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The ring is connected to a hub via a number of "spokes", which serve as conduits for people and materials travelling to and from the hub. Since the hub is at the rotational axis of the station, it experiences the least artificial gravity and is the easiest location for
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150:
whose ends curve upward and eventually meet overhead to form a complete circle. The population density is similar to a dense suburb, with part of the ring dedicated to agriculture and part to housing.
30:
Exterior view of a
Stanford torus. Bottom center is the non-rotating primary solar mirror, which reflects sunlight onto the angled ring of secondary mirrors around the hub. Painting by Donald E. Davis
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146:
The interior space of the torus itself is used as living space, and is large enough that a "natural" environment can be simulated; the torus appears similar to a long, narrow, straight
178:
where they could be processed in an industrial facility to construct the torus. Only materials that could not be obtained from the Moon would have to be imported from Earth.
108:-shaped ring, that is 1.8 km in diameter (for the proposed 10,000 person habitat described in the 1975 Summer Study) and rotates once per minute to provide between 0.9
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Collage of figures and tables of
Stanford Torus space habitat, from «Space Settlements: A Design Study» book. Charles Holbrow and Richard D. Johnson, NASA, 1977.
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as an alternative to the torus). "Stanford torus" refers only to this particular version of the design, as the concept of a
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External view of a
Stanford torus with some of the radiation-shielding "chevron" mirrors removed to show interior space
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The torus would require nearly 10 million tons of mass. Construction would use materials extracted from the
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Total mass: 10 million tons (including radiation shield (95%), habitat, and atmosphere)
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Visualisation of stanford torus construction from an asteroid mining facility in 2010
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The
Stanford torus was proposed during the 1975 NASA Summer Study, conducted at
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Space
Stations and Space Platforms-Concepts, Design, Infrastructure, and Uses
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Space
Colonization: Report on Stanford Torus Stations – NASA Ames circa 1975
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Notes: †Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the
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594:(in German). Berlin: Richard Carl Schmidt & Co. pp. 136–144.
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is performed in a non-rotating module attached to the hub's axis.
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Sunlight is provided to the interior of the torus by a system of
543:"Space Station and Space Platform Concepts: A Historical Review"
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481:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
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military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.
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Das
Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums: der Raketen-Motor
62:
capable of housing 10,000 to 140,000 permanent residents.
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Interior of a
Stanford torus, painted by Donald E. Davis.
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Transportation system for the torus construction (1975)
131:, including a large non-rotating primary solar mirror.
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295:(the long structure that extends toward the horizon)
209:
Spokes: 6 spokes of 15 m (49 ft) diameter
728:
554:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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218:Radiation shield: 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) thick raw
206:Habitation tube diameter: 130 m (430 ft)
174:would collect the materials, transporting them to
19:For fictional structures for living in space, see
1594:
540:Bekey, Ivan; Herman, Daniel (January 1, 1985).
659:
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477:Johnson, Richard D.; Holbrow, Charles (1977).
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1013:Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
714:
498:, p. 1, "The Overall System", p. 60, Summary
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526:The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
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251:Stanford torus structural cross section
182:is an alternative source of materials.
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1282:Space stations and habitats in fiction
1277:List of films featuring space stations
1200:Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)
638:
585:Noordung (pseudonym), Hermann (1929).
275:A torus expanding from interconnected
21:Space stations and habitats in fiction
16:Proposed NASA design for space habitat
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200:Diameter: 1,790 m (1.11 mi)
120:on the inside of the outer ring via
479:"Space Settlements: A Design Study"
203:Circumference: 5,623.45 m (3.49 mi)
13:
83:ring-shaped rotating space station
14:
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766:International Space Station (ISS)
750:List of commercial space stations
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562:10.2514/5.9781600865749.0203.0263
291:A NASA lunar base concept with a
77:later proposed his Island One or
968:Bigelow Commercial Space Station
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319:Cutaway view of a Stanford torus
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1128:Russian Orbital Service Station
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1195:Bharatiya Antariksha Station
983:Exploration Gateway Platform
771:Tiangong space station (TSS)
529:. Bantam Books. p. 149.
376:Rotating wheel space station
239:Stanford torus configuration
7:
620:Crossing the Final Frontier
324:
85:was previously proposed by
10:
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1389:Interplanetary spaceflight
998:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
660:Johnson & Holbrow 1977
648:Johnson & Holbrow 1977
633:Johnson & Holbrow 1977
508:Johnson & Holbrow 1977
496:Johnson & Holbrow 1977
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162:and sent to space using a
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371:Colonization of the Moon
1613:Hypothetical technology
1513:Trans-Neptunian objects
442:Mobile Suit Gundam Wing
186:General characteristics
89:("Bublik-City", 1903),
1572:National Space Society
1404:Planetary habitability
745:List of space stations
97:(1952), among others.
87:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
47:
39:
31:
1582:The Planetary Society
1205:Lunar Orbital Station
214:revolution per minute
191:Location: Earth–Moon
141:Zero-gravity industry
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29:
1529:Terraforming targets
1459:Colonization targets
1399:Intergalactic travel
556:. pp. 203–263.
1394:Interstellar travel
956:Individual projects
510:, pg VII, "Preface"
193:L5 Lagrangian point
67:Stanford University
1440:McKendree cylinder
1409:Space and survival
1375:Space colonization
1323:(2016 documentary)
1320:A Beautiful Planet
1315:(2009 documentary)
1307:(2008 documentary)
1299:(2002 documentary)
1291:(1997 documentary)
1236:McKendree cylinder
1049:Incorporated into
973:Deep Space Habitat
692:2013-01-25 at the
618:(March 22, 1952).
521:O'Neill, Gerard K.
391:Space colonization
353:Engineering portal
339:Spaceflight portal
118:artificial gravity
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1304:Orphans of Apollo
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122:centrifugal force
100:It consists of a
95:Wernher von Braun
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1445:O'Neill cylinder
1414:Space settlement
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1296:Space Station 3D
1251:Space settlement
1241:O'Neill cylinder
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91:Herman PotoÄŤnik
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670:External links
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485:on 2009-12-14.
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148:glacial valley
75:Gerard O'Neill
71:space colonies
54:is a proposed
52:Stanford torus
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58:design for a
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1562:Mars Society
1471:Solar System
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1419:Terraforming
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1261:Wet workshop
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1154:Orbital Reef
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798:Soviet Union
655:
635:, p. 46
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483:the original
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426:Interstellar
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413:Gaea trilogy
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279:or dumbbells
212:Rotation: 1
168:mass catcher
157:
154:Construction
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1435:Bishop Ring
1231:Bishop Ring
734:settlements
622:. Colliers.
456:(videogame)
395:In fiction
386:Bishop ring
293:mass driver
1597:Categories
1520:Free space
1040:Tiangong-3
1003:Nautilus-X
906:Tiangong-2
901:Tiangong-1
825:Cosmos 557
601:3851320603
464:References
220:lunar soil
137:spacecraft
93:(1923) or
1491:Asteroids
1035:Sundancer
1024:FlexCraft
1019:Skylab II
650:, Chap. 5
419:Ringworld
139:to dock.
1219:Concepts
1188:Proposed
1083:Columbus
1075:Columbus
1030:Skylab B
949:Canceled
875:OPS 0855
850:Salyut 7
845:Salyut 6
840:Salyut 5
835:Salyut 4
830:Salyut 3
820:Salyut 2
810:Salyut 1
796:Russia /
690:Archived
523:(1977).
325:See also
112:and 1.0
106:doughnut
1476:Mercury
1270:Related
1159:Starlab
1149:Haven-1
1137:Private
1061:Freedom
924:Genesis
917:Private
759:Current
682:YouTube
447:(anime)
434:Elysium
402:(novel)
226:Gallery
129:mirrors
1577:SpaceX
1546:Europa
1496:mining
1121:Russia
988:Galaxy
880:Skylab
805:Salyut
598:
568:
436:(film)
428:(film)
400:Aurora
1541:Venus
1508:Titan
1481:Venus
1334:Almaz
1093:Mir-2
1008:OPSEK
889:China
815:DOS-2
592:(PDF)
277:bolas
104:, or
102:torus
1567:NASA
1536:Mars
1503:Moon
1486:Mars
1077:MTFF
1067:USOS
789:Past
732:and
596:ISBN
566:ISBN
166:. A
160:Moon
56:NASA
50:The
1099:ROS
1051:ISS
858:Mir
680:on
558:doi
170:at
116:of
1599::
934:II
640:^
564:.
552:.
546:.
176:L5
172:L2
124:.
1367:e
1360:t
1353:v
1026:)
1022:(
929:I
722:e
715:t
708:v
604:.
574:.
560::
114:g
110:g
73:(
23:.
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