1397:
264:, (known to the Dutch as "Hottentotten"), the native people of western South Africa. The Khoikhoi were the first non-European culture he encountered. Their customs and traditions elicited both his disgust and admiration. For example, he considered their custom to grease their skin with fat and dust as an obnoxious habit about which he wrote in his travelogue: "For uncleanliness, the Hottentots have the greatest love. They grease their entire body with greasy substances and above this, they put cow dung, fat or something similar." Yet, this harsh judgement is moderated by the reason he saw for this practice and so he continues that: "This stops up their pores and their skin is covered with a thick layer which protects it from heat in Summer and from cold during Winter." This attitude – to try to justify rituals he did not understand – also marked his encounters with Japanese people.
40:
1208:
1194:
563:
317:
1725:
1735:
536:
scholars to travel throughout Europe and to more distant regions, and to write subsequent travelogues. However, Thunberg was notable in his travel destination and the popularity of his account of his travels, which was translated into German, English and French. Three main reasons for this have been
484:
On arrival in Sweden in March 1779, he learned of the death of
Linnaeus one year earlier. Thunberg was first appointed botanical demonstrator in 1777, and in 1781 professor of medicine and natural philosophy at the University of Uppsala. His publications and specimens resulted in the description of
363:
During his visits in town, Thunberg began to recruit students, mainly the
Nagasaki interpreters and local physicians. He taught them new medical treatments, such as using mercury to treat syphilis, and the production of new medicines. During this process, he also instructed his pupils in the Dutch
267:
Since the main purpose for his journey was to collect specimens for the gardens in Leiden, Thunberg regularly took field trips into the interior of South Africa. Between
September 1772 and January 1773, he accompanied the Dutch superintendent of the V.O.C. garden, Johan Andreas Auge. Their journey
355:
arrival on
Deshima, Thunberg was appointed head surgeon of the trading post. To still be able to collect specimens of Japanese plants and animals as well as to gather information on the population, Thunberg began to construct networks with the interpreters by sending them small notes containing
546:, a German traveller, had sailed to Japan and spent two years on the island of Deshima. Kaempfer's 1729 travelogue became a famous work on the shogunate; yet, when Thunberg came to Japan, Kaempfer's writings were already more than fifty years old. The time was right for new knowledge.
398:
In both countries, Thunberg's knowledge exchange led to a cultural opening-up, which also manifested itself in the spread of universities and boarding schools which taught knowledge of the other culture. For this reason, Thunberg has been called "the most important eye witness of
549:
The Age of
Enlightenment furthered a scientific hunger for new information. In the light of the increasing emphasis on using the rational human mind, many students were keen to leave the boundaries of Europe and apply their knowledge and gather new insights about less well-known
347:
in 1639 after the
Portuguese, who had been the first Europeans to arrive in Japan in 1543, persisted in missionary activity. The only locals who were allowed regular contact with the Dutch were the interpreters of Nagasaki and the relevant authorities of the city.
210:". Thunberg graduated in 1767 after 6 years of studying. To deepen his knowledge in botany, medicine and natural history, he was encouraged by Linnaeus in 1770 to travel to Paris and Amsterdam. In Amsterdam and Leiden Thunberg met the Dutch botanist and physician
178:. After studying under Linnaeus at Uppsala University, he spent seven years travelling in southern Italy and Asia, collecting and describing people and animals new to European science, and observing local cultures. He has been called "the father of South African
303:
During his three expeditions into the interior, Thunberg collected many specimens of both flora and fauna. At the initiative of
Linnaeus, he graduated at Uppsala as Doctor of Medicine in absentia while he was at the Cape in 1772. Thunberg left the Cape for
360:, known in Japan as the "Dutch disease". As a result, the appropriate authorities granted him more visits to the city and finally even allowed him one-day trips into the vicinity of Nagasaki, where Thunberg had the chance to collect specimens by himself.
504:
in 1813. He published numerous memoirs in the transactions of various
Swedish and international scientific societies. He was an honorary member of sixty-six scientific societies. In 1776, while still in Asia, he had been elected a member of the
435:. The coins provided new insights for European scholars into the culture, religion and history of Japan, as their possession and export by foreigners had been strictly forbidden by the shogun. This prohibition had been imposed to prevent the
288:. During this expedition and later, Thunberg kept in regular contact with scholars in Europe, especially the Netherlands and Sweden, but also with other members of the V.O.C. who sent him animal skins. Shortly after returning, Thunberg met
356:
medical knowledge and receiving botanical knowledge or rare
Japanese coins in return. Quickly, the news spread that a well-educated Dutch physician was in town who seemed to be able to help the local doctors cure
410:, today's Tokyo. During that journey, he collected many specimens of plants and animals and talked to locals along the way. It is during this time that Thunberg started writing two of his scientific works, the
541:
Besides being encouraged by
Linnaeus and Gronovius to travel to Japan, the fact that, for half a century, no new information on the country had reached Europe attracted Thunberg to travel there. In 1690,
553:
Thunberg was a very inquisitive and intelligent man, a "person of acute mind" who sought new challenges. Hence, the journey was in Thunberg's personal interest and complied well with his character.
340:
connected to the city by a single small bridge. However, like the Dutch merchants, Thunberg was at first rarely allowed to leave the island. These restrictions had been imposed by the Japanese
1846:
1836:
585:
Thunberg is cited in naming some 254 species of both plants and animals (though significantly more plants than animals). Notable examples of plants referencing Thunberg in their
465:
In 1778, Thunberg left Ceylon for Amsterdam, with a two week stay at the Cape. He finally arrived at Amsterdam in October 1778. He made a short trip to London where he met
373:
Thunberg also profited from his teachings himself. As a former medical student he was mainly interested in medical knowledge, and the Japanese showed him the practice of
248:. As the East Indies were under Dutch control, the only way to enter the colonies was via the V.O.C. Hence, Thunberg embarked in December 1771. In March 1772, he reached
1851:
370:. Thunberg had brought some seeds of European vegetables with him and showed the Japanese some botanical practices, expanding Japanese horticultural practices.
1916:
775:
221:
Having heard of Thunberg's inquisitive mind, his skills in botany and medicine and Linnaeus' high esteem of his Swedish pupil, Johannes Burman and
1396:
1911:
406:
Due to his scientific reputation, Thunberg was given the opportunity in 1776 to accompany the Dutch ambassador M. Feith to the shogun's court in
514:
1432:
662:
225:, a councillor of Leiden, convinced Thunberg to travel to either the West or the East Indies to collect plant and animal specimens for the
742:
Dissertatio Entomologica Novas Insectorum species sistens, cujus partem quintam. Publico examini subjicit Johannes Olai Noraeus, Uplandus
379:
79:
1149:
391:. Thunberg brought back knowledge on Japan's religion and societal structure, boosting interest into Japan, an early cultural form of
1921:
431:
On his way to Edo, Thunberg also obtained many Japanese coins, which he described in detail in the fourth volume of his travelogue,
1826:
1821:
1781:
1776:
1926:
1761:
1235:
1060:
Rietbergen, P. (2004.) Becoming Famous in the Eighteenth Century: Carl Peter Thunberg Between Sweden, the Netherlands and Japan.
1871:
1831:
1891:
1442:
377:. The exchange of ideas between Thunberg and the local physicians led to the development of a new acupuncture point called
1856:
1806:
364:
language and European manners, furthering the growing interest into Dutch and European culture by the Japanese, known as
1738:
1811:
1766:
1695:
1771:
506:
1030:
300:, on leave from his regiment in the Netherlands. Together, the scientists undertook two further inland expeditions.
1561:
1896:
1876:
1099:
1866:
1796:
1607:
1159:
Kaross und Kimono: „Hottentotten“ und Japaner im Spiegel des Reiseberichts von Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743–1828.
1009:
510:
439:
and other rivals of the shogunate from copying the money and flooding the Japanese markets with forged coins.
1901:
1881:
1189:
1906:
1886:
1816:
1567:
454:(now Sri Lanka) in July 1777. Here again, his major interest lay in collecting plants and other specimens.
1228:
222:
1801:
1700:
1258:
1103:
1001:
305:
293:
1685:
1555:
1376:
823:
421:
296:. They were drawn together by their shared interests. During one of their trips, they were joined by
1143:
1690:
673:
237:
135:
1861:
1173:
Travels at the Cape of Good Hope, 1772–1775 : based on the English edition London, 1793–1795
474:
226:
387:
was a result of Thunberg's anatomic knowledge and the Japanese traditional medicine of neuronic
1841:
1728:
1665:
1427:
1221:
623:
325:
1437:
602:
1791:
1786:
1472:
1384:
1352:
1320:
1288:
1280:
948:
Fujita, R. (1944). Researches on Pressation-Points and Papule-Points and Related Subjects.
637:
586:
533:
175:
8:
1660:
1597:
1368:
1272:
630:
616:
609:
297:
39:
1615:
260:
During his three-year stay, Thunberg perfected his Dutch and studied the culture of the
1655:
1452:
1416:
1411:
1193:
652:
543:
470:
207:
199:
1207:
717:
Voyages de C.P. Thunberg au Japon par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, les Isles de la Sonde
308:
on 2 March 1775. He arrived in Batavia on 18 May 1775, and left for Japan on 20 June.
1710:
1462:
1457:
1421:
1360:
1328:
595:
562:
333:
230:
1670:
1495:
736:
Donationis Thunbergianae 1785 continuatio I. Museum naturalium Academiae Upsaliensis
1587:
1490:
1312:
1296:
1087:
Japan Extolled and Decried: Carl Peter Thunberg and the Shogun's Realm, 1775 – 1776
919:
Japan Extolled and Decried: Carl Peter Thunberg and the Shogun's Realm, 1775 – 1776
645:
442:
In November 1776, after Thunberg had returned from the shogun's court, he left for
20:
1520:
1185:
1625:
1592:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1447:
1304:
1264:
513:
in 1791. In 1809 he became correspondent, and in 1823 an associate member of the
436:
344:
215:
211:
171:
1551:
1505:
1705:
1572:
1485:
793:
677:
469:. He saw there the Japanese collection from the 1680s of the German naturalist
416:
400:
289:
195:
60:
1755:
1680:
1650:
1577:
1480:
1344:
1336:
1244:
1138:
906:
Travels in Europe, Africa and Asia, performed between the Years 1770 and 1779
765:
433:
Travels in Europe, Africa and Asia, performed between the Years 1770 and 1779
281:
273:
203:
183:
1199:
748:
D. D. Dissertatio entomologica sistens Insecta Suecica. Exam. Jonas Kullberg
1582:
1203:
1142:
989:
Catalogue of the Japanese Coin Collection (Pre-Meiji) at the British Museum
466:
285:
269:
974:
Nordenstamm, B. (2013). Carl Peter Thunberg and Japanese Natural History.
316:
1645:
1510:
579:
388:
374:
229:, which was lacking exotic exhibits. Thunberg was eager to travel to the
963:
The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism
574:
492:
in 1784, and in 1788 he began to publish his travels. He completed his
478:
292:, a Scots gardener who had come to Cape Town to collect plants for the
1640:
1635:
1500:
447:
428:
on Thunberg's notes which he carried with him all the time in Japan.
277:
249:
1675:
811:
Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, förrättad åren 1770–1779. Tredje Band
760:
392:
357:
337:
261:
582:, which are cultivated as evergreen climbers, is named after him.
1620:
921:. Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, p. 59
521:
366:
83:
1213:
1089:. Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, p. 2
182:", "pioneer of Occidental Medicine in Japan", and the "Japanese
770:
451:
329:
179:
168:
1847:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1837:
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
796:(1944). Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828) on His Bicentenary.
457:
In February 1778, Thunberg left Ceylon to return to Europe.
236:
With the help of Burman and Gronovius, Thunberg entered the
1153:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1098:
828:
Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) Archiefinventarissen
443:
950:
Ninth Report: From the Angle of Oriental Medicine, Part 2
473:(1651–1716), who had preceded him at Dejima. He also met
420:(1833). The latter was completed by the German traveller
407:
424:, who visited Japan between 1823 and 1829 and based the
320:
A depiction of Dejima based on a late 18th century print
1168:
Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies, Uppsala, Sweden
991:. British Museum Research Publication n°174, pp. 28–30
895:. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford and Malden, p. 275
976:
Asian Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2 (2)
672:is used to indicate this person as the author when
19:For the Swedish historian and archaeologist, see
1852:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1753:
1033:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
776:List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868
908:. Published by W. Richardson, London, UK, p. 37
813:. Published by J. Edman, Uppsala, Sweden, p. 22
218:, who himself had been a disciple of Linnaeus.
1229:
1006:American Philosophical Society Member History
1166:Carl Peter Thunberg: Botanist and Physician.
1072:
1070:
882:. Emeritus Prof. V. S. Forbes, London, p. 27
880:Travels at the Cape of Good Hope, 1772–1775
744:. Upsaliae, pp. 85–106, pl. 5. (1789).
1236:
1222:
1206:
1192:
1161:. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany
527:
167:(11 November 1743 – 8 August 1828), was a
38:
1917:Swedish expatriates in the Dutch Republic
1112:
1067:
1137:
865:
863:
684:
561:
324:In August 1775, he arrived at the Dutch
315:
1121:at Biodiversity Heritage Library. (see
244:, or V.O.C.) as a surgeon on board the
198:, Sweden. At the age of 18, he entered
1912:Taxon authorities of Hypericum species
1754:
1734:
477:, who showed him his collections from
1217:
860:
707:(Uppsala, vol. 1: 1794, vol. 2: 1800)
713:(1807, 1811, 1813, 1818, 1820, 1823)
641:
206:, regarded as the "father of modern
750:. Upsaliae, pp. 99–104 (1794).
460:
13:
1696:Linnean Society of New South Wales
557:
515:Royal Institute of the Netherlands
14:
1938:
1243:
1179:
1164:Skuncke, Marie-Christine (2014).
1031:"Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828)"
830:. Nationaal Archief (Netherlands)
509:. He was elected a member of the
507:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
242:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
194:Thunberg was born and grew up in
1922:Swedish male non-fiction writers
1733:
1724:
1723:
1395:
1827:Dutch East India Company people
1822:Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
1782:18th-century Swedish zoologists
1777:18th-century Swedish physicians
1100:International Plant Names Index
1092:
1079:
1054:
1045:
1023:
994:
981:
968:
955:
942:
933:
924:
911:
255:
1927:19th-century Swedish botanists
1762:18th-century Swedish botanists
1010:American Philosophical Society
898:
885:
872:
851:
842:
816:
803:
787:
511:American Philosophical Society
450:. From there, he travelled to
336:(120 m by 75 m) in the Bay of
16:Swedish naturalist (1743–1828)
1:
1630:including the Linnaeus Museum
1562:Elisabeth Christina von Linné
1190:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1131:
1119:Prodromus Plantarum Capensium
738:, pars III, 33–42 pp. (1787).
705:Prodromus Plantarum Capensium
189:
1872:Swedish expatriates in Japan
1832:Fellows of the Royal Society
1200:Works by Carl Peter Thunberg
1186:Works by Carl Peter Thunberg
1144:"Thunberg, Karl Peter"
723:Icones plantarum japonicarum
572:A genus of tropical plants,
498:Icones Plantarum Japonicarum
403:in the eighteenth century".
284:and returning by way of the
136:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
1892:Swedish non-fiction writers
1175:. (Ed. V. S. Forbes) London
754:
223:Laurens Theodorus Gronovius
10:
1943:
1807:Botanists active in Africa
1701:Linnean Tercentenary Medal
1062:De Achttiende Eeuw, 36 (1)
520:He died at Thunaberg near
268:took them to the north of
176:"apostle" of Carl Linnaeus
18:
1812:Botanists active in Japan
1767:18th-century male writers
1719:
1686:Linnean Society of London
1606:
1556:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
1544:
1471:
1424:(Linnaean classification)
1404:
1393:
1377:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
1251:
701:Edo travel accompaniment.
422:Philipp Franz von Siebold
233:and apply his knowledge.
146:
134:
127:
119:
99:
91:
68:
46:
37:
30:
1772:18th-century naturalists
1691:Swedish Linnaeus Society
1171:Thunberg, C. P. (1986).
952:. Kanazawa, Japan, p. 59
904:Thunberg, C. P. (1796).
878:Thunberg, C. P. (1793).
848:Skuncke 2013, pp. 39, 99
824:"Carel Pieter Thunbergh"
809:Thunberg, C. P. (1791).
781:
311:
238:Dutch East India Company
227:botanic garden at Leiden
1433:Zoological nomenclature
1150:Encyclopædia Britannica
528:Reasons for his travels
202:where he was taught by
157:Karl Peter von Thunberg
1897:Swedish ornithologists
1877:Swedish lepidopterists
1443:Taxa named by Linnaeus
1428:Botanical nomenclature
965:. Princeton UP, p. 281
891:Totman, C. D. (2000).
624:Fritillaria thunbergii
569:
567:Thunbergia grandiflora
321:
1867:Swedish entomologists
1857:People from Jönköping
1797:Age of Liberty people
1438:Binomial nomenclature
1259:Linnaeus bibliography
1051:Skuncke, 2013, p. 261
987:Kornicki, P. (2010).
961:Ortolani, B. (1995).
869:Thunberg 1986, p. 180
685:Selected publications
603:Amaranthus thunbergii
565:
319:
252:in now South Africa.
1902:Swedish phycologists
1882:Swedish male writers
1568:Students of Linnaeus
1473:Apostles of Linnaeus
1385:Systema Vegetabilium
1353:Philosophia Botanica
1321:Hortus Cliffortianus
1281:Bibliotheca Botanica
1085:Screech, T. (2012).
1076:Jung 2002, pp. 90–92
939:Skuncke 2013, p. 125
930:Skuncke 2013, p. 101
917:Screech, T. (2012).
638:Lespedeza thunbergii
294:Royal Gardens at Kew
1907:Swedish taxonomists
1887:Swedish mycologists
1817:Swedish bryologists
1666:Linnaeus's Hammarby
1661:Linnaeus University
1598:George Clifford III
1536:Carl Peter Thunberg
1369:Centuria Insectorum
1273:Fundamenta Botanica
663:author abbreviation
631:Geranium thunbergii
617:Berberis thunbergii
610:Arisaema thunbergii
494:Prodromus Plantarum
383:. The discovery of
298:Robert Jacob Gordon
153:Carl Peter Thunberg
32:Carl Peter Thunberg
1656:Linnaeus Arboretum
1453:History of biology
1417:Linnaean Herbarium
1412:Taxonomy (biology)
1064:, pp. 50–61, p. 65
1002:"Karl P. Thunberg"
893:A History of Japan
653:Spiraea thunbergii
570:
544:Engelbert Kaempfer
532:It was common for
524:on 8 August 1828.
481:'s second voyage.
471:Engelbert Kaempfer
351:Shortly after the
322:
200:Uppsala University
161:Carl Pehr Thunberg
106:Carl Pehr Thunberg
1802:Botanical writers
1749:
1748:
1711:Linneus, Missouri
1463:Scientific racism
1458:History of botany
1422:Linnaean taxonomy
1361:Species Plantarum
1329:Classes Plantarum
1289:Musa Cliffortiana
1157:Jung, C. (2002).
596:Allium thunbergii
587:specific epithets
500:in 1805, and his
488:He published his
334:artificial island
328:of the V.O.C. at
272:, east along the
231:Cape of Good Hope
165:Carl Per Thunberg
150:
149:
129:Scientific career
109:Carl Per Thunberg
1934:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1616:Expedition Linné
1588:Herman Boerhaave
1491:Johan Peter Falk
1399:
1313:Genera Plantarum
1297:Critica Botanica
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1210:
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857:Jung 2002, p. 95
855:
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820:
814:
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791:
681:
671:
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646:Pinus thunbergii
461:Return to Europe
155:, also known as
100:Other names
75:
57:11 November 1743
56:
54:
42:
28:
27:
21:Carl L. Thunberg
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1715:
1626:Linnaean Garden
1602:
1593:Johannes Burman
1540:
1531:Anders Sparrman
1526:Daniel Solander
1516:Daniel Rolander
1467:
1448:Natural history
1400:
1391:
1305:Flora Lapponica
1265:Systema Naturae
1252:Published works
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1242:
1182:
1134:
1129:
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788:
784:
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687:
682:
667:
666:
665:
660:
658:
560:
558:Namesake plants
530:
485:many new taxa.
463:
437:Empire of China
414:(1784) and the
345:Tokugawa Ieyasu
314:
258:
216:Nicolaas Burman
212:Johannes Burman
192:
115:
87:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
33:
24:
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11:
5:
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1884:
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1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Pteridologists
1859:
1854:
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1708:
1706:Linneus, Maine
1703:
1698:
1693:
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1683:
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502:Flora Capensis
490:Flora Japonica
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446:, now part of
426:Fauna Japonica
417:Fauna Japonica
412:Flora Japonica
401:Tokugawa Japan
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290:Francis Masson
280:as far as the
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72:8 August 1828
71:
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26:
22:
1739:
1629:
1608:Recognitions
1583:Peter Artedi
1535:
1506:Pehr Löfling
1383:
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1035:. Retrieved
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
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827:
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467:Joseph Banks
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286:Little Karoo
276:through the
270:Saldanha Bay
266:
259:
256:South Africa
245:
241:
235:
220:
214:and his son
193:
164:
160:
156:
152:
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140:
128:
74:(1828-08-08)
25:
1792:1828 deaths
1787:1743 births
1646:Linnaemyini
1564:(daughter))
1511:Pehr Osbeck
1105: Thunb
1015:16 December
978:, pp. 1 – 7
834:8 September
580:Acanthaceae
389:moxibustion
375:acupuncture
246:Schoonzicht
240:(in Dutch,
92:Nationality
1756:Categories
1132:References
730:Entomology
575:Thunbergia
537:proposed:
332:, a small
190:Early life
172:naturalist
123:Naturalist
120:Occupation
53:1743-11-11
1740:Wikiquote
1641:Linnaemya
1636:Linnaeite
1501:Pehr Kalm
589:include:
578:, family
448:Indonesia
385:shakutaku
380:shakutaku
278:Langkloof
250:Cape Town
196:Jönköping
80:Thunaberg
61:Jönköping
1729:Category
800:, p. 129
755:See also
550:regions.
393:Japonism
358:syphilis
338:Nagasaki
262:Khoikhoi
208:taxonomy
184:Linnaeus
86:, Sweden
63:, Sweden
1621:Linnaea
1405:General
1125:below).
1037:20 July
522:Uppsala
475:Forster
367:rangaku
326:factory
306:Batavia
174:and an
169:Swedish
95:Swedish
84:Uppland
1676:Linnéa
1552:Family
1388:(1774)
1380:(1771)
1372:(1763)
1364:(1753)
1356:(1751)
1348:(1746)
1340:(1745)
1332:(1738)
1324:(1737)
1316:(1737)
1308:(1737)
1300:(1737)
1292:(1736)
1284:(1736)
1276:(1736)
1268:(1735)
771:Sakoku
725:(1805)
719:, etc.
698:(1784)
690:Botany
674:citing
668:Thunb.
452:Ceylon
342:shogun
330:Dejima
180:botany
141:Thunb.
112:Thunb.
1558:(son)
782:Notes
761:An'ei
312:Japan
163:, or
1039:2015
1017:2020
836:2018
479:Cook
444:Java
69:Died
47:Born
1202:at
1188:at
408:Edo
186:".
1758::
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1069:^
1008:.
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862:^
826:.
676:a
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1628:(
1554:(
1237:e
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838:.
680:.
55:)
51:(
23:.
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