428:, with all members of the House of Representatives up for reelection and one-third of the members of the US Senate up for reelection. (Senators serve a six-year term; House members serve a two-year term). Each Congress sits in two sessions lasting approximately one year. Thus, the 1st session of the 114th Congress commenced on January 3, 2015, and the 2nd session commenced on January 3, 2016, with the same members and no intervening election. All legislative business, however, is cleared at the end of each session. It is common for bills to be reintroduced in the second session that were not passed in the first session, and the restrictions on reconsideration only apply to a single session.
184:
46:, usually being one of two or more smaller divisions of the entire time between two elections. A session may last for the full term of the legislature or the term may consist of a number of sessions. These may be of fixed duration, such as a year, or may be determined by the party in power. In some countries, a session of the legislature is brought to an end by an official act of
438:, effectively dissolving that house. Typically, this is done at some point after the general congressional election in November of even-numbered years. If the party in power is retained, it may happen as early as mid-November and members return to their districts for the holiday season. However, when the party in power is ousted or if important business, such as approval of
315:, elected in 2013, would be prorogued on 15 April and that a second session would begin on 18 April. Prorogation is now a procedural device, the effect of which is to call the Parliament back on a particular date (especially the Senate, which the government did not control), and to wipe clean all matters before each House, without triggering an election.
102:, etc. – to be expunged. Prorogations should thus not be confused with recesses, adjournments, or holiday breaks from legislation, after which bills can resume exactly where they left off. In the United Kingdom, however, the practice of terminating all bills upon prorogation has slightly altered;
291:
to have up to three sessions, with
Parliament being prorogued at the end of each session and recalled at the beginning of the next. This was not always the case, for instance the 10th Parliament (1926–1928) went full term without prorogation. The practice of having multiple sessions in the same
467:
Constitutional limits on the length of sessions may lead legislative leaders to change rules or pass statutes which define a day on the legislative calendar, such as extending a calendar day beyond 24 hours or defining what legislative business counts against a maximum number of legislative days.
615:
project dissatisfied a part of the majority, the
Cabinet should only close the session and the Ministry was removed from all embarrassment. For this reason, the Parliamentary power to recall itself was the frontier between the democratic evolution of the form of government and the Fascist reaction:
466:
per session or term, depending on whether a state constitution defines entire time allowed for a session as "legislative days" (any day from when either house meets quorum until the speaker gavels the body into adjournment) or "calendar days" (any specific 24-hour day on the
Gregorian calendar).
248:
is immediately preceded by a speech to both legislative chambers, with procedures similar to the Throne Speech. The monarch usually approves the oration—which recalls the prior legislative session, noting major bills passed and other functions of the government—but rarely delivers it in person,
614:
Even then closing the session had the effect not only of suspending, but of ending all pending matters, cancelling all work not completed; stopping all the offices including the
Presidency. If a member of the opposition had succeeded in passing a proposal contrary to the Government views, or a
498:
has met, since 1995, in a single ordinary session, which begins on the first working day of
October and ends on the last working day of June. The convening of an extraordinary session of the French Parliament can only take place between July and September, and only at the request of the
525:
have two ordinary sessions during the year: from
September to December, then from February to June. The holding of an extraordinary session takes place at the request of the Permanent Deputation, of the government or the absolute majority of deputies and/or
174:
from sitting and to purge all upper chamber business before the start of the next legislative session. It is not uncommon for a session of parliament to be put into recess during holidays and then resumed a few weeks later exactly where it left off.
154:
Governments today end sessions whenever it is most convenient, but a "good faith exercise of the power" to prorogue parliament does not include preventing it from frustrating the prime minister's agenda. When the
Parliament of the
292:
parliament gradually fell into disuse, and all parliaments from 1978 to 2013 had a single session. (There were only four prorogations since 1961, twice to allow the visiting Queen to "open" Parliament, once after the
79:, electorate, division) for short periods, meaning that parliamentary sessions typically last for more than one year, though the length of sessions varies. Legislatures plan their business within a
203:, legislative sessions can last from a few weeks to over a year; between general elections; there are usually anywhere from one to six sessions of parliament before a dissolution by either the
87:
will proceed before a session ceases, although related but unofficial affairs may be conducted by legislators outside a session or during a session on days in which parliament is not meeting.
57:. In either event, the close of a session generally brings an end to all unpassed bills in the legislature, which would have to be introduced anew to continue debate in the following session.
69:. In more recent times, development in transportation technology has permitted these individuals to journey with greater ease and frequency from the legislative capital to their respective
462:, most of which are part-time paid legislatures with a set stipend, meet only part of the year. State constitutions, statutes or legislative rules may set deadlines for adjournment
514:
sits from
September 15 to June 15. The decision on calling a special session falls to the permanent committee of the Assembly, or to the President, but only for specific questions.
431:
When the leaders of the majority party in each house have determined that no more business will be conducted by that house during that term of
Congress, a motion is introduced to
363:
697:
576:
740:
109:
A new session will often begin on the same day that the previous session ended. In most cases, when a parliament reconvenes for a new legislative session, the
714:
347:
summons parliamentarians again. Historically, long prorogations allowed legislators to spend part of their year in the capital city and part in their home
861:
65:
Historically, each session of a parliament would last less than one year, ceasing with a prorogation during which legislators could return to their
832:
333:
and its provinces, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the Speech from the Throne (called the
106:
may be re-introduced in the next legislative session, and fast-tracked directly to the stage they reached in the prorogued legislative session.
273:, he gave a prorogation speech that effectively cancelled all future meetings of the legislature, at least until he again required finances.
644:
367:
537:
has three ordinary sessions, of two months each: the first session begins on
February 5, the second on June 5, and the third on October 5.
503:
or the majority of the members of the National Assembly. It is a presidential decree which opens and closes the session(s) of this kind
470:
Depending upon limitations of the state's constitution, if business arises that must be addressed before the next regular session, the
282:
300:
and for political reasons in 2016.) Since 1990, it has been the practice for the parliament to be prorogued on the same day that the
415:
90:
While a parliament is prorogued, between two legislative sessions, the legislature is still constituted – i.e. no
393:
each session's government bills are numbered from C-2 to C-200, and the numbering returns again to C-2 following a prorogation (
379:
301:
580:
386:
was prorogued under similar circumstances, allegedly to avoid scrutiny of the provincial Government on a number of issues.
558:
into extraordinary session. However, it is required to do so if a quarter or more of the deputies or councilors so request
222:
as a symbol of the right of parliament to give priority to matters other than the monarch's speech (always written by the
507:
788:
371:
459:
245:
235:
20:
670:
640:
241:
99:
19:
This article is about sessions in the context of a legislature. For sessions in other deliberative assemblies, see
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482:
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thus retain their seats. In many legislatures, prorogation causes all orders of the body – bills,
163:, if the right to prorogue or close the session was exercised immediately after Parliament had recalled itself.
881:
375:
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293:
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or other representative. Houses of parliament in some realms will, following this address, introduce a
766:
500:
359:
355:
351:. However, this reason has become less important with the advent of rapid transcontinental travel.
135:
446:, adjourning as late as December 31, before the newly elected Congress takes office on January 3.
478:. In many states, a special session may be called by petition from two-thirds of both houses.
312:
288:
648:
674:
645:"About > How Parliament works > Parliamentary occasions > State Opening of Parliament"
421:
208:
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370:, in which the opposition parties expressed intent to defeat the minority government, and the
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354:
More recently, prorogations have triggered speculation that they were advised by the sitting
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was suspected by opposition Members of Parliament to be a way to avoid investigations into
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35:
8:
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211:, read to the members of both legislative chambers either by the reigning sovereign or a
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715:"The Likely Political Consequences of Proposed Changes to the Senate's Electoral System"
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200:
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70:
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Su alcune ragioni dell’evoluzione costituzionale nei Parlamenti operanti per sessioni
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443:
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Proroguing parliament: what does it mean and can it be used to push through Brexit?
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675:"About > How Parliament works > Parliamentary occasions > Prorogation"
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129:
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455:
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conquered the power to decide on its recalling, the MP Modigliani spoke of a
110:
16:
Period in which a legislature is convened; subdivision of a legislative term
207:
or the expiry of a legally mandated term limit. Each session begins with a
66:
833:"Dalton McGuinty's prorogation of Ontario parliament normal but 'cynical'"
741:"How the PM used an obscure part of the constitution to recall parliament"
577:"House of Commons Procedure and Practice > 8. The Parliamentary Cycle"
297:
171:
103:
47:
31:
481:
The few state legislatures which meet year-round, with the exception of
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so that the Senate will not be able to sit during the election period.
389:
Bills are numbered within each session. For example, in the federal
511:
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113:, or a representative thereof, will address the legislature in an
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being the last to do so. Instead, the speech is presented by the
212:
534:
522:
669:
639:
702:(6th ed.). Parliament of Australia. pp. 808–812.
128:, sessions are referred to by the name of the body and an
43:
442:, has not been completed, Congress will often meet in a
339:
in the UK). It remains in recess until the monarch,
178:
404:
382:. In October 2012, the provincial legislature of
868:
628:, Consulta online, 2019, fasc. III, p. 427-438
424:is renewed every two years as required by the
170:, this break takes place so as to prevent the
485:, are usually full-time paid legislatures.
579:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
574:
547:to choose the dates of its ordinary session.
358:for political purposes: for example, in the
789:"Thousands protest Parliament's suspension"
862:Canada. House of Commons. Procedure Online
307:However, on 21 March 2016, Prime Minister
283:Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia
409:
416:Procedures of the United States Congress
182:
869:
811:"PM shuts down Parliament until March"
734:
732:
764:
717:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
712:
575:Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille.
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287:Prior to 1977, it was common for the
738:
765:Scott, Cameron (October 17, 2010).
729:
132: – for example, the
60:
13:
488:
14:
903:
850:
699:House of Representatives Practice
647:. Queen's Printer. Archived from
236:Prorogation in the United Kingdom
229:
30:is the period of time in which a
21:Meeting (parliamentary procedure)
835:. National Post. 17 October 2012
671:Parliament of the United Kingdom
641:Parliament of the United Kingdom
242:parliament of the United Kingdom
187:A 16th-century depiction of the
179:Procedure in Commonwealth realms
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803:
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713:Green, Antony (24 June 2015).
706:
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1:
696:"Chronology of Parliaments".
562:
42:, is convened for purpose of
739:Karp, Paul (21 March 2016).
543:leaves total freedom to its
276:
259:Leader of the House of Lords
143:109th United States Congress
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376:the Afghan detainees affair
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366:occurred in the midst of
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508:Assembly of the Republic
136:39th Canadian Parliament
813:. CBC. 31 December 2009
368:a parliamentary dispute
791:. CBC. 23 January 2010
767:"What is Prorogation?"
410:United States Congress
209:speech from the throne
196:
882:Political terminology
623:, Giampiero Buonomo,
619:Domenico Argondizzo,
364:the first prorogation
336:legislative programme
325:Prorogation in Canada
267:Parliament of England
189:parliament of England
186:
96:Members of Parliament
83:, which lays out how
857:Video of Prorogation
331:Parliament of Canada
126:presidential systems
94:takes place and all
81:legislative calendar
40:presidential systems
550:In Japan, only the
440:appropriation bills
345:lieutenant governor
311:announced that the
269:in 1628, after the
255:Lords Commissioners
201:Commonwealth realms
141:1st Session of the
134:2nd Session of the
71:electoral districts
28:legislative session
892:Time in government
887:Westminster system
583:on 8 December 2008
521:of the Kingdom of
460:state legislatures
450:State legislatures
302:House is dissolved
296:of Prime Minister
289:federal Parliament
197:
168:electoral campaign
73:(sometimes called
677:. Queen's Printer
651:on 4 October 2007
496:French Parliament
444:lame-duck session
271:Petition of Right
191:in session, with
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309:Malcolm Turnbull
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837:. Retrieved
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771:. Retrieved
769:. Helium Inc
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748:. Retrieved
745:The Guardian
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719:. Retrieved
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679:. Retrieved
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172:upper house
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545:Parliament
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294:1967 death
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224:cabinet
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397:is a
343:, or
85:bills
841:2012
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752:2016
723:2015
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