State Opening of Parliament

1282:; although the procession was subsequently restored, the service in the Abbey was not. The monarch's role in the proceedings changed over time: early on, the monarch would say some introductory words, before calling upon the Lord Chancellor (or Lord Keeper) to address the assembly. James I, however, was accustomed to speak at greater length himself, and sometimes dispensed with the Chancellor's services as spokesman. This varying pattern continued in subsequent reigns (and during the Commonwealth, when Cromwell gave the speech), but from 1679 onwards it became the norm for the monarch alone to speak. Since then, the monarch (if present) has almost invariably given the speech, with the exception of George I (whose command of English was poor) and Victoria (after the death of Prince Albert). During 3454: 1323: 1194:(Thomas Wriothesley himself, the illustrator). Members of the Royal retinue are arrayed behind the King (top right). In the main body of the Chamber, the Bishops are seated on benches to the King's right wearing their parliamentary robes, with the Mitred Abbots behind them. The Lords Temporal are seated to the King's left and on the cross-bench, the status of peers is indicated by the number of miniver bars (white fur edged with gold oak-leaf lace) on their peerage robes: 4 for a duke, 3½ for a marquess, 3 for an earl, 2½ for a viscount, and 2 for a baron. Thus there are 2 dukes, both wearing ducal coronets, the first holding a Marshal's Baton, thus he is the 1419: 1263: 205: 190: 765: 788: 22: 182: 951:. The Queen wore day dress and arrived by car at Westminster, where seating was restricted: 74 were allowed in the Lords Chamber, whilst 34 further MPs and peers were able to participate from the gallery. To prevent the spread of the virus, mask-wearing and testing was enforced, and the Lord Chancellor did not directly pass the speech to the Queen, but placed it on a table next to the throne. The State Opening in May 2022 was also scheduled to take place with reduced ceremonial, due to the Queen suffering "episodic mobility problems" (which eventually led to her being absent on the day). 574: 1034: 1294: 857: 917: 704: 1521: 662: 1111: 329:) "hostage" for the duration of the state opening, by tradition as a surety for the safe return of the monarch. The hostage MP is well entertained until the successful conclusion of the ceremony, when they are released upon the safe return of the monarch. The Vice-Chamberlain's imprisonment is now purely ceremonial, though they do remain under guard; originally, it guaranteed the safety of the Sovereign as they entered a possibly hostile Parliament. The tradition is said to stem from the time of 3147: 1548:

date as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament." In Norway, the King is required by Article 74 of the constitution to preside over the opening of the Storting after it had been declared to be legally constituted by the president of the Storting. After he delivers the Speech from the Throne, outlining the government's policies for the coming year, a member of the government reads the Report on the State of the Realm, an account of the government's achievements of the past year.

997:, there would be a short session from 14 to 24 September, followed by an adjournment, then a new session from 26 October. On 14 September, the King opened Parliament with a very brief speech (just 74 words), announcing that the only business of the session would be the bill to amend the Parliament Act. On 24 September, it adjourned as planned, and the new session was again opened by the King on 26 October. The two weeks in September formed Parliament's shortest modern session. 747:

monarch states: "Other measures will be laid before you", thus leaving the government scope to introduce bills not mentioned in the speech. The monarch mentions any state visits they intend to make and also any planned state visits of foreign heads of state to the United Kingdom during the parliamentary session. The monarch concludes the speech in saying: "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels."

416: 3133: 600: 121: 1578:. Though in the past he was a guest sitting in the Knesset's upper deck, the President now attends the ceremony from the speaker's podium and gives his own written address regarding the upcoming session. In the first session of each legislative period of the Knesset, the President has the duty of opening the first session himself and inaugurating the temporary Knesset speaker, and then conducting the inauguration process of all of the Knesset members. 1090:) explaining why Parliament had been summoned, after which the Lords and Commons went separately to discuss the business in hand. The monarch normally presided, not only for the Opening but also for the deliberations which followed (unless prevented by illness or other pressing matters); the Painted Chamber was one of the monarch's private apartments. 653:, upon which, with some mirth, the House rose to make its way to the Lords' Chamber. This customary intervention was omitted by Mr Skinner in 2015, claiming that he had "bigger fish to fry than uttering something", due to a dispute over seating with the Scottish Nationalists. Skinner resumed the practice in 2016, until he was unseated in 2019. 822:. The bills are considered for the sake of ceremony only, and do not make any actual legislative progress. For the address in reply, a chosen member moves "That a humble Address be presented to His Majesty, as follows". The following is the form used in the House of Lords and is nearly identical to that used in the House of Commons: 338:

much more recent origin (mention of hostage-taking only dating back to the 1960s or 70s). In 1845, by contrast, the Lord Chamberlain's routine absence from the State Opening was said to be due to "the department over which his lordship presides not being acknowledged in His Majesty's Palace at Westminster" (where the

1454:, respectively, usually delivers the speech from the throne. On occasion, the monarch may open these parliaments and deliver the speech him or herself. In both Australia and Canada, the last time this occurred was in 1977. In New Zealand, the monarch last opened parliament personally in February 1990. 2983:

During her first eagerly awaited tour over the summer of 1953-4 Parliament was summoned for a special short session in January to allow her to open Parliament and deliver the Speech from the Throne. She again opened a special session of Parliament in February 1963. She also opened Parliament in March

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A dramatic change was occasioned by the destruction of the old Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834. After that, the Painted Chamber (which had been gutted in the blaze) was roofed over and fitted up to serve as a temporary house of Lords, pending the rebuilding of the palace; the State Opening took

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The first speech of the debate in the Commons is, by tradition, a humorous one given by a member selected in advance. The consideration of the address in reply to the Throne Speech is the occasion for a debate on the Government's agenda. The debate on the Address in Reply is spread over several days.

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Traditionally, the members of both houses of Parliament listen to the speech respectfully, showing neither approval or dissent towards its contents before it is debated in each house. This silence, however, was broken in 1998, when Queen Elizabeth II announced the government's plan of abolishing the

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Between 1837 and 1861, Queen Victoria missed the State Opening on only four occasions (each time due to pregnancy); but following the death of the Prince Consort she avoided ceremonial events. She attended the State Opening in 1866 wearing a black dress and veil rather than the robe of state (which

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to automatically sit in the House of Lords. A few Labour members of the House of Commons cried "yes" and "hear", prompting several of the Lords to shout "no" and "shame". The Queen continued delivering her speech without any pause, ignoring the intervention. The conduct of those who interrupted the

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or another member of the government and the Deputy Leader of the Opposition usually walk side by side, leading the two lines of MPs. The Commons then arrive at the Bar of the House of Lords. The only people required to bow are the House of Commons Speaker, Commons Clerk, senior Lords official Black

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in the centre of the Chamber, and members of the diplomatic corps, who are seated behind the Bishops. The Commons assemble in their own chamber, wearing ordinary day dress, and begin the day, as any other, with prayers. Beforehand the Speaker's Procession takes place in the usual way: preceded by a

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in the Netherlands. Article 65 of the constitution states that "A statement of the policy to be pursued by the Government is given by or on behalf of the King before a joint session of the two Houses of the States General that is held every year on the third Tuesday in September or on such earlier

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On Black Rod's approach, the Doorkeeper of the Commons orders that the doors are slammed shut against them, symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch. The Usher of the Black Rod then strikes with the end of their ceremonial staff (the Black Rod) three times on the

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The Imperial State Crown has not been worn invariably: for example, on four occasions in the 20th century Parliament was opened by as yet uncrowned monarchs (i.e. after their accession to the throne, but before their coronation); on these occasions the robe of state was worn but the crown was not

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between the monarchy and Parliament (a copy of Charles I's death warrant is displayed in the robing room used by the monarch as a ceremonial reminder of what can happen to a monarch who attempts to interfere with Parliament); however it has been suggested that the custom in its present form is of

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In the 1998 Queen's Speech, Elizabeth II faced an unprecedented outburst when she outlined the government's plan to ban most hereditary peers from sitting in the House of Lords. The Queen's Speech was interrupted by shouts of "hear hear" from Labour MPs, and some peers appeared to respond to the

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In the Tudor period, the modern structure of Parliament began to emerge, and the monarch no longer attended during normal proceedings. For this reason, the State Opening took on greater symbolic significance as an occasion for the full constitution of the State (Monarch, Lords and Commons) to be

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on the first day of the new parliamentary session. This traditionally tends to fall in November, but can occur at any time of year (depending on the timing of General Elections and parliamentary session start dates). It takes place in front of a formal gathering of both Houses of Parliament; the

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The new palace was designed with the ceremony of the State Opening very much in mind; the choreography of the modern ceremony may be said to date from 1852, when the "Victoria Tower entrance" was used for the first time, and likewise "the Royal Staircase, Norman Porch, new Robing Room and Royal

561:. Once seated on the throne, the monarch, wearing the Imperial State Crown, instructs the House by saying, "My Lords, pray be seated"; his or her consort, if present, sits on a throne to the sovereign’s left, and his or her children, if present, may be provided with seats elsewhere on the dais. 746:

The monarch reads the entire speech in a neutral and formal tone, implying neither approval nor disapproval of the proposals of their Government: the monarch makes constant reference to "My Government" when reading the text. After listing the main bills to be introduced during the session, the

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The whole speech is addressed to "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons", with one significant exception that the monarch says specifically, "Members of the House of Commons, estimates for the public services will be laid before you", since the budget is constitutionally reserved to the

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The doors having been opened, the chief doorkeeper of the House of Commons introduces Black Rod. At the bar, Black Rod bows to the Speaker before proceeding to the table, bowing again, and announcing the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons, in the following words:

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was carried in front of the Queen rather than worn. Inside the Palace, there were reduced numbers in the procession, and outside motor cars were used in place of horse-drawn carriages (and no military escort accompanied them). Otherwise, the ceremony remained largely the same.

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Since 1901, the monarch has opened Parliament in person on all but six occasions. In 1929 and 1935 King George V was too ill to attend; in 1951 King George VI was too ill to attend; in 1959 and 1963 Queen Elizabeth II was pregnant and did not attend. In each of these years

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in the Philippines, a former American dependency. These speeches differ from a State Opening in at least two respects, however: they do not in fact open the legislative session, and they are delivered by the chief executive on his or her own behalf. In Poland, the

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Parliament is composed of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, and a State Opening is the only routine occasion when the three are gathered together in one place. The monarch is seated on the throne, at one end of the chamber in front of the

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Following the speech, the monarch and his or her retinue leave the chamber. The monarch bows to both sides of the House of Peers and then leaves the chamber, walking in procession back to the Robing Room, before the Commons bow again and return to their Chamber.

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which have been signed by My Ministers and the Irish Delegation may be at once submitted for your approval. No other business will be brought before you in the present Session'. Parliament was then once again prorogued (to 31st January) on 19 December

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On certain other occasions through history, ceremonial aspects of the State Opening have been scaled back for specific reasons (including plague in 1593, threats of assassination in 1679 and wartime restrictions in place from 1917-1919 and 1939-1948).

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Most Gracious Sovereign, We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, beg leave to thank Your Majesty for the most gracious Speech which Your Majesty has addressed to both Houses of

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The ceremonial surrounding the opening of parliament can be broken down into several parts (the following descriptions refer to the full ceremonial of the event; for occasions when, for various reasons, reduced ceremonial has been used, see

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and members of the Royal Household, and when all is ready a fanfare is sounded and the monarch proceeds in State through the Royal Gallery to the House of Lords. Directly ahead of the monarch walk two peers: one (nowadays usually the

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and, with the Speaker and Black Rod, leads the Members of the House of Commons as they walk, in pairs, towards the House of Lords. By custom, the members saunter, with much discussion and joking, rather than formally process. The

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The Opening of Parliament began out of practical necessity. By the late 14th century, the manner in which the King gathered his nobles and representatives of the Commons had begun to follow an established pattern. First of all,

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1970 and February 1974. In February 1977 she opened another special session at the same time as formally opening the Beehive (the Executive Wing). More recently she has opened Parliament in February 1986 and February 1990.

1103:(which often attracted large numbers of onlookers): the Monarch, together with Household retinue, would proceed in State from whichever royal residence was being used, first to Westminster Abbey for a service (usually a 1398:

interruption with "shame". This was regarded as a considerable act of discourtesy, and the first time in living memory that the sovereign's address, which is normally listened to in total silence, had been interrupted.

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Rod and the Serjeant-at-Arms. No person who is not a member of the Upper House may pass the Bar unbidden when it is in session; a similar rule applies to the Commons. They remain standing at the Bar during the speech.

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was impeded by the opposition parties from entering the Congress building for his sixth and final speech. Since that incident, the Constitution no longer requires the President's presence at the opening of Congress.

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for reasons of security; and then from 1941-1944 it took place in the Robing Room, which was serving as a temporary chamber for the Lords while theirs was in use by the Commons (whose chamber had been destroyed in

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and head of government are merged, the chief executive's annual speech to the legislative branch is imbued with some of the ceremonial weight of a parliamentary state opening. The most well-known example is the

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In 1958, the entire State Opening of Parliament was filmed and televised for the first time. In 1998, minor adjustments were made to the ceremonial inside Parliament with a view to shortening the proceedings.

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was instead draped over the throne); on this occasion she delegated the reading of the speech to the Lord Chancellor. Victoria attended the State Opening on six further occasions (in the 1870s-80s), wearing a

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in 1901 that the full state ceremonial of the event was restored (with the king being in regular attendance and reading the speech himself). King George V resumed wearing the Imperial State Crown in 1913.

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The Palace of Westminster ceased to be a royal residence following a fire in 1512. Afterwards another of the King's residences was on occasion used (in 1523, for instance, the State Opening took place at

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Some of the modifications were subsequently reversed, e.g. the separation of the heralds from the main procession (which had in fact had the effect of lengthening rather than shortening the proceedings).

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in place of the Imperial State Crown; but otherwise delegated the opening of Parliament to Lords Commissioners (one of whom was usually the Prince of Wales). It was not until the latter's accession as

637:) is for the Commons to establish Black Rod's identity. Once this has been achieved, Black Rod cannot be refused admission, and all other business of whatever kind in the Commons chamber must cease. 3074:

permits that "none but the King’s Children shall sit on either Side of the Cloth of Estate in Parliament", though the privilege has also customarily been extended to the wife of the Prince of Wales.

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The first State Opening took place on 15 February 1921. Nine months later, on 10 November, Parliament was prorogued to 30 January; in the meantime, negotiations were taking place with regard to an

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After the departure of the monarch from the palace, each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an "Address in Reply to His/ Her Majesty's Gracious Speech." But first, each House considers a bill

148:. The Lords are seated on "the floor of the House" (i.e. in the main body of the chamber), while the Commons attend at "the bar of the House" (the boundary rail at the far end, facing the throne). 735:, the Lord Chancellor at the time, sought to break the custom and applied successfully for permission to turn his back on the sovereign and walk down the steps forwards. The next Lord Chancellor, 1134:, depicts King Henry VIII seated in Parliament in that year. It shows a remarkable visual similarity between State Openings of the 16th and 21st centuries. In both cases, the monarch sits on a 2732: 1567:

and his family. It is still the King who officially opens the parliament. After the opening of parliament the King gives a speech followed by the Prime Minister's declaration of government.

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and Watermen accompany it, acting as footmen (a reminder of past times when the regalia were brought from the Tower of London by river). On arrival at the Sovereign's Entrance, under the

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departs following his only State Opening of Parliament, 3 November 1936: due to heavy rain he had 'reluctantly' cancelled the carriage procession and travelled there and back by car.

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State Openings of Parliament are documented from as early as the 14th century, with the first visual depictions dating from the 15th century. The most recent State Opening was held

493:, the monarch is usually accompanied by his or her consort and sometimes by other members of the royal family. Senior members of the Royal Household follow in other carriages. The 128:

The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremony filled with historical ritual, constitutional symbolism and practical significance relating to the governance of the United Kingdom.

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On each day, a different topic, such as foreign affairs or finance, is considered. The debate provides an indication of the views of Parliament regarding the government's agenda.

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On three occasions in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (namely March 1974, June 2017 and December 2019) the State Opening was conducted in a "dressed-down" manner, due to the

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closed doors of the Commons Chamber, and is then admitted (there is a mark on the door of the Commons showing the repeated indentations made by Black Rods over the years).

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were appointed to preside over the opening, with the speech being read by the Presiding Commissioner (namely the Lord Chancellor). The speech was prefaced with the words:

1226:), and behind them kneel the clerks (with quills and inkpots). At the bottom of the picture members of the House of Commons can be seen behind the Bar of the House, with 3341: 1107:, prior to the Reformation), and thence on foot (accompanied by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in their robes) to the Palace of Westminster for the Opening itself. 649:

During the later decades of Elizabeth II's reign, a tradition developed for this command to be greeted with a defiant topical comment by republican-leaning Labour MP

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of the Palace of Westminster, which is where the House of Lords sat; and so began the custom of the State Opening taking place in the Upper House of Parliament.

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makes the traditional cry of "Hats off, strangers!", instructing those assembled to remove their hats in deference to the highest-ranking commoner in the realm.

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opens Parliament with an address similar to the Speech from the Throne. This is also the case in Commonwealth Republics with a non-executive Presidency such as

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In 2022, when the Queen was absent on the day at short notice due to "episodic mobility problems", the heir-apparent to the throne and his elder son (the then

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of office. The Treasurer and Comptroller, along with other senior members of the Royal Household, accompany the monarch in the carriage procession; but the

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provides a Sovereign's Escort, and other members of the armed forces line the processional route from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster.

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to summon the House of Commons. Black Rod turns and, under the escort of the Door-keeper of the House of Lords, proceeds to the Members' Lobby of the

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Since that time the ceremonial has evolved, but not dramatically. In 1679 neither the procession nor the Abbey service took place, due to fears of a

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In Sweden a similar ceremony as the British was held until 1974, when the constitution was changed. The old opening of state was in Sweden called

3334: 3473: 2476: 2415: 836: 3061:; the George used is a larger than usual gold representation of St. George slaying a dragon and heavily set with diamonds made for George III. 2018:"Traditionally an MP is 'held hostage' at Buckingham Palace til the Queen returns. Today it's Vice Chamberlain @krishopkins2015 #QueensSpeech" 61:, before setting out the government's legislative programme for the new parliamentary session. No business of either House of Parliament (the 1330:

During the two world wars the ceremonial was reduced, and by necessity modified: for example, in 1940 the entire State Opening took place in

884:"My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, We are commanded to deliver to you His/Her Majesty’s Speech in His/Her Majesty's own words". 317:(all of whom are government whips) assemble with other senior members of the Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, carrying their ceremonial 124:

The Palace of Westminster is home of the two houses of the British Parliament, and it is to here that the monarch travels to open parliament.

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issued by the Queen for the occasion, the Prince of Wales reading the Queen's Speech (from the consort's throne) on behalf of his mother.

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In addition to the Lords themselves, others are provided with seats on the floor of the House on the occasion of a State Opening, namely:

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Throughout the twentieth century (including in wartime) the State Opening took place on an annual basis, with the following exceptions:

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held in those years. On these occasions the Queen attended in day dress, rather than the traditional ceremonial robes of state, and the

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The monarch travels "in State" from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster, arriving at the Sovereign's Entrance under the

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from his official residence to the Commons Chamber, followed by his trainbearer, chaplain and secretary. In the Central Lobby, a

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used to be constitutionally obliged to deliver a speech, similar to the American State of the Union, until 2006 when President

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opened every session of Parliament during her reign, except in 1959, 1963, and 2022. In 1959 and 1963, she was pregnant with

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Mr/Madam Speaker, The King/Queen commands this honourable House to attend His/Her Majesty immediately in the House of Peers.

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Catalogue entry from 'Royal Treasures, A Golden Jubilee Celebration', London, 2002. per catalogue entry, royal collection

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at the First Sitting of these Houses, which is similar to Speech from the Throne. It is rather a custom than a law. Most

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at the top of the Victoria Tower (where it remains until the monarch departs). The monarch is greeted on arrival by the

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Hostage MPs in recent years (all of whom were serving as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household at the time) have included:

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Motioned by the monarch, the Lord Great Chamberlain raises his white staff of office to signal the official known as

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to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the

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There was no State Opening in 2011, as it was cancelled to ease the pressure for the planned introduction of

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In the twenty-first century the State Opening continued on an annual basis, with the following exceptions:

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does not join them. Instead, on behalf of the monarch, he remains at Buckingham Palace keeping one MP (the

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Yeomen of the Guard embarking on their traditional search of the cellars prior to the State Opening (2024).

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Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642-51: a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn

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was caught guarding gunpowder in the cellars hours before the king was to open the second session of the

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King George V and Queen Mary photographed in the Robing Room, ready for the State Opening of Parliament.

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before the Cloth of Estate, crowned and wearing a crimson robe of state; at his right hand sit Cardinal

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There was no State Opening in 2018, as it was cancelled to lengthen the timeframe for the passing of

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Following this debate, a vote is taken on the Government Programme. This vote is treated as a

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Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords , 2.07

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for the occasion. They are joined by senior representatives of the judiciary, who sit on

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are borne by peers standing before the monarch on the left and right respectively; the

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was in force, a general election was not automatically triggered if the vote was lost.

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seen. In this period, the parliamentary gathering began to be preceded by an open-air

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carrying the maces, which are to be carried by the Sergeants-at-Arms in procession

3138: 3097: 2736: 1524: 1363: 1195: 1167: 1147: 1087: 1079: 819: 752: 728: 674: 464: 318: 269: 109: 1110: 2231:"Watch Dennis Skinner zing the Queen's Speech by shouting 'Hands off the BBC!'" 1564: 1367: 1175: 1151: 863:, at the time the Prince of Wales, reading the speech on behalf of his mother, 650: 486: 452: 444: 404: 350: 273: 241: 237: 133: 62: 3304: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 2792: 2072:"Why Labour MP Samantha Dixon will be held hostage at Buckingham Palace today" 1541:

a similar ceremony is held on the third Tuesday in September, which is called

1472:

also conducts an annual State Opening, usually in March, presided over by the

896:, now Prince of Wales) were appointed under the authority of section 6 of the 3609: 3591: 3578: 3443: 2604:"Government accused of 'abuse of power' after cancelling 2011 Queen's speech" 2209: 2162: 1582: 1581:

In some countries with presidential or similar systems in which the roles of

1251: 1219: 1139: 932: 839:

and losing this vote will automatically trigger a general election. When the

661: 565:(instead it was carried on a cushion by one of the Great Officers of State). 456: 368: 137: 82: 54: 524:(who has oversight of the royal areas of the Palace of Westminster) and the 3485: 2235: 1995: 1486: 1480: 1343: 1199: 1075: 628: 624: 608: 604: 525: 395: 356: 172:

as are in possession of an invitation issued by the Lord Great Chamberlain.

2660:

Cobb, H.S., 'The Staging of Ceremonies of State in the House of Lords' in

2177:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25. 1430:

In addition to the UK, Opening of Parliament ceremonies are held in other

3511: 3084: 2047: 1634: 1543: 1538: 1375: 1283: 1279: 1227: 1104: 920: 905: 889: 860: 490: 415: 97: 58: 3132: 1037:

Henry VIII going to open Parliament (contemporary illustration: part of

993:

On 24 June, it was announced that in order to secure the passing of the

599: 16:

Ceremonial event marking the beginning of a session of the UK Parliament

2098: 1529: 1315: 1115: 736: 627:, including the celebrated English patriot and leading parliamentarian 517: 509: 505: 245: 120: 72:

The State Opening takes place in the House of Lords chamber within the

2874:

The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words

2548:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 September 1948. 2528:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 14 September 1948. 1833:

The Standing Orders of the House of Lords Relating to Public Business.

474: 467:(separate from the three used by parliament) which are carried by the 2716:

Cannadine, D., 'The Palace of Westminster as Palace of Varieties' in

1514: 1510: 1336: 1287: 1024:

There were two State Openings in 2019 (and no State Opening in 2020).

988:

There were two State Openings in 1948 (and no State Opening in 1949).

985:

There were two State Openings in 1924 (and no State Opening in 1925);

966:

There were two State Openings in 1921 (and no State Opening in 1923);

963:

There were two State Openings in 1914 (and no State Opening in 1915);

810: 776: 585: 568: 257: 49:" (also known as the King's or Queen's Speech), which is read by the 2568:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 26 October 1948. 2043:"This is why an MP is being held hostage at Buckingham Palace today" 3272:(Due to a rail-strike Elizabeth II travelled to Westminster by car] 3035:

was in force the Opening of Parliament routinely took place in May.

2730:"The State Opening of Parliament - A Perspective from the Archives" 2076: 1465: 1215: 447:, the Crown is passed by the Bargemaster to the Comptroller of the 281: 256:, and the Yeomen are paid for their services with a small glass of 3083:

The Mitred Abbots were removed from Parliament at the time of the

1302:

place there until 1847, when the new Lords' chamber was opened.

3176: 2564: 2544: 2524: 2508:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 June 1948. 2504: 1575: 1374:

on the advice of her doctors. That session was opened by her son

541: 427:

is brought to the Palace of Westminster, together with the Great

165: 37:

is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each

2166: 1266:

George III travelling to the State Opening of Parliament in the

3314: 3185: 1297:

Queen Victoria Opening Parliament in the Painted Chamber, 1845.

1187: 1135: 1018: 908:

reading the speech from the consort's throne on this occasion.

724: 69:) can proceed until the Sovereign’s speech has been delivered. 1074:, and representatives of the Commons were checked against the 727:, and presented on bended knee for the monarch to read by the 3290:(the first time cameras were allowed in the House of Commons) 3191: 1506: 1182:

stands alongside, bearing his white wand of office, near the

471:

of the Royal Household who escort the regalia in procession.

1370:

in 1963), empowered by the Queen. The Queen also missed the

1070:' names were checked against the list of those who had been 217: 140:, if present, seated alongside), flanked by an entourage of 3349: 1601: 1290:

attended in full state and gave a Prince Regent's Speech.

1234:, in the centre, wearing his black and gold robe of state. 1211: 3278:(the first time the ceremony inside the Palace was filmed) 1780:. Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. 17 July 2024 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 615:

This ritual is strongly associated with the occasion when

419:

Arrival of the Regalia at the Sovereign's Entrance (2022).

155:

such members of the Royal Family as His Majesty may direct

1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 851: 698: 1478:. However, parliament is opened in the lower house (the 1041:, a 18 ft (5.5 m) long vellum parchment roll). 669:

The Speaker proceeds to attend the summons at once. The

268:

Peers and peeresses assemble in the House of Lords. The

57:. In the speech the monarch gives notice of forthcoming 2969:. New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 2011. Archived from 2466:

Erskine May, Part 1, Chapter 8, Paragraph 8.11, Note 1.

2315:"What is a 'dressed-down' State Opening of Parliament?" 1306:

Gallery", establishing the modern processional route.

1647: 1563:

is now held in the Riksdag but in the presence of the

1078:

election returns. The Peers were robed and sat in the

455:. The regalia are then carried to be displayed in the 2488:

Hansard, vol. 149, House of Commons 19 December 1921.

2477:

Hansard, vol. 149, House of Commons 14 December 1921.

2427:

Hansard, vol. 148, House of Commons 10 November 1921.

2416:

Hansard, vol. 138, House of Commons 15 February 1921.

2290:"Queen's Speech: What is it and why is it important?" 1872:

Walpole, Jennifer; Kelly, Richard (10 October 2008).

1713: 1711: 3128: 3108:

in 1963) read the Queen's Speech on those occasions.

3057:

Over this robe is worn the collar and George of the

2718:

The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture

2662:

The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture

1801:"What is the King's Speech and why is it important?" 1690:

State Opening of Parliament - history and ceremonial

1629:

from the Presidential box in the Press gallery. The

1130:

The Wriothesley Garter Book, a 1523 illustration by

300: 1570:In Israel, a semi-annual ceremony, attended by the 1354:respectively and those two sessions were opened by 711:

The monarch reads a prepared speech, known as the "

481:

State Procession at the State Opening of Parliament

475:

Arrival of the Sovereign and assembly of Parliament

2629: 1708: 569:Royal summons of the Commons to the Lords' chamber 3216:Newsreel of the February 1921 carriage procession 1590:in the United States. Other examples include the 1401: 3607: 3252:Newsreel of the October 1948 carriage procession 2596: 2135: 2133: 2131: 1845:"Frequently Asked Questions: The Gunpowder Plot" 954: 263: 1963:"MP 'held hostage' in Queen's Speech tradition" 1574:, opens the winter and summer sessions of the 1150:, with arms above under a cardinal's hat, and 1122:in 1523; a contemporary illustration from the 3335: 2871: 2128: 623:in 1642 in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest 200:, which is visible through the central window 2431: 1625:, watched the First Sitting of the 6th term 1617:. The exception was in 2007, when President 756:speech was strongly criticised at the time. 656: 3299:Newsreel of the November 1974 State Opening 2897:"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers" 2262:"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers" 2180: 410: 223: 3342: 3328: 3192:A selection of newsreels and other footage 2441:Parliament and Northern Ireland, 1921-2021 2366:"Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect?" 2181:Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977). 1985: 1983: 1867: 1865: 1257: 1246:). When (in 1530) the King moved into the 723:. It is traditionally written on goatskin 2739:, www.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-21 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2287: 1527:delivering the Speech from the Throne in 1459:Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain 423:Before the arrival of the sovereign, the 305:On the morning of the State Opening, the 45:. At its core is His (or Her) Majesty's " 3311:Videos of every State Opening since 1988 3264:Newsreel of the 1952 carriage procession 3258:Newsreel of the 1950 carriage procession 3246:Newsreel of the 1946 carriage procession 3240:Newsreel of the 1937 carriage procession 3222:Newsreel of the 1932 carriage procession 3210:Newsreel of the 1917 carriage procession 3204:Newsreel of the 1910 carriage procession 3198:Newsreel of the 1901 carriage procession 2876:, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 168, 2437: 2161: 1686: 1519: 1417: 1321: 1292: 1261: 1109: 1032: 915: 855: 786: 763: 717:Prime Minister and their cabinet members 702: 660: 598: 592:, and reaches the doors of the Commons. 572: 414: 203: 188: 180: 161:the officers and attendants of the House 119: 20: 3350:Royal ceremonies of the British monarch 3305:Full coverage of the 1976 State Opening 3212:(during wartime: simplified ceremonial) 1980: 1936: 1862: 1050:For broader historical background, see 803: 759: 342:instead has the equivalent authority). 3608: 3558:Special address by the British monarch 3167:Parliamentary occasions: State Opening 2667: 2338: 2105:. The Royal Household. 15 January 2016 1798: 1270:, 1762. The route, as today, goes via 1012:legislation for fixed-term Parliaments 1002:There were two State Openings in 1974. 852:Openings in the absence of the monarch 818:, while the Commons equivalent is the 699:Delivery of the speech from the throne 100:reign, the first of the newly elected 3323: 3284:(filmed for the first time in colour) 2801:from the original on 21 December 2021 2682:"Explore the Royal Collection Online" 1748:"Parliamentary and sessional periods" 911: 603:Leading 17th-century parliamentarian 459:. Also in the procession, usually in 176: 108:, and the first State Opening with a 3266:(Elizabeth II's first State Opening) 2922:"Opening of Parliament by the Queen" 2500:"Parliament Bill: September Session" 2195: 2069: 1490:), thus the sitting is conducted by 771:returns to Buckingham Palace in the 94:2024 United Kingdom general election 3254:(Return of full pre-war ceremonial) 3218:(Return of full pre-war ceremonial) 2251:"1998: Queen's speech to end peers" 1484:) rather than the upper house (the 13: 3517:Investiture of the prince of Wales 3294:Newsreel of the 1970 State Opening 3288:Newsreel of the 1966 State Opening 3282:Newsreel of the 1960 State Opening 3276:Newsreel of the 1958 State Opening 3200:(Edward VII's first State Opening) 3072:House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 2794:State Opening of Parliament (1958) 2447:. London: House of Commons Library 1696:. London: House of Commons Library 1414:Opening of the Canadian parliament 495:Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment 14: 3642: 3248:(post-war: simplified ceremonial) 3242:(George VI's first State Opening) 3161:House of Lords FAQ: State Opening 3124: 2288:Edgington, Tom (9 October 2019). 1799:Clarke, Jennifer (17 July 2024). 1380:Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 1158:, with arms above. Behind stands 1039:The Procession of Parliament 1512 435:, in their own carriage (usually 315:Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 301:Delivery of parliamentary hostage 3631:Ceremonies in the United Kingdom 3621:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3563:National service of thanksgiving 3527:Ceremony of the Keys (Edinburgh) 3452: 3260:(George VI's last State Opening) 3206:(George V's first State Opening) 3145: 3131: 2797:(YouTube). British Pathé. 1958. 2642:from the original on 24 May 2022 2339:Murphy, Victoria (11 May 2021). 1871: 1208:Hospital of St John of Jerusalem 1060:Parliament of the United Kingdom 580:knocks on the chamber door, 2024 451:, under the watchful eye of the 240:, an attempted assassination of 236:. This is derived from the 1605 43:Parliament of the United Kingdom 27:2024 State Opening of Parliament 3111: 3090: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3038: 3033:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 2989: 2959: 2914: 2889: 2865: 2847:"State Opening loses some pomp" 2839: 2813: 2785: 2767: 2742: 2723: 2710: 2699: 2654: 2622: 2572: 2565:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2552: 2545:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2532: 2525:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2512: 2505:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2492: 2481: 2470: 2459: 2420: 2409: 2384: 2358: 2332: 2307: 2281: 2272: 2243: 2223: 2189: 2155: 2124:Court Circular, 7 November 2023 2117: 2091: 2063: 2035: 2010: 1955: 1891: 1822:Erskine May, Part 1, Chapter 1. 1232:Speaker of the House of Commons 791:The return procession crossing 291:Speaker of the House of Commons 115: 47:gracious speech from the throne 3522:Addresses by Privileged Bodies 3173:Cost of the 2006 State Opening 3025: 2967:"Display of royal memorabilia" 2941:"A visit by the Queen in 1977" 1951:(145): 88–90. 8 February 1845. 1837: 1826: 1815: 1792: 1766: 1740: 1719:"The Sovereign and Parliament" 1553:Riksdagens högtidliga öppnande 1461:is conducted by the monarch. 1402:Equivalents in other countries 77:monarch customarily wears the 1: 1914:"State Opening of Parliament" 1899:"Democracy Live, 25 May 2010" 1641: 1386:, were empowered to do so by 1242:, and the Mass beforehand at 1168:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 1093: 955:Double and cancelled Openings 846: 437:Queen Alexandra's State Coach 264:Assembly of Peers and Commons 194:Queen Alexandra's State Coach 3548:Changing of The King's Guard 2070:Ship, Chris (17 July 2024). 2022:House of Commons via Twitter 1621:, instead of addressing the 1613:delivered the Speech to the 1555:("The solemn opening of the 551:Leader of the House of Lords 461:King Edward VII's Town Coach 209:King Edward VII's Town Coach 7: 3363:State Opening of Parliament 3182:Photos of the 2015 ceremony 3046:Diamond Jubilee State Coach 2750:"The State Opening of 1852" 2196:Gani, Aisha (27 May 2015). 2141:"Democracy Live: Black Rod" 1945:The Illustrated London News 1599:delivers his speech to the 1592:State of the Nation Address 1056:Parliament of Great Britain 947:was scaled down due to the 892:, now Charles III, and the 516:is hoisted in place of the 35:State Opening of Parliament 10: 3647: 3616:Speeches by heads of state 3270:Newsreel footage from 1955 3234:Newsreel footage from 1936 3228:Newsreel footage from 1934 1879:. House of Commons Library 1588:State of the Union Address 1411: 1405: 1382:who, in their capacity as 1049: 1045: 1028: 841:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 707:The royal thrones, c. 1902 625:five members of Parliament 500:At the monarch's arrival, 478: 228:First, the cellars of the 3535: 3504: 3461: 3450: 3355: 3301:(the second of that year) 2997:"Opening of the Storting" 2928:. Parliament of Australia 1943:"Opening of Parliament". 1332:Church House, Westminster 1222:, eight judges, and four 1114:Opening of Parliament by 657:Procession of the Commons 449:Lord Chamberlain's Office 3169:at UK Parliament website 3163:at UK Parliament website 3018: 2438:Torrance, David (2023). 1774:"The King's Speech 2024" 1728:. House of Lords Library 1687:Torrance, David (2023). 1376:Charles, Prince of Wales 1360:Archbishop of Canterbury 1156:Archbishop of Canterbury 692:First Secretary of State 684:Leader of the Opposition 578:Sarah Clarke (Black Rod) 530:Parliament Robe of State 411:Arrival of royal regalia 224:Searching of the cellars 3553:Royal Christmas Message 3003:. Royal House of Norway 2185:. Dalesman. p. 15. 2174:Encyclopædia Britannica 1258:Subsequent developments 546:Great Officers of State 158:Judges summoned by writ 142:Great Officers of State 112:government since 2010. 96:. It was the second of 2872:Ingrid Seward (2015), 2735:1 October 2015 at the 2099:"The Queen's Watermen" 1534: 1470:Parliament of Malaysia 1427: 1408:Speech from the throne 1327: 1298: 1275: 1180:Lord Great Chamberlain 1127: 1105:Mass of the Holy Ghost 1042: 933:snap general elections 924: 900:to open Parliament as 886: 872: 829: 796: 784: 713:Speech from the Throne 708: 666: 665:The procession in 2024 647: 612: 581: 522:Lord Great Chamberlain 420: 340:Lord Great Chamberlain 254:Lord Great Chamberlain 212: 201: 186: 125: 30: 3153:United Kingdom portal 2664:London: Merrell 2000. 1523: 1475:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1421: 1325: 1296: 1265: 1113: 1084:Palace of Westminster 1052:Parliament of England 1036: 1021:-related legislation. 977:Articles of Agreement 919: 882: 859: 837:vote of no confidence 824: 790: 767: 706: 688:Deputy Prime Minister 664: 643: 611:annually commemorated 602: 576: 418: 230:Palace of Westminster 207: 192: 184: 123: 74:Palace of Westminster 24: 3543:Vigil of the Princes 2821:"State Opening 1958" 2720:London: Merrell 2000 1924:on 29 September 2012 1611:Presidents of Poland 1424:Parliament of Canada 1384:Counsellors of State 937:Imperial State Crown 902:Counsellors of State 816:Select Vestries Bill 804:Debate on the speech 760:Departure of monarch 733:Lord Irvine of Lairg 721:Houses of Parliament 559:Great Sword of State 534:Imperial State Crown 425:Imperial State Crown 232:are searched by the 198:Imperial State Crown 79:Imperial State Crown 3588: / 3469:Trooping the Colour 3059:Order of the Garter 2610:. 13 September 2010 2580:"Sovereign says..." 2560:"The King's Speech" 2520:"The King's Speech" 2268:. 24 November 1998. 1874:"The Whip's Office" 1631:President of Mexico 1597:President of Poland 1452:lieutenant governor 1438:or, in the case of 1432:Commonwealth realms 1422:The opening of the 1356:Lords Commissioners 1312:small diamond crown 1248:Palace at Whitehall 1218:in the centre (two 1184:Garter King of Arms 878:Lords Commissioners 793:Horse Guards Parade 502:the national anthem 363:Chris Heaton-Harris 234:Yeomen of the Guard 168:and members of the 144:and members of the 3626:Opening ceremonies 2947:. CBC/Radio-Canada 2853:. 24 November 1998 2345:Town & Country 1901:. BBC. 25 May 2010 1535: 1503:President of India 1496:the Prime Minister 1444:Canada's provinces 1440:Australia's states 1428: 1372:2022 State Opening 1328: 1299: 1286:of 1811-1820, the 1276: 1244:Blackfriars Priory 1172:Cap of Maintenance 1144:Archbishop of York 1132:Thomas Wriothesley 1128: 1043: 973:Anglo-Irish Treaty 925: 912:Reduced ceremonial 873: 865:Queen Elizabeth II 797: 785: 769:Queen Elizabeth II 709: 667: 613: 582: 555:Cap of Maintenance 489:. Travelling in a 441:King's Bargemaster 433:Cap of Maintenance 421: 250:Blessed Parliament 213: 202: 187: 177:Sequence of events 126: 31: 3571: 3570: 2540:"Future Business" 2168:"Black Rod" 1378:and her grandson 1160:Cuthbert Tunstall 949:COVID-19 pandemic 894:Duke of Cambridge 773:Irish State Coach 619:stormed into the 469:Serjeants-at-Arms 102:Labour government 3638: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3592:51.499°N 0.125°W 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3456: 3455: 3388:State Procession 3344: 3337: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3307:(an ITN Special) 3155: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3102:Viscount Kilmuir 3094: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2973:on 5 August 2020 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2746: 2740: 2727: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2678: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2638:. 18 June 2017. 2633: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2170: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2137: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2103:The Royal Family 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1987: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1920:. 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