594:
2400:
2317:
2308:
2083:
2074:
1953:
1878:
1419:
1240:
701:
633:
579:
421:
191:
5672:
5407:
5328:
5181:
5052:
5043:
4517:
4091:
4082:
4067:
4058:
3922:
3494:
3278:
3212:
3098:
2613:
2409:
2098:
2022:
1902:
1453:
1338:
1328:
1222:
1213:
555:
492:
475:
121:
5549:
5374:
5572:
5316:
4944:
4328:
4166:
4106:
3771:
3470:
3002:
2947:
2835:
2664:
2140:
2131:
2107:
1995:
1869:
1619:
1495:
1191:
1169:
1157:
545:
534:
516:
429:
417:
413:
389:
323:
141:
756:
5521:
5356:
5217:
5076:
4466:
4253:
4244:
4157:
4043:
4034:
4006:
3762:
3666:
3630:
3545:
3541:
3512:
3437:
3125:
2998:
2959:
2543:
2460:
2366:
1629:
1579:
1274:
1061:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
705:
607:
571:
567:
563:
465:
445:
433:
405:
171:
5646:
969:, 2nd edn. Vol. 16: Mammals V. Gale Cengage Learning. Pp. 59–72.
5365:
4934:
4839:
4662:
4652:
4268:
3780:
3620:
3602:
3593:
3479:
3401:
3353:
3344:
2802:
2793:
2728:
2719:
2709:
2631:
2164:
1977:
1827:
1163:
1151:
591:
478:
470:
425:
401:
393:
327:
151:
131:
594:. However, it has been suggested that pairs occupy consistent
305:
5389:
5347:
4922:
4592:
4583:
3877:
3804:
3795:
3726:
3455:
3410:
3269:
3194:
3074:
3065:
2576:
2567:
2059:
2050:
1259:
1250:
1064:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 688.
867:(7). Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution: 1220–1230.
461:
385:
380:
There are two distinct clusters in steenbok distribution. In
359:
4535:
3865:
3753:
3735:
3392:
3245:
2649:
2516:
2332:
1606:
1567:
750:
645:
511:
278:
4003:
287:
5145:
3744:
3690:
2622:
2004:
1033:
Cohen, Michael. 1976. The
Steenbok: A neglected species.
363:
908:. Academic Press, San Diego & London. Pp. 387–388. (
485:, South Africa, Steenbok show a distinct preference for
2995:
598:
while living independently, staying in contact through
3538:
851:
726:
308:
299:
290:
281:
272:
302:
284:
275:
1008:
Smithers' Mammals of
Southern Africa. A field guide
296:
269:
807:A Field Guide to the National Parks of East Africa
5804:
624:Steenbok are known to live for 7 years or more.
460:, to open woodland and thickets, including open
396:, but is now almost certainly extinct there. In
1136:
1006:Smithers, Reay H.N. (2000). Apps, Peter (ed.).
782:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19308A50193533.en
1122:
1010:. Cape Town: Struik publishers. p. 197.
852:Matthee, Conrad A.; Scott K. Davis (2001).
757:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016).
1211:
1129:
1115:
906:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
801:
799:
239:
83:
56:
47:
5446:
2918:
900:
898:
872:
780:
5327:
2717:
1029:
1027:
1005:
926:
924:
922:
685:Backlit male showing white fur in ears,
617:is about 170 days, and usually a single
544:
345:
1618:
1189:
978:
972:
930:
796:
14:
5805:
1336:
955:
895:
5554:
5553:
5445:
5314:
5313:
4919:
4002:
3537:
2994:
2456:
1602:
1188:
1110:
1046:
1024:
919:
874:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003908
2754:
1040:
514:, and then woody plants (especially
384:, it occurs in central and southern
5813:IUCN Red List least concern species
1603:
768:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
4920:
2457:
993:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x
967:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
949:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1993.tb00516.x
495:with Steenbok in the wet season).
25:
5884:
1090:
537:or taking brief spells of sleep.
252:Distribution based on 1970s data.
831:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
693:
678:
666:
540:
392:. It was formerly widespread in
265:
108:
1481:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
1102:The Ultimate Ungulate factsheet
1097:Wild About You (info and image)
999:
861:Molecular Biology and Evolution
375:
330:. It is sometimes known as the
2270:Central American red brocket (
845:
820:
719:
444:Steenbok live in a variety of
341:
13:
1:
743:
2977:Large subfamily listed below
2965:Large subfamily listed below
2953:Large subfamily listed below
527:
7:
1472:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
1463:Indian spotted chevrotain (
627:
585:
10:
5889:
981:African Journal of Ecology
937:African Journal of Ecology
659:
558:. Known predators include
452:, such as the edge of the
439:
354:relationships (simplified)
29:
5873:Mammals described in 1811
5562:
5520:
5492:
5468:
5459:
5455:
5441:
5408:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
5399:Domestic Bactrian camel (
5387:
5336:
5323:
5309:
5273:
5249:
5225:
5216:
5098:
5065:
5041:
5008:
4984:
4963:North Sulawesi babirusa (
4942:
4933:
4929:
4915:
4879:
4837:
4660:
4651:
4605:
4581:
4557:
4515:
4464:
4440:
4431:
4403:
4379:
4372:
4326:
4266:
4242:
4155:
4104:
4080:
4056:
4032:
4023:
4019:
3998:
3953:
3854:
3845:
3817:
3793:
3688:
3628:
3619:
3591:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3533:
3492:
3468:
3390:
3366:
3342:
3318:
3267:
3243:
3192:
3087:
3063:
3039:
3015:
3011:
2990:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2909:
2872:
2848:
2815:
2791:
2782:
2745:
2708:
2662:
2602:
2593:
2565:
2514:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2452:
2398:
2364:
2330:
2306:
2282:
2252:Amazonian brown brocket (
2186:
2153:
2129:
2096:
2072:
2048:
2039:
1975:
1924:
1900:
1867:
1816:
1783:
1759:
1627:
1614:
1598:
1585:Large family listed below
1578:
1573:Large family listed below
1566:
1550:Williamson's mouse-deer (
1493:
1451:
1427:
1418:
1327:
1272:
1248:
1239:
1202:
1198:
1184:
1146:
904:Kingdon, Jonathan. 1997.
644:of East Africa; although
247:
238:
220:
213:
105:Scientific classification
103:
81:
72:
64:
55:
46:
41:
3649:Domestic water buffalo (
2014:Central Asian red deer (
1639:Bornean yellow muntjac (
805:Williams, John G. 1967.
712:
560:Southern African wildcat
358:Steenbok resemble small
326:of southern and eastern
5853:Mammals of South Africa
4527:Bates' pygmy antelope (
4314:Soemmerring's gazelle (
2419:Yucatan brown brocket (
1648:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
1532:Philippine mouse-deer (
829:The Chambers Dictionary
640:in Southern Africa and
501:
5237:White-lipped peccary (
5173:Philippine warty pig (
4798:Yellow-backed duiker (
4762:Black-fronted duiker (
4735:White-bellied duiker (
4356:Przewalski's gazelle (
3579:Four-horned antelope (
2377:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
1936:Visayan spotted deer (
1795:European fallow deer (
1738:Northern red muntjac (
1684:Southern red muntjac (
1058:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
673:Female in South Africa
550:
355:
5843:Mammals of Mozambique
5785:Paleobiology Database
5608:Raphicerus_campestris
5594:Raphicerus campestris
5564:Raphicerus campestris
5417:Wild Bactrian camel (
5119:Bornean bearded pig (
5110:Palawan bearded pig (
4699:White-legged duiker (
4125:Red-fronted gazelle (
1804:Persian fallow deer (
1720:Roosevelt's muntjac (
1393:Himalayan musk deer (
1302:Reticulated giraffe (
933:Raphicerus campestris
775:: e.T19308A50193533.
761:Raphicerus campestris
548:
349:
319:Raphicerus campestris
224:Raphicerus campestris
5823:Fauna of East Africa
5504:Pygmy hippopotamus (
5164:Oliver's warty pig (
4789:Red-flanked duiker (
4194:Erlanger's gazelle (
3914:Harnessed bushbuck (
3640:Wild water buffalo (
3117:East Caucasian tur (
3108:West Caucasian tur (
2261:Little red brocket (
1729:Truong Son muntjac (
1541:Vietnam mouse-deer (
1523:Greater mouse-deer (
1402:Siberian musk deer (
1052:"Order Artiodactyla"
1037:(April 1976): 23–26.
809:. Collins, London. (
687:Tswalu Kalahari Res.
483:Kruger National Park
458:Etosha National Park
322:) is a common small
5863:Mammals of Tanzania
5858:Mammals of Eswatini
5833:Mammals of Botswana
5137:Celebes warty pig (
5128:Visayan warty pig (
4744:Red forest duiker (
4476:Günther's dik-dik (
4338:Mongolian gazelle (
4143:Heuglin's gazelle (
4134:Thomson's gazelle (
3288:Long-tailed goral (
2683:Mountain reedbuck (
2674:Southern reedbuck (
2526:East African oryx (
2428:White-tailed deer (
2207:Small red brocket (
2174:South Andean deer (
2117:Siberian roe deer (
2108:European roe deer (
1945:Philippine sambar (
1912:Père David's deer (
1514:Lesser mouse-deer (
1375:Kashmir musk deer (
506:Steenbok typically
75:Conservation status
65:Male and female in
5848:Mammals of Namibia
5285:Collared peccary (
5155:Flores warty pig (
4996:Giant forest hog (
4858:Maxwell's duiker (
4780:Ruwenzori duiker (
4726:Jentink's duiker (
4635:Sharpe's grysbok (
4391:Tibetan antelope (
4296:Bright's gazelle (
4230:Goitered gazelle (
4203:Mountain gazelle (
4176:Cuvier's gazelle (
4116:Mongalla gazelle (
3504:Pyrenean chamois (
2930:Tibetan antelope (
2884:Black wildebeest (
1711:Reeves's muntjac (
1675:Sumatran muntjac (
1666:Gongshan muntjac (
1439:Water chevrotain (
1366:Alpine musk deer (
1293:Southern giraffe (
1284:Northern giraffe (
961:Kleiman, David G.
700:Female running in
551:
356:
206:R. campestris
5868:Mammals of Zambia
5828:Mammals of Angola
5800:
5799:
5772:Open Tree of Life
5556:Taxon identifiers
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5516:
5515:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5261:Chacoan peccary (
5212:
5211:
5200:Javan warty pig (
5191:Timor warty pig (
4998:H. meinertzhageni
4972:Togian babirusa (
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4867:Walter's duiker (
4807:Abbott's duiker (
4771:Ogilby's duiker (
4717:Harvey's duiker (
4681:Brooke's duiker (
4647:
4646:
4427:
4426:
4368:
4367:
4305:Peter's gazelle (
4287:Grant's gazelle (
4221:Speke's gazelle (
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3871:
3841:
3840:
3829:African buffalo (
3660:B. depressicornis
3615:
3614:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3297:Himalayan goral (
3119:C. cylindricornis
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2942:
2941:
2905:
2904:
2893:Blue wildebeest (
2827:Common tsessebe (
2778:
2777:
2741:
2740:
2704:
2703:
2616:K. ellipsiprymnus
2589:
2588:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2388:P. mephistophiles
2344:P. mephistophiles
2035:
2034:
1731:M. truongsonensis
1693:Pu Hoat muntjac (
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1562:
1561:
1505:Java mouse-deer (
1414:
1413:
1384:Black musk deer (
1357:Dwarf musk deer (
1348:Anhui musk deer (
1323:
1322:
1286:G. camelopardalis
1235:
1234:
1071:978-0-8018-8221-0
258:
257:
98:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
5880:
5838:Mammals of Kenya
5793:
5792:
5780:
5779:
5767:
5766:
5754:
5753:
5741:
5740:
5728:
5727:
5715:
5714:
5702:
5701:
5689:
5688:
5676:
5675:
5663:
5662:
5650:
5649:
5637:
5636:
5624:
5623:
5611:
5610:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5551:
5550:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5443:
5442:
5334:
5333:
5325:
5324:
5311:
5310:
5223:
5222:
5029:Common warthog (
5020:Desert warthog (
4940:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4816:Weyns's duiker (
4690:Peters' duiker (
4672:Aders's duiker (
4658:
4657:
4545:Royal antelope (
4503:Salt's dik-dik (
4494:Silver dik-dik (
4485:Kirk's dik-dik (
4438:
4437:
4415:Saiga antelope (
4377:
4376:
4316:N. soemmerringii
4185:Dorcas gazelle (
4030:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4014:
4000:
3999:
3887:Mountain nyala (
3870:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3807:P. nghetinhensis
3709:European bison (
3700:American bison (
3626:
3625:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3411:Domestic sheep (
3255:Himalayan tahr (
3222:Mainland serow (
3204:Japanese serow (
3013:
3012:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2916:
2915:
2789:
2788:
2752:
2751:
2715:
2714:
2692:Bohor reedbuck (
2600:
2599:
2579:A. nasomaculatus
2502:Sable antelope (
2479:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2216:Merida brocket (
2046:
2045:
1987:Thorold's deer (
1839:A. calamianensis
1722:M. rooseveltorum
1668:M. gongshanensis
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1425:
1424:
1334:
1333:
1313:G. tippelskirchi
1246:
1245:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1084:
1083:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1003:
997:
996:
976:
970:
959:
953:
952:
928:
917:
902:
893:
892:
890:
889:
876:
858:
849:
843:
842:
824:
818:
803:
794:
793:
791:
789:
784:
754:
737:
733:
729:
723:
697:
682:
670:
648:also recognizes
638:R. c. campestris
636:are recognized:
615:Gestation period
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
251:
243:
226:
113:
112:
92:
87:
86:
60:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5818:Dwarf antelopes
5803:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5788:
5783:
5775:
5770:
5762:
5759:Observation.org
5757:
5749:
5744:
5736:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5684:
5679:
5671:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5627:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5601:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5558:
5548:
5535:
5512:
5488:
5451:
5425:
5383:
5319:
5293:
5269:
5245:
5208:
5175:S. philippensis
5112:S. ahoenobarbus
5094:
5086:Red river hog (
5061:
5037:
5004:
4980:
4954:Buru babirusa (
4925:
4899:
4891:Common duiker (
4875:
4833:
4643:
4601:
4577:
4553:
4511:
4460:
4423:
4399:
4364:
4349:P. picticaudata
4322:
4262:
4238:
4232:G. subgutturosa
4151:
4100:
4076:
4052:
4015:
4004:
3982:
3949:
3941:Cape bushbuck (
3934:T. strepsiceros
3863:
3862:
3860:
3837:
3813:
3789:
3684:
3676:Mountain anoa (
3611:
3605:B. tragocamelus
3587:
3581:T. quadricornis
3550:
3539:
3521:
3488:
3464:
3420:Bighorn sheep (
3386:
3362:
3338:
3330:Mountain goat (
3314:
3306:Chinese goral (
3263:
3239:
3224:C. sumatraensis
3188:
3171:Siberian ibex (
3135:Domestic goat (
3083:
3059:
3035:
3027:Barbary sheep (
3007:
2996:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2938:
2901:
2868:
2844:
2811:
2774:
2737:
2700:
2658:
2585:
2561:
2535:Scimitar oryx (
2510:
2493:Roan antelope (
2464:
2458:
2436:
2394:
2386:Northern pudu (
2360:
2352:Southern pudu (
2342:Northern pudu (
2326:
2302:
2278:
2243:Pygmy brocket (
2225:Dwarf brocket (
2182:
2149:
2125:
2092:
2068:
2031:
1971:
1920:
1896:
1863:
1837:Calamian deer (
1812:
1806:D. mesopotamica
1779:
1755:
1749:M. vuquangensis
1747:Giant muntjac (
1657:Fea's muntjac (
1610:
1604:
1586:
1574:
1558:
1489:
1447:
1410:
1368:M. chrysogaster
1319:
1311:Masai giraffe (
1268:
1231:
1194:
1180:
1142:
1135:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1004:
1000:
977:
973:
960:
956:
929:
920:
903:
896:
887:
885:
856:
850:
846:
839:
826:
825:
821:
804:
797:
787:
785:
755:
751:
746:
741:
740:
731:
727:
724:
720:
715:
708:
698:
689:
683:
674:
671:
662:
630:
588:
543:
530:
517:Flueggea virosa
504:
488:Acacia tortilis
454:Kalahari Desert
442:
400:, it occurs in
398:Southern Africa
378:
344:
295:
268:
264:
254:
253:
249:
234:
228:
222:
209:
107:
99:
88:
84:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5781:
5768:
5755:
5742:
5729:
5716:
5703:
5690:
5677:
5664:
5651:
5638:
5625:
5612:
5599:
5584:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:C. liberiensis
5500:
5498:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5480:Hippopotamus (
5476:
5474:
5463:
5461:Hippopotamidae
5453:
5452:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5414:
5410:C. dromedarius
5405:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5331:
5321:
5320:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5197:
5193:S. timoriensis
5188:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5146:Domestic pig (
5143:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5026:
5022:P. aethiopicus
5016:
5014:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:B. togeanensis
4969:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4825:Zebra duiker (
4822:
4813:
4804:
4800:C. silvicultor
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4753:Black duiker (
4750:
4741:
4737:C. leucogaster
4732:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4632:
4626:Cape grysbok (
4623:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4569:Klipspringer (
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4496:M. piacentinii
4491:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:P. przewalskii
4353:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4278:Dama gazelle (
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4212:Rhim gazelle (
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:A. marsupialis
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4027:
4017:
4016:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3974:Common eland (
3971:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3938:
3932:Greater kudu (
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3745:Domestic yak (
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3673:
3669:B. mindorensis
3664:
3658:Lowland anoa (
3655:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3378:Nilgiri tahr (
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:Taiwan serow (
3228:
3219:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3162:Iberian ibex (
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3051:Arabian tahr (
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3009:
3008:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2689:
2685:R. fulvorufula
2680:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2553:Arabian oryx (
2550:
2541:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:O. virginianus
2425:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:O. bezoarticus
2290:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2236:M. gouazoubira
2234:Gray brocket (
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1989:C. albirostris
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:E. cephalophus
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1702:Leaf muntjac (
1699:
1695:M. puhoatensis
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:T. williamsoni
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:M. moschiferus
1399:
1395:M. leucogaster
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1359:M. berezovskii
1354:
1344:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1204:Antilocapridae
1196:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1176:Laurasiatheria
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1091:External links
1089:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1039:
1023:
1016:
998:
971:
954:
918:
894:
844:
837:
819:
795:
748:
747:
745:
742:
739:
738:
717:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
699:
692:
690:
684:
677:
675:
672:
665:
661:
658:
642:R. c. neumanni
629:
626:
600:scent markings
587:
584:
542:
539:
529:
526:
522:graze on grass
503:
500:
441:
438:
377:
374:
343:
340:
256:
255:
248:
245:
244:
236:
235:
229:
218:
217:
211:
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201:
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149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
101:
100:
82:
79:
78:
73:
70:
69:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5885:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5401:C. bactrianus
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5202:S. verrucosus
5198:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5148:S. domesticus
5144:
5142:
5140:
5139:S. celebensis
5135:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5068:Potamochoerus
5064:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4965:B. celebensis
4961:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4849:Blue duiker (
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4764:C. nigrifrons
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4746:C. natalensis
4742:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4692:C. callipygus
4688:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4619:R. campestris
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4571:O. oreotragus
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4214:G. leptoceros
4210:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4118:E. albonotata
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4094:A. cervicapra
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3997:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3965:Giant eland (
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3943:T. sylvaticus
3939:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3905:Lesser kudu (
3903:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3720:B. domesticus
3718:Bali cattle (
3716:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3422:O. canadensis
3418:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:Nilgiritragus
3365:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3332:O. americanus
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3257:H. jemlahicus
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3153:Nubian ibex (
3151:
3149:
3147:
3144:Alpine ibex (
3142:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Pantholopinae
2908:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2862:A. buselaphus
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2766:Grey rhebok (
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Aepycerotinae
2707:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2641:Nile lechwe (
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Hippotraginae
2471:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2320:B. dichotomus
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2294:Pampas deer (
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2254:M. nemorivaga
2250:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:Red brocket (
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2167:H. antisensis
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2007:C. canadensis
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1956:R. timorensis
1952:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1914:E. davidianus
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:R. duvaucelii
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:Bawean deer (
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1771:Tufted deer (
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1704:M. putaoensis
1700:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:M. crinifrons
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:T. versicolor
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:M. anhuiensis
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:G. reticulata
1300:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
968:
965:, Eds. 2003.
964:
958:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
925:
923:
915:
914:0-12-408355-2
911:
907:
901:
899:
884:
880:
875:
870:
866:
862:
855:
848:
840:
838:0-550-10105-5
834:
830:
823:
816:
815:0-00-219294-2
812:
808:
802:
800:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
762:
753:
749:
736:
735:
722:
718:
707:
703:
696:
691:
688:
681:
676:
669:
664:
663:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
622:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
581:
577:
576:martial eagle
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
541:Anti-predator
538:
536:
525:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
499:
496:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
432:and probably
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:and northern
387:
383:
373:
370:
365:
361:
353:
348:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
313:
263:
246:
242:
237:
232:
227:
225:
219:
216:
215:Binomial name
212:
208:
207:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
102:
96:
91:
90:Least Concern
80:
76:
71:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5563:
5505:
5493:
5482:H. amphibius
5481:
5471:Hippopotamus
5469:
5449:Whippomorpha
5418:
5409:
5400:
5388:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5337:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5250:
5238:
5226:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5165:
5156:
5147:
5138:
5130:S. cebifrons
5129:
5120:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5031:P. africanus
5030:
5021:
5011:Phacochoerus
5009:
4997:
4985:
4973:
4964:
4956:B. babyrussa
4955:
4943:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4860:P. maxwellii
4859:
4851:P. monticola
4850:
4838:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4791:C. rufilatus
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4708:Bay duiker (
4701:C. crusalbum
4700:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4661:
4653:Cephalophini
4636:
4628:R. melanotis
4627:
4618:
4616:
4606:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4538:N. moschatus
4537:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4478:M. guentheri
4477:
4465:
4454:D. megalotis
4453:
4441:
4416:
4404:
4393:P. hodgsonii
4392:
4380:
4357:
4348:
4340:P. gutturosa
4339:
4327:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4196:G. erlangeri
4195:
4186:
4177:
4169:G. bennettii
4168:
4156:
4144:
4136:E. thomsonii
4135:
4127:E. rufifrons
4126:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4033:
3975:
3967:T. derbianus
3966:
3954:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3898:T. eurycerus
3897:
3888:
3879:
3855:
3847:Tragelaphini
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3773:
3765:B. javanicus
3764:
3755:
3747:B. grunniens
3746:
3737:
3729:B. frontalis
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3629:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3515:R. rupicapra
3514:
3506:R. pyrenaica
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3448:
3447:Snow sheep (
3439:
3430:
3429:Dall sheep (
3421:
3412:
3403:
3391:
3380:N. hylocrius
3379:
3367:
3356:O. moschatus
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3180:Walia ibex (
3172:
3164:C. pyrenaica
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3128:C. falconeri
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3088:
3077:B. taxicolor
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
2932:P. hodgsonii
2931:
2919:
2894:
2885:
2875:Connochaetes
2873:
2861:
2860:Hartebeest (
2849:
2837:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2784:Alcelaphinae
2768:P. capreolus
2767:
2755:
2730:
2718:
2693:
2684:
2676:R. arundinum
2675:
2663:
2651:
2643:K. megaceros
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2603:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2494:
2482:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2378:
2365:
2353:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2318:Marsh deer (
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2200:M. americana
2199:
2187:
2175:
2166:
2156:Hippocamelus
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2110:C. capreolus
2109:
2097:
2085:
2084:Water deer (
2073:
2061:
2049:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1955:
1947:R. mariannus
1946:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1888:Eld's deer (
1880:
1879:Barasingha (
1868:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1740:M. vaginalis
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1641:M. atherodes
1640:
1628:
1551:
1542:
1534:T. nigricans
1533:
1524:
1515:
1507:T. javanicus
1506:
1494:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1452:
1441:H. aquaticus
1440:
1428:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1337:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1273:
1262:O. johnstoni
1261:
1249:
1225:A. americana
1224:
1212:
1174:Superorder:
1168:Infraclass:
1139:Artiodactyla
1060:
1056:Wilson, D.E.
1042:
1034:
1007:
1001:
984:
980:
974:
966:
962:
957:
940:
936:
932:
905:
886:. Retrieved
864:
860:
847:
828:
827:"steenbok".
822:
806:
786:. Retrieved
772:
766:
760:
752:
721:
653:
649:
641:
637:
631:
623:
612:
604:dung middens
589:
552:
531:
515:
505:
497:
486:
469:
443:
410:South Africa
379:
376:Distribution
357:
352:phylogenetic
335:
331:
318:
317:
261:
259:
223:
221:
205:
204:
192:
162:Artiodactyla
67:Etosha N. P.
36:
5668:iNaturalist
5588:Wikispecies
5359:L. guanicoe
5218:Tayassuidae
5182:Wild boar (
5121:S. barbatus
5079:P. larvatus
5055:P. salvania
5053:Pygmy hog (
4987:Hylochoerus
4840:Philantomba
4728:C. jentinki
4710:C. dorsalis
4663:Cephalophus
4547:N. pygmaeus
4505:M. saltiana
4443:Dorcatragus
4417:S. tatarica
4307:N. petersii
4245:Litocranius
4145:E. tilonura
4092:Blackbuck (
4068:Springbok (
4011:Antilopinae
4009:(subfamily
3956:Taurotragus
3923:Sitatunga (
3916:T. scriptus
3907:T. imberbis
3864:(including
3857:Tragelaphus
3678:B. quarlesi
3560:Boselaphini
3544:(subfamily
3449:O. nivicola
3290:N. caudatus
3279:Red goral (
3270:Naemorhedus
3233:C. swinhoei
3213:Red serow (
3195:Capricornis
3173:C. sibirica
3110:C. caucasia
3101:C. aegagrus
3099:Wild goat (
3053:A. jayakari
3042:Arabitragus
3001:(subfamily
2972:Antilopinae
2895:C. taurinus
2838:D. pygargus
2731:A. melampus
2652:K. vardonii
2614:Waterbuck (
2555:O. leucoryx
2484:Hippotragus
2412:O. hemionus
2410:Mule deer (
2309:Blastocerus
2218:M. bricenii
2176:H. bisulcus
2143:R. tarandus
2119:C. pygargus
2041:Capreolinae
2023:Sika deer (
1965:R. unicolor
1954:Rusa deer (
1857:A. porcinus
1677:M. montanus
1474:M. kathygre
1223:Pronghorn (
1214:Antilocapra
788:12 November
650:capricornis
596:territories
450:semi-desert
382:East Africa
342:Description
182:Antilopinae
178:Subfamily:
32:Alpine Ibex
5807:Categories
5495:Choeropsis
5377:L. vicugna
5263:C. wagneri
5166:S. oliveri
5157:S. heureni
4893:S. grimmia
4882:Sylvicapra
4869:P. walteri
4782:C. rubidis
4773:C. ogilbyi
4719:C. harveyi
4683:C. brookei
4637:R. sharpei
4617:Steenbok (
4608:Raphicerus
4560:Oreotragus
4433:Neotragini
4382:Pantholops
4298:N. notatus
4256:L. walleri
4205:G. gazella
4178:G. cuvieri
4167:Chinkara (
4059:Antidorcas
4046:A. clarkei
4035:Ammodorcas
4025:Antilopini
3925:T. spekeii
3889:T. buxtoni
3880:T. angasii
3772:Wild yak (
3756:B. indicus
3711:B. bonasus
3651:B. bubalis
3594:Boselaphus
3570:Tetracerus
3440:O. gmelini
3308:N. griseus
3281:N. baileyi
3246:Hemitragus
3215:C. rubidus
3206:C. crispus
3155:C. nubiana
3018:Ammotragus
2921:Pantholops
2851:Alcelaphus
2836:Bontebok (
2829:D. lunatus
2818:Damaliscus
2805:B. hunteri
2694:R. redunca
2595:Reduncinae
2546:O. gazella
2495:H. equinus
2421:O. pandora
2401:Odocoileus
2285:Ozotoceros
2141:Reindeer (
2086:H. inermis
2075:Hydropotes
1998:C. elaphus
1996:Red deer (
1938:R. alfredi
1855:Hog deer (
1713:M. reevesi
1686:M. muntjak
1516:T. kanchil
1483:M. meminna
1430:Hyemoschus
1420:Tragulidae
1377:M. cupreus
1295:G. giraffa
1241:Giraffidae
1192:Ruminantia
1017:1868725502
888:2007-06-17
744:References
702:Damaraland
634:subspecies
535:ruminating
422:Mozambique
193:Raphicerus
5447:Suborder
5357:Guanaco (
5329:Camelidae
5315:Suborder
5287:D. tajacu
5276:Dicotyles
5252:Catagonus
5239:T. pecari
5184:S. scrofa
5088:P. porcus
5077:Bushpig (
4945:Babyrousa
4921:Suborder
4818:C. weynsi
4809:C. spadix
4674:C. adersi
4595:O. ourebi
4529:N. batesi
4518:Neotragus
4487:M. kirkii
4289:N. granti
4254:Gerenuk (
4223:G. spekei
4187:G. dorcas
4044:Dibatag (
3831:S. caffer
3796:Pseudoryx
3783:B. taurus
3763:Banteng (
3738:B. gaurus
3667:Tamaraw (
3513:Chamois (
3495:Rupicapra
3482:P. nayaur
3458:O. vignei
3438:Mouflon (
3137:C. hircus
3126:Markhor (
3029:A. lervia
2794:Beatragus
2720:Aepyceros
2544:Gemsbok (
2537:O. dammah
2379:P. carlae
2272:M. temama
2263:M. rufina
2227:M. chunyi
2209:M. bororo
2099:Capreolus
2025:C. nippon
2016:C. hanglu
1903:Elaphurus
1848:A. kuhlii
1762:Elaphodus
1630:Muntiacus
1465:M. indica
1454:Moschiola
1386:M. fuscus
1329:Moschidae
1190:Suborder
1150:Kingdom:
1048:Grubb, P.
987:: 55–61.
943:: 35–48.
619:precocial
556:aardvarks
528:Behaviour
493:sympatric
476:grassland
350:Steenbok
332:steinbuck
200:Species:
128:Kingdom:
122:Eukaryota
42:Steenbok
18:Steenbock
5738:14200655
5686:10230751
5573:Wikidata
5419:C. ferus
5375:Vicuña (
5368:L. pacos
5366:Alpaca (
5350:L. glama
5317:Tylopoda
4827:C. zebra
4755:C. niger
4329:Procapra
4107:Eudorcas
4083:Antilope
3820:Syncerus
3781:Cattle (
3774:B. mutus
3702:B. bison
3642:B. arnee
3603:Nilgai (
3480:Bharal (
3471:Pseudois
3431:O. dalli
3413:O. aries
3404:O. ammon
3402:Argali (
3354:Muskox (
3321:Oreamnos
3299:N. goral
3182:C. walie
3066:Budorcas
3003:Caprinae
2948:Caprinae
2803:Hirola (
2747:Peleinae
2729:Impala (
2634:K. leche
2632:Lechwe (
2528:O. beisa
2504:H. niger
2165:Taruca (
2132:Rangifer
2062:A. alces
1963:Sambar (
1890:R. eldii
1870:Rucervus
1828:Chital (
1620:Cervinae
1607:Cervidae
1568:Cervidae
1496:Tragulus
1170:Eutheria
1164:Mammalia
1158:Chordata
1156:Phylum:
1152:Animalia
1080:62265494
1050:(2005).
883:11420362
628:Taxonomy
586:Breeding
466:savannah
464:, stony
446:habitats
430:Zimbabwe
418:Botswana
414:Eswatini
390:Tanzania
336:steinbok
324:antelope
262:steenbok
231:Thunberg
168:Family:
152:Mammalia
142:Chordata
138:Phylum:
132:Animalia
118:Domain:
95:IUCN 3.1
5725:1006173
5660:2441141
5647:1038779
5579:Q368033
5531:Cetacea
5522:Cetacea
5390:Camelus
5348:Llama (
5228:Tayassu
5044:Porcula
4593:Oribi (
4584:Ourebia
4467:Madoqua
4452:Beira (
4373:Saigini
4280:N. dama
4158:Gazella
4007:Bovidae
4005:Family
3976:T. oryx
3896:Bongo (
3878:Nyala (
3805:Saola (
3727:Gayal (
3631:Bubalus
3546:Bovinae
3542:Bovidae
3540:Family
3456:Urial (
3146:C. ibex
3075:Takin (
2999:Bovidae
2997:Family
2960:Bovinae
2886:C. gnou
2665:Redunca
2577:Addax (
2461:Bovidae
2459:Family
2367:Pudella
2354:P. pudu
2245:M. nana
2060:Moose (
1830:A. axis
1797:D. dama
1659:M. feae
1605:Family
1580:Bovidae
1525:T. napu
1339:Moschus
1275:Giraffa
1260:Okapi (
1162:Class:
1141:species
1137:Extant
706:Namibia
660:Gallery
654:kelleni
608:oestrus
580:pythons
572:leopard
568:jackals
564:caracal
479:mosaics
440:Habitat
434:Lesotho
406:Namibia
188:Genus:
172:Bovidae
158:Order:
148:Class:
93: (
5790:149590
5777:513789
5699:625117
5621:462615
4935:Suidae
4536:Suni (
4269:Nanger
3754:Zebu (
3736:Gaur (
3621:Bovini
3345:Ovibos
2650:Puku (
2625:K. kob
2189:Mazama
1978:Cervus
1251:Okapia
1078:
1068:
1035:Custos
1014:
963:et al.
912:
881:
835:
813:
730:-bok,
508:browse
471:Acacia
468:, and
462:plains
426:Zambia
402:Angola
394:Uganda
328:Africa
250:
233:, 1811
5764:79397
5751:59544
5712:19308
5681:IRMNG
5673:42375
5634:4RK2B
4923:Suina
4406:Saiga
4347:Goa (
3866:kudus
3090:Capra
2757:Pelea
2623:Kob (
2605:Kobus
2568:Addax
2051:Alces
2005:Elk (
1054:. In
857:(PDF)
732:STEEN
728:STAYN
713:Notes
512:forbs
448:from
386:Kenya
369:horns
360:oribi
5746:NCBI
5707:IUCN
5694:ITIS
5655:GBIF
5616:BOLD
5529:see
5339:Lama
3393:Ovis
2517:Oryx
2333:Pudu
1927:Rusa
1819:Axis
1786:Dama
1076:OCLC
1066:ISBN
1012:ISBN
935:)".
910:ISBN
879:PMID
833:ISBN
811:ISBN
790:2021
773:2016
652:and
646:MSW3
632:Two
592:mate
578:and
502:Diet
456:and
364:coat
260:The
5733:MSW
5720:MDD
5642:EoL
5629:CoL
5603:ADW
5101:Sus
3691:Bos
989:doi
945:doi
869:doi
777:doi
334:or
5809::
5787::
5774::
5761::
5748::
5735::
5722::
5709::
5696::
5683::
5670::
5657::
5644::
5631::
5618::
5605::
5590::
5575::
1074:.
1026:^
985:28
983:.
941:31
939:.
921:^
897:^
877:.
865:18
863:.
859:.
798:^
771:.
765:.
704:,
582:.
574:,
570:,
566:,
562:,
436:.
428:,
424:,
420:,
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
338:.
312:-/
306:iː
279:eɪ
5508:)
5484:)
5421:)
5412:)
5403:)
5379:)
5370:)
5361:)
5352:)
5289:)
5265:)
5241:)
5204:)
5195:)
5186:)
5177:)
5168:)
5159:)
5150:)
5141:)
5132:)
5123:)
5114:)
5090:)
5081:)
5057:)
5033:)
5024:)
5000:)
4976:)
4967:)
4958:)
4895:)
4871:)
4862:)
4853:)
4829:)
4820:)
4811:)
4802:)
4793:)
4784:)
4775:)
4766:)
4757:)
4748:)
4739:)
4730:)
4721:)
4712:)
4703:)
4694:)
4685:)
4676:)
4639:)
4630:)
4621:)
4597:)
4573:)
4549:)
4540:)
4531:)
4507:)
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