140:. Following the death of Carl Lorenz, the firm was acquired in 1890 by textile businessman Robert Held (1862–1924). Held retained the firm's original name, and Carl's brother, Alfred Lorenz, was made the technical director. Under Held, the firm became a major supplier of telegraph and signaling equipment for the National Railroad. Held then expanded into the telephone market in 1893, buying Lewart, and through this acquisition gaining a telephone-supplier position with the Postal Service. Typewriters were added as products in 1898, and around the turn of the century, operating branches were added in several cities. In 1906, the firm registered for public trading as
358:
similar fashion to an automobile: a chassis goes down an assembly line and workers insert and fasten parts into the chassis or sub-chassis one person at a time. Lorenz' solution was to manufacture all products in a modular fashion. Circuits with specific functions were built into die-cast boxes and then tested to a specification; the modules were connected together and assembled into a finished product and then received final quality testing. This not only reduced the cost of testing, but also gave a great advantage to field maintenance.
36:
159:
district of Berlin, and by 1918, the headquarters and research operations also occupied this facility. When World War I ended, Lorenz greatly decreased in size and turned to producing home radios, broadcast transmitters, and aircraft communications sets. In 1919, Lorenz initiated radio broadcasting
417:
Early in the development of radio, Lorenz scientist Otto
Scheller invented a system composed of four antennas set in the corners of a large square and generating an array of overlapping, very narrow beams. In 1932, Ernst Kramer of Lorenz used this antenna in developing a system radiating a dot-dash
357:
Following World War I, as Lorenz initiated new product lines, research was done in new manufacturing techniques; this resulted in modular electronics manufacturing that was later widely adopted in
Germany. Previously, electronic equipment had been either assembled by hand or mass-produced in a
550:
machine was developed by Lorenz in 1900. Many types of this device were Lorenz products over the years. In 1918, a German inventor developed a cipher machine using multiple rotors with pins representing alphabet letters. Placed on the commercial market as the
570:
was an in-line addition to their standard teleprinter. The Lorenz SZ40 was introduced on an experimental basis in 1940, and the enhanced SZ42A machine was used from
February 1943 and the SZ42B from June 1944 onwards for high-level communications between the
472:(radio measuring device) was used. (Target detection by radio had been studied since the early 1900s, but the ranging function had been elusive until pulsing the transmitted signal allowed the propagation time, and thus range, to be measured.)
374:. Rights were obtained by Lorenz to manufacture this transmitter, and the firm entered the commercial field of radio in 1906. Soon after this, Lorenz used the arc transmitter to develop for the German Navy the first
315:
In 1958, C. Lorenz AG ceased to exist as an independent company. ITT reorganized its operations in
Germany by merging Lorenz, Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft, and several others into a new company called
526:
tasked Lorenz with developing a similar system. Before the end of the year, Müller’s team could detect large ships, surfaced submarines, submarine periscopes, flying aircraft, and land features. Called
464:
In the mid-1930s, radio-based military equipment for detecting, tracking and ranging began to be researched in great secrecy by several nations. Such equipment would ultimately be universally called
452:
stations radiating into other countries, including Great
Britain, but they did not raise suspicions since the signals were essentially the same as those from the standard Lorenz LEF system. The
164:, was introduced in 1923. Throughout the 1920s, radios and associated valves (vacuum tubes) were major products manufactured by Lorenz. In this, the firm was a primary competitor of
491:
that allowed the range to be shown in a circular display. In 1938, the
Ordnance Office of the German Army gave Lorenz a contract to develop a prototype Flak-aiming set, code-named
448:
in 1937. Lorenz received a contract for supplying the ground equipment, and the aircraft receivers were the same as used in the LEF. By 1939, Germany had installed
382:, Lorenz used a high-power Poulsen transmitter in what would become radio broadcasting. Most of the early broadcast stations in Germany used Lorenz transmitters.
198:
started in 1937 and was followed by the building of communication sets and similar electronics. It has been claimed that the parent company, ITT, had ties to the
575:
in Berlin and Army
Commands throughout occupied Europe. Unlike Enigma, no physical Lorenz machine reached Allies’ hands until the very end of the war in Europe.
210:
on 1 September 1939. Lorenz was already a major supplier for the German military, and soon greatly expanded its production facilities. In 1940, Lorenz acquired
112:
in 1958, when it merged with
Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft and several other smaller companies owned by ITT. In 1987, SEL merged with the French companies
57:
893:
406:
80:(1880–1958) was a German electrical and electronics firm primarily located in Berlin. It innovated, developed, and marketed products for electric lighting,
194:
As
Germany prepared for another war, Lorenz again became strongly engaged in manufacturing materiel for the military. Production of radio tubes for the
878:
898:
456:
was used when night-time bombing began in 1940. The
British developed countermeasure beams, followed by further improvements by the Germans.
155:
of land-line telephone and telegraph equipment and had also entered the wireless field. For this expansion, a large factory was built in the
625:
483:
set was demonstrated. After an unsuccessful attempt to interest the German Navy, MĂĽller's team turned to developing a system for supporting
292:. During the 1950s, Lorenz recovered strongly and had several branches: Berlin-Tempelhof (radio communications and broadcasting research);
729:
440:
aircraft and also to give relatively precise location to the aircraft; this was particularly useful for bomb-release points. Code-named
113:
888:
44:
308:
factory); and Schaub Pforzheim (radio and television receivers). In 1954, the brand name of radio and television sets was changed to
701:
17:
253:. At the high point of the war, Lorenz had about 24,000 workers in 12 operating facilities. The largest factories were in Berlin,
873:
842:
809:
645:
546:
Lorenz started manufacturing typewriters in the late 1890s. As a natural outgrowth of typewriters and telegraph sets, a
754:
665:
538:
was provided for submarines. For the remainder of the war, about 150 sets of both versions were produced each month.
534:, it was put into production in 1942 and was used on large reconnaissance aircraft. In 1943, an adaptation called
418:
tone to one side of the beam and a dash-dot on the other; when on path, the tone would be continuous. Called
179:(ITT); Lorenz as a firm, however, continued to operate independently. In 1932, development of a new type of
249:. For wartime work, Lorenz, like many other German manufacturing firms, turned to inmates of Nazi-operated
136:
to manufacture electrical lighting products. The shop entered the telegraph field in 1880, taking the name
555:, it was adopted by the German Navy and Army in the 1920s. The Enigma, however, had deficiencies, and the
559:
asked Lorenz to develop a new cipher machine that would allow communication by radio in extreme secrecy.
195:
572:
603:
556:
622:
433:
277:
49:
480:
171:
After Held's death, the controlling stock became available and was eventually bought in 1930 by
883:
679:, Combined Intelligence Objective Sub-committee G-2 Division, H.M. Stationery Office, May 1945;
500:
726:
8:
765:
409:). Schaub was totally acquired by Lorenz in 1940 and built many thousands of these sets.
293:
705:
528:
324:. In 1987, SEL, by then an extremely diversified company, merged with French companies
207:
304:
I (research and model workshop for small-scale transmitting equipment); Pforzheim II (
838:
822:
805:
750:
661:
641:
515:
393:, was put on the market by Lorenz in 1938; these radios were commonly referred to as
688:
436:
investigated changes in the LEF commercial system to allow more direct guidance for
390:
614:
496:
488:
371:
370:, the first generator of continuous radio signals, was invented by Danish engineer
217:
Military products from Lorenz during World War II included land-based and airborne
180:
776:"History of Radio Flight Navigation Systems," including Memoirs of Dr. E. Kramer;
733:
629:
519:
429:
402:
398:
246:
238:
176:
97:
552:
375:
320:(or SEL). In 1961, the company also became the major shareholder of radio firm
276:
In 1948, Lorenz started anew. Some factories had been closed, and those in the
242:
222:
187:— gave a major extension of their aircraft radio business. Lorenz patented the
117:
160:(transmitting voice and music) in Germany, and their first home receiver, the
867:
789:
567:
367:
226:
258:
151:, Lorenz had grown to about 3,000 employees and was a major supplier to the
736:, Proceedings, IEE Int’l Conf. on 100 Years of Radio, Sept 1994, pp. 78-79;
285:
281:
203:
188:
777:
426:, this system was sold worldwide for aircraft guidance and blind landing.
676:
591:
547:
423:
262:
184:
148:
379:
270:
250:
230:
199:
165:
81:
857:
301:
289:
234:
156:
152:
109:
85:
225:, radio tubes, and Germany's most secure communications device, the
300:(electrical machines, broadcasting equipment, and signal systems);
297:
233:, the German aircraft firm that built some of the most successful
214:; its many factories were mainly used for low-cost manufacturing.
522:
bomber. This set was different from any that Germany had, so the
266:
749:, Science and Technology, Berlin, pp. 85-96, 2002 (in German);
35:
254:
133:
623:
http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_street/index.html
835:
Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet
594:
Smithsonian Institution Libraries Trade Literature Collection
479:
was started by Gottfried MĂĽller at Lorenz, and by mid-1936 a
465:
305:
218:
93:
89:
397:("Goebbels' snout") because they were widely used to spread
191:
in 1935, and thereafter it was used in most home receivers.
507:, a mobile system for use against low-flying aircraft, and
265:
factory), and underground shops within large caves in the
241:
of Kaffee Hag had contractual obligations with Lorenz and
347:
132:
Around 1870, Carl Lorenz (1844–1889) opened a shop in
273:
concentration camp, was directly outside MĂĽhlhausen.
100:
in 1930 and became part of the newly founded company
747:
100 Years of Wireless Technology in Germany, Vol. 2
495:. Although not put into immediate production, when
823:http://www.teleprinter.net/english/inhalt/t2.shtml
269:area. A women's slave labor camp, a branch of the
617:, "I.T.T. Works Both Sides of the War", Ch. 5 in
592:"Fifty Years of the C. Lorenz Company, 1880-1930"
865:
487:(Flak, anti-aircraft guns). This set included a
727:"Receiver and Transmitter in Germany 1920-1945"
444:(Directional Beacon), this was accepted by the
658:The Sovereign State: The Secret History of ITT
499:were needed to protect against bombing by the
344:the operations that had earlier been Lorenz.
332:, with the new company being known simply as
894:Electronics companies disestablished in 1958
412:
280:were either taken over by, or moved to, the
511:, a mobile unit used for air surveillance.
175:, a subsidiary of the American corporation
804:, Trafford Publishing. 2009, pp. 243-247;
604:"History of the radio manufacturer Lorenz"
352:
879:Electronics companies established in 1906
702:""ITT's History in Consumer Electronics""
378:. In 1919, in an experimental station at
27:German electrical and electronics company
516:ASV (air-to-surface-vessel) Mk. II radar
503:, two versions were produced by Lorenz:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
778:http://www.radarworld.org/flightnav.pdf
14:
866:
640:Leidig, Ludwig. Bombshell. sbpra 2013.
621:, Studies in Reformed Theology, 2000’
518:was salvaged by Germany from a downed
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
340:. The new company eventually sold to
183:system — soon known worldwide as the
177:International Telephone and Telegraph
899:German companies established in 1906
837:, Cambridge University Press, 2002;
348:Notable accomplishments and products
29:
573:Supreme Command of the Armed Forces
284:. Lorenz headquarters moved to the
24:
619:Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler
541:
212:G. Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft
173:Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft
25:
910:
889:1958 disestablishments in Germany
851:
361:
860:, in Defunct Audio Manufacturers
821:"C. Lorenz Akliengesellschaft";
459:
326:Compagnie Générale d'Electricité
114:Compagnie Générale d'Electricité
34:
827:
815:
794:
782:
770:
759:
739:
389:, an inexpensive receiver, the
138:C. Lorenz Telegraphenbauanstalt
48:may be too short to adequately
812:(Soft), 978-4269-2111-7 (Hard)
719:
694:
682:
670:
660:; Hodder and Stoughton, 1973;
650:
634:
608:
597:
585:
434:German Laboratory for Aviation
420:Ultrakurzwellen-Landefunkfeuer
58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
578:
336:and the German part known as
229:machine. Lorenz owned 25% of
874:Defunct companies of Germany
7:
10:
915:
766:"Schaub-Lorenz DKE (1938)"
677:"Report on C. Lorenz A.G."
387:C. Schaub Apparatebau GmbH
127:
566:(cipher attachment), the
413:Aircraft guidance systems
800:Watson, Raymond C. Jr.;
557:German Army High Command
318:Standard Elektrik Lorenz
102:Standard Elektrik Lorenz
18:Standard Elektrik Lorenz
802:Radar Origins Worldwide
514:In mid-1941, a British
468:. In Germany, the name
353:Manufacturing technique
208:Germany invading Poland
407:Minister of Propaganda
221:, two-way radio sets,
144:(hereafter "Lorenz").
833:Churchhouse, Robert;
790:"Battle of the Beams"
568:Lorenz cipher machine
96:. It was acquired by
485:Flugzeugabwehrkanone
385:In cooperation with
422:(LEF) or commonly,
405:was Nazi Germany's
294:Esslingen am Neckar
162:Liebhaber-Empfänger
732:2012-11-14 at the
691:, in Vintage Radio
656:Sampson, Anthony;
628:2010-11-03 at the
237:fighter aircraft.
843:978-0-521-00890-7
810:978-1-4269-2110-0
745:Klawitter, Gerd;
646:978-1-62516-346-2
615:Sutton, Antony C.
497:antiaircraft guns
342:Nokia-Graetz GmbH
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
906:
845:
831:
825:
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792:
786:
780:
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763:
757:
743:
737:
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717:
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704:. Archived from
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
654:
648:
638:
632:
612:
606:
601:
595:
589:
489:cathode ray tube
454:X-Leitstrahlbake
450:X-Leitstrahlbake
442:X-Leitstrahlbake
395:Goebbelsschnauze
372:Valdemar Poulsen
181:radio navigation
147:At the start of
120:to form the new
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
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913:
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734:Wayback Machine
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720:
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655:
651:
639:
635:
630:Wayback Machine
613:
609:
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586:
581:
564:SchlĂĽsselzusatz
544:
542:Cipher machines
481:pulse-modulated
462:
415:
403:Joseph Goebbels
399:Nazi propaganda
368:arc transmitter
364:
355:
350:
296:(radio tubes);
247:ITT Corporation
239:Ludwig Roselius
189:ferrite antenna
153:German military
130:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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901:
896:
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853:
852:External links
850:
847:
846:
826:
814:
793:
781:
769:
758:
738:
725:Bauer, A. O.;
718:
693:
681:
669:
649:
633:
607:
596:
583:
582:
580:
577:
553:Enigma machine
543:
540:
461:
458:
414:
411:
376:radiotelephone
363:
362:Radio products
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
338:Alcatel SEL AG
243:Sosthenes Behn
223:wire recorders
129:
126:
73:
72:
66:September 2019
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
911:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:German brands
882:
880:
877:
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871:
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859:
856:
855:
844:
840:
836:
830:
824:
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811:
807:
803:
797:
791:
788:Greg Goebel;
785:
779:
773:
767:
762:
756:
755:3-896-855-115
752:
748:
742:
735:
731:
728:
722:
708:on 2014-04-26
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666:0-340-17195-2
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498:
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477:Funkmessgerät
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470:Funkmessgerät
467:
460:Radar systems
457:
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443:
439:
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431:
427:
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421:
410:
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310:Schaub-Lorenz
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227:Lorenz cipher
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53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
834:
829:
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801:
796:
784:
772:
761:
746:
741:
721:
710:. Retrieved
706:the original
696:
684:
672:
657:
652:
636:
618:
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599:
587:
563:
561:
545:
536:Hohentwiel-U
535:
530:
523:
513:
508:
504:
492:
484:
476:
475:Research in
474:
469:
463:
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419:
416:
394:
386:
384:
365:
356:
341:
337:
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329:
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321:
317:
314:
309:
288:district of
286:Zuffenhausen
282:Soviet Union
278:Eastern Zone
275:
216:
211:
204:World War II
193:
172:
170:
161:
146:
142:C. Lorenz AG
141:
137:
131:
121:
105:
101:
78:C. Lorenz AG
77:
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
858:"C. Lorenz"
562:Called the
548:teleprinter
505:Tiefentwiel
430:Hans Plendt
424:Lorenz beam
263:vacuum tube
251:labor camps
206:began with
196:German Army
185:Lorenz beam
149:World War I
122:Alcatel SEL
868:Categories
712:2012-03-16
579:References
531:Hohentwiel
380:Eberswalde
271:Buchenwald
259:MĂĽhlhausen
231:Focke-Wulf
200:Nazi Party
166:Telefunken
82:telegraphy
524:Luftwaffe
509:Jadgwagen
446:Luftwaffe
438:Luftwaffe
302:Pforzheim
290:Stuttgart
235:Luftwaffe
157:Tempelhof
110:Stuttgart
86:telephony
50:summarize
730:Archived
689:"Lorenz"
626:Archived
529:FuG 200
493:KurfĂĽrst
298:Landshut
432:at the
334:Alcatel
330:Alcatel
267:Hanover
128:History
118:Alcatel
841:
808:
753:
664:
644:
501:Allies
391:DKE-38
322:Graetz
255:Plauen
219:radars
134:Berlin
92:, and
466:radar
306:telex
94:radio
90:radar
839:ISBN
806:ISBN
751:ISBN
662:ISBN
642:ISBN
366:The
328:and
116:and
520:RAF
245:of
106:SEL
98:ITT
870::
312:.
257:,
202:.
168:.
124:.
108:)
88:,
84:,
715:.
401:(
261:(
104:(
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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