63:) was given the name "Starfish", which subsequently became used for all of the decoys. The sites were constructed around 4 miles (6.4 km) from their protection target, and at least 1 mile (1.6 km) from any other settlement. They consisted of elaborate light arrays and fires, controlled from a nearby bunker and laid out to simulate a fire-bombed town. By the end of the war there were 237 decoys protecting 81 towns and cities around the country.
22:
219:
162:. The Starfish name was eventually adopted to describe all of the SF decoy sites. The Mendip Hills site used fires of creosote and water to simulate incendiary bombs exploding. In addition, glow boxes were used to simulate the streets and railways of Bristol; the light bulbs were powered by electrical generators turned by
147:. The new "Special Fire" decoys were set up to simulate the bomb drops of German pathfinder squadrons. By 23 January 1941 the programme had been increased to 43 sites protecting 13 town and cities and by March operational sites numbered over 100. By the end of the war there were 237 Starfish sites protecting 81 locations.
193:. Clusters of impressions where basket fires once stood, bounded by fire-break trenches, covered much of the area seen in Second World War photographs, and a prominent structure near the site may have been the decoy control bunker. Anti-aircraft gun emplacements have been noted at the site. Another site known as
86:
officer, was tasked, in
September 1939, with establishing a broad range of day and night decoys to mislead enemy bombers. His initial work was with dummy aircraft, airfields and factories; the decoys for which were dubbed 'K' Sites. Turner also implemented night decoys; dubbed 'Q' Sites, they
313:
Dobinson reports that
Starfish sites in the main programme had an identification code such as SF1(b). With SF1 referring to Bristol the first town/city to be protected and (a) to (f) being its Starfish sites. The Black Down site appears to
70:, found no evidence of bomb craters. Later research confirmed that Starfish sites did attract the attention of enemy bombers; one estimate is that around 968 tons of ordnance were dropped on the decoys.
244:
A 1992 archaeological survey of the Mendip Hills did not identify surviving bomb craters on the Black Down site (the original "Starfish"), despite claims of their existence. In his 2000 book,
936:
1576:
1046:
248:, historian Colin Dobinson collated Turner's conservative estimates as to the success of decoy sites; suggesting that Starfish decoys diverted 968 tons of German bombardment.
99:
bombs, Turner added fires to the 'Q' Sites, dubbing them Q-Fire or QF, to add to their plausibility. Initially very crude, the fires were controlled from a nearby concrete
883:
The Isle of Bute had a decoy ('dummy') village located at the north end of the Island to confuse enemy bombers, and hopefully to draw them away from
Greenock or Clydebank.
103:. The theory was that after a first wave of bombers dropped on the real target, the decoy would light fires to simulate the previous raid for further waves to home in on.
44:
over the countryside. The sites were an extension of
Colonel John Turner's decoy programme for airfields and factories (code named "Q" Sites, probably by analogy with
1801:
1394:
929:
181:
203:
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Interessengemeinschaft museale
Erschließung Baudenkmal Leitstand Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage: Geschichte der Kruppschen Nachtscheinanlage in Velbert
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870:
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to simulate burning
British cities. The aim was to divert German night bombers from their intended targets so they would drop their
82:, the British government feared a German bombing campaign against the UK mainland. Colonel John Turner, an engineer and retired
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was protected by various
Starfish sites located on its surrounding hillsides. A decoy site existed at Long Wood at
158:; it was code-named "Starfish", derived from Turner's original SF code, and built to protect the nearby city of
799:
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As of 2000, there is a relatively intact control bunker for a co-located
Starfish and Quick Light (QL) site at
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petrol engines contained in two bunkers. Another of
Bristol's sites was located in the parish of
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115:, in early November 1940, the decoy programme was expanded to include towns and cities; the
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761:"Mendip Hills An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty"
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911:(German) Private Museum of Krupp-Works Decoy Site in Velbert (near Essen)
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Decoy Sites – Wartime
Deception in Norfolk and Suffolk by Huby Fairhead
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Archaeological excavation in 1992 of the original "Starfish", in the
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Turner referred to the new sites as "Special Fire" or "SF". However,
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21:
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285:
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The Germans also built large-scale night-time decoys such as the
173:
159:
120:
52:, Turner was tasked with creating decoys for seven major cities.
1577:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
675:
Information Strategy and Warfare: A Guide to Theory and Practice
494:
908:
670:
167:
132:
45:
531:"The decoy cities built to spare Bristol from Luftwaffe bombs"
87:
consisted of lights mounted on poles to simulate an airfield.
944:
742:
Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II
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Somerset v. Hitler: Secret Operations in the Mendips, 1939-45
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Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II
273:
269:
246:
Fields of Deception: Britain's Bombing Decoys of World War II
128:
124:
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781:
723:
Deceiving Hitler: double cross and deception in World War II
899:
Gleniffer Braes Starfish Decoy Site Control Bunker, Paisley
837:
The Bombing of Rolls-Royce at Derby in Two World Wars
835:
Kirk, Peter; Felix, Peter; Bartrisk, Gunther (2002).
888:
Auchenreoch Muir RAF 'Starfish' Decoy Control Bunker
811:
Luftwaffe Over Manchester: The Blitz Years 1940-1944
354:'s Monuments Protection Programme. The copyright of
671:Arquilla, John; Borer, Douglas A. (9 August 2007).
358:
is vested jointly in Dobinson and English Heritage.
48:). Following the bombing, and near destruction, of
808:
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36:were large-scale night-time decoys created during
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606:
604:
602:
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782:Price, Alfred; Pavlović, Darko (25 March 2004).
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150:One of the first decoy sites was constructed on
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207:. It was a co-located Starfish and QF/QL site.
768:Somerset County Council Archeological Projects
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1894:United Kingdom home front during World War II
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930:
876:Read about the Bristol Civil Bombing Site C1H
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582:"Blairskaith Muir, Civil Starfish Decoy site"
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1569:British Intelligence in the Second World War
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658:Dobinson (2000), pp. 209-213 & 290-298.
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468:
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871:Night-Time Fire-Based Decoys by Fred Nash
725:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 352 pages.
413:
119:initially ordered sites to be set up for
217:
20:
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1884:Military deception during World War II
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1091:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
492:
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25:Control bunker for starfish site at
721:Crowdy, Terry (23 September 2008).
421:Starfish: November 1940 - June 1941
95:In response to the Germans' use of
90:
13:
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14:
1905:
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483:Dobinson (2000), pp. 85 & 89.
304:The SF codes go from SF1 to SF81.
1838:American Ambulance Great Britain
557:"Long Wood, Starfish Decoy Site"
106:
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341:The site is SF41(a) and C71(a).
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332:The site is SF13(c) and C15(g).
326:
317:
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790:. Osprey Publishing. pp.
786:Britain's Air Defences 1939-45
744:. London: Methuen Publishing.
371:
298:
16:Night-time bombing decoy sites
1:
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759:Ellis, Peter (January 1992).
636:Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1:
610:Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1:
445:Dobinson (2000), Appendix 1:
365:
215:, was another Starfish site.
73:
419:Dobinson (2000), Chapter 4;
7:
809:Smith, Peter J. C. (2003).
279:
266:Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage
10:
1910:
991:London Controlling Section
616:Civil QL and QF (C Series)
493:Davies, Les (March 2009).
451:Civil Starfish (SF Series)
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236:Hill overlooking Swindon.
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861:Read about bombing decoys
495:"Starfish and subterfuge"
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113:night bombing of Coventry
50:Coventry in November 1940
740:Dobinson, Colin (2000).
389:Crowdy (2008), pp. 58-60
291:
1802:Evacuation of civilians
1032:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
474:Dobinson (2000), p. 90.
465:Arquilla (2007), p. 143
1843:Auxiliary Fire Service
1807:Starfish (decoy) sites
1430:D-Day naval deceptions
702:Brown, Donald (1999).
265:
229:
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1858:War Damage Commission
1853:National Fire Service
1848:Civil Defence Service
1833:Anti-Aircraft Command
1037:List of Ops (B) staff
839:. RR Heritage Trust.
706:. Countryside Books.
221:
201:at Blairskaith Muir,
24:
1828:Air Raid Precautions
1279:John Cecil Masterman
410:Crowdy (2008), p. 61
377:Dobinson (2000), p24
323:The site is SF13(e).
29:in the Mendip Hills.
1787:Battle of the Beams
1353:Werner von Janowski
1266:Double-Cross System
1162:George Vander Sluis
1137:Louis Dalton Porter
813:. Neil Richardson.
649:Ellis (1992), p. 47
627:Smith (2003), p. 14
401:Price (2004), p. 32
350:Dobinson worked on
78:At the outbreak of
1341:Nathalie Sergueiew
960:Deception planning
949:military deception
638:Gazetteer of Sites
612:Gazetteer of Sites
447:Gazetteer of Sites
230:
225:control bunker on
170:, North Somerset.
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1889:Battle of Britain
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1299:Juan Pujol García
1239:
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1219:David Strangeways
1203:Operational units
1198:
1197:
1076:
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751:978-0-413-74570-5
732:978-1-84603-135-9
713:978-1-85306-590-3
191:East Renfrewshire
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1780:Morrison shelter
1775:Anderson shelter
1770:Air raid shelter
1627:Towns and Cities
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537:. 24 July 2022
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111:Following the
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34:Starfish sites
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1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:Johnny Jebsen
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:Double agents
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:Starfish site
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1233:Beach Jumpers
1230:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:David Slepian
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:Peter Fleming
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:
988:
982:
979:
977:
976:Dudley Clarke
974:
973:
971:
969:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
920:
917:
910:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
848:
842:
838:
833:
832:
822:
820:1-85216-151-5
816:
812:
807:
803:
797:
793:
788:
787:
780:
769:
762:
757:
753:
747:
743:
738:
734:
728:
724:
719:
715:
709:
705:
700:
696:
690:
686:
682:
677:
676:
669:
668:
655:
646:
639:
633:
624:
617:
614:, Table 1.7:
613:
607:
605:
603:
587:
583:
577:
562:
558:
552:
536:
532:
526:
517:
502:
501:
496:
489:
480:
471:
462:
460:
452:
449:, Table 1.4:
448:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
422:
416:
407:
398:
396:
386:
384:
374:
370:
357:
353:
347:
338:
329:
320:
310:
301:
297:
287:
284:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
237:
235:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
205:
200:
199:Campsie Fells
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
141:Middlesbrough
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
107:Special Fires
104:
102:
98:
88:
85:
81:
71:
69:
64:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
1806:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1365:Josef Jakobs
1335:Wulf Schmidt
1329:Gösta Caroli
1323:Arthur Owens
1255:
1187:
1119:Steven Sykes
981:Victor Jones
953:World War II
836:
810:
785:
771:. Retrieved
767:
741:
722:
703:
674:
665:Bibliography
654:
645:
637:
632:
623:
615:
611:
589:. Retrieved
585:
576:
564:. Retrieved
560:
551:
539:. Retrieved
535:Bristol Live
534:
525:
520:Brown (1999)
516:
504:. Retrieved
500:Mendip Times
498:
488:
479:
470:
450:
446:
420:
415:
406:
373:
355:
346:
337:
328:
319:
309:
300:
255:
245:
243:
231:
223:World War II
197:lies on the
194:
172:
156:Mendip Hills
149:
117:Air Ministry
110:
94:
84:Air Ministry
80:World War II
77:
68:Mendip Hills
65:
54:
33:
32:
18:
1749:Southampton
1654:Bournemouth
1481:Accumulator
1460:Quicksilver
1347:Dušan Popov
1114:Peter Proud
1104:Tony Ayrton
881:Bute at War
683:. pp.
566:16 November
541:17 December
506:24 February
195:Craigmaddie
1878:Categories
1744:Sunderland
1724:Nottingham
1709:Manchester
1649:Birmingham
1521:Hardboiled
1506:Chettyford
1425:Copperhead
1409:Operations
1355:(Watchdog)
1349:(Tricycle)
1343:(Treasure)
1152:Bill Blass
1129:Ghost Army
1082:Camouflage
1047:D Division
999:John Bevan
801:1841767107
773:16 January
366:References
268:) for the
234:Liddington
213:Manchester
182:NS 540 524
152:Black Down
137:Manchester
97:incendiary
74:Background
27:Black Down
1739:Sheffield
1714:Newcastle
1699:Liverpool
1674:Clydebank
1620:The Blitz
1536:Scherhorn
1526:Mincemeat
1440:Fortitude
1435:Ferdinand
1417:Bodyguard
1361:(Zig-Zag)
1319:(Rainbow)
1251:Paradummy
1109:Hugh Cott
1027:Noel Wild
968:'A' Force
681:Routledge
204:NS595 762
187:Eaglesham
145:Sheffield
38:the Blitz
1812:Trekking
1792:Blackout
1734:Plymouth
1729:Nuneaton
1684:Greenock
1679:Coventry
1659:Brighton
1571:(Vol. 5)
1496:Boardman
1465:Zeppelin
1450:Ironside
1445:Graffham
1395:American
1331:(Summer)
1307:(Brutus)
1295:(Artist)
1157:Art Kane
280:See also
185:outside
42:ordnance
1754:Swansea
1719:Norwich
1669:Cardiff
1664:Bristol
1644:Belfast
1511:Cockade
1501:Cascade
1491:Bertram
1486:Barclay
1455:Titanic
1400:British
1301:(Garbo)
1211:R Force
1019:Ops (B)
904:YouTube
893:YouTube
591:12 June
314:SF1(b).
286:R Force
252:Germany
211:, near
174:Glasgow
160:Bristol
154:on the
121:Bristol
101:pillbox
61:Bristol
46:Q-ships
1704:London
1634:Barrow
1531:Pastel
1516:Forfar
1390:Allied
1337:(Tate)
1325:(Snow)
1313:(Fido)
1244:Decoys
946:Allied
843:
817:
798:
748:
729:
710:
691:
586:RCAHMS
561:RCAHMS
262:German
240:Impact
168:Yatton
133:London
59:(near
1694:Leeds
1554:Books
1474:Other
1228:Other
1171:Other
764:(PDF)
292:Notes
274:Essen
270:Krupp
129:Derby
125:Crewe
1689:Hull
1639:Bath
1541:Span
1189:more
841:ISBN
815:ISBN
796:ISBN
775:2011
746:ISBN
727:ISBN
708:ISBN
689:ISBN
593:2012
568:2009
543:2022
508:2009
143:and
951:in
902:on
891:on
685:248
189:in
1880::
794:.
792:64
766:.
687:.
679:.
601:^
584:.
559:.
533:.
497:.
458:^
428:^
394:^
382:^
276:.
264::
139:,
135:,
131:,
127:,
123:,
1612:e
1605:t
1598:v
938:e
931:t
924:v
849:.
823:.
804:.
777:.
754:.
735:.
716:.
697:.
640:.
618:.
595:.
570:.
545:.
510:.
453:.
423:.
260:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
