31:
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condition and construction of the Star-Spangled Banner to date, which provided critical information for later work. This included scientific studies with infrared spectrometry, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and determination of amino acid content by a New
Zealand scientist, and infrared imaging by a NASA scientist. Planning and executing a cleaning treatment for the flag following scientific analysis was the third phase. In the fourth and final phase of the project, curators, scientists, and conservators developed a long-term preservation plan. The restoration was completed in 2008 at a total cost in excess of $ 21 million.
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from cuttings that were given away as souvenirs and gifts, as well as from deterioration from continued use. It now measures 30 by 34 feet (9.1 by 10.4 m). The flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown.
399:
Following the reopening of the museum on
November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called "The Star-Spangled
416:
A 2-inch by 5-inch fragment of the flag—white and red, with a seam down the middle—was sold at auction in Dallas, Texas on
November 30, 2011, for $ 38,837: the snippet was, presumably, cut from the famous flag as a souvenir in the mid-19th century. The framed remnant came with a faded, hand-written
391:
A conservation effort was undertaken in 1982 to protect the flag from damage due to dust and light. Years of accumulated dust were carefully vacuumed from the front and back of the flag. An opaque curtain was installed in front of it, allowing visitors to view the flag only for one minute, twice an
132:
The flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m) and weighed about 50 pounds (23 kg). Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter. Several feet of fabric have been lost from the flag's fly end,
395:
Due to environmental and light damage, a four-phase restoration project began in May 1999. In the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration. The second phase consisted of the most comprehensive, detailed examination of the
218:
soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked
Baltimore. The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the morning of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor, the attack was ended.
407:
The
National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008. An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail, download an audio-descriptive tour of the exhibition for the
175:
placed an order for two oversized
American flags. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time. The smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather.
222:
There is conflicting evidence as to which flag, the larger garrison flag or the smaller storm flag, flew over the fort during the battle. Historians suggest that the storm flag flew through the night, and the garrison flag was hoisted in the morning, after the
British retreated.
129:'s entrance into the Union. The stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes (in addition to stars) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued.
319:
Eben
Appleton was highly protective of the flag and disliked the attention it brought him. For the next 29 years, he allowed it to be displayed only once, in 1880, when it was paraded through the streets of Baltimore for the city's sesquicentennial celebration.
387:
In 1964, the flag was moved across the
National Mall to the newly opened Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History). It was hung in Flag Hall, a three-story central atrium designed for this purpose.
112:
The flag was stitched from a combination of cotton and dyed
English wool bunting. It has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the
234:, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the garrison flag flying in the morning, he composed a poem he originally titled "Defence of Fort McHenry." The poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled "
183:
under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $ 405.90 (equivalent to $ 6,408 in 2023). Armistead specified "a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance".
261:, the anniversary of the battle. It reportedly decorated the hall of the Baltimore Athenaeum during a memorial service for Lafayette in 1834. It was displayed outside Armistead's son's home for the
417:
note attesting it was "A piece of the Flag which floated over Fort McHenry at the time of the bombardment when Key's composed the Song of the Star Spangled Banner, presented by Sam Beth Cohen."
226:
On the morning of September 14, when the flag was seen flying above the ramparts, it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by
246:
After the battle, the flag came into the possession of Major Armistead. How and when this occurred is unclear. Upon his death in 1818, the flag passed to his widow, Louisa Hughes Armistead.
97:
More broadly, a garrison flag is a U.S. Army term for an extra-large national flag that is flown on Sundays, holidays, and special occasions. The U.S. Navy term is "holiday colors".
1739:
30:
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254:
1236:
1821:
1091:
1115:
673:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
2019:
757:
1511:
2054:
1981:
1744:
2044:
1976:
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286:, a naval officer who had written a popular history of the American flag. Preble had the flag quilted to a canvas sail, and unfurled it at the
1316:
1303:
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1909:
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380:, from 1942 to 1944, the flag, along with many other objects in the Smithsonian's collection, was kept for safekeeping at a warehouse at
215:
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17:
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In Baltimore's preparation for an expected attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the city's harbor. When Major
74:, Smithsonian Institution. Seeing the flag flying over Fort McHenry on the morning of September 14, 1814, after the battle ended,
1279:
693:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
408:
visually-impaired, and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History's collection.
1795:
1734:
249:
Louisa occasionally allowed the flag to be used for civic occasions. It was flown at Fort McHenry in 1824 at a reception for the
1653:
1587:
1575:
144:"was reportedly sewn onto the flag by Louisa Armistead, widow of the commander of Fort McHenry," according to the Smithsonian.
1648:
1504:
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880:
Through the Perilous Fight: From the Burning of Washington to the Star-Spangled Banner: The Six Weeks That Saved the Nation
778:
Through the Perilous Fight: From the Burning of Washington to the Star-Spangled Banner: The Six Weeks That Saved the Nation
369:(now the Arts and Industries Building). In 1912, Appleton formally donated it to the Smithsonian. The flag was restored by
2024:
1570:
348:
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71:
35:
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501:
Naval Telecommunications Procedures: Flags, Pennants, and Customs, August 1986, section 304, p. 3-1 at www.ushistory.org
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347:
The flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. Today it is permanently housed in the
299:
295:
171:, the fort's commander, expressed the desire for a very large flag to fly over the fort, General John S. Stricker and
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for several weeks. It was then kept in the Society's vault until 1876, when it was taken to the vault of the
262:
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The Armisteads' daughter, Georgiana Armistead Appleton, inherited the flag upon her mother's death in 1861.
1641:
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1604:
1217:
700:
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366:
404:". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.
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79:
1431:"Heritage Auctions, Dallas, Texas: Brady Camera and Kennedy Rocker Take Top Bids in Americana Auction"
601:
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to take the first known photograph of it. He then put the flag on display at the headquarters of the
118:
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Heritage Auctions, Dallas, Texas; catalog "Political & Americana Auction, November 30, 2011;
352:
187:
Pickersgill made the flag with assistance from her daughter, two nieces, and an African American
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238:", and a portion of it would later be adopted as the national anthem of the United States.
1304:
Science News "Old Glory, New Glory: The Star-Spangled Banner gets some tender loving care"
1042:
365:
In 1907, Eben Appleton lent the flag to the Smithsonian, and it was put on display at the
8:
1904:
1636:
283:
87:
63:
1373:
230:, an American lawyer and amateur poet. Being held by the British on a truce ship in the
1993:
1940:
323:
The Armistead family occasionally gave away pieces of the flag as souvenirs and gifts.
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Georgiana Appleton died in 1878 and left the flag to her son, Eben Appleton.
276:
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51:
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206:
observing the flag on the morning after the battle. Artist's rendition by
100:
With fifteen stripes, the Star-Spangled Banner remains the only official
67:
1890:
1475:
Interactive image of original flag which includes a zoom to view detail
339:(center) observes the flag upon its unveiling at the reopening of the
55:
758:"The African American Girl Who Helped Make the Star-Spangled Banner"
460:
The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem
271:
152:
27:
Flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore during the War of 1812
1480:
Research project to preserve the flag's fabric using LED technology
490:
Dictionary definition of "garrison flag" at www.merriam-webster.com
126:
326:
1004:"A hundred years ago: The centennial of the Star-Spangled Banner"
122:
1116:"Star-Spangled Banner becomes permanent part of USNM collection"
706:
1425:
2" X 5" snippet sold at an auction 30 November 2011; shown in
302:, but was not displayed because of fears it would be damaged.
1317:"Smithsonian Seeks $ 300,000 to Save Dorothy's Ruby Slippers"
59:
1485:
The original flag at the National Museum of American History
82:". These words were written by Key and set to the tune of "
34:
Star Spangled Banner flag on display at the Smithsonian's
630:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
275:
The flag photographed in 1873 in the Boston Navy Yard by
257:. Some years, it was flown at Baltimore's celebration of
1446:; catalogue page 118, item #38311; accessed 26 Feb 2012.
1280:"The 'Star-Spangled Banner' goes on view in grand style"
1268:. Smithsonian News Service – via Newspapers.com.
179:
The flag was sewn by prominent Baltimorean flagmaker
163:. Artist's rendition by Robert McGill Mackall, 1962.
1362:Washington Post "Reopening, in All Its Old Glory"
2011:
634:
1458:
554:
552:
327:Smithsonian National Museum of American History
1977:John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
1049:. October 16, 1880 – via Newspapers.com.
819:
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136:A red patch shaped like a chevron, a capital
1910:Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series
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1079:. July 10, 1907 – via Newspapers.com.
1010:. June 15, 1877 – via Newspapers.com.
876:
774:
581:"The Star-Spangled Banner: Congratulations"
560:"The Star-Spangled Banner: Family Keepsake"
527:"The Star-Spangled Banner: Making the Flag"
1512:
1498:
1366:
2020:Collection of the Smithsonian Institution
1197:
1053:
1023:
966:
945:
925:Keim, Kevin P. & Keim, Peter (2007).
906:
847:
298:. It was intended to be exhibited at the
292:New England Historic Genealogical Society
1951:Smithsonian Philatelic Achievement Award
1089:
924:
686:
666:
330:
270:
198:
151:
29:
2055:Tourist attractions in Washington, D.C.
1735:Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program
709:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
438:
305:In 1877, the flag was exhibited at the
50:, was the garrison flag that flew over
14:
2012:
1314:
822:"Anthem writer prayed flag still flew"
643:"Star-Spangled Banner Back on Display"
457:
2045:National symbols of the United States
1493:
820:Fred Rasmussen (September 12, 1998).
707:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
640:
583:. National Museum of American History
562:. National Museum of American History
529:. National Museum of American History
1537:African American History and Culture
1090:Appleton, Eben (December 12, 1912).
392:hour, when the curtain was lowered.
104:to bear more than thirteen stripes.
92:national anthem of the United States
2040:Military flags of the United States
1403:National Museum of American History
1378:National Museum of American History
1351:Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner
762:National Museum of American History
606:National Museum of American History
400:Banner: The Flag that Inspired the
349:National Museum of American History
341:National Museum of American History
282:In 1873, Appleton lent the flag to
241:
72:National Museum of American History
36:National Museum of American History
24:
1452:
1260:Laurie Wertz (November 18, 1982).
1120:History of the Smithsonian Catalog
641:Poole, Robert M. (November 2008).
300:Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition
296:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
159:and her nieces sewing the flag at
86:", a popular song at the time, by
25:
2071:
1468:
1216:Joe Lastelic (January 26, 1964).
309:in Boston for the nation's first
1374:"Visit the Star-Spangled Banner"
1262:"Star spangled banner protected"
443:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
78:was inspired to write the poem "
1436:
1416:
1355:
1341:
1308:
1297:
1272:
1253:
1235:Peggy Thomson (June 18, 1982).
1228:
1218:"Smithsonian is treasure house"
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1822:Folklife and Cultural Heritage
620:
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483:
107:
90:. In 1931 the song became the
13:
1:
1999:U.S. National Tick Collection
1784:Museum Conservation Institute
1772:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1315:Bowley, Graham (2016-10-19).
883:. Random House. p. 413.
781:. Random House. p. 338.
513:"Official U.S. Flag: 15-Star"
432:
263:1844 Whig National Convention
214:On September 12, 1814, 5,000
1740:Conservation and restoration
1642:Archives of American Gardens
701:American Antiquarian Society
681:American Antiquarian Society
602:"Interactive Flag (item #5)"
411:
7:
1884:Air & Space/Smithsonian
1237:"The dust-strangled banner"
1224:– via Newspapers.com.
1097:. Letter to Charles Walcott
931:. New York: DK Publishing.
441:Flag: An American Biography
420:
10:
2076:
2025:Flags of the United States
1576:Jazz Masterworks Orchestra
1399:"The Star-Spangled Banner"
1092:"Re: Star-Spangled Banner"
427:Flags of the United States
147:
70:. It is on exhibit at the
1964:
1918:
1868:
1847:
1804:
1722:
1699:
1527:
1429:, March 2012, page 21-C,
1405:. Smithsonian Institution
1380:. Smithsonian Institution
1152:. Smithsonian Institution
1122:. Smithsonian Institution
745:Fort McHenry lesson guide
628:"The Great Garrison Flag"
194:
18:Star Spangled Banner Flag
2050:The Star-Spangled Banner
1931:Charles Lang Freer Medal
1730:Archives of American Art
1707:National Zoological Park
1459:Scott S. Sheads (1989).
1073:"Key flag in Washington"
1047:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
477:
462:. Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
382:Shenandoah National Park
236:The Star-Spangled Banner
1521:Smithsonian Institution
1433:; accessed 26 Feb 2012.
867:Leepson 2005, pp. 71-72
353:Smithsonian Institution
173:Commodore Joshua Barney
80:Defence of Fort M'Henry
1946:National Design Awards
1767:Libraries and Archives
1762:Environmental Research
1444:"A Piece of Old Glory"
1206:Taylor 2000, pp. 75-76
1150:"Star-Spangled Banner"
1139:Taylor 2000, pp. 70-75
1032:Taylor 2000, pp. 61-64
844:Taylor 2000, pp. 46-47
810:Taylor 2000, pp. 42-44
801:Taylor 2000, pp. 20-21
439:Leepson, Marc (2005).
344:
279:
211:
181:Mary Young Pickersgill
164:
115:United States Congress
39:
1956:Woodrow Wilson Awards
1581:Numismatic Collection
1427:Maine Antiques Digest
1266:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
1180:"In the event of war"
458:Taylor, Lonn (2000).
334:
274:
202:
155:
84:To Anacreon in Heaven
33:
2035:History of Baltimore
2030:Special events flags
1987:The Wilson Quarterly
1926:James Smithson Medal
1757:Conservation Biology
1669:Encyclopedia of Life
1632:Cooper–Hewitt Design
1222:The Kansas City Star
1184:Smithsonian Magazine
877:Steve Vogel (2014).
775:Steve Vogel (2014).
747:retrieved 2008-02-09
647:Smithsonian Magazine
251:Marquis de Lafayette
44:Star-Spangled Banner
1905:Smithsonian Channel
1605:Arts and Industries
1241:The Washington Post
963:Leepson 2005, p. 73
284:George Henry Preble
277:George Henry Preble
121:of 1794, represent
88:John Stafford Smith
64:Battle of Baltimore
48:Great Garrison Flag
1994:Smithsonian Police
1941:Langley Gold Medal
1321:The New York Times
1284:The New York Times
1169:Taylor 2000, p. 75
1062:Taylor 2000, p. 68
1020:Taylor 2000, p. 61
993:Taylor 2000, p. 59
984:Taylor 2000, p. 58
975:Taylor 2000, p. 57
954:Taylor 2000, p. 55
915:Taylor 2000, p. 50
903:Taylor 2000, p. 49
858:Taylor 2000, p. 48
730:A Nation's History
345:
280:
212:
208:Edward Percy Moran
189:indentured servant
165:
58:Harbor during the
40:
2007:
2006:
1827:Folklife Festival
1796:Tropical Research
1286:. October 3, 1982
1077:The Baltimore Sun
938:978-0-7566-2847-5
826:The Baltimore Sun
733:Chicago-Sun Times
728:Davenport, Misha
228:Francis Scott Key
204:Francis Scott Key
140:, or an inverted
76:Francis Scott Key
16:(Redirected from
2067:
1681:Portrait Gallery
1674:Global Volcanism
1571:American History
1514:
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1463:. Sequoia Press.
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1186:. April 30, 2007
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928:A Grand Old Flag
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361:Washington, D.C.
307:Old South Church
288:Boston Navy Yard
242:Armistead family
191:, Grace Wisher.
169:George Armistead
157:Mary Pickersgill
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1691:Women's History
1664:Barcode of Life
1659:Natural History
1588:American Indian
1564:Renwick Gallery
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764:. May 30, 2014.
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688:McCusker, J. J.
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1542:African Art
1349:Smithsonian
685:1700–1799:
665:1634–1699:
253:during his
108:Description
68:War of 1812
66:during the
2014:Categories
1891:STEM in 30
1552:Udvar–Hazy
1409:2014-07-08
1384:2014-07-08
1334:2016-10-22
1290:2022-05-22
1246:2022-05-22
1190:2022-05-27
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533:2022-05-15
469:0810929406
433:References
335:President
1848:Education
1649:Hirshhorn
1610:Asian Art
1600:Anacostia
1423:Old Glory
1329:0362-4331
412:Fragments
373:in 1914.
56:Baltimore
46:, or the
38:, c. 1964
1900:magazine
1832:Folkways
1805:Cultural
1723:Research
690:(1992).
670:(1997).
421:See also
311:Flag Day
127:Kentucky
119:Flag Act
1750:Chandra
1637:Gardens
1620:Sackler
1529:Museums
612:17 July
376:During
343:in 2008
216:British
210:, 1913.
148:History
123:Vermont
1919:Awards
1817:Latino
1686:Postal
1654:Latino
1627:Castle
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195:Battle
1965:Other
1869:Media
1615:Freer
1095:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
677:(PDF)
478:Notes
60:naval
1325:ISSN
933:ISBN
885:ISBN
783:ISBN
716:2024
614:2024
464:ISBN
445:ISBN
125:and
42:The
1700:Zoo
359:in
117:'s
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138:A
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