Joseph Stalin - Knowledge

3753:, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". He claimed to be a loyal Leninist, although was—according to Service—"not a blindly obedient Leninist". Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically, and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled émigré, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years, while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writings—far more so than those of Marx and Engels—to guide him in the affairs of state. Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary 2985: 3185: 4341: 4077: 1941:, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding grain and ordered them be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the grain back to Moscow with him in February. At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across West Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. Bukharin and other Central Committee members were angry they had not been consulted about this measure. In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class who were exiled to other parts of the country or concentration camps. By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. According to biographer 4204:—that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life. Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. 2610: 3690: 4052:, in 1921. It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after this marriage. She suspected he was unfaithful, and committed suicide in 1932. Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily was swiftly promoted through the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood, and was very fond of Artyom. He disapproved of Svetlana's suitors and husbands, putting a strain on their relationship. After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname to Alliluyeva, and defected to the U.S. 3205:. He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8 million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5 million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. 2445: 3212:, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. 2830: 1341: 3575: 3231:. Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5 million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. Much of this was constructed by prison labour. 3240: 3709:, during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. I stand on the ground of the latter". Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". 4018: 3424: 3494:, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism", with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same; he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a "counter-revolutionary" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S. There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the 1811: 1449:'s White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919, before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. In September, he returned to the Southern Front. During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 21559: 3777:, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. He remained proud of his Georgian identity, and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. Some colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he supposedly said that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". Service noted that Stalin "would never be Russian" and never tried to pretend he was. Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship." 14556: 2317: 1706: 4545: 3333: 3818: 3061:, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. 3070: 4259: 26072: 1438:, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, often without trial, and purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, whom he also executed. His use of state violence was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of; for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. 26048: 3667:. Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S., and they pursued a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. 3934: 3790: 2092: 1189: 3724:, regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes, and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. 2912: 3560:, was published. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium. 3345:

Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the

1678:. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya; Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. Most historians consider the document to be an accurate reflection of Lenin's views. According to Stalin's secretary, 3999:, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. His own woman was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her." However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend". Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women", who would be supportive and unchallenging. Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort". 3380:. In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist–Leninist doctrine. At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and even contemplated an invasion of Yugoslavia itself. 4130: 24931: 19583: 2237: 585: 26060: 1666:

as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism" while Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing

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conspiratorial, prone to believing in plots against him and international conspiracies. While he never attended torture sessions or executions, Stalin took pleasure in degrading and humiliating people and kept even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". Stalin's brutality marked him as a "natural extremist", and Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. However,

4216:'s Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians, at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light, and producing a flood of new research. 2553:, a fellow Georgian completely loyal to Stalin. Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among leftist sympathizers. As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility, blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. According to historian James Harris, the purges were driven by an excessive fear of counterrevolution. 1807:. The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a "rightist" for his support of the policy. Stalin built up a retinue of supporters in the Central Committee, while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. He was supported in this by Bukharin, who believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. 3728: 1551: 1485: 3294:, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libya—recently liberated from Italian occupation—to become a Soviet protectorate. He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the 2313:, was released, which biographer Robert Conquest called the "central text of Stalinism". Authorised Stalin biographies were also published, though Stalin preferred to be seen as the embodiment of the Communist Party, rather than have his life story explored. During the late 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability. 3474:. Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. The U.S. went to the UN Security Council—which the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's government—and secured international military support for the South Koreans. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. 15424:, p. 1049: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953." 4161:, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934, with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship." In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental 2417: 1949: 3902:'s description of "several Stalins" to understand his complex character. Stalin was an effective organizer with a strategic mind, and judged others by their inner strength and cleverness. Although he could be rude, Stalin rarely raised his voice; however, as his health deteriorated, he became unpredictable and bad-tempered. He could be charming and enjoyed cracking jokes when relaxed. 2030:, were constructed largely through forced labour. The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges; Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. To promote intensification of labour, medals and awards as well as the 26036: 2181:, both of whom were impressed with him. Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere; initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came from non-Marxist socialists and 21606: 2936:, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. 3761:

offered to the ethnic minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community. Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of

4006:, in 1906. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match"; Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone." However, Russian historian Anton Antonov-Ovseenko wrote that Stalin was physically abusive to her. They had a son, 3349:. Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. 20737: 20732: 2501:, and mass arrests followed. By late 1937, purges extended beyond the party to the wider population. In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. Stalin and Yezhov signed 2074:. Aware that the ethnic majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian, he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made Russian compulsory throughout schools, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20727: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20755: 20684: 1762:" who tended to be middle class university graduates, he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the regions. Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries, and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin. Stalin developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police: 20709: 4274:, the number of deaths during the purge is 950,000 to 1.2 million. Archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag system from 1934 to 1953, though current historical consensus is that between 1.5 and 1.7 million died as a result of their incarceration. About 6.3 million people were affected by 3097:, and Germany surrendered in May. Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin refused to punish the offenders. 4064:, but never met Stalin. The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal Stalin was his biological father. Stalin was complicit with the persecution of relatives of his former wives such as Maria and 2645:, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. A 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 1534:

September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes". Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him. Stalin felt disgraced and his antipathy toward Trotsky increased. The Polish–Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when

1626:(NEP). There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition. Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. At the 4376:

memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory". In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonisation of Stalin "is a means to attack Soviet Union and

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in content. Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Since his death many more biographies have been written, although until the 1980s these relied

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Stalin was an accomplished billiards player, and collected watches. He enjoyed practical jokes, such as placing a tomato on the chairs of Politburo members. At social events, Stalin encouraged singing and drinking, hoping others would drunkenly reveal secrets to him. Stalin had a love of flowers from

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pm; he then worked late. He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to a dacha for holiday; he disliked travel, and refused to by plane. His choice of favoured holiday house changed, although he holidayed in south USSR every year from

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against Stalin; in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views. The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and December 1926, and again in December 1927. In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky

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argued that the Great Terror which had gained traction in 1937 "caused losses to the communist movement both in the USSR and throughout the world from which the movement has not recovered to this very day". Similarly, Khrushchev believed his widespread purges of the "most advanced nucleus of people"

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argued Stalin was not a psychopath but an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. Other historians linked his brutality to his commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and Marxist-Leninist ideology. In contrast, E.A. Rees believed it was psychopathy that bred Stalin's tyranny, citing

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Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. Ultimately, he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global community, and regarded all nations as inherently equal. In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be

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Stalin's approach to state repression was often contradictory. In May 1933, he released many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month

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Within the Soviet Union, civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government was widespread. Social unrest in urban areas led Stalin to ease some economic policies in 1932. In May 1932, he introduced kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade surplus produce. Penal sanctions became harsher; a decree in

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In 1929, Stalin's son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide, shooting himself in the chest and narrowly missing his heart; his failure earned the contempt of Stalin, who is reported to have brushed off the attempt by saying "He can't even shoot straight." His relationship with Nadezhda was strained

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on 7 May. On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine. The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the troops back into Poland. On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against

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in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in

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stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician; Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a

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In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months on holiday at his Abkhazian dacha. Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to

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Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments

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Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back

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in eastern Ukraine. This attack proved unsuccessful. That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler

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The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States; although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing

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in 1924, Lenin's Testament was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him, and he was retained in the position. According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin was jubilant over Lenin's

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They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state; Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia". Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content

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Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to

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With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history". As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus

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According to Service, Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power, one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Under

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Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of 15, and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life; according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions", while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. Although he never became a

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throughout Eastern Europe. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. He initially

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and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to

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During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad; in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating Stalin's last major opponent. These purges replaced most of the old guard with younger officials loyal to Stalin. Party functionaries readily carried

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state farms. Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks. By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to

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In 1914, Stalin, aged 35, had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, then 14, who became pregnant with Stalin's child. In December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to their child, although the infant died soon after. In 1916, Pereprygina was pregnant again. She allegedly gave birth to their son, named

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in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation", as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. A memorial service in his honour was

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After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that

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his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care as mortality rates also declined. Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. Conversely, the historian

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in exchange for entering the war against Japan. An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. Privately, Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence. The Red Army withheld

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to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Discussing the fate of the Balkans,

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His favorite subject was history, followed by Marxist theory and fiction. Stalin was considered an effective debater who often quoted Marx and Engels. He kept up with debates in historical studies, particularly those related to Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. He was

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taking control. In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural

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blamed Stalin for his defeat at the Battle of Warsaw. In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky also blamed him for his behaviour in the Polish–Soviet War. Stalin felt humiliated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late

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took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in

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took power in China. With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. In

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Friendship was important to Stalin, and he used it to gain and maintain power. Kotkin observed that Stalin "generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background". Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". According to

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Stalin was regarded as an exceptional individual from childhood, according to both hostile and friendly accounts. He possessed a complex mind, remarkable self-control, and excellent memory. Stalin was a diligent worker with a keen interest in learning; as a leader, he meticulously scrutinized

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articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming the Western powers for the war. He also erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war, during Operation

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in the latter part of the 1930s. Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe

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led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. In 1946, the state

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After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva; Montefiore believed they were lovers. There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. Montefiore claimed Stalin had at least two

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Stalin lacked compassion, possibly exacerbated by imprisonment and exile, though he occasionally showed kindness to strangers, even during the Great Terror. He could be self-righteous, resentful, and vindictive, often holding grudges for years. By the 1920s, he had become suspicious and

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would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war. Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision. Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer

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left foot, and his left arm had been injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility. Stalin was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. Publicly, Stalin lived relatively plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture.

3270:. Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world." He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the 23514: 23346: 19936: 19911: 2931:

By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5 million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. Germany

3954:. An autodidact, Stalin claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day. Lenin was his favorite author, but he read, and appreciated, works by Trotsky and other adversaries. Stalin enjoyed watching films, particularly at night, in cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. He liked 2878:, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. Comintern was dissolved in 1943, and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist–Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. 4219:

Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of

2544:

Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many operations. Historians debate his motives, noting his personal writings from the period were "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. He feared a domestic

4101:

man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory." For most Westerners and

3977:

Stalin's rise to absolute power has been the subject of much debate. Some historians attribute his success to personal qualities, while others emphasize the growth of Soviet bureaucracy, which Trotsky argued served as a power base for Stalin. The premature deaths of Lenin and

19896: 723: 2281:, and failure to build reserve grain stocks exacerbated the famine. Stalin blamed hostile elements and sabotage among peasants; the government provided limited food aid to famine-stricken rural areas, prioritizing urban workers. In effect, Stalin valued the progress of 1585:

Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. Stalin opposed the idea of separate autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead, he called for a

19926: 19841: 3626:

Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. The system of

722: 720: 719: 718: 26562: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26542: 26537: 8526: 3451:. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. 3898:. Stalin's personality was multifaceted, allowing him to play different roles depending on the audience, and he was skilled in deception. His appointment as General Secretary is attributed to his manipulation of Lenin's fears of a party split. Historians have noted 724: 721: 20178: 26532: 26527: 26522: 26567: 26517: 26512: 26507: 19851: 3489:

After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. In November 1948, he abolished the JAC, and show trials took place for some of its members. The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on

2961:, who were together known as the "Big Three". Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war, with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. 2664:

in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an

4359:

in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were halted due to fears of damaging the USSR's public image.

3388:

in June 1948. He gambled that the Western powers would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent

19901: 19866: 2247:

August 1932 made the theft of even a handful of grain a capital offense. The second five-year plan had reduced quotas from the first, focusing more on living conditions, housing, and consumer goods production. Emphasis on armament production increased after

1917:

The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries, and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Stalin's government feared attack from other countries. Many communists, including in

1859:, with Stalin ensuring his allies ran state institutions. At this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". His growing influence was reflected in naming of locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of 1165:

in 1991, Stalin has notably retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions,

26417: 26412: 26407: 26402: 26397: 26392: 19906: 19881: 19871: 2629:. Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the 2600:

in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops

3320:

Barbarossa, was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the

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in July–August 1945, Stalin repeated previous promises that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried

26452: 26447: 26442: 26377: 26372: 26367: 26362: 26357: 26352: 24450: 20841: 20836: 20542: 20424: 20301: 780: 26487: 26437: 26432: 1654:, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin. Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide. Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's "Asiatic" manner and told his sister 1834:

in December, they launched an unsuccessful attack against Stalin's faction. Stalin accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism, and thus instability. In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the

26347: 26342: 26337: 20846: 20409: 20286: 20281: 20276: 754: 26332: 26327: 20532: 20414: 20291: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 19861: 3383:

Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by

26427: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 14403: 2335:, from which it had previously been excluded. Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power. Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the 26662: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 3609:

Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. His body was embalmed, and then displayed in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganised that many people were killed in a

3040:

as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy.

2984: 717: 4144:

Stalin's necessity for the Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a

20188: 20183: 2460: 21263: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 3894:

details, from film scripts to military plans. His private and working lives were intertwined. Despite his limited formal education, Stalin's intellectual capacity was considerable, though was sometimes susceptible to charlatans like

1980:

90%. Many collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland, and productivity slumped. Famine broke out in many areas, with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions.

20419: 20296: 2189:"; Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of 21268: 21253: 21258: 20140: 1662:'s view that doing so was impractical. Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. 1640:

this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc.

23979: 23811: 23653: 23505: 23337: 23169: 2953:". When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister 23820: 20821: 18246: 18140: 1673:

Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with

1272: 839: 3397:

in October. In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the

24338: 24225: 24107: 21288: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 3594:. Stalin died on 5 March 1953. According to Svetlana, it had been "a difficult and terrible death". An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by 2436:

which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counterrevolutionaries from urban areas; over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad alone in early 1935. In 1936,

4290:

summarised that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9 million deaths, with 6 million of these being deliberate killings. According to Rogovin, 80–90% of the members of the Central Committee were annihilated.

26177: 24544: 24441: 24347: 24234: 24116: 22896: 20831: 20826: 20816: 20811: 791: 20876: 20871: 20866: 2205:

amid their arguments and her mental health problems. In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. Publicly, the cause of death was given as

1991:

insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming violence on local officials. Although he and Stalin had been close for many years, Bukharin expressed concerns and regarded them as a return to Lenin's old

24553: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20861: 20856: 20851: 3302:(NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. According to his daughter, 2981:

later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West.

1477:; during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. In February 1920, he was appointed to head the 795: 2274:. Historians debate whether the famine was intentional; no documents show Stalin explicitly ordered starvation. Poor weather led to bad harvests in 1931 and 1932, compounded by years of declining productivity. 1320:

Although less publicly prominent than Lenin or Trotsky, Stalin's importance within the Bolshevik ranks grew. He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers, and co-chaired the committee drafting

17833: 2898:

in charge of holding the city. In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war; in commemoration, Stalin declared himself

2972:. At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of 1803:), an alliance aimed at Trotsky. Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a faction known as the 20469: 20464: 20459: 20454: 20449: 20444: 15988: 3632: 3549:

From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. The amount of written material that he produced also declined. In 1950, Stalin issued the article

3104:, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. On 8 August, in between the U.S. 2471:

were gone from the Politburo, which was now effectively under Stalin's control. There were mass expulsions from the party, with Stalin ordering foreign communist parties to purge anti-Stalinist elements.

1634:. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post would give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post. 20439: 20434: 20429: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 769: 758: 2789:

around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. With

1621:

After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as a result, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the

22429: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20474: 17529: 16940: 2015:

was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry; it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. New mines were opened, new cities like

1840:

were removed from the Central Committee; the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and deported from the country in 1929. Some United Opposition members who were repentant were later returned to government.

773: 715: 23972: 23804: 23646: 23498: 23330: 23162: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20316: 20311: 20306: 17659: 2621:

As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister

784: 2684:

The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. After the

21513: 20391: 20386: 20381: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 2541:

out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin, to avoid becoming victims. Such functionaries often carried out more arrests and executions than their quotas set by government.

14387: 4232:, or a totally unique mode of production. Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". 3598:. It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered; Beria has been suspected of poisoning him, but no firm evidence has appeared. According to a theory developed by historians Vladimir Naumov and 24331: 24218: 24100: 20557: 20552: 20547: 16425: 1390:

in March 1918. Stalin supported Lenin's push to sign an armistice with the Central Powers, despite the cost in territory. He believed this was necessary as he doubted Europe was on the verge of

24537: 24434: 22889: 20537: 20020: 4546: 15715: 3120:

and the war's end. Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied

20961: 16883:

Moore, Rebekah (2012). "'A Crime Against Humanity Arguably Without Parallel in European History': Genocide and the "Politics" of Victimhood in Western Narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor".

3156:

After the war, Stalin was—according to Service—at the "apex of his career". Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. His armies controlled

2467:

in August 1936 saw Kamenev and Zinoviev executed. The second trial took place in January 1937, and the third in March 1938, with Bukharin and Rykov executed. } By late 1937, all remnants of

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did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. In October 2017, Putin opened the

1658:

that Stalin was "not intelligent". Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported

20238: 3671:

for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953.

14985: 3462:

visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. The

1879:", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could only be achieved globally through the process of 24324: 24211: 24093: 21198: 19891: 19038: 3262:

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the

716: 16586: 4248: 2307:

In 1935–36, Stalin oversaw a new constitution with liberal features designed as propaganda. He declared that "socialism, the first phase of communism, has been achieved." In 1938, the

1422:

to take charge of food procurement in Southern Russia. Eager to prove himself as a commander, he took control of regional military operations. He also befriended two military figures,

24530: 24427: 22882: 21208: 3208:

The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. The NKVD recorded that

2209:; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. 13348: 2842:

almost entirely on production for the military. They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the

18525: 3448: 3432: 1337:, arguing state violence was an effective tool for capitalist powers. Unlike some Bolsheviks, Stalin never expressed concern about the Cheka's rapid expansion and the Red Terror. 17500:"Joseph Stalin: An Address Given by the Rev. Stanley Evans, M.A., at a Memorial Service for Joseph Stalin at the Church of St. George, Queen Square, London, on March 13th, 1953". 3853:

1925 to 1936 and 1945 to 1951. He had a dacha at Zubalova, 35 km outside Moscow, although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. After 1932, he favoured holidays in

3368:

in his place. Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance, he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a

2054:

In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. He warned of a "danger from the right". The first major

1830:

In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. At the

22422: 21163: 4270:

Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938. According to historian

2309: 17546: 1793:. Stalin saw Trotsky — whom he personally despised — as the main obstacle to his dominance. While Lenin had been ill Stalin, with Kamenev and Zinoviev had formed an unofficial 6322: 3137:

occur with some limitations. Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself—located within the Soviet area—also subdivided thusly.

17758: 2549:

in the event of war with Japan and Germany, particularly after right-wing forces overthrew the leftist Spanish government. The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was replaced by

2023:

began. Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery.

1926:, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach; they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as " 21303: 21248: 19916: 19876: 19632: 3274:

in Kazakhstan. Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9 million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8 million by 1953.

2114:

for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and

23988: 23662: 23178: 21432: 20798: 19713: 19649: 18209: 17709: 3048:. Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20 billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex 1631: 907: 123: 2062:

of 1928, in which middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. From 1929 to 1930, show trials were held to intimidate opposition: these included the

1574:

to reassert state control. As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each ethnic group should have the right to self-expression, facilitated through "

20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 18377: 18342: 18338: 14095: 2134:. He expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed the research of agrobiologist 1831: 22415: 21323: 20806: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 18158: 12053: 2704:

head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as

2432:

was murdered in December 1934, Stalin became increasingly concerned about assassination threats, and state repression intensified. Stalin issued a decree establishing

17825: 1460:

The Bolsheviks won the Russian Civil War by the end of 1919. By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, forming the

26267: 26242: 22905: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 19551: 18898: 17638: 3631:

was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. The collective leadership included eight senior members of the

1751: 1627: 762: 1134:. Before, during, and after World War II, various social classes and ethnic groups were accused of being anti-Soviet and deported to remote parts of the country as 24883: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20035: 20030: 20025: 19139: 19097: 18540: 18276: 18215: 4330: 4322: 4241: 2498: 1450: 1375:, granting Finland's request for independence in December. His department funded schools in minority languages. Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of 1367:, granting ethnic minorities the right to secession and self-determination, although the Bolsheviks hoped they would not desire independence. He later traveled to 1171: 171: 15949: 14792: 13718: 2677:, parts of Romania. The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. One of the most noted instances was the 26657: 21567: 21501: 21442: 21427: 4181: 26602: 26322: 22171: 21851: 20401: 19833: 19813: 19278: 4418: 3533:

improve his health. In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the

3454:

At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the

573: 17525: 16924: 19541: 14134: 2674: 2285:

over peasant lives. Grain exports declined heavily. Stalin did not acknowledge his policies' role in the famine, which was concealed from foreign observers.

1996:" policy. By mid-1928, he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. 1099: 17655: 26142: 20268: 19808: 18725: 17423:

Wheatcroft, Stephen (1999). "The Great Leap Upwards: Anthropometric Data and Indicators of Crises and Secular Change in Soviet Welfare Levels, 1880–1960".

4470: 1667: 988: 17733: 17144:

Rosefielde, Steven (September 1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s".

2770:

was bombing Moscow, and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to

19987: 3008:), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the region—the 1587: 1004: 17684: 4469:" within the regime for over a year. As late as March 1954, he remained listed as first in the Soviet leadership and continued to chair meetings of the 26607: 25895: 24965: 21480: 19556: 19536: 19010: 17324: 16418: 15862: 2193:

and the far right across Europe as a greater threat. After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of

1758:

As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff. Favouring new party members from proletarian backgrounds to the "

1578:" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to 1470: 1364: 17898: 1904:

We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. We must close that gap in ten years. Either we do this or we'll be crushed.

26592: 26572: 19625: 19546: 18630: 17944:[On the assignment of the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union to the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR Stalin I.V.] 17808: 17775: 15707: 3177:. In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. He was quoted in 3033: 1614:

minorities in Georgia. On this trip, Stalin met his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow; Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons,

26587: 26247: 9844: 3922:, even when their work was criticized as harmful to his regime. Stalin enjoyed classical music, owned around 2,700 records, and often attended the 2650: 2537:— through internal or external exile. Approximately 1.6 million people were arrested, 700,000 shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. 17605: 14196: 14157: 2886:

would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. In June 1942, the German Army began a

26617: 26182: 26172: 24630: 23294: 19561: 19118: 4318: 1728:

Lenin died in January 1924. Stalin took charge of the funeral and was a pallbearer. The Politburo embalmed Lenin's corpse and placed it within a

1143: 15739: 14969: 3364:

to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending

3356:" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in 1571: 4417:

The office of General Secretary was abolished in 1952, but Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the highest-ranking member of the party

26232: 19531: 18595: 18456: 16564: 3444: 2774:, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. The German advance on Moscow was halted after 2147: 1740:

devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave 9 lectures at

26307: 26217: 24718: 21352: 21168: 19618: 19021: 18301: 18297: 4340: 2850:

in September 1943. He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like

1785:

In the wake of Lenin's death, a power struggle emerged to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin,

1326: 3590:. He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and 2669:, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly 26612: 26577: 18653: 18256: 13332: 3209: 1892: 1799: 708: 625: 17509: 16153: 4076: 26272: 26197: 22164: 21844: 19079: 18903: 17957: 16445: 16204: 4123: 3556: 3216:

bugged with listening devices. He demoted Molotov, and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. In 1949, he brought

2890:

in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. This resulted in the protracted

2530: 1247:

numerous times but often escaped. He became one of Lenin's closest associates, which helped him rise to the heights of power after the

285: 15360: 4597: 4364:

saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,

4286:

estimate famine deaths at 5.5–6.5 million while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7 million. In 2011, historian

3926:

in the 1930s and 40s. His taste was conservative, favoring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "

1453:

for employing tactics which resulted in the deaths of Red Army soldiers. In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the

26597: 26317: 26162: 21400: 21223: 21158: 21133: 18663: 18635: 17550: 16673: 16652: 4348: 3628: 3184: 3105: 2468: 2348: 2078:

were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood,

1683: 1591: 1478: 992: 915: 6306: 5045: 3805:". He rarely spoke before large audiences and preferred to express himself in writing. Stalin's mustached face was pock-marked from 3537:; the majority of the accused were Jewish. He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. In November, the 26312: 26167: 22128: 21959: 21447: 19308: 18965: 18605: 18271: 17750: 4394: 4085: 3974:

infancy, and became a keen gardener. His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, to which Stalin devoted much attention.

3569: 1493: 1466: 903: 3865:

was built; 9 km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided by Lakoba at

26687: 26297: 24652: 18878: 18827: 18189: 18095: 6935: 4275: 4251:

in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. Under Stalin, the

3004:

against the German Army Group Centre. In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the

2352: 2107: 1987:, Southern Russia, and Central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the army. Stalin responded with 1131: 17701: 17404: 6676: 3986:

believed Trotsky could have removed Stalin with Lenin's testament, but acquiesced to the collective decision not to publish it.

3458:, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. North Korean leader 2173:

Throughout the 1920s, Stalin placed a priority on foreign policy. He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including

26672: 24958: 21473: 19056: 18923: 18882: 18535: 18461: 18372: 18266: 16398: 16081: 2968:, a location of Stalin's choosing. There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the 2367: 2302: 2034:

were introduced. Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the

958: 17873: 14079: 3281:, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. It launched the 2794:, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors; among those taken as a 26277: 24878: 22605: 22157: 21837: 17592: 17362: 17343: 17293: 17272: 17253: 17234: 17203: 17182: 17122: 17101: 17063:

Roberts, Geoffrey (2002). "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography".

17024: 17005: 16986: 16967: 16934: 16873: 16854: 16835: 16783: 16682: 16661: 16640: 16524: 16501: 16354: 16335: 16304: 16280: 16027: 15938: 15919: 15900: 15881: 15808: 15780: 15761: 15511: 15370: 14979: 14952: 14786: 14397: 14206: 14167: 14128: 14089: 14050: 13712: 13419: 13342: 12306: 6316: 6270: 4642: 4443:

Before 1946, the title of the office was People's Commissar for Defense, and briefly People's Commissar for the Armed Forces.

2881:

In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held

2534: 2282: 1575: 1016: 18017: 17942:"О присвоении Верховному Главнокомандующему вооруженными силами СССР Сталину И. В. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза" 17571: 17299: 17209: 17128: 16310: 16033: 14056: 12045: 2681:

of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed.

23957: 23789: 23631: 23483: 23315: 23147: 21417: 18367: 18362: 18306: 18037: 17849: 3930:", and disliked avant-garde in the visual arts too. He was a voracious reader with over 20,000 books, with little fiction. 3485:

arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. He was further angered by Israel's

2602: 1964: 1012: 17630: 2758:

was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German

2740:. Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a 26257: 26252: 24316: 24203: 24085: 22734: 22601: 19658: 19641: 19073: 18817: 18735: 18600: 18419: 18064: 3551: 3407: 2781:

Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. In June 1941, he ordered a

2697: 2654: 2597: 2355:, held in July–August 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a 1403: 1008: 24522: 24419: 22874: 18508: 13225: 3224:, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. 26682: 26647: 26632: 26622: 26292: 22787: 22138: 22133: 21749: 21489: 19220: 18893: 18858: 18800: 17914: 14776: 13702: 4207:

A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely

3801:

Described as a poor orator, Stalin's style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform

3486: 3376:

due to the latter's continued calls for a Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing

3299: 2762:

pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and

2609: 2428:

he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. However, after

1372: 1322: 235: 14490: 6070: 4014:, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. He was captured by the German Army and committed suicide. 26667: 26237: 26157: 24951: 22520: 22245: 21466: 21138: 19258: 18989: 17491: 16913: 16261: 11137: 7426: 4061: 3447:, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign 3220:

from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. In the

3165: 2646: 2592:

As a Marxist–Leninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany

1474: 1294: 656: 66: 16473: 11912: 3689: 26677: 26652: 26627: 26582: 26152: 22563: 21437: 21364: 19263: 18780: 18261: 10073: 8426: 6094: 4399: 3406:

was used to ensure that the PZPR secured office. The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged by Stalin, with the

2939:

In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. In 1941, the

2867: 2294: 1836: 1695: 1123: 996: 24660: 14118: 6154: 26498:

Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

26493:

Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

26302: 22658: 21218: 19283: 18770: 18765: 18745: 18693: 18409: 16758: 4389: 4377:

Russia". In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin.

3721: 3399: 3346: 2670: 2444: 2383: 2159: 2096: 2079: 1243:, spreading propaganda and raising money through bank robberies and extortion. Stalin was captured and exiled to 1162: 1154: 1091: 12293:. Vol. 4: Challenges to American Primacy, 1945 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–78. 4837: 26503:

Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

26227: 26137: 26132: 26117: 25416: 22990: 21328: 21143: 19328: 19232: 18873: 18740: 17725: 16569: 8354: 4304: 4192:

McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"—promoted in the fiction of writers like

2785:

policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them, also commanding the

2258:

The Soviet Union experienced a major famine in 1932–33, with 5–7 million deaths. The worst affected areas were

2240: 2231: 2223: 1952: 1567: 1399: 1302: 1119: 731: 22407: 15044: 12954: 4632: 2806:

in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as

26282: 26127: 25830: 24913: 23030: 22960: 22920: 21298: 21228: 21203: 18853: 18750: 17676: 17596: 17321: 16366:"Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" 16252:

Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.).

14620: 3620: 3169: 2940: 2823: 2522: 2518: 1298: 895: 354: 38: 17015:

Rieber, Alfred J. (2005). "Stalin as Georgian: The Formative Years". In Davies, Sarah; James Harris (eds.).

12930: 7702: 6230: 5144: 4461:

While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's

4109:; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. 2829: 1340: 1153:

Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive

26192: 25239: 21213: 21188: 21178: 19508: 19273: 18935: 18785: 18698: 18424: 18414: 18387: 17890: 14483:"Stalin promised the gendarmes that he would marry his 14-year-old mistress as soon as she became an adult" 4603:). He adopted the alias "Stalin" during his years as a revolutionary, and made it his legal name after the 3574: 3228: 3109: 2977: 2737: 2693: 2562: 2510: 2343:. Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the 2131: 1158: 1106:

in Central and Eastern Europe. Following the war, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global

1040: 1024: 835: 693: 24686: 17800: 17783: 9324: 8458: 4033:, in around April 1917. Stalin later came to know of the child's existence but showed no interest in him. 3227:

In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities, and the USSR experienced a major

26637: 25778: 24701: 24645: 23921: 23778: 23733: 23615: 23600: 23584: 23361: 23193: 22206: 22180: 21860: 21736: 21632: 21193: 18955: 18610: 18382: 18357: 18333: 18241: 18182: 18060: 18033: 9152: 6002: 4030: 3748: 3390: 3372:

incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader

2900: 2847: 2709: 2630: 2506: 2395: 2321: 2143: 2111: 1232:

for his activities, he became a full-time revolutionary and was involved in various criminal activities.

1217: 1183: 911: 584: 563: 10022: 6026: 5796: 1414:

After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the

26147: 26026: 22464: 21422: 21382: 21173: 21153: 21148: 20148: 19568: 19298: 19288: 19253: 18790: 18446: 16373: 15872: 14418: 11973: 11032: 8248: 6182: 4134: 3773:

Ethnically Georgian, Stalin grew up speaking Georgian, It has been argued his ancestry was genetically

3394: 3157: 2020: 1934:". Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. 1645:— Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923; this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. 1602:, calling on Georgian communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the 1115: 850: 18023: 8992: 5168: 4149:

state, with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Various biographers have described him as a dictator, an

26187: 25510: 24756: 24728: 22487: 21183: 18392: 12854: 4229: 3720:. He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a 3037: 2642: 2151: 1655: 1067: 954: 22676: 13873: 13809: 12782: 11747: 4368:

continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. His successor

3546:, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. 3477:

The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created

3306:

she "remembered her father saying after : Together with the Germans we would have been invincible"

2996:

In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany, including

26563:

Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26558:

Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26553:

Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26548:

Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26543:

Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26538:

Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26064: 25955: 24723: 24691: 24681: 22706: 22654: 22376: 22336: 21799: 21370: 19293: 19129: 19045: 18982: 18775: 18658: 18615: 18575: 18007: 15000: 6206: 5943: 4563: 3495: 2733: 2582: 2570: 2379: 2340: 2142:. The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified, with increased funding given to the 1876: 1356: 1287: 1000: 24713: 15931:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

8664: 6604: 4040:; theirs was not an easy relationship, they often fought. They had two biological children—a son, 26642: 26533:

Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26528:

Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26523:

Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26287: 26222: 24974: 24766: 23126: 23005: 22391: 19503: 19107: 18996: 18863: 18730: 16516: 8010: 7978: 4524: 4334: 4333:

in October 1962. In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the

3554:", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. In 1952, Stalin's last book, 3271: 3101: 2950: 2843: 2786: 2741: 2387: 2370:, including 648 aircraft and 407 tanks, along with 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the 2007:

organised along a long-term and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on

1746: 1563: 1555: 1526: 1518:; in focusing on this goal, he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist 1461: 1454: 1395: 1059: 1051: 818: 399: 31: 17: 26568:

Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26518:

Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26513:

Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26508:

Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

8597: 5748: 5474: 4881: 4247:

among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. Stalin has also been accused of

898:

6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the

26122: 26097: 26092: 25460: 25354: 24934: 24751: 24638: 22714: 22261: 21334: 19597: 19586: 19495: 18590: 18476: 18175: 4675: 4452:

Founded as the RSDLP(b) in 1912; renamed the RCP(b) in 1918, AUCP(b) in 1925, and CPSU in 1952.

4193: 2895: 2660:

The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. The

2638: 2634: 2614: 2371: 2063: 1391: 1087: 1075: 22696: 13253: 11019: 9443: 4329:

for both his mass repression and his personality cult. He repeated these denunciations at the

3181:

on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes.

1983:

Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, the

26418:

Members of the Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26413:

Members of the Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26408:

Members of the Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26403:

Members of the Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26398:

Members of the Secretariat of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26393:

Members of the Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

25329: 25108: 25048: 25032: 24832: 19482: 19027: 19016: 18950: 18530: 18251: 18132: 17505: 16122: 15856: 15827:

Chang, Jon K. (8 April 2019). "Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History".

11953: 8617: 7394: 4279: 4017: 3311: 3239: 3094: 2958: 2916: 2163: 2100: 2031: 1956: 1771: 1579: 1497: 1383: 1135: 686: 23987: 23819: 23661: 23513: 23345: 23177: 22820: 22613: 17941: 17631:"Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History" 16452: 16173: 13985: 4380:

In a 2021 poll, 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of Stalin.

2374:. Stalin took a personal involvement in the Spanish situation. Germany and Italy backed the 2042:

vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "

26483:

Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26478:

Members of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26473:

Members of the Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

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Members of the Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26463:

Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26458:

Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26388:

Members of the Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26383:

Members of the Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26208:

Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

26112: 26107: 25821: 25494: 25370: 25301: 25281: 25277: 25263: 25132: 24893: 24817: 24796: 24746: 22830: 22772: 22533: 22236: 22196: 22087: 21815: 21710: 21689: 21458: 19775: 19696: 19434: 19362: 19303: 19214: 19169: 18846: 18347: 18328: 15544: 9978: 8105: 6867: 4344: 3706: 3615: 3587: 3256: 2891: 2766:; and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. By July, Germany's 2514: 2502: 2167: 2012: 1729: 1675: 1530: 1519: 1506: 1197: 1071: 1047: 543: 393: 26423:

Members of the Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26213:

Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

26203:

First convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

24346: 24233: 24115: 22724: 16100:

Ellman, Michael (2000). "The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines".

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collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. It was aimed at establishing economic

1810: 8: 26453:

Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26448:

Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26443:

Members of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26378:

Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26373:

Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26368:

Members of the Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26363:

Members of the Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26358:

Members of the Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26353:

Members of the Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26076: 25993: 24552: 24449: 23941: 23579: 23401: 23284: 23248: 22975: 22965: 22904: 22691: 21973: 19442: 19426: 19410: 19179: 19134: 19102: 18888: 18481: 18471: 18402: 16534:

Haslam, Jonathan (1979). "The Comintern and the Origins of the Popular Front 1934–1935".

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on the front lines. Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the

2666: 2574: 2505:

in July 1937, listing 268,950 people for arrest, with 75,950 executed. Stalin initiated "

2480: 2399: 2375: 2344: 2174: 2158:

monks faced persecution. Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's

2075: 2071: 1856: 1819: 1779: 1741: 1623: 1360: 1252: 667: 527: 481: 195: 26488:

Members of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

26438:

Members of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26433:

Members of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24676: 22810: 22628: 22538: 16793:

McDermott, Kevin (1995). "Stalin and the Comintern during the 'Third Period', 1928–33".

16731:"Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports" 12124: 9304: 9016: 8549: 7903: 6644: 5554: 3357: 2316: 1907:

This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us.

1402:

withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. The ruling RSDLP was renamed the

26348:

Members of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26343:

Members of the Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26338:

Members of the Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26262: 26102: 25223: 25199: 25156: 25124: 24696: 24573: 24470: 24408: 24305: 24187: 24069: 24059: 23855: 23840: 23697: 23692: 23682: 23559: 23554: 23529: 23396: 23391: 23366: 23223: 23198: 23116: 23091: 22995: 22955: 22940: 22815: 22226: 22191: 21979: 21967: 21886: 21577: 21545: 19745: 19739: 19466: 19394: 19386: 19345: 19318: 19313: 19050: 19003: 18795: 18688: 18580: 18439: 18124: 18053: 17479: 17458: 17442: 17396: 17080: 17051: 16810: 16750: 16717: 16709: 16619: 16551: 16390: 16240: 16196: 16145: 16073: 15980: 15972: 15844: 13138: 11057: 8200: 4604: 4466: 4313:. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult, which was subsequently criticised in 4065: 4057: 4007: 4003: 3966: 3912: 3802: 3648: 3644: 3538: 3481:

in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. When the Israeli ambassador

3128: 3117: 3082: 2859: 2815: 2799: 2763: 2626: 2421: 2155: 2138:

despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as

1988: 1848: 1844: 1659: 1510: 1423: 1248: 1036: 984: 511: 146: 26333:

Members of the Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

26328:

Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24192: 24064: 23911: 23880: 23707: 23564: 23447: 22850: 22686: 22666: 19610: 15072: 11608: 11413: 11357: 11245: 10325: 10202: 9879: 9052: 8800: 6796: 5967: 5923: 2696:. To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed 2633:

with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister

1999:

Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a

1721:

in 1925. The latter three later all fell out with Stalin and were executed during the

1394:. Lenin eventually persuaded the Bolsheviks, leading to the March 1918 signing of the 1157:

within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, for whom Stalin was a champion of

26428:

Members of the Bureau of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

25697: 25650: 25642: 25626: 25582: 25558: 25470: 25386: 25362: 25321: 25305: 25255: 25247: 25172: 25100: 24992: 24786: 24049: 23906: 23896: 23758: 23610: 23472: 23437: 23233: 23136: 23101: 23045: 23040: 23025: 23000: 22840: 22777: 22757: 22633: 22543: 22381: 22316: 22311: 22286: 22266: 22216: 22114: 22108: 22009: 21941: 21910: 21775: 21624: 21585: 21521: 21340: 20173: 19781: 19757: 19702: 19678: 19513: 19144: 18945: 18868: 18585: 18429: 18352: 18323: 18150: 18141:

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

18088: 18012: 17997: 17487: 17450: 17373: 17358: 17339: 17289: 17268: 17249: 17230: 17199: 17178: 17118: 17097: 17020: 17001: 16982: 16963: 16930: 16909: 16896: 16869: 16850: 16831: 16824: 16814: 16779: 16721: 16678: 16657: 16636: 16555: 16520: 16497: 16350: 16331: 16300: 16276: 16257: 16051:"Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War" 16023: 15984: 15934: 15915: 15912:

White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–20 and 'the Miracle on the Vistula'

15896: 15877: 15848: 15804: 15776: 15757: 15507: 15366: 14975: 14948: 14782: 14393: 14202: 14163: 14124: 14085: 14046: 13708: 13415: 13338: 12302: 11133: 11061: 11049: 11027: 7229: 6312: 4965: 4638: 4580: 4552: 4361: 4287: 4213: 4166: 3943: 3918:

Stalin had a keen interest in the arts. He protected certain Soviet writers, such as

3870: 3809:

during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. He was born with a

3794:

An example of Stalin's speech. His muffled, low and hushed voice can be heard clearly

3652: 3582:

On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his

3543: 3463: 3455: 3369: 3217: 3198: 2965: 2954: 2924: 2920: 2493:

Repressions intensified further from December 1936 until November 1938, known as the

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Signatories of the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

24898: 24708: 18760: 17940: 17462: 17084: 16754: 16365: 16244: 16200: 16174:"The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" 16149: 16077: 16050: 13383: 9858: 8896: 8760: 7249: 5867: 5216: 2976:

be declared Soviet territory. Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a

1945:, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country." 1863:

became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of

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Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea–Baltic Canal and the

1379:

and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising policies.

1297:("Sovnarkom"). Stalin supported Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the 25938: 25862: 25786: 25602: 25482: 25474: 25440: 25346: 25338: 25325: 25215: 25164: 25148: 25140: 25072: 25040: 25000: 24918: 24857: 24791: 24614: 24511: 24403: 24300: 24182: 24054: 23936: 23916: 23850: 23763: 23753: 23687: 23605: 23539: 23442: 23432: 23411: 23376: 23289: 23274: 23243: 23238: 23218: 23213: 23121: 23076: 23061: 22985: 22980: 22970: 22945: 22930: 22795: 22762: 22752: 22581: 22495: 22439: 22371: 22356: 22341: 22326: 22301: 22281: 22211: 22201: 22081: 22003: 21991: 21934: 21928: 21898: 21394: 21346: 19763: 19684: 19402: 19194: 19112: 18908: 18837: 18668: 18513: 18503: 18292: 18078: 18029: 17853: 17567: 17374:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 17328: 17283: 17193: 17112: 16294: 16017: 14942: 14040: 12298: 11045: 5832: 4356: 4326: 4221: 4201: 4197: 4097: 3955: 3947: 3927: 3923: 3874: 3821: 3774: 3668: 3664: 3640: 3636: 3595: 3478: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3321: 3252: 3202: 3078: 3058: 2945: 2933: 2875: 2863: 2795: 2685: 2550: 2526: 2459:

Stalin orchestrated the arrest and execution of opponents in the Communist Party

2453: 2263: 2198: 2186: 2067: 2004: 1864: 1815: 1804: 1595: 1427: 1317:, and he, along with Trotsky, had direct access to Lenin without an appointment. 1273:

Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War

1020: 521: 228: 25309: 24827: 24664:

policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries

16141: 7798: 6590: 6588: 3817: 1562:

The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination;

1220:

with the aim of becoming a priest. While a student at the seminary, he embraced

25965: 25928: 25838: 25803: 25749: 25684: 25680: 25618: 25514: 25498: 25399: 25231: 25076: 25064: 25056: 25016: 24852: 24801: 24578: 24475: 24372: 24274: 24259: 24156: 24141: 24074: 24028: 23870: 23717: 23467: 23457: 23304: 23258: 23203: 23086: 23020: 23010: 22925: 22742: 22618: 22586: 22576: 22510: 22437: 22366: 22361: 22351: 22346: 22331: 22321: 22306: 22296: 22256: 22149: 22093: 22075: 22045: 22039: 22033: 22015: 21916: 21874: 21829: 21791: 21783: 21537: 19727: 19666: 19526: 19518: 19323: 19248: 19164: 19124: 18683: 18678: 18620: 17920:[Less Than 1/5 of Ukrainians Have a Positive Attitude Towards Stalin]. 16806: 15840: 15439: 14442: 10761: 9653: 9344: 7596: 7061: 4369: 4271: 4258: 4119: 4102: 4049: 3996: 3979: 3895: 3862: 3599: 3583: 3525: 3332: 3151: 3074: 3029: 2969: 2851: 2782: 2744:, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command ( 2678: 2622: 2578: 2438: 2271: 2135: 2122:

was promoted throughout the arts, while Stalin wooed prominent writers, namely

2000: 1984: 1790: 1774:. In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a 1767: 1759: 1679: 1599: 1435: 1430:, who would form the nucleus of his support base. Stalin sent large numbers of 1310: 1293:

On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of the new government, the

1260: 1256: 1225: 1209: 968: 950: 363: 306: 22845: 22825: 22638: 17392: 17157: 17076: 17047: 17034:

Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany".

16957: 16746: 16705: 16602:

Himmer, Robert (1986). "On the Origin and Significance of the Name "Stalin"".

16547: 16463:

Cheremukhin, Anton; Golosov, Mikhail; Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2013).

16236: 16192: 15968: 15504:

Was There an Alternative? 1923–1927: Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

8880: 7855: 4355:

Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process ended when he was replaced as leader by

4282:

and Ellman attribute roughly 3 to 3.5 million deaths to Stalin's regime.

4278:

between 1930 and 1952, of which an estimated 1 to 1.5 million died. Historian

3793: 3732: 3528:

for "unmasking doctors-killers". Revoked after Stalin's death later that year.

1650:

In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. Residing at his

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Ellman, Michael (2007). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited".

15479: 11628: 11053: 10234: 8976: 8220: 8046: 7552: 6744: 6585: 4373: 4365: 4300: 4252: 4170: 4138: 4114: 3858: 3825: 3633:

Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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illegitimate children, although he never recognised them as being his. One,

2973: 2331:

Seeking better international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union joined the

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Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

17454: 16113: 14482: 13857: 11556: 11540: 11457: 10801: 10701: 10369: 10266: 10109: 9384: 8581: 7185: 6887: 5697: 4283: 4208: 4146: 3933: 3736: 3698: 3403: 3353: 3337: 3133: 3069: 2546: 2429: 2248: 2206: 2091: 2027: 2016: 1786: 1710: 1442: 1306: 1240: 1201: 1188: 1103: 1063: 1055: 935: 899: 831:

1919–1920: People's Commissar for State Control of the Russian SFSR

380: 26178:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members

17545:

Bakradze, Lasha; Gudjov, Lev; Lipman, Maria; Wall, Thomas (1 March 2013).

17174: 14227: 13897: 13122: 11856: 11280: 11095: 11093: 9555: 6628: 6254: 3443:

December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the

2911: 2822:. Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the 2378:, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. With the outbreak of the 25950: 25942: 25542: 25506: 25490: 25452: 24771: 24568: 24465: 24367: 24254: 24136: 24013: 23946: 23901: 23773: 23768: 23620: 23452: 23416: 23111: 22472: 22099: 22027: 19207: 19033: 18720: 16692:

Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2008). "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered".

16464: 16069: 13941: 13094: 12525: 10137: 7018: 4695: 4106: 4089: 3983: 3960: 3828:

seated in the background smoking a pipe. The photo was taken at Stalin's

3810: 3754: 3717: 3611: 3499: 3459: 2871: 2818:; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and 2689: 2641:, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. On 17 September, 2494: 2486: 2449: 2433: 2411: 2178: 2123: 1938: 1794: 1722: 1714: 1368: 1028: 17606:"Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past" 16713: 15976: 15576: 15403: 15379: 14120:

The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?

13563: 12914: 11787: 10401: 10385: 9539: 9288: 9204: 9176: 9120: 8960: 7201: 6704: 5734: 5732: 5498: 4593:

equivalent of which was Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Russian:

4129: 1509:'s Polish government. Stalin had cautioned against this, believing that 1251:. In 1913, Stalin was exiled to Siberia and remained in exile until the 25997: 25817: 25741: 25658: 25486: 25407: 25180: 22591: 22477: 22251: 19184: 18832: 18518: 18397: 17826:"Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows" 17702:"'The best master': Russia's new Stalin Center evokes pride, revulsion" 17446: 16394: 15140: 15016: 14315: 13757: 13480: 12990: 12592: 12108: 12080: 11884: 11731: 11489: 11473: 11090: 10991: 10951: 10829: 10745: 10649: 10569: 10493: 10297: 10250: 9816: 9571: 9136: 7157: 7141: 7089: 6987: 6959: 6919: 5887: 5713: 5681: 5653: 5586: 5538: 5407: 5092: 5029: 4985: 3712:

As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "

3482: 3470:

by invading South Korea in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing

3467: 3439: 3428: 3244: 3161: 2834: 2811: 2754: 2661: 2566: 2336: 2267: 2055: 1733: 1603: 1376: 1334: 1236: 1107: 558: 42: 18002: 17400: 17055: 16730: 16623: 15604: 15284: 14879: 14819: 14644: 13969: 13913: 13607: 13523: 13440: 13209: 11229: 10857: 10729: 9950: 9720: 9400: 9236: 9220: 9084: 8272: 7568: 6425: 6409: 2236: 1418:. In May 1918, amid a dwindling food supply, Sovnarkom sent Stalin to 1363:

as his secretary, later marrying her. In November 1917, he signed the

1305:. Stalin became part of an informal leadership group alongside Lenin, 1204:, was a house cleaner. He was born and raised in the Georgian town of 1196:

Stalin's birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili. His father,

25985: 25973: 25733: 24908: 22623: 19965: 19941: 18812: 18703: 18560: 18498: 17520:– via anglicanhistory.org, transcribed by Richard Mammana 2019. 12727: 10597: 9272: 9036: 8074: 8030: 5729: 4743: 4590: 4162: 4158: 4154: 3866: 3713: 3684: 3361: 3278: 3267: 3057:

assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the

2887: 2767: 2759: 2593: 2227: 2084: 1607: 1419: 972: 939: 435: 17589:"Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times" 17438: 16494:

On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics

16386: 13623: 13054: 12497: 12442: 9491: 7750: 6903: 6557: 5328: 5253: 5128: 4917: 4865: 4176: 3243:

Joseph Stalin at his 71st birthday celebration with (left to right)

1500:

broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking

104: 25795: 25713: 25395: 24888: 21293: 19921: 18755: 18466: 16615: 16446:"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay" 15801:

Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953

14458: 13412:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

7876: 7874: 4727: 4711: 4579:

Stalin's Georgian birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (

4337:, the location marked by a bust. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. 4309:

Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of

4150: 3885: 3854: 3806: 3744: 3603: 3286: 3263: 3189: 3049: 3021: 3013: 2720: 2115: 2011:

commandments issued often to make short-term targets. In 1928, the

1969: 1919: 1843:

Stalin was now the party's supreme leader, although he was not the

1611: 1431: 1282: 1111: 1079: 923: 919: 867: 638: 17656:"In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin" 17588: 14608: 11572: 8748: 8688: 3516: 2475: 1887:

1927–1931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation

1481:; that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. 25946: 25870: 24903: 20524: 19818: 18491: 18316: 18311: 17891:"Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe" 17751:"Perspective – Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin" 16462: 15006: 13591: 8924: 4010:, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Yakov had a daughter, 3694: 3491: 3412: 3365: 3201:

by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the

3025: 3009: 3005: 2989: 2882: 2826:(JAC) to garner global Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. 2708:

head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as

2351:

with France and Czechoslovakia. At the Communist International's

2190: 2039: 1975: 1860: 1823: 1529:, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. 1387: 1345: 1244: 1229: 1221: 980: 927: 825: 50: 19602: 18167: 16979:

The Soviet Government and the Jews 1948–1967: A Documented Study

16906:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

16419:"August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" 15455: 12289:

Cohen, Warren I. (2013). "The Korean War and Its Consequences".

8062: 7871: 6497: 3727: 3324:

alongside Marxist–Leninist leaders from across Europe and Asia.

3145: 2846:, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with 2692:

Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that

2509:", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups— among them 1550: 1484: 19958: 14517: 13785: 10845: 4185: 4081: 3889:

Chinese Marxists celebrate Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949

3840:

As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11

3614:. At the funeral on 9 March, Stalin's body was laid to rest in 2771: 2745: 2649:

was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. The two states

2310:

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

2170:, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. 1931: 1851:. Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, 1213: 963: 802: 16635:. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. 15671: 14744: 14684: 14660: 14505: 13042: 8724: 8569: 8378: 3757:

who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them.

2320:

Review of Soviet armoured fighting vehicles used to equip the

21304:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

18710: 16565:"GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag" 15708:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 14279: 13312: 13018: 12878: 11900: 11815: 10817: 8912: 8482: 8446: 7334: 4499: 4294: 4263: 3833: 3829: 3824:

with Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, on his lap and Stalin with

3471: 2416: 2366:

broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent military aid to the

2166:. Religion retained an influence over the population; in the 2082:, restrictions on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the 1927: 1775: 1330: 1118:

in 1949. During these years, the country experienced another

1032: 862: 431: 286:

People's Commissar for Nationalities of the Russian SFSR

23989:

13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23821:

14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23663:

15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23515:

16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23347:

17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

23179:

18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

21488: 21433:

League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

18210:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17549:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from 16364:

Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993).

16256:. The Cummings Center Series. Frank Cass. pp. 103–124. 15950:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" 15427: 15391: 15324: 15156: 14010: 14008: 13513: 13511: 12770: 12245: 12243: 11389: 10878: 10876: 8642: 8640: 8344: 8342: 8329: 8327: 8300: 7928: 7926: 7660: 6441: 2943:

performed a concert to celebrate his birthday, and in 1942,

1948: 914:

from 1941 until his death. Initially governing as part of a

124:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

25813: 17915:"Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatʹsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv" 17913: 17547:"The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion" 15647: 15336: 15221: 15219: 14835: 14546: 14544: 14198:

A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End

13428: 13182: 12748: 12746: 12644: 12608: 12192: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11844: 11660: 10888: 10637: 10545: 10509: 10434: 10432: 10417: 10313: 10222: 10125: 10097: 9756: 9708: 8936: 8414: 7584: 7516: 7269: 6732: 6142: 5368: 5269: 3915:

that described him as a "typical case of severe paranoia".

3521: 1923: 1539: 1515: 1501: 1023:. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the 414: 24348:

10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24235:

11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24117:

12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

21423:

General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia

17993:

Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives

17850:"Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial" 17724: 17338:. Translated by Shukman, Harold. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 15895:(fortieth anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. 15637: 15635: 15312: 15300: 15116: 15104: 14900: 14898: 14854: 14852: 14850: 14756: 14720: 14696: 14367: 14303: 14267: 13929: 13797: 13639: 13579: 13300: 13278: 13276: 13199: 13197: 13158: 13110: 12842: 12806: 12580: 12374: 12260: 12258: 12216: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11721: 11719: 11530: 11528: 11347: 11345: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11270: 11268: 11219: 11217: 11080: 11078: 10905: 10903: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10449: 10447: 10287: 10285: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10063: 10061: 9928: 9926: 9698: 9696: 9607: 9605: 9592: 9590: 9421: 9419: 8868: 8856: 8788: 8712: 8154: 8152: 8095: 8093: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7692: 7690: 7677: 7675: 7506: 7504: 7455: 7453: 7358: 7346: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7217: 7034: 7008: 7006: 6821: 6819: 6453: 6397: 5443: 4169:

characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in

2964:

In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt

1582:, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric. 1263:

similarly noted Stalin had been "in the thick of events".

1255:

of 1917 led to the overthrow of the emperor. According to

24554:

8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

24451:

9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

22906:

19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17568:"Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori" 16019:

Great Immortality: Studies on European Cultural Sainthood

15659: 15272: 15168: 15092: 14968:

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge (2004).

14732: 14672: 14576: 14291: 14243: 14020: 14005: 13651: 13508: 13288: 13082: 13070: 12978: 12890: 12688: 12686: 12661: 12659: 12570: 12568: 12485: 12463: 12461: 12398: 12270: 12240: 12204: 12180: 12144: 12096: 12013: 11684: 11596: 11158: 11146: 10967: 10873: 10789: 10613: 10190: 9832: 9629: 9507: 9192: 8844: 8832: 8820: 8736: 8700: 8637: 8402: 8339: 8324: 8312: 8288: 8236: 7938: 7923: 7636: 7414: 7322: 7105: 7051: 7049: 6772: 6465: 5992: 5990: 5643: 5641: 5614: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5397: 5395: 5286: 5284: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5082: 5080: 4815: 4813: 4800: 4798: 4771: 4505: 4068:

who were arrested and eliminated during the Great Purge.

3210:

between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed

24884:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

18247:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

18216:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

17998:

Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations

17674: 17544: 17486:, translated by Johnson, Priscilla, London: Hutchinson, 16347:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

15620: 15520: 15262: 15260: 15258: 15216: 15204: 15180: 14869: 14867: 14541: 14529: 14355: 14343: 13833: 13745: 13682: 13672: 13670: 13668: 13666: 13539: 12743: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12620: 12430: 12352: 12350: 11936: 11803: 11672: 11584: 11330: 10717: 10429: 9072: 8188: 8164: 8125: 7726: 7624: 7612: 7465: 6784: 6664: 6509: 5857: 5855: 4317:. In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled " 4242:

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

1570:, while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into 826:

People's Commissar for Workers' and Peasants' Inspection

172:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

21443:

Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

21428:

League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad

19640: 16466:

Was Stalin Necessary for Russia's Economic Development?

16363: 15632: 15592: 15564: 15532: 15467: 15415: 15409: 15385: 14922: 14910: 14895: 14847: 14807: 14708: 13773: 13551: 13496: 13468: 13273: 13194: 13170: 13030: 13006: 12758: 12513: 12291:

The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations

12255: 12228: 12068: 12025: 11872: 11827: 11716: 11525: 11445: 11433: 11401: 11377: 11342: 11313: 11296: 11265: 11214: 11202: 11190: 11109: 11075: 11007: 10979: 10939: 10915: 10900: 10777: 10689: 10677: 10665: 10625: 10585: 10557: 10533: 10521: 10476: 10459: 10444: 10345: 10282: 10153: 10058: 10046: 10010: 9998: 9966: 9938: 9923: 9911: 9899: 9867: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9768: 9693: 9681: 9669: 9641: 9602: 9587: 9431: 9416: 9372: 9360: 8948: 8776: 8652: 8537: 8506: 8494: 8390: 8176: 8149: 8137: 8090: 7886: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7766: 7687: 7672: 7648: 7540: 7528: 7501: 7489: 7477: 7450: 7382: 7370: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7173: 7129: 7117: 7003: 6975: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6816: 6760: 6720: 6573: 6545: 6533: 6521: 5514: 3393:; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the 3285:

in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet

1955:

with a fellow miner; Stalin's government initiated the

1434:

troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik

1114:. Stalin presided over post-war reconstruction and the 979:. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent internal exiles to 19279:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

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Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a

26024: 17888: 17471: 16049:

Dower, Paul Castañeda; Markevich, Andrei (May 2018).

15255: 15231: 14864: 13704:

Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich

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of Western Europe; in May 1935, the Soviets signed a

1755:

death while "publicly putting on the mask of grief".

21294:

All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)

18726:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

17823: 17094:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

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was extended to adolescents as young as 12 in 1935.

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Stalin's casket on howitzer carriage drawn by horses

3431:

shaking hands, commemorating the signing of the new

3298:. In April 1949, the Western powers established the 3100:

With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the

2874:

sentiment, while encouraging increased criticism of

2587: 1668:

Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1138:. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was succeeded by 17917:До Сталіна позитивно ставляться менше 1/5 українців 17798: 17508:. Society of Socialist Clergy and Ministers. 1953. 16959:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

16254:

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

15489: 11028:"The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 1945–50" 10357: 6130: 4490: 4188:

of Stalin at a May Day march through London in 2008

4182:

Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

2906: 1630:in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new 1588:

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

19011:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 16823: 12168: 4212:largely on the same sources of information. Under 2382:in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a 2288: 17748: 17699: 17603: 17586: 16926:Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises 16296:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus 16022:. National Cultivation of Culture. Vol. 18. 16016:Dović, Marijan; Helgason, Jón Karl, eds. (2019). 15693: 15689: 15677: 12156: 2606:shortage of trained officers when war broke out. 1545: 801:1918–1919: Full member, 2nd Central Committee of 26268:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 26243:Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 26084: 22179: 21859: 17984:Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's 16472:. w19425. National Bureau of Economic Research. 15947: 15928: 15461: 14385: 8068: 8052: 8020: 7988: 7972: 7880: 7865: 3873:dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by 1778:at Zubalova; his wife gave birth to a daughter, 1212:. Stalin attended school there before moving to 938:political system he established became known as 236:Minister of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union 19119:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 17773: 17653: 17628: 15792:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 15773:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 4351:laying wreaths at Stalin's Moscow grave in 2009 4319:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3563: 3309:In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of 3044:In February 1945, the three leaders met at the 2499:arrest of most military Supreme Command members 2099:in Moscow in order to make way for the planned 1239:' chief operatives in the Caucasus, organizing 999:of the country. Under Stalin, the doctrine of 26658:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members 17868: 17565: 17019:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–44. 16048: 15861:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 15744: 15740:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 15010: 8527:"From a ruler's embrace to a life in disgrace" 4584: 4556: 4432:Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 4126:fields had "undoubtedly" weakened the nation. 3277:The U.S. began pushing its interests on every 3168:, and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a 2049: 1700: 1409: 90: 26603:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class 26323:People of World War II from Georgia (country) 24959: 24646: 24538: 24435: 24332: 24219: 24101: 23973: 23805: 23647: 23499: 23331: 23163: 22890: 22423: 22165: 21845: 21474: 21299:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 19626: 18694:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 18596:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 18457:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 18183: 16123:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 16015: 15751: 14285: 13318: 12046:"New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned" 6148: 4594: 4517: 3234: 3146:1945–1947: Post-war reconstruction and famine 2715: 2277:Rapid industrialization policies, neglect of 1110:and entered a period of tension known as the 81: 30:"Stalin" redirects here. For other uses, see 24973: 19917:Political Administration of the Armed Forces 19603:Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin 18018:A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin 17924:(in Ukrainian). 4 March 2015. Archived from 17848: 17675:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (6 September 2007). 17265:Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin 16885:Australian Journal of Politics & History 16513:The Great Fear: Stalin's Terror of the 1930s 16270: 15948:Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). 15929:Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2004). 15665: 6447: 3164:. In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of 2752:as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of 2613:Stalin greeting the German foreign minister 2485:The girl's father was later executed in the 1327:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 27:Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953 26143:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union 18654:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 18024:Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana 18013:Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational 16922: 16491: 15798: 14237: 12222: 12037: 8435:, pp. 139, 154–155, 164–172, 175–176; 4540:[ɪˈosʲɪfvʲɪssərʲɪˈonəvʲɪtɕˈstalʲɪn] 3989: 2802:, who died in their custody. Stalin issued 1301:, although a coalition was formed with the 983:. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the 975:faction through robberies, kidnappings and 24966: 24952: 24653: 24639: 24545: 24531: 24442: 24428: 24339: 24325: 24226: 24212: 24108: 24094: 23980: 23966: 23812: 23798: 23654: 23640: 23506: 23492: 23338: 23324: 23170: 23156: 22897: 22883: 22430: 22416: 22172: 22158: 21852: 21838: 21481: 21467: 19633: 19619: 19080:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 18190: 18176: 17870:"Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin" 17422: 17371: 17333: 17143: 17114:Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books 16863: 16844: 15799:Brent, Jonathan; Naumov, Vladimir (2004). 15582: 15554: 15473: 15445: 15318: 15294: 15162: 15122: 15110: 15098: 15082: 15058: 14916: 14885: 14841: 14825: 14774: 14762: 14750: 14726: 14702: 14690: 14634: 14630: 14598: 14594: 14582: 14562: 14550: 14535: 14523: 14511: 14452: 14448: 14432: 14424: 14373: 14361: 14349: 14325: 14309: 14297: 14273: 14249: 14233: 14201:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. 14014: 13947: 13935: 13903: 13883: 13863: 13815: 13803: 13791: 13763: 13657: 13645: 13573: 13545: 13529: 13486: 13446: 13373: 13334:Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution 13306: 13263: 13235: 13215: 13188: 13164: 13148: 13128: 13116: 13100: 13076: 13024: 12996: 12984: 12968: 12964: 12940: 12884: 12864: 12848: 12812: 12796: 12792: 12776: 12602: 12586: 12436: 12404: 12380: 12130: 11983: 11963: 11922: 11634: 8874: 8794: 8718: 8623: 8603: 8555: 8524: 8464: 8432: 8364: 8210: 8115: 7804: 7788: 7578: 7558: 7235: 7223: 7040: 7028: 6806: 6778: 6710: 6471: 6459: 6280: 6240: 6216: 6192: 6164: 6104: 6080: 6056: 6008: 5877: 5806: 5306: 5178: 5154: 5150: 5118: 5059: 5055: 4847: 4777: 4749: 4701: 4630: 4295:In the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states 3982:are seen as key factors in Stalin's rise. 3557:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 3438:In October 1949, Chinese communist leader 2778:in increasingly harsh weather conditions. 2398:(KMT) nationalists and formed the desired 2212: 2038:. His speeches and articles reflected his 1313:. Stalin's office was near Lenin's in the 1259:, Stalin "filled an important role ", and 1058:movements. In 1939, his regime signed the 103: 26608:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner 21401:State Committee on the State of Emergency 18664:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 18636:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 18069:Council of People's Commissars until 1946 17954:Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 17478: 16995: 16821: 16792: 16630: 16344: 16006: 15752:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990). 15362:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 15225: 15174: 15150: 15066: 15026: 14858: 14738: 14678: 14666: 14638: 14614: 14602: 14566: 14468: 14436: 14389:The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny 14159:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 14026: 13999: 13907: 13891: 13839: 13823: 13779: 13767: 13751: 13688: 13533: 13517: 13434: 13397: 13377: 13294: 13247: 13088: 13060: 13048: 12924: 12896: 12872: 12800: 12752: 12737: 12650: 12626: 12531: 12519: 12507: 12452: 12424: 12329: 12276: 12249: 12210: 12186: 12150: 12138: 12118: 12102: 12090: 12019: 12007: 11991: 11967: 11930: 11906: 11894: 11821: 11797: 11781: 11765: 11741: 11710: 11690: 11654: 11622: 11602: 11566: 11550: 11519: 11499: 11483: 11467: 11427: 11371: 11259: 11184: 11164: 11103: 11001: 10973: 10961: 10882: 10867: 10839: 10823: 10811: 10795: 10771: 10755: 10711: 10659: 10619: 10579: 10503: 10411: 10395: 10379: 10339: 10307: 10276: 10260: 10216: 10196: 10184: 10119: 10091: 10040: 9992: 9893: 9860:Journal of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9854: 9838: 9826: 9750: 9663: 9635: 9581: 9549: 9533: 9513: 9485: 9457: 9394: 9354: 9338: 9318: 9298: 9214: 9198: 9186: 9170: 9146: 9130: 9114: 9030: 9010: 8986: 8970: 8918: 8906: 8850: 8838: 8826: 8814: 8770: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8646: 8631: 8611: 8591: 8575: 8563: 8531:Washington Post (Arq. in WikiWix Archive) 8488: 8476: 8452: 8440: 8408: 8384: 8372: 8348: 8333: 8318: 8294: 8266: 8242: 8230: 8024: 7992: 7944: 7932: 7917: 7744: 7708: 7642: 7444: 7420: 7408: 7328: 7211: 7195: 7167: 7151: 7111: 7099: 7071: 6997: 6969: 6953: 6929: 6698: 6670: 6658: 6622: 6598: 6515: 6491: 6292: 6264: 6176: 6112: 6088: 6044: 6020: 5981: 5961: 5917: 5766: 5492: 5437: 5186: 5162: 5122: 5071: 4899: 4859: 4689: 4657: 4573: 4430:Before 1946, the title of the office was 4349:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3693:A mourning parade in honour of Stalin in 3505: 3106:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2934:attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk 2724:With all the men at the front, women dig 2673:in August; they also invaded and annexed 1689: 1277: 26593:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross 26573:Ministers of defence of the Soviet Union 25902:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 21448:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad 18606:Great Construction Projects of Communism 17191: 16773: 16691: 16271:Fainsod, Jerry F.; Hough, Merle (1979). 15890: 15869: 15789: 15770: 15705: 15626: 15610: 15550: 15526: 15358: 15278: 15210: 15146: 15078: 15050: 14813: 14650: 14626: 14155: 13991: 13975: 13923: 13919: 13879: 13389: 13369: 13337:. Indiana University Press. p. 70. 13231: 13144: 12960: 12936: 12860: 12788: 12733: 12721: 12325: 12282: 12003: 11979: 11959: 11947: 11918: 11862: 11809: 11793: 11777: 11753: 11678: 11650: 11638: 11614: 11590: 11511: 11419: 11363: 11336: 11286: 11251: 11235: 11176: 10735: 10723: 10407: 10391: 10331: 10208: 10176: 10079: 10028: 9984: 9956: 9885: 9742: 9726: 9561: 9545: 9525: 9449: 9406: 9294: 9278: 9262: 9258: 9242: 9226: 9210: 9182: 9158: 9126: 9106: 9090: 9078: 9058: 9042: 9022: 8998: 8982: 8966: 8930: 8886: 8806: 8670: 8472: 8360: 8278: 8258: 8226: 8206: 8194: 8170: 8131: 8111: 8080: 8040: 7913: 7784: 7732: 7712: 7666: 7630: 7618: 7602: 7471: 7432: 7400: 7340: 7263: 7255: 7207: 7024: 6941: 6893: 6873: 6802: 6790: 6754: 6690: 6682: 6634: 6614: 6610: 6483: 6431: 6415: 6304: 6276: 6236: 6212: 6188: 6160: 6100: 6076: 6032: 5973: 5949: 5929: 5873: 5802: 5754: 5738: 5520: 5480: 5334: 5302: 5259: 5222: 5174: 5134: 5114: 5051: 4971: 4951: 4923: 4911: 4887: 4871: 4843: 4733: 4717: 4465:head, Malenkov was still recognised as " 4395:List of places named after Joseph Stalin 4339: 4257: 4175: 4128: 4122:and leading figures in the military and 4086:3rd World Festival of Youth and Students 4075: 4016: 3932: 3884: 3816: 3726: 3688: 3573: 3570:Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin 3515: 3427:1950 Chinese stamp depicting Stalin and 3422: 3331: 3238: 3197:with them. In this he recalled the 1825 3183: 3068: 2983: 2910: 2828: 2719: 2608: 2474: 2443: 2415: 2315: 2235: 2162:, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the 2090: 1947: 1809: 1704: 1549: 1483: 1339: 1329:. He supported Lenin's formation of the 1281: 1266: 1187: 908:General Secretary of the Communist Party 26588:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia) 26248:Heads of government of the Soviet Union 19022:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 18096:Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union 18030:Newspaper clippings about Joseph Stalin 17243: 17224: 17110: 17091: 17062: 17033: 16998:Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion 16903: 16251: 15817: 15653: 15641: 15614: 15598: 15586: 15570: 15558: 15538: 15501: 15290: 15266: 15249: 15237: 15186: 15086: 15054: 15022: 14940: 14904: 14889: 14873: 14829: 14714: 14654: 14428: 14337: 14321: 14116: 13995: 13979: 13887: 13851: 13819: 13676: 13629: 13613: 13585: 13569: 13557: 13502: 13474: 13409: 13393: 13282: 13259: 13239: 13219: 13203: 13176: 13152: 13132: 13036: 13012: 13000: 12972: 12944: 12920: 12868: 12836: 12709: 12692: 12665: 12614: 12598: 12574: 12559: 12491: 12467: 12448: 12416: 12356: 12321: 12264: 12234: 12198: 12134: 12114: 12086: 12074: 12031: 11987: 11926: 11890: 11878: 11866: 11850: 11838: 11761: 11757: 11737: 11725: 11702: 11666: 11618: 11562: 11546: 11534: 11515: 11495: 11479: 11463: 11451: 11439: 11423: 11407: 11395: 11383: 11367: 11351: 11324: 11307: 11290: 11274: 11255: 11239: 11223: 11208: 11196: 11180: 11152: 11115: 11099: 11084: 11013: 10997: 10985: 10957: 10945: 10921: 10909: 10894: 10835: 10807: 10783: 10767: 10751: 10739: 10707: 10695: 10683: 10671: 10655: 10643: 10631: 10607: 10603: 10591: 10575: 10563: 10551: 10539: 10527: 10515: 10499: 10487: 10470: 10453: 10423: 10375: 10351: 10335: 10319: 10303: 10291: 10272: 10256: 10244: 10240: 10228: 10212: 10180: 10164: 10147: 10143: 10131: 10115: 10103: 10087: 10083: 10067: 10052: 10036: 10032: 10016: 10004: 9988: 9972: 9960: 9944: 9932: 9917: 9905: 9889: 9873: 9850: 9822: 9810: 9798: 9786: 9774: 9762: 9746: 9730: 9714: 9702: 9687: 9675: 9659: 9647: 9611: 9596: 9577: 9565: 9529: 9501: 9497: 9481: 9453: 9437: 9425: 9410: 9390: 9378: 9366: 9350: 9334: 9330: 9314: 9310: 9282: 9266: 9246: 9230: 9162: 9142: 9110: 9094: 9062: 9046: 9026: 9006: 9002: 8954: 8942: 8902: 8890: 8810: 8782: 8766: 8674: 8658: 8627: 8607: 8587: 8559: 8543: 8512: 8500: 8468: 8436: 8420: 8396: 8368: 8306: 8282: 8262: 8214: 8182: 8158: 8143: 8119: 8099: 7909: 7897: 7861: 7849: 7832: 7820: 7808: 7792: 7772: 7756: 7716: 7696: 7681: 7654: 7606: 7590: 7562: 7546: 7534: 7510: 7495: 7483: 7459: 7436: 7388: 7376: 7316: 7299: 7287: 7259: 7239: 7191: 7179: 7163: 7147: 7135: 7123: 7095: 7067: 7012: 6993: 6981: 6965: 6945: 6925: 6909: 6897: 6877: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6766: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6686: 6650: 6594: 6579: 6563: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6503: 6435: 6419: 6284: 6260: 6244: 6220: 6196: 6168: 6108: 6084: 6060: 6036: 6012: 5996: 5977: 5953: 5933: 5909: 5893: 5881: 5842: 5838: 5826: 5810: 5790: 5778: 5758: 5742: 5719: 5703: 5687: 5675: 5659: 5647: 5592: 5564: 5544: 5532: 5504: 5484: 5468: 5449: 5429: 5413: 5401: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5322: 5290: 5275: 5263: 5247: 5226: 5210: 5198: 5182: 5138: 5098: 5086: 5063: 5035: 5007: 4991: 4975: 4955: 4939: 4927: 4891: 4875: 4851: 4831: 4819: 4804: 4789: 4765: 4705: 4681: 4631:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (27 May 2010). 4062:Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute 3942:especially interested in the reigns of 3844:am, with lunch being served between 3–5 2870:. The government increasingly promoted 2603:clashing with the expansionist Japanese 1893:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) 1686:, with Trotsky in the first position". 1496:between Polish and Russian troops, the 496: 1919; died 1932) 471: 1906; died 1907) 136:3 April 1922 – 16 October 1952 14: 26618:Revolutionaries from Georgia (country) 26183:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 26173:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis 26085: 19057:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 17799:Snyder, Timothy D. (27 January 2011). 17352: 17262: 17164: 17014: 16976: 16826:Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War 16670: 16649: 16601: 16562: 16533: 16510: 16443: 16416: 16325: 16222: 16171: 16120: 16099: 16058:The Review of Economics and Statistics 15909: 15485: 15449: 15433: 15421: 15397: 15359:Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). 15330: 15306: 15198: 15134: 15062: 15038: 14928: 14570: 14261: 14156:Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). 14077: 14042:Three "whys" of the Russian Revolution 13963: 13951: 13867: 13827: 13739: 13633: 13617: 13601: 13597: 13490: 13462: 13450: 13330: 13267: 13243: 13104: 13064: 12948: 12908: 12824: 12638: 12547: 12535: 12503: 12479: 12420: 12392: 12368: 12341: 11132:. Yale University Press. p. 160. 11127: 10933: 10863: 10851: 10438: 10363: 9469: 9166: 9066: 8862: 8254: 8084: 8056: 8036: 8016: 8004: 7984: 7968: 7956: 7760: 7720: 7574: 7522: 7440: 7404: 7364: 7352: 7275: 7243: 7083: 7055: 6949: 6913: 6881: 6810: 6694: 6654: 6638: 6618: 6567: 6487: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6288: 6248: 6224: 6200: 6172: 6124: 6064: 6040: 6016: 5957: 5937: 5913: 5897: 5861: 5846: 5814: 5762: 5723: 5707: 5691: 5663: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5580: 5568: 5560: 5548: 5508: 5488: 5433: 5417: 5310: 5230: 5158: 5102: 5067: 5039: 5023: 5011: 4995: 4979: 4959: 4895: 4855: 4753: 4737: 4721: 4685: 4669: 3716:" between the world's proletariat and 3449:a new treaty between the two countries 2915:The Big Three: Stalin, U.S. President 1875:. Here, he argued for the concept of " 1598:. In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the 1522:'s forces that were attacking Warsaw. 1132:forced transfers of entire populations 959:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 918:, Stalin consolidated power to become 298:8 November 1917 – 7 July 1923 24947: 24879:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 24634: 24526: 24423: 24320: 24207: 24089: 23961: 23793: 23635: 23487: 23319: 23151: 22878: 22411: 22153: 21833: 21462: 19614: 19601: 18171: 17963:from the original on 20 November 2021 17726:"Poll Finds Stalin's Popularity High" 17662:from the original on 29 November 2020 17641:from the original on 30 November 2020 17593:Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group 17532:from the original on 21 November 2022 17499: 17281: 16955: 16882: 16674:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 16653:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 16431:from the original on 9 September 2017 16313:from the original on 18 February 2023 16289: 16210:from the original on 27 February 2009 16036:from the original on 21 November 2022 15826: 15410:Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov 1993 15386:Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov 1993 15346: 15342: 14781:. Pen and Sword History. p. 71. 14480: 14194: 14038: 12764: 12677: 12288: 12174: 12043: 11706: 11025: 9623: 8678: 6136: 4538: 3911:a 1927 diagnosis by neuropathologist 3674: 1963:In 1929, the Politburo announced the 1736:. It was incorporated into a growing 1682:, Lenin "in general leaned towards a 1441:In December 1918, Stalin was sent to 1208:, which at that time was part of the 26233:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides 25379:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 21418:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans 20842:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 19140:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 19098:20th Congress of the Communist Party 18541:19th Congress of the Communist Party 18378:18th Congress of the Communist Party 18343:17th Congress of the Communist Party 17901:from the original on 4 February 2022 17811:from the original on 12 October 2017 17314: 17131:from the original on 3 February 2024 16404:from the original on 6 December 2019 15754:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin 14481:Гамов, Александр (8 November 2018). 14464: 14081:Communism: A Very Short Introduction 13700: 6305:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013). 4405: 3034:having collaborated with the Germans 2858:to disperse their work more widely. 2694:the USSR also join the Axis alliance 1965:mass collectivisation of agriculture 1398:, which ceded vast territories. The 1333:security service and the subsequent 1074:in 1941, leading Stalin to join the 945:Born into a poor Georgian family in 912:Chairman of the Council of Ministers 248:19 July 1941 – 3 March 1947 26218:Former Georgian Orthodox Christians 22735:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 19642:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 19074:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 18298:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 18065:Council of Ministers (Soviet Union) 17956:] (in Russian). 13 March 1943. 17801:"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?" 17761:from the original on 4 October 2021 17677:"Stalin, his father and the Rabbit" 17512:from the original on 11 August 2022 17302:from the original on 13 August 2023 17167:A Short History of Soviet Socialism 16943:from the original on 1 January 2021 16633:Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator 16479:from the original on 22 August 2020 15718:from the original on 3 October 2020 14988:from the original on 13 August 2023 14941:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (1998). 14406:from the original on 28 August 2023 14215:from the original on 20 August 2023 13410:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). 13351:from the original on 20 August 2023 3552:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 3542:Ukraine. In 1951, he initiated the 3110:invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria 2643:the Red Army entered eastern Poland 2405: 2303:Joseph Stalin's cult of personality 2080:re-criminalisation of homosexuality 1937:In early 1928, Stalin travelled to 1594:opposed the idea, resulting in the 1479:Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate 961:. He edited the party's newspaper, 24: 26613:Recipients of the Order of Victory 26578:Politicians from Georgia (country) 22788:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 22606:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 19221:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 19040:The History of the Communist Party 18859:Soviet offensive plans controversy 18824:Ideological repression in science 18368:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 17889:Yegorov, Oleg (15 December 2017). 17852:. BBC. 5 June 2018. Archived from 17836:from the original on 20 March 2017 17774:Snyder, Timothy D. (26 May 2010). 17736:from the original on 20 March 2017 17687:from the original on 8 August 2022 17599:from the original on 21 June 2021. 17472:Magazines, newspapers and websites 16728: 14775:Greensmith, James (6 April 2023). 12162: 6952:, pp. 661, 668–669, 679–684; 4600:: Іосифъ Виссаріоновичъ Джугашвили 3300:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2497:. In May 1937, Stalin ordered the 1897: 1386:, the government relocated to the 1200:, was a shoemaker and his mother, 1078:. Despite huge losses, the Soviet 184:6 May 1941 – 5 March 1953 25: 26699: 26273:Male poets from Georgia (country) 26198:Communists from Georgia (country) 22521:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 19259:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 18990:Marxism and the National Question 18197: 17977: 17876:from the original on 19 July 2019 17824:Taylor, Adam (15 February 2017). 17712:from the original on 25 June 2022 17616:from the original on 25 June 2022 17604:Lentine, Gina (15 January 2022). 17574:from the original on 19 July 2018 17410:from the original on 17 July 2011 17355:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 17212:from the original on 7 April 2023 16847:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 16761:from the original on 24 June 2016 16087:from the original on 18 June 2021 15994:from the original on 30 June 2019 15820:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 14974:. Penn State Press. p. 156. 14947:. Mehring Books. p. xxviii. 14795:from the original on 19 July 2023 14493:from the original on 13 July 2023 14392:. Harper & Row. p. 251. 14176:from the original on 13 July 2023 14137:from the original on 13 July 2023 14123:. Mehring Books. pp. 85–98. 14098:from the original on 13 July 2023 14078:Holmes, Leslie (27 August 2009). 14059:from the original on 13 July 2023 13721:from the original on 30 June 2023 8525:Hockstader, Lee (10 March 1995). 6325:from the original on 19 July 2023 3958:, though his favorite films were 3769:Personal life and characteristics 3747:variant of Marxism. In his book, 2837:after liberation, 2 February 1943 2588:1939–1941: Pact with Nazi Germany 1161:and the working class. Since the 1082:repelled the German invasion and 26598:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 26318:People of the Russian Revolution 26163:Anti-Zionism in the Soviet Union 26070: 26058: 26046: 26034: 24930: 24929: 22602:Hungarian Working People's Party 22564:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 21607:People's Commissars for the Navy 21557: 21438:Siberian Social-Democratic Union 19582: 19581: 18899:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 18363:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 17950:Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР 16897:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01641.x 16864:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2007). 16845:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2003). 16589:from the original on 8 July 2018 16273:How the Soviet Union is Governed 16159:from the original on 25 May 2019 15893:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 15706:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). 15699: 15495: 15352: 14961: 14934: 14768: 14474: 14386:Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (1983). 14379: 14188: 14149: 14110: 14071: 14032: 13694: 13403: 13324: 12056:from the original on 10 May 2022 11121: 8518: 7738: 6298: 4596:Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 4486: 4400:List of statues of Joseph Stalin 3937:Stalin reading a newspaper, 1920 3857:, being a friend of its leader, 3788: 3408:Hungarian Working People's Party 3360:, Poland, from which was formed 3064: 2907:1942–1945: Soviet counter-attack 2798:by the Germans was Stalin's son 2675:Bessarabia and northern Bukovina 2295:1931 Prussian Landtag referendum 1930:" and small business owners or " 1814:Stalin and his close associates 1170:, executions, and famines which 922:by the 1930s; he formalized his 892:Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 713: 583: 434:(1898‍–‍1912; 350:Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 26313:People of the Russian Civil War 26308:People of the Polish–Soviet War 26168:Atheists from Georgia (country) 21568:People's Commissars for Defence 19284:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 18420:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 18410:Occupation of the Baltic states 17749:Rutland, Peter (13 June 2019). 17587:Coynash, Halya (22 June 2021). 15733: 13701:Rees, E. A. (15 October 2013). 13331:Davies, Robert William (1989). 12044:Wines, Michael (5 March 2003). 11026:Mazov, Sergei (9 August 2006). 4390:European interwar dictatorships 4153:, or accused him of practising 4002:Stalin married his first wife, 3848:pm and dinner no earlier than 9 3722:dictatorship of the proletariat 3327: 3140: 2556: 2289:Ideological and foreign affairs 2160:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 2097:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 1224:and became an avid follower of 1163:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1130:". Stalin's rule was marked by 493: 468: 26688:World War II political leaders 26298:People from Tiflis Governorate 24899:Russification in modern Russia 21329:Group of Democratic Centralism 17700:Nemtsova, Anna (17 May 2021). 17566:Bell, Bethany (5 March 2013). 17192:Semeraro, David A. S. (2017). 16981:. Cambridge University Press. 16570:The American Historical Review 16496:. Melbourne University Press. 16102:Cambridge Journal of Economics 15506:. Mehring Books. p. 495. 14195:Kenez, Peter (13 March 1999). 14084:. OUP Oxford. pp. 10–15. 7443:, pp. 687, 702–704, 709; 4624: 4476: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4424: 4411: 4321:", to a closed session of the 4305:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 4021:Stalin carrying his daughter, 3880: 3487:growing alliance with the U.S. 2894:. In December 1942, he placed 2110:", entailing both creation of 1953:Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov 1847:, a task he entrusted to ally 1546:1921–1923: Lenin's final years 1525:In mid-August 1920, the Poles 1400:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1303:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1295:Council of People's Commissars 1126:campaign, culminating in the " 1090:. The Soviet Union, which had 987:, Stalin joined the governing 748:Central institution membership 13: 1: 26673:Soviet people of World War II 24914:Ukrainian orthography of 1933 21665:Ministers of the Armed Forces 20837:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) 20822:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 19937:Transportation-Communications 19932:Trade and Consumers' Services 19912:Planning and Financial Organs 19125:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 18936:1946–1947 Soviet famine 18509:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 18100:People's Commissar until 1946 17654:Masci, David (29 June 2017). 17319:. Princeton University Press. 17317:Stalin: Passage to Revolution 16908:. Columbia University Press. 16868:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 16849:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 14944:1937: Stalin's Year of Terror 13707:. Anthem Press. p. 219. 13414:. Mehring Books. p. 47. 9333:, pp. 408–409, 411–412; 4613: 4586:იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი 4235: 3621:St George the Martyr, Holborn 3272:deserts outside Semipalatinsk 3000:, a massive offensive in the 2941:London Philharmonic Orchestra 2919:, and British Prime Minister 2862:was dropped as the country's 2824:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 2647:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty 2479:Stalin receives flowers from 2402:against Japanese aggression. 2019:constructed, and work on the 1709:(From left to right) Stalin, 1696:Joseph Stalin's rise to power 1355:editor, Stalin was appointed 1299:Socialist Revolutionary Party 1177: 1172:caused the deaths of millions 1116:first Soviet atomic bomb test 1013:agricultural collectivisation 39:Eastern Slavic naming customs 26278:Marshals of the Soviet Union 24811:Anti-Russification activists 22659:Polish United Workers' Party 22181:Marshals of the Soviet Union 21861:Premiers of the Soviet Union 19274:1956 Georgian demonstrations 17805:The New York Review of Books 17780:The New York Review of Books 17629:Luhn, Alec (16 April 2019). 17372:Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). 17357:. Rowman & Littlefield. 17334:Volkogonov, Dimitri (1991). 16492:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2015). 16275:. Harvard University Press. 16011:(revised ed.). Penguin. 15462:Davies & Wheatcroft 2004 14971:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev 12299:10.1017/CHO9781139032513.006 11130:June 1941: Hitler and Stalin 11046:10.1080/14682740312331391618 8069:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 8053:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 8021:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7989:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7973:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7881:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 7866:Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 4618: 4569:Ioseb Besarionis dze Stalini 3564:Death, funeral and aftermath 3524:awarding Lydia Timashuk the 3400:Polish United Workers' Party 3352:Churchill observed that an " 3292:international crisis in 1946 3089:In April 1945, the Red Army 2736:, initiating the war on the 2671:merged into the Soviet Union 2563:Soviet Union in World War II 2390:as they had suspended their 2132:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy 2076:Conservative social policies 1871:. In 1926, Stalin published 1527:repulsed the Russian advance 1445:to lead an inquiry into how 1228:. After being marked by the 1070:. Germany broke the pact by 1041:enemies of the working class 888:Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin 836:Russian Constituent Assembly 798:Central Committee of CPSU 7: 24740:Organizers of Russification 24702:Great Russification program 22105:Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990) 19289:Stalin Monument in Budapest 18956:Night of the Murdered Poets 18874:Allegations of antisemitism 18611:Engineers of the human soul 18358:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 18334:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 18034:20th Century Press Archives 17872:. BBC News. 18 April 2019. 17336:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy 17288:. Verso Books. p. 59. 17065:Journal of Cold War Studies 16904:Nekrich, Alexander (1997). 16778:(third ed.). Pearson. 16735:Journal of Cold War Studies 16631:Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). 16563:Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). 16328:The Cold War: A New History 16142:10.1080/0966813022000017177 15843:(inactive 30 August 2024). 15745:Academic books and journals 14045:. Pimlico. pp. 63–65. 4558:იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე სტალინი 4531:Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin 4530: 4383: 4327:Khrushchev denounced Stalin 4060:, taught philosophy at the 3602:, Stalin was poisoned with 3592:leeches were applied to him 3391:Federal Republic of Germany 3315:, published as a series of 2901:Marshal of the Soviet Union 2710:Premier of the Soviet Union 2655:British blockade of Germany 2349:treaty of mutual assistance 2144:League of Militant Atheists 2050:Cultural and foreign policy 1797:(known by its Russian name 1701:1924–1927: Succeeding Lenin 1564:in February 1921 it invaded 1410:1918–1921: Military command 1359:for Nationalities. He took 1218:Tiflis Theological Seminary 1184:Early life of Joseph Stalin 1039:to eliminate those deemed " 957:before joining the Marxist 828:of the Russian SFSR 821:of the Soviet Union 564:Tiflis Theological Seminary 10: 26704: 26258:Heroes of the Soviet Union 26253:Heroes of Socialist Labour 25240:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 22465:Party of Labour of Albania 21645:People's Commissar for the 21504:Military and Naval Affairs 21383:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 21377:Union of Marxist-Leninists 19329:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 19299:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 18447:Soviet atomic bomb project 17484:Twenty Letters to a Friend 17111:Roberts, Geoffrey (2022). 17092:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). 16956:Overy, Richard J. (2004). 16923:Ra'anan, Uri, ed. (2006). 16807:10.1177/026569149502500304 16795:European History Quarterly 16374:American Historical Review 16345:Gellately, Robert (2007). 15873:Stalin: Breaker of Nations 15841:10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8 15737: 15011:Dower & Markevich 2018 12947:, pp. 435, 438, 574; 4519:Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин 4298: 4239: 4048:—and adopted another son, 3678: 3567: 3509: 3445:Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945 3395:German Democratic Republic 3235:1947–1950: Cold War policy 3158:Central and Eastern Europe 3149: 3116:. These events led to the 2716:1941–1942: German invasion 2560: 2420:Exhumed mass grave of the 2409: 2368:Republican faction faction 2292: 2232:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933 2224:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 2221: 1890: 1693: 1286:Stalin in 1917 as a young 1270: 1181: 1104:Soviet-aligned governments 1102:amid the war, established 906:in 1953. He held power as 851:Leader of the Soviet Union 150:(as Responsible Secretary) 37:In this name that follows 36: 29: 26683:Unsolved deaths in Russia 26648:Russian political writers 26633:Russian communist writers 26623:Russian atheism activists 26293:People from Gori, Georgia 25760: 25526: 25191: 25181:The American Fighting-Man 24984: 24927: 24871: 24810: 24757:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky 24739: 24669: 24597: 24561: 24494: 24458: 24391: 24355: 24288: 24242: 24170: 24124: 24042: 23996: 23889: 23828: 23726: 23670: 23593: 23522: 23425: 23354: 23267: 23186: 23054: 22913: 22786: 22733: 22705: 22653: 22600: 22562: 22519: 22488:Bulgarian Communist Party 22486: 22463: 22454: 22450: 22187: 22139:Prime Ministers of Russia 22124: 21958: 21867: 21748: 21719: 21701: 21664: 21644: 21605: 21566: 21555: 21500: 21410: 21316: 21281: 21241: 21126: 21119: 21053: 20960: 20797: 20788: 20746: 20718: 20675: 20663: 20596: 20523: 20400: 20267: 20258: 20251: 20139: 19986: 19979: 19950: 19907:Organisational-party Work 19832: 19801: 19712: 19657: 19648: 19608: 19577: 19494: 19355: 19337: 19309:Places named after Stalin 19294:Stalin Monument in Prague 19241: 19153: 19088: 18974: 18818:Repressions in Azerbaijan 18644: 18553: 18536:1950 legislative election 18462:1946 legislative election 18373:1937 legislative election 18285: 18234: 18225: 18205: 18147: 18138: 18121: 18116: 18106: 18093: 18085: 18075: 18058: 18050: 18045: 17393:10.1080/09668139608412415 17198:. Pen & Sword Books. 17158:10.1080/09668139608412393 17117:. Yale University Press. 17096:. Yale University Press. 17077:10.1162/15203970260209527 17048:10.1080/09668139208411994 16996:Rappaport, Helen (1999). 16977:Pinkus, Benjamin (1984). 16822:McDermott, Kevin (2006). 16774:McCauley, Martin (2003). 16747:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.70 16706:10.1080/09668130801999912 16548:10.1017/s0018246x00017039 16237:10.1080/09668130701291899 16193:10.1080/09668130500199392 16007:Deutscher, Isaac (1966). 15969:10.1080/09668130600652217 15891:Conquest, Robert (2008). 15870:Conquest, Robert (1991). 15775:. Frank Cass Publishers. 15756:. Ohio University Press. 15502:Rogovin, Vadim Z (2021). 15365:. Routledge. p. 49. 14286:Bazhanov & Doyle 1990 14162:. Routledge. p. 35. 13998:, pp. 437, 522–523; 13319:Bazhanov & Doyle 1990 13270:, pp. 424, 465, 597. 11579:Yegorov, 15 December 2017 7605:, pp. 211, 276–277; 6311:. Routledge. p. 60. 6149:Bazhanov & Doyle 1990 4688:, pp. 227–228, 229; 4595: 4585: 4557: 4518: 4230:bureaucratic collectivism 4071: 4036:Stalin's second wife was 3787: 3782: 3415:within the Eastern Bloc. 3081:and Joseph Stalin at the 3038:collective responsibility 2764:Leningrad was under siege 2461:and the Central Committee 2441:became head of the NKVD. 2217: 1457:for his wartime service. 1092:annexed the Baltic states 1072:invading the Soviet Union 1068:Soviet invasion of Poland 1019:, creating a centralised 955:Tiflis Spiritual Seminary 881: 848: 834:1917–1918: Member of the 744: 702: 674: 663: 652: 644: 634: 613: 608: 591: 579: 569: 557: 536: 504: 445: 422: 409: 386: 369: 357:6 December] 1878 345: 340: 336: 324: 312: 302: 291: 284: 274: 262: 252: 241: 234: 222: 212: 188: 177: 170: 155: 140: 129: 122: 118: 102: 91: 82: 76: 64: 26668:Soviet Georgian generals 26238:Great Purge perpetrators 26158:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment 25898:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 22707:Romanian Communist Party 19897:Light- and Food Industry 19130:Soviet Nonconformist Art 19046:1936 Soviet Constitution 18699:Soviet famine of 1932–33 18659:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 18631:Transformation of nature 18616:1936 Soviet Constitution 18576:Socialism in One Country 18415:German–Soviet Axis talks 18117:Party political offices 17949: 17916: 17353:Wettig, Gerhard (2008). 17327:19 November 2020 at the 17263:Snyder, Timothy (2010). 17244:Service, Robert (2004). 17225:Service, Robert (2000). 16671:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 16650:Kotkin, Stephen (2014). 16326:Gaddis, John L. (2005). 16172:Ellman, Michael (2005). 16121:Ellman, Michael (2002). 15910:Davies, Norman (2003) . 15794:. Frank Cass Publishers. 15790:Brackman, Roman (2004). 15771:Brackman, Roman (2001). 14617:, pp. 257, 259–260. 10854:, pp. 611, 618–620. 9341:, pp. 199–200, 202. 8933:, pp. 232–233, 236. 8909:, pp. 163, 168–169. 8773:, pp. 125, 156–157. 8757:, pp. 153, 156–157. 8697:, pp. 137–138, 147. 6506:, pp. 214–215, 217. 6448:Fainsod & Hough 1979 6079:, pp. 99–100, 103; 5014:, pp. 258–259, 265. 3990:Relationships and family 3606:, most likely by Beria. 3520:20 January 1953. Soviet 3496:Jewish Autonomous Region 3229:famine from 1946 to 1947 2734:invaded the Soviet Union 2583:Gestapo-NKVD Conferences 2571:German-Soviet Axis talks 2380:Second Sino-Japanese War 2341:Night of the Long Knives 2322:Republican People's Army 2283:Soviet industrialization 2241:Soviet famine of 1930–33 1877:socialism in one country 1873:On Questions of Leninism 1592:Georgian Communist Party 1373:Finnish Social Democrats 1351:Having left his role as 1001:socialism in one country 894:; 18 December [ 790:1912–1953: Full member, 779:1920–1952: Full member, 768:1922–1953: Full member, 753:1917–1953: Full member, 26678:Time Person of the Year 26653:Russian revolutionaries 26628:Russian communist poets 26583:Politicide perpetrators 26153:Anti-Romanian sentiment 25396:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 23127:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 23006:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 21502:People's Commissars for 19254:Iosif Stalin locomotive 18997:Foundations of Leninism 18983:Anarchism or Socialism? 18864:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 18731:NKVD prisoner massacres 18383:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 18272:Death and state funeral 17776:"Springtime for Stalin" 17658:. Pew Research Center. 16517:Oxford University Press 15490:Snyder, 27 January 2011 15448:, pp. 1334, 1348; 15007:Cheremukhin et al. 2013 14039:Pipes, Richard (1998). 4335:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 3750:Foundations of Leninism 3418: 3290:refused, leading to an 3073:British Prime Minister 2844:Russian Orthodox Church 2742:State Defense Committee 2662:Soviets invaded Finland 2631:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact 2388:Chinese Communist Party 2213:1932–1939: Major crises 2095:1931 demolition of the 1912:— Stalin, February 1931 1747:Foundations of Leninism 1566:the Menshevik-governed 1556:Order of the Red Banner 1462:Communist International 1455:Order of the Red Banner 1404:Russian Communist Party 1396:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1060:Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 1054:and supported European 1052:Communist International 1017:rapid industrialisation 819:State Defense Committee 400:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 32:Stalin (disambiguation) 26303:People of the Cold War 25355:Martin Luther King Jr. 24670:By annexed territories 22715:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 22438:Leaders of the ruling 19802:Decision-making bodies 19462:(second father-in-law) 18716:Murder of Sergey Kirov 18591:Stalinist architecture 18477:Turkish Straits crisis 18003:Stalin digital archive 17282:Suny, Ronald (2020b). 16830:. Palgrave Macmillan. 16583:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049 16536:The Historical Journal 16511:Harris, James (2017). 16444:Glantz, David (2001). 16417:Glantz, David (1983). 15933:. Palgrave Macmillan. 15818:Bullock, Alan (1992). 14117:Trotsky, Leon (1991). 6107:, pp. 53, 79–82; 4352: 4267: 4194:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 4189: 4180:A contingent from the 4141: 4093: 4025: 3938: 3890: 3869:; in 1936, he had the 3837: 3743:Stalin adhered to the 3740: 3731:A statue of Stalin in 3701: 3579: 3529: 3506:1950–1953: Final years 3435: 3341: 3259: 3193: 3086: 2993: 2928: 2896:Konstantin Rokossovski 2866:, to be replaced with 2838: 2732:In June 1941, Germany 2729: 2639:Germany invaded Poland 2635:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2618: 2615:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2598:part of Czechoslovakia 2490: 2456: 2424: 2372:International Brigades 2328: 2243: 2103: 2064:Industrial Party Trial 2021:White Sea–Baltic Canal 1960: 1959:to encourage hard work 1909: 1827: 1725: 1690:Consolidation of power 1642: 1559: 1489: 1392:proletarian revolution 1348: 1290: 1278:1917–18: Rise to power 1193: 1122:and a state-sponsored 1088:World War II in Europe 1003:became central to the 953:, Stalin attended the 910:from 1922 to 1952 and 776:Secretariat of CPSU 353:18 December [ 26228:Genocide perpetrators 26138:Anti-Polish sentiment 26133:Anti-Korean sentiment 26118:20th-century atheists 25812:The Good Samaritans: 25109:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25049:Franklin D. Roosevelt 25033:Franklin D. Roosevelt 24833:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 23402:Grigory Ordzhonikidze 23295:Alexander Shcherbakov 22655:Polish Workers' Party 22129:First Deputy Premiers 21720:Ministers of the Navy 19966:Bolshevik / Kommunist 19927:Science and Education 19842:Administrative Organs 19809:Politburo / Presidium 19483:William Wesley Peters 19028:Falsifiers of History 18951:Rootless cosmopolitan 18257:Rule as Soviet leader 18133:Responsible Secretary 17175:10.4324/9780203500279 17165:Sandle, Mark (1999). 17017:Stalin: A New History 15694:Lentine, 25 June 2022 15690:Nemtsova, 17 May 2021 15678:Rutland, 13 June 2019 15436:, pp. 1159–1160. 15400:, pp. 1162–1163. 15333:, pp. 1163–1164. 14778:In the Mind of Stalin 13234:, pp. 193, 274; 11128:Lukacs, John (2006). 10086:, pp. 461, 469; 10082:, pp. 244, 251; 9484:, pp. 421, 424; 9265:, pp. 341, 343; 8630:, pp. 351, 390; 7719:, pp. 261, 383; 7561:, pp. 111, 127; 6896:, pp. 144, 146; 6753:, pp. 277, 280; 6685:, pp. 139, 151; 6657:, pp. 614, 618; 6637:, pp. 137, 138; 6043:, pp. 477, 478; 5507:, pp. 180, 182; 5161:, pp. 305, 307; 4637:. Orion. p. 15. 4343: 4323:Party's 20th Congress 4280:Stephen G. Wheatcroft 4261: 4179: 4132: 4079: 4020: 3936: 3888: 3820: 3730: 3692: 3679:Further information: 3629:collective leadership 3577: 3519: 3426: 3335: 3312:Falsifiers of History 3242: 3187: 3095:Hitler killed himself 3072: 2987: 2959:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2957:, and U.S. President 2917:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2914: 2868:a more patriotic song 2832: 2728:around Moscow in 1941 2723: 2700:with Japan. Although 2612: 2478: 2469:collective leadership 2447: 2419: 2319: 2239: 2222:Further information: 2164:Palace of the Soviets 2101:Palace of the Soviets 2094: 2032:Stakhanovite movement 1973:collective farms and 1957:Stakhanovite movement 1951: 1902: 1891:Further information: 1813: 1772:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky 1708: 1637: 1580:bourgeois nationalism 1553: 1487: 1365:Decree on Nationality 1343: 1285: 1267:In Lenin's government 1235:He became one of the 1191: 1150:" of Soviet society. 1136:collective punishment 993:Lenin's death in 1924 967:and raised funds for 916:collective leadership 817:1941–1945: Chairman, 709:Joseph Stalin's voice 645:Years of service 402:, Moscow (since 1961) 26128:Anti-Asian sentiment 25929:The Silence Breakers 25796:The American Soldier 25777:The Whistleblowers: 25635:The Endangered Earth 25417:The Middle Americans 25371:William Westmoreland 25264:Dwight D. Eisenhower 25133:Dwight D. Eisenhower 24894:Lithuanian press ban 24797:Alexander Lukashenko 22773:Konstantin Chernenko 21816:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 21750:Ministers of Defence 21711:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 21690:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 21490:Ministers of Defence 20817:3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) 20533:7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 19776:Konstantin Chernenko 19697:Konstantin Chernenko 19504:Stalin's house, Gori 19435:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 19363:Besarion Jughashvili 19304:Batumi Stalin Museum 19215:Nineteen Eighty-Four 18966:Censorship of images 18645:Crimes, repressions, 18348:1931 Menshevik Trial 18329:First five-year plan 17315:Suny, R. G. (2020). 16776:Stalin and Stalinism 16114:10.1093/cje/24.5.603 16070:10.1162/REST_a_00726 15557:, pp. 577–579; 14669:, pp. 250, 259. 14526:, pp. 298, 300. 14451:, pp. 150–151; 13950:, pp. 58, 507; 13870:, pp. 117, 676. 13794:, pp. 127, 148. 13616:, pp. 10, 344; 13051:, pp. 102, 227. 12324:, pp. 120–121; 11962:, pp. 311–312; 11933:, pp. 142, 191. 11929:, pp. 582–584; 11925:, pp. 571–572; 11565:, pp. 555–556; 11398:, pp. 512, 513. 11289:, pp. 286–287; 11183:, pp. 548–549; 10810:, pp. 534–535; 10770:, pp. 531–532; 10275:, pp. 471–472; 10243:, pp. 465–466; 10118:, pp. 464–465; 10094:, pp. 223, 229. 9662:, pp. 442–443; 9564:, pp. 241–242; 9528:, pp. 239–240; 9452:, pp. 248–249; 9353:, pp. 414–415; 9313:, pp. 410–411; 9165:, pp. 404–405; 9065:, pp. 402–403; 8989:, pp. 168, 169. 8905:, pp. 392–393; 8889:, pp. 220–221; 8769:, pp. 347–248; 8733:, pp. 151, 159. 8610:, pp. 350–351; 8606:, pp. 203–204; 8578:, pp. 141, 150. 8467:, pp. 192–193; 8387:, pp. 128, 137. 8367:, pp. 126–127; 8309:, pp. 387, 389. 8257:, pp. 682–683; 8233:, pp. 123, 135. 8118:, pp. 552–443; 8023:, pp. 627–628; 7987:, pp. 823–824; 7975:, pp. 628, 631. 7811:, pp. 292, 294. 7711:, pp. 410–411; 7525:, pp. 244, 246. 7435:, pp. 152–155; 7403:, pp. 152–153; 7343:, pp. 186, 190. 7278:, pp. 227, 229. 7070:, pp. 265–266; 6948:, pp. 257–258; 6944:, pp. 147–148; 6876:, pp. 172–173; 6697:, pp. 676–677; 6689:, pp. 282–283; 6597:, pp. 240–243; 6291:, pp. 546–548; 6287:, pp. 222–224; 6263:, pp. 222–224; 6243:, pp. 117–118; 6239:, pp. 111–112; 6111:, pp. 208–209; 6103:, pp. 100–101; 6087:, pp. 210–211; 6019:, pp. 475–476; 5936:, pp. 191–192; 5896:, pp. 191–192; 5813:, pp. 189–190; 5722:, pp. 203–205; 5706:, pp. 194–195; 5690:, pp. 194–196; 5662:, pp. 199–200; 5595:, pp. 184–185; 5567:, pp. 183–185; 5377:, pp. 203, 190. 5278:, pp. 173, 174. 5070:, pp. 300–301; 4994:, pp. 159–160; 4978:, pp. 158–161; 4958:, pp. 150–151; 4684:, pp. 147–148; 4135:Joseph Stalin Museum 4092:, East Germany, 1951 3707:Georgian nationalist 3588:cerebral haemorrhage 3586:. He had suffered a 3257:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal 3188:Banner of Stalin in 3036:. Using the idea of 2949:magazine named him " 2892:Battle of Stalingrad 2776:two months of battle 2667:interim peace treaty 2617:in the Kremlin, 1939 2454:Bykivnia mass graves 2448:Victims of Stalin's 2088:women's department. 2058:in the USSR was the 2013:first five-year plan 1967:, establishing both 1782:, in February 1926. 1684:collegial leadership 1576:autonomous republics 1531:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1520:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1198:Besarion Jughashvili 840:Petrograd Metropolis 765:Presidium of CPSU 544:Besarion Jughashvili 396:, Moscow (1953–1961) 165:(as First Secretary) 26193:Communism in Russia 25994:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 24978:Persons of the Year 23942:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 23580:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 23285:Nikolai Voznesensky 23249:Nikolai Voznesensky 22976:Vyacheslav Malyshev 22697:Mieczysław Rakowski 22692:Wojciech Jaruzelski 21335:Workers' Opposition 20962:Auditing Commission 20252:Leadership sittings 19714:General Secretaries 19496:Stalin's residences 19443:Galina Dzhugashvili 19427:Svetlana Alliluyeva 19411:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 19338:Cultural depictions 19180:Anti-Stalinist left 19135:Shvernik Commission 19103:Pospelov Commission 18879:Population transfer 18854:1941 Red Army purge 18828:Suppressed research 18482:First Indochina War 18425:Great Patriotic War 18403:Moscow Peace Treaty 18267:Cult of personality 17830:The Washington Post 17635:The Daily Telegraph 17523: • 17503: • 17480:Allilueva, Svetlana 17381:Europe-Asia Studies 17246:Stalin: A Biography 17146:Europe-Asia Studies 16929:. Lexington Books. 16729:Li, Hua-yu (2009). 16694:Europe-Asia Studies 16225:Europe-Asia Studies 16181:Europe-Asia Studies 16130:Europe-Asia Studies 15957:Europe-Asia Studies 15656:, pp. 596–597. 15309:, pp. 265–266. 14753:, pp. 365–366. 14693:, pp. 142–144. 14637:, pp. 9, 227; 14514:, pp. 292–293. 12975:, pp. 497–498. 12617:, pp. 179–180. 12538:, pp. 10, 699. 12201:, pp. 586–587. 12010:, pp. 313–314. 11909:, pp. 305–306. 11869:, pp. 566–567. 11853:, pp. 564–565. 11824:, pp. 304–305. 11784:, pp. 307–308. 11669:, pp. 576–577. 11657:, pp. 308–309. 11641:, pp. 384–385. 11553:, pp. 295–296. 11522:, pp. 294–295. 11470:, pp. 287–291. 10897:, pp. 502–503. 10826:, pp. 300–301. 10774:, pp. 272–273. 10714:, pp. 274–278. 10646:, pp. 482–483. 10554:, pp. 543–544. 10518:, pp. 480–481. 10426:, pp. 274–275. 10382:, pp. 248–249. 10322:, pp. 479–480. 10247:, pp. 241–244. 10231:, pp. 465–466. 10187:, pp. 232–233. 10150:, pp. 199–201. 10134:, pp. 194–195. 10106:, pp. 186–187. 10043:, pp. 229–230. 9765:, pp. 117–118. 9753:, pp. 221–222. 9717:, pp. 446–447. 9666:, pp. 242–243. 9460:, pp. 214–215. 9397:, pp. 201–202. 9357:, pp. 206–207. 9117:, pp. 172–173. 8945:, pp. 399–400. 8921:, pp. 185–186. 8893:, pp. 380–381. 8865:, pp. 1–5, 16. 8594:, pp. 150–151. 8491:, pp. 176–177. 8455:, pp. 139–140. 8423:, pp. 314–317. 8375:, pp. 128–129. 7807:, pp. 94, 95; 7795:, pp. 291–292. 7669:, pp. 183–184. 7593:, pp. 302–303. 7411:, pp. 107–108. 7367:, pp. 241–242. 7355:, pp. 231–233. 7198:, pp. 113–114. 7074:, pp. 110–111. 6956:, pp. 102–103. 6884:, pp. 638–639. 6741:, pp. 277–278. 6406:, pp. 495–496. 6203:, pp. 542–543. 5710:, pp. 479–481. 5623:, pp. 396–397. 5571:, pp. 376–377. 5551:, pp. 364–365. 5452:, pp. 176–177. 5420:, pp. 352–354. 5117:, pp. 78, 82; 5105:, pp. 302–303. 5042:, pp. 268–270. 4962:, pp. 259–264. 4347:activists from the 4331:22nd Party Congress 4038:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 3952:Catherine the Great 3861:. In 1934, his new 3763:Russian imperialism 3502:, eastern Siberia. 3304:Svetlana Alliluyeva 3173:published Stalin's 3122:occupation of Japan 2998:Operation Bagration 2988:Soviet soldiers in 2856:Dmitri Shostakovich 2575:1941 Red Army Purge 2507:national operations 2481:Engelsina Markizova 2386:. Stalin aided the 2384:non-aggression pact 2376:Nationalist faction 2345:liberal democracies 2175:George Bernard Shaw 2108:cultural revolution 2072:Metro-Vickers Trial 1857:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1832:14th Party Congress 1820:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1752:13th Party Congress 1742:Sverdlov University 1628:11th Party Congress 1624:New Economic Policy 1382:Due to the ongoing 1361:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 1253:February Revolution 1146:and initiated the " 1050:abroad through the 1037:forced labour camps 732:German capitulation 668:Soviet Armed Forces 528:Svetlana Alliluyeva 482:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 196:Nikolai Voznesensky 26638:Russian communists 25559:Ayatollah Khomeini 25224:John Foster Dulles 24697:February Manifesto 24687:Bessarabia/Moldova 24574:Nikolay Krestinsky 24471:Nikolay Krestinsky 24409:Vyacheslav Molotov 24306:Vyacheslav Molotov 24188:Vyacheslav Molotov 24070:Grigori Sokolnikov 24060:Vyacheslav Molotov 23856:Vyacheslav Molotov 23841:Kliment Voroshilov 23698:Vyacheslav Molotov 23693:Valerian Kuybyshev 23683:Kliment Voroshilov 23560:Vyacheslav Molotov 23555:Valerian Kuybyshev 23530:Kliment Voroshilov 23397:Vyacheslav Molotov 23392:Valerian Kuybyshev 23367:Kliment Voroshilov 23224:Vyacheslav Molotov 23199:Kliment Voroshilov 23117:Mir Jafar Baghirov 23092:Nikolai Patolichev 22996:Vyacheslav Molotov 22956:Demyan Korotchenko 22941:Kliment Voroshilov 22821:Dragoslav Marković 22725:Nicolae Ceaușescu 21578:Kliment Voroshilov 21546:Kliment Voroshilov 21120:Wider organisation 21055:Control Commission 20668:Control Commission 19824:Control Commission 19746:Vyacheslav Molotov 19740:Nikolay Krestinsky 19467:Alexander Svanidze 19395:Konstantin Kuzakov 19387:Yakov Dzhugashvili 19346:Apocalypse: Stalin 19319:Stalin Peace Prize 19314:State Stalin Prize 19017:"Ten Blows" speech 19004:Dizzy with Success 18914:Operation "Priboi" 18894:Operation "Lentil" 18847:1937 Soviet Census 18526:Sino-Soviet Treaty 18440:Potsdam Conference 18393:Invasion of Poland 18125:Vyacheslav Molotov 18054:Vyacheslav Molotov 18046:Political offices 17786:on 24 October 2012 17526:"[online]" 17506:"[online]" 17227:Lenin: A Biography 16604:The Russian Review 15829:Academic Questions 15822:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13830:, pp. 1–2, 5. 13588:, pp. 4, 344. 13131:, pp. 66–67; 13103:, pp. 57–58; 13027:, pp. 35, 60. 12971:, pp. 36–37; 12887:, pp. xx–xxi. 12050:The New York Times 9169:, pp. 20–21; 9029:, pp. 57–78; 9005:, pp. 57–78; 7916:, pp. 19–20; 6693:, pp. 11–12; 6283:, pp. 93–94; 6083:, pp. 72–74; 6035:, pp. 98–99; 5809:, pp. 78–70; 5225:, pp. 83–84; 5177:, pp. 78–79; 4704:, pp. 28–29; 4605:October Revolution 4467:first among equals 4353: 4268: 4190: 4142: 4094: 4066:Alexander Svanidze 4058:Konstantin Kuzakov 4026: 4004:Ekaterina Svanidze 3939: 3913:Vladimir Bekhterev 3891: 3838: 3741: 3702: 3675:Political ideology 3649:Kliment Voroshilov 3645:Vyacheslav Molotov 3580: 3530: 3436: 3433:Sino-Soviet Treaty 3342: 3260: 3194: 3170:celebratory parade 3129:Potsdam Conference 3118:Japanese surrender 3108:, the Soviet army 3087: 3083:Potsdam Conference 2994: 2929: 2860:The Internationale 2839: 2816:Geneva Conventions 2730: 2726:anti-tank trenches 2653:, undermining the 2627:Vyacheslav Molotov 2619: 2491: 2457: 2425: 2422:Vinnitsia massacre 2329: 2244: 2185:, whom he called " 2106:Stalin desired a " 2104: 1961: 1849:Vyacheslav Molotov 1845:head of government 1828: 1726: 1660:Grigori Sokolnikov 1560: 1554:Stalin wearing an 1490: 1451:8th Party Congress 1424:Kliment Voroshilov 1357:People's Commissar 1349: 1291: 1288:People's Commissar 1249:Russian Revolution 1194: 1144:denounced his rule 997:assumed leadership 985:October Revolution 977:protection rackets 926:interpretation of 812:Other offices held 787:Orgburo of CPSU 512:Yakov Dzhugashvili 457:Ekaterine Svanidze 438:faction from 1903) 319:Office established 218:Vyacheslav Molotov 200:Vyacheslav Molotov 147:Vyacheslav Molotov 26148:Anti-revisionists 26065:Georgia (country) 26022: 26021: 26016: 26015: 25998:Spirit of Ukraine 25698:Pope John Paul II 25675:The Peacemakers: 25651:George H. W. Bush 25643:Mikhail Gorbachev 25627:Mikhail Gorbachev 25471:Susan Brownmiller 25387:Lyndon B. Johnson 25363:Lyndon B. Johnson 25272:U.S. Scientists: 25256:Charles de Gaulle 25248:Nikita Khrushchev 25200:Mohammed Mosaddeq 25173:Winston Churchill 25101:Winston Churchill 24993:Charles Lindbergh 24941: 24940: 24818:Kastus Kalinouski 24787:Nikita Khrushchev 24628: 24627: 24598:Candidate members 24520: 24519: 24495:Candidate members 24417: 24416: 24392:Candidate members 24314: 24313: 24289:Candidate members 24201: 24200: 24171:Candidate members 24083: 24082: 24050:Felix Dzerzhinsky 24043:Candidate members 23955: 23954: 23907:Grigory Petrovsky 23897:Felix Dzerzhinsky 23890:Candidate members 23787: 23786: 23759:Grigory Petrovsky 23727:Candidate members 23629: 23628: 23611:Grigory Petrovsky 23594:Candidate members 23481: 23480: 23473:Nikita Khrushchev 23438:Grigory Petrovsky 23426:Candidate members 23313: 23312: 23268:Candidate members 23234:Nikita Khrushchev 23145: 23144: 23137:Alexei Kirichenko 23102:Alexander Puzanov 23055:Candidate members 23046:Alexei Kirichenko 23041:Matvei Shkiryatov 23026:Nikita Khrushchev 23001:Mikhail Pervukhin 22991:Nikolai Mikhailov 22872: 22871: 22868: 22867: 22863: 22862: 22859: 22858: 22778:Mikhail Gorbachev 22758:Nikita Khrushchev 22677:Władysław Gomułka 22647: 22646: 22440:Communist parties 22405: 22404: 22147: 22146: 21827: 21826: 21776:Rodion Malinovsky 21737:Nikolai Kuznetsov 21633:Nikolai Kuznetsov 21625:Mikhail Frinovsky 21586:Semyon Timoshenko 21522:Nikolai Podvoisky 21456: 21455: 21365:United Opposition 21312: 21311: 21277: 21276: 21237: 21236: 21115: 21114: 21111: 21110: 20799:Central Committee 20784: 20783: 20659: 20658: 20598:Control Committee 20261:Central Committee 20247: 20246: 19980:National meetings 19975: 19974: 19852:Chemical Industry 19782:Mikhail Gorbachev 19758:Nikita Khrushchev 19703:Mikhail Gorbachev 19679:Nikita Khrushchev 19650:Central Committee 19595: 19594: 19552:Kholodnaya Rechka 19249:Iosif Stalin tank 19170:Lenin's Testament 19145:Era of Stagnation 18946:Mingrelian Affair 18924:Forced settlement 18909:Operation "North" 18869:Soviet war crimes 18647:and controversies 18586:Socialist realism 18549: 18548: 18531:Tito–Stalin split 18430:Tehran Conference 18353:Spanish Civil War 18324:Chinese Civil War 18166: 18165: 18151:Nikita Khrushchev 18148:Succeeded by 18107:Succeeded by 18089:Semyon Timoshenko 18076:Succeeded by 17922:Ukrayinska Pravda 17681:The New Statesman 17364:978-0-7425-5542-6 17345:978-0-2978-1080-3 17295:978-1-7887-3074-7 17274:978-1-4070-7550-1 17267:. Vintage Books. 17255:978-0-3337-2627-3 17236:978-0-3337-2625-9 17205:978-1-5267-0205-0 17184:978-1-8572-8355-6 17124:978-0-3001-7904-0 17103:978-0-3001-5040-7 17026:978-1-1394-4663-1 17007:978-1-5760-7084-0 16988:978-0-5212-4713-9 16969:978-0-3930-2030-4 16936:978-0-7391-1403-2 16875:978-0-2978-5068-7 16856:978-1-8421-2726-1 16837:978-0-3337-1122-4 16785:978-0-5825-0587-2 16684:978-0-7139-9945-7 16663:978-0-7139-9944-0 16642:978-0-3001-6388-9 16526:978-0-1987-9786-9 16503:978-1-4008-7421-7 16356:978-0-2240-6283-1 16349:. Jonathan Cape. 16337:978-0-1430-3827-6 16330:. Penguin Press. 16306:978-0-7556-1845-3 16282:978-0-6744-1030-5 16029:978-9-0043-9513-8 15940:978-0-2302-3855-8 15921:978-0-7126-0694-3 15902:978-0-1953-1699-5 15883:978-0-1401-6953-9 15810:978-0-0620-1367-5 15803:. HarperCollins. 15782:978-0-7146-5050-0 15763:978-0-5850-7670-6 15513:978-1-8936-3896-9 15372:978-1-3178-6369-4 14981:978-0-2710-2861-3 14954:978-0-9290-8777-1 14788:978-1-3990-6361-6 14399:978-0-0603-9027-3 14208:978-0-5213-1198-4 14169:978-1-3178-6369-4 14130:978-0-9290-8748-1 14091:978-0-1995-5154-5 14052:978-0-7126-7362-4 13714:978-1-7830-8057-1 13437:, pp. 12–13. 13421:978-1-8936-3897-6 13344:978-0-2533-1604-2 12927:, pp. 13–14. 12779:, pp. 66–67. 12767:, pp. 94–97. 12653:, pp. 93–94. 12494:, pp. 93–94. 12308:978-1-1390-3251-3 11155:, pp. 96–98. 10441:, pp. 90–91. 6757:, pp. 12–13. 6601:, pp. 82–83. 6318:978-1-3178-6780-7 6091:, pp. 70–71. 6023:, pp. 68–69. 5984:, pp. 71–72. 5964:, pp. 69–70. 5165:, pp. 56–57. 4644:978-0-2978-6384-7 4528: 4406:Explanatory notes 4362:Mikhail Gorbachev 4288:Timothy D. Snyder 4276:mass deportations 4214:Mikhail Gorbachev 4167:Dmitri Volkogonov 4084:of Stalin at the 4031:Alexander Davydov 3944:Ivan the Terrible 3871:Kholodnaya Rechka 3836:in the mid-1930s. 3799: 3798: 3653:Nikita Khrushchev 3616:Lenin's Mausoleum 3544:Mingrelian affair 3464:North Korean Army 3386:blockading Berlin 3370:Balkan Federation 3218:Nikita Khrushchev 3199:Decembrist Revolt 3112:and defeated the 3077:, U.S. President 3032:—were accused of 2955:Winston Churchill 2925:Tehran Conference 2921:Winston Churchill 2848:Patriarch Sergius 2814:set forth in the 2698:a neutrality pact 2651:continued trading 2364:Spanish Civil War 2359:against fascism. 2333:League of Nations 2326:Spanish Civil War 2253:German chancellor 2140:pseudo-scientific 2128:Mikhail Sholokhov 2120:Socialist realism 2044:new Soviet person 2036:Wall Street crash 1943:Dmitri Volkogonov 1837:United Opposition 1764:Felix Dzerzhinsky 1676:Lenin's Testament 1632:General Secretary 1618:, in March 1921. 1498:Polish–Soviet War 1447:Alexander Kolchak 1416:Russian Civil War 1371:to meet with the 1140:Nikita Khrushchev 1025:famine of 1930–33 885: 884: 735:Recorded May 1945 725: 687:Polish–Soviet War 682:Russian Civil War 549:Ekaterine Geladze 394:Lenin's Mausoleum 269:Semyon Timoshenko 162:Nikita Khrushchev 111:Tehran Conference 16:(Redirected from 26695: 26283:Marxism–Leninism 26188:Comintern people 26075: 26074: 26073: 26063: 26062: 26061: 26051: 26050: 26049: 26039: 26038: 26037: 26030: 26009: 26001: 25989: 25981: 25969: 25961: 25959: 25932: 25924: 25916: 25908: 25906: 25890: 25882: 25874: 25866: 25858: 25850: 25842: 25834: 25826: 25824: 25807: 25799: 25791: 25789: 25772: 25769:Rudolph Giuliani 25753: 25745: 25737: 25725: 25717: 25709: 25701: 25693: 25691: 25670: 25662: 25654: 25646: 25638: 25630: 25622: 25614: 25606: 25598: 25586: 25578: 25570: 25562: 25554: 25546: 25538: 25519: 25517: 25503:Billie Jean King 25469:American Women: 25464: 25456: 25448: 25436: 25428: 25420: 25412: 25410: 25390: 25382: 25374: 25366: 25358: 25350: 25342: 25334: 25332: 25314:William Shockley 25290:Joshua Lederberg 25286:Donald A. Glaser 25267: 25259: 25251: 25243: 25235: 25227: 25219: 25211: 25203: 25184: 25176: 25168: 25160: 25152: 25144: 25136: 25128: 25120: 25112: 25104: 25096: 25088: 25080: 25068: 25060: 25052: 25044: 25036: 25028: 25020: 25012: 25004: 24996: 24968: 24961: 24954: 24945: 24944: 24933: 24932: 24777:Nikolay Bobrikov 24655: 24648: 24641: 24632: 24631: 24610:Grigory Zinoviev 24605:Nikolai Bukharin 24547: 24540: 24533: 24524: 24523: 24507:Grigory Zinoviev 24502:Nikolai Bukharin 24444: 24437: 24430: 24421: 24420: 24399:Nikolai Bukharin 24363:Grigory Zinoviev 24341: 24334: 24327: 24318: 24317: 24296:Nikolai Bukharin 24250:Grigory Zinoviev 24228: 24221: 24214: 24205: 24204: 24178:Nikolai Bukharin 24132:Grigory Zinoviev 24110: 24103: 24096: 24087: 24086: 24009:Grigory Zinoviev 24004:Nikolai Bukharin 23982: 23975: 23968: 23959: 23958: 23927:Lazar Kaganovich 23846:Grigory Zinoviev 23836:Nikolai Bukharin 23814: 23807: 23800: 23791: 23790: 23749:Stanislav Kosior 23739:Lazar Kaganovich 23678:Nikolai Bukharin 23656: 23649: 23642: 23633: 23632: 23550:Stanislav Kosior 23535:Lazar Kaganovich 23508: 23501: 23494: 23485: 23484: 23387:Stanislav Kosior 23372:Lazar Kaganovich 23340: 23333: 23326: 23317: 23316: 23300:Nikolai Bulganin 23280:Nikolai Shvernik 23254:Nikolai Bulganin 23209:Lazar Kaganovich 23172: 23165: 23158: 23149: 23148: 23132:Nikolai Shvernik 23067:Andrey Vyshinsky 23036:Nikolai Shvernik 23031:Dmitry Chesnokov 22961:Vasili Kuznetsov 22951:Lazar Kaganovich 22936:Nikolai Bulganin 22921:Vasily Andrianov 22899: 22892: 22885: 22876: 22875: 22836:Milanko Renovica 22811:Dušan Dragosavac 22801:Stevan Doronjski 22720:Gheorghe Apostol 22651: 22650: 22539:Alexander Dubček 22529:Klement Gottwald 22501:Valko Chervenkov 22461: 22460: 22457: 22456: 22452: 22451: 22432: 22425: 22418: 22409: 22408: 22174: 22167: 22160: 22151: 22150: 22117:(Jan.–Nov. 1991) 22111:(Jan.–Nov. 1991) 21994:(Mar.–June 1953) 21951:(Aug.–Dec. 1991) 21937:(Jan.–Aug. 1991) 21854: 21847: 21840: 21831: 21830: 21820: 21812: 21804: 21796: 21788: 21780: 21772: 21764: 21760:Nikolai Bulganin 21741: 21733: 21694: 21686: 21682:Nikolai Bulganin 21678: 21637: 21629: 21621: 21598: 21590: 21582: 21561: 21560: 21550: 21542: 21534: 21526: 21518: 21483: 21476: 21469: 21460: 21459: 21389:Anti-Party Group 21359:Right Opposition 21279: 21278: 21239: 21238: 21127:Republican-level 21124: 21123: 20795: 20794: 20673: 20672: 20265: 20264: 20256: 20255: 20199:11th (Dec. 1921) 19984: 19983: 19902:Machine Industry 19867:Defence Industry 19788:Vladimir Ivashko 19736:(Mar.–Dec. 1919) 19655: 19654: 19635: 19628: 19621: 19612: 19611: 19599: 19598: 19585: 19584: 19487: 19479: 19471: 19470:(brother-in-law) 19463: 19459:Sergei Alliluyev 19455: 19451:Joseph Alliluyev 19447: 19439: 19431: 19423: 19415: 19407: 19399: 19391: 19383: 19375: 19367: 19269:Pantheon, Moscow 19227:The Soviet Story 19201:Darkness at Noon 19090:De-Stalinization 18941:Leningrad Affair 18674:Decossackization 18472:1946 Iran crisis 18435:Yalta Conference 18307:Collectivization 18232: 18231: 18192: 18185: 18178: 18169: 18168: 18161: 18135: 18122:Preceded by 18110:Nikolai Bulganin 18101: 18086:Preceded by 18070: 18051:Preceded by 18043: 18042: 17988:and "volume 14") 17972: 17970: 17968: 17962: 17947: 17937: 17935: 17933: 17910: 17908: 17906: 17885: 17883: 17881: 17865: 17863: 17861: 17845: 17843: 17841: 17820: 17818: 17816: 17795: 17793: 17791: 17782:. Archived from 17770: 17768: 17766: 17745: 17743: 17741: 17732:. 2 March 2013. 17730:The Moscow Times 17721: 17719: 17717: 17696: 17694: 17692: 17671: 17669: 17667: 17650: 17648: 17646: 17625: 17623: 17621: 17610:Atlantic Council 17600: 17583: 17581: 17579: 17562: 17560: 17558: 17541: 17539: 17537: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17501: 17496: 17466: 17419: 17417: 17415: 17409: 17387:(8): 1319–1353. 17378: 17368: 17349: 17320: 17311: 17309: 17307: 17285:Red Flag Wounded 17278: 17259: 17240: 17221: 17219: 17217: 17188: 17161: 17140: 17138: 17136: 17107: 17088: 17059: 17030: 17011: 16992: 16973: 16952: 16950: 16948: 16919: 16900: 16879: 16860: 16841: 16829: 16818: 16789: 16770: 16768: 16766: 16725: 16688: 16667: 16646: 16627: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16577:(3): 1049–1051. 16559: 16530: 16507: 16488: 16486: 16484: 16478: 16471: 16459: 16457: 16451:. Archived from 16450: 16440: 16438: 16436: 16430: 16423: 16413: 16411: 16409: 16403: 16381:(4): 1017–1049. 16370: 16360: 16341: 16322: 16320: 16318: 16286: 16267: 16248: 16219: 16217: 16215: 16209: 16178: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16158: 16136:(7): 1151–1172. 16127: 16117: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16086: 16055: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16012: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15993: 15954: 15944: 15925: 15906: 15887: 15866: 15860: 15852: 15823: 15814: 15795: 15786: 15767: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15723: 15703: 15697: 15687: 15681: 15675: 15669: 15666:BBC, 5 June 2018 15663: 15657: 15651: 15645: 15639: 15630: 15624: 15618: 15608: 15602: 15596: 15590: 15580: 15574: 15568: 15562: 15548: 15542: 15536: 15530: 15524: 15518: 15517: 15499: 15493: 15483: 15477: 15471: 15465: 15459: 15453: 15443: 15437: 15431: 15425: 15419: 15413: 15407: 15401: 15395: 15389: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15356: 15350: 15340: 15334: 15328: 15322: 15316: 15310: 15304: 15298: 15288: 15282: 15276: 15270: 15264: 15253: 15247: 15241: 15235: 15229: 15223: 15214: 15208: 15202: 15196: 15190: 15189:, pp. 8, 9. 15184: 15178: 15172: 15166: 15165:, p. xviii. 15160: 15154: 15149:, p. xvii; 15144: 15138: 15132: 15126: 15120: 15114: 15108: 15102: 15096: 15090: 15076: 15070: 15048: 15042: 15036: 15030: 15020: 15014: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14965: 14959: 14958: 14938: 14932: 14926: 14920: 14914: 14908: 14902: 14893: 14883: 14877: 14871: 14862: 14856: 14845: 14839: 14833: 14823: 14817: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14772: 14766: 14760: 14754: 14748: 14742: 14736: 14730: 14724: 14718: 14712: 14706: 14700: 14694: 14688: 14682: 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14648: 14642: 14624: 14618: 14612: 14606: 14592: 14586: 14580: 14574: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14539: 14533: 14527: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14478: 14472: 14462: 14456: 14446: 14440: 14422: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14411: 14383: 14377: 14371: 14365: 14359: 14353: 14347: 14341: 14335: 14329: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14301: 14295: 14289: 14283: 14277: 14271: 14265: 14259: 14253: 14247: 14241: 14238:Fitzpatrick 2015 14231: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14220: 14192: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14153: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14075: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14064: 14036: 14030: 14024: 14018: 14012: 14003: 13989: 13983: 13973: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13945: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13917: 13911: 13901: 13895: 13877: 13871: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13813: 13807: 13801: 13795: 13789: 13783: 13777: 13771: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13726: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13661: 13655: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13627: 13621: 13611: 13605: 13595: 13589: 13583: 13577: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13537: 13527: 13521: 13515: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13484: 13478: 13472: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13444: 13438: 13432: 13426: 13425: 13407: 13401: 13387: 13381: 13376:, p. xxvi; 13367: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13280: 13271: 13257: 13251: 13229: 13223: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13192: 13186: 13180: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13156: 13142: 13136: 13126: 13120: 13114: 13108: 13098: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13074: 13068: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13040: 13034: 13028: 13022: 13016: 13010: 13004: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12976: 12958: 12952: 12934: 12928: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12828: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12741: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12696: 12690: 12681: 12675: 12669: 12663: 12654: 12648: 12642: 12636: 12630: 12624: 12618: 12612: 12606: 12596: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12572: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12501: 12495: 12489: 12483: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12456: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12253: 12247: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12128: 12122: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12084: 12078: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12041: 12035: 12029: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12001: 11995: 11977: 11971: 11957: 11951: 11945: 11934: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11860: 11854: 11848: 11842: 11836: 11825: 11819: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11791: 11785: 11775: 11769: 11751: 11745: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11714: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11648: 11642: 11632: 11626: 11612: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11560: 11554: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11523: 11509: 11503: 11493: 11487: 11477: 11471: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11311: 11305: 11294: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11263: 11249: 11243: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11125: 11119: 11113: 11107: 11097: 11088: 11082: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11033:Cold War History 11023: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10995: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10898: 10892: 10886: 10880: 10871: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10805: 10799: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10765: 10759: 10749: 10743: 10733: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10497: 10491: 10485: 10474: 10468: 10457: 10451: 10442: 10436: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10405: 10399: 10389: 10383: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10334:, pp. 265; 10329: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10280: 10270: 10264: 10254: 10248: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10174: 10168: 10162: 10151: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9921: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9740: 9734: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9600: 9594: 9585: 9575: 9569: 9559: 9553: 9543: 9537: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9495: 9489: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9414: 9404: 9398: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9348: 9342: 9328: 9322: 9308: 9302: 9292: 9286: 9276: 9270: 9256: 9250: 9240: 9234: 9224: 9218: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9180: 9174: 9156: 9150: 9140: 9134: 9124: 9118: 9104: 9098: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9056: 9050: 9040: 9034: 9020: 9014: 8996: 8990: 8980: 8974: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8900: 8894: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8635: 8621: 8615: 8601: 8595: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8337: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8276: 8270: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8224: 8218: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8088: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8050: 8044: 8034: 8028: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7982: 7976: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7921: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7884: 7878: 7869: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7802: 7796: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7685: 7679: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7572: 7566: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7448: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7253: 7247: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7205: 7199: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7161: 7155: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7001: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6963: 6957: 6939: 6933: 6923: 6917: 6907: 6901: 6891: 6885: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6814: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6708: 6702: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6648: 6642: 6632: 6626: 6608: 6602: 6592: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6429: 6423: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6302: 6296: 6274: 6268: 6258: 6252: 6234: 6228: 6210: 6204: 6186: 6180: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6098: 6092: 6074: 6068: 6054: 6048: 6030: 6024: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5971: 5965: 5947: 5941: 5927: 5921: 5907: 5901: 5891: 5885: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5850: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5752: 5746: 5736: 5727: 5717: 5711: 5701: 5695: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5558: 5552: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5427: 5421: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5234: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5172: 5166: 5148: 5142: 5132: 5126: 5112: 5106: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5075: 5049: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5005: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4969: 4963: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4885: 4879: 4869: 4863: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4731: 4725: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4628: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4345:Marxist–Leninist 4311:de-Stalinization 4266:Museum in Moscow 4262:Interior of the 4226:state capitalism 4133:Interior of the 4044:, and daughter, 3920:Mikhail Bulgakov 3908:Geoffrey Roberts 3900:Lazar Kaganovich 3851: 3847: 3843: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3779: 3681:Marxism-Leninism 3661:Lazar Kaganovich 3657:Nikolai Bulganin 3358:Szklarska Poręba 3296:Security Council 3249:Nikolai Bulganin 3222:Leningrad Affair 3046:Yalta Conference 3002:Byelorussian SSR 2637:. A week later, 2406:The Great Terror 2195:Dmitry Manuilsky 2183:social democrats 1913: 1881:world revolution 1853:Lazar Kaganovich 1738:personality cult 1719:Grigori Zinoviev 1646: 1315:Smolny Institute 1168:ethnic cleansing 1155:personality cult 1148:de-Stalinisation 1094:and territories 1086:in 1945, ending 1048:Marxism–Leninism 1046:Stalin promoted 1005:party's ideology 932:Marxism-Leninism 902:from 1924 until 874: 861: 730:Announcement of 727: 726: 609:Military service 587: 497: 495: 472: 470: 376: 341:Personal details 331:Office abolished 327: 315: 296: 280:Nikolai Bulganin 277: 265: 246: 225: 215: 204:Nikolai Bulganin 182: 166: 158: 151: 143: 134: 107: 95: 94: 93: 86: 85: 84: 62: 61: 21: 26703: 26702: 26698: 26697: 26696: 26694: 26693: 26692: 26083: 26082: 26081: 26071: 26069: 26059: 26057: 26047: 26045: 26035: 26033: 26025: 26023: 26018: 26017: 26012: 26004: 25992: 25984: 25972: 25964: 25939:Jamal Khashoggi 25937:The Guardians: 25936: 25935: 25927: 25919: 25911: 25894: 25893: 25885: 25877: 25869: 25863:Mark Zuckerberg 25861: 25853: 25845: 25837: 25829: 25811: 25810: 25802: 25794: 25787:Sherron Watkins 25776: 25775: 25767: 25756: 25748: 25740: 25728: 25720: 25712: 25704: 25696: 25674: 25673: 25665: 25657: 25649: 25641: 25633: 25625: 25617: 25609: 25603:Peter Ueberroth 25601: 25589: 25581: 25573: 25565: 25557: 25549: 25541: 25533: 25522: 25475:Kathleen Byerly 25468: 25467: 25459: 25451: 25441:Henry Kissinger 25439: 25431: 25423: 25415: 25394: 25393: 25385: 25377: 25369: 25361: 25353: 25347:Pope John XXIII 25345: 25339:John F. Kennedy 25337: 25330:Robert Woodward 25326:James Van Allen 25271: 25270: 25262: 25254: 25246: 25238: 25230: 25222: 25216:Konrad Adenauer 25214: 25206: 25198: 25187: 25179: 25171: 25165:Harry S. Truman 25163: 25157:George Marshall 25155: 25149:James F. Byrnes 25147: 25141:Harry S. Truman 25139: 25131: 25125:George Marshall 25123: 25115: 25107: 25099: 25091: 25083: 25073:Chiang Kai-shek 25071: 25063: 25055: 25047: 25041:Hugh S. Johnson 25039: 25031: 25023: 25017:Mohandas Gandhi 25015: 25007: 25001:Walter Chrysler 24999: 24991: 24980: 24972: 24942: 24937: 24923: 24919:Valuev Circular 24867: 24858:Atner Khuzangai 24806: 24792:Leonid Brezhnev 24735: 24665: 24659: 24629: 24624: 24615:Mikhail Kalinin 24593: 24557: 24551: 24521: 24516: 24512:Mikhail Kalinin 24490: 24454: 24448: 24418: 24413: 24404:Mikhail Kalinin 24387: 24351: 24345: 24315: 24310: 24301:Mikhail Kalinin 24284: 24238: 24232: 24202: 24197: 24193:Jānis Rudzutaks 24183:Mikhail Kalinin 24166: 24120: 24114: 24084: 24079: 24065:Jānis Rudzutaks 24055:Mikhail Kalinin 24038: 23992: 23986: 23956: 23951: 23937:Anastas Mikoyan 23922:Andrey Andreyev 23917:Nikolai Uglanov 23912:Jānis Rudzutaks 23885: 23881:Jānis Rudzutaks 23851:Mikhail Kalinin 23824: 23818: 23788: 23783: 23764:Nikolai Uglanov 23754:Anastas Mikoyan 23734:Andrey Andreyev 23722: 23708:Jānis Rudzutaks 23688:Mikhail Kalinin 23666: 23660: 23630: 23625: 23606:Anastas Mikoyan 23601:Andrey Andreyev 23589: 23585:Andrey Andreyev 23565:Jānis Rudzutaks 23540:Mikhail Kalinin 23518: 23512: 23482: 23477: 23448:Jānis Rudzutaks 23443:Pavel Postyshev 23433:Anastas Mikoyan 23421: 23412:Anastas Mikoyan 23377:Mikhail Kalinin 23362:Andrey Andreyev 23350: 23344: 23314: 23309: 23290:Georgy Malenkov 23275:Lavrentiy Beria 23263: 23244:Georgy Malenkov 23239:Lavrentiy Beria 23219:Anastas Mikoyan 23214:Mikhail Kalinin 23194:Andrey Andreyev 23182: 23176: 23146: 23141: 23122:Leonid Melnikov 23077:Nikolai Ignatov 23062:Leonid Brezhnev 23050: 22986:Anastas Mikoyan 22981:Leonid Melnikov 22971:Georgy Malenkov 22946:Semyon Ignatyev 22931:Lavrentiy Beria 22909: 22903: 22873: 22864: 22855: 22851:Milan Pančevski 22831:Vidoje Žarković 22796:Josip Broz Tito 22782: 22763:Leonid Brezhnev 22753:Georgy Malenkov 22729: 22701: 22687:Stanisław Kania 22667:Bolesław Bierut 22657: 22643: 22604: 22596: 22582:Walter Ulbricht 22558: 22534:Antonín Novotný 22515: 22496:Georgi Dimitrov 22482: 22446: 22436: 22406: 22401: 22183: 22178: 22148: 22143: 22134:Deputy Premiers 22120: 21954: 21863: 21858: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21810: 21802: 21794: 21786: 21778: 21770: 21762: 21752: 21744: 21739: 21731: 21721: 21715: 21703: 21702:Minister of War 21697: 21692: 21684: 21676: 21666: 21660: 21648: 21646: 21640: 21635: 21627: 21619: 21609: 21601: 21596: 21588: 21580: 21570: 21562: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21540: 21532: 21524: 21516: 21506: 21503: 21496: 21487: 21457: 21452: 21406: 21371:Left-Right Bloc 21347:Left Opposition 21324:Ban on factions 21308: 21273: 21233: 21107: 21049: 20956: 20807:1st (1898–1903) 20790: 20780: 20742: 20714: 20667: 20664:Elected by the 20655: 20592: 20519: 20396: 20260: 20243: 20194:10th (May 1921) 20164:4th (Nov. 1907) 20159:3rd (Aug. 1907) 20135: 19971: 19946: 19828: 19797: 19764:Leonid Brezhnev 19708: 19685:Leonid Brezhnev 19644: 19639: 19604: 19596: 19591: 19573: 19569:Stalin's bunker 19519:Room at Kremlin 19509:Tiflis Seminary 19490: 19485: 19477: 19469: 19461: 19453: 19446:(granddaughter) 19445: 19437: 19429: 19421: 19413: 19405: 19403:Artyom Sergeyev 19397: 19389: 19381: 19373: 19365: 19351: 19333: 19237: 19195:True Communists 19158: 19156: 19149: 19113:Khrushchev Thaw 19084: 19051:Stalin's poetry 18970: 18838:Japhetic theory 18776:Medvedev Forest 18669:Georgian Affair 18646: 18640: 18601:Five-year plans 18545: 18514:Berlin Blockade 18504:Greek Civil War 18293:August Uprising 18281: 18262:Political views 18227: 18221: 18201: 18196: 18162: 18159:First Secretary 18154: 18153: 18144: 18136: 18128: 18127: 18112: 18103: 18099: 18098: 18091: 18081: 18079:Georgy Malenkov 18072: 18068: 18067: 18056: 17980: 17975: 17966: 17964: 17960: 17951: 17945: 17931: 17929: 17928:on 5 March 2016 17918: 17904: 17902: 17879: 17877: 17859: 17857: 17839: 17837: 17814: 17812: 17789: 17787: 17764: 17762: 17755:Washington Post 17739: 17737: 17715: 17713: 17690: 17688: 17665: 17663: 17644: 17642: 17619: 17617: 17577: 17575: 17556: 17554: 17553:on 2 April 2017 17535: 17533: 17524: 17522: 17515: 17513: 17504: 17502: 17494: 17474: 17469: 17439:10.2307/2672986 17413: 17411: 17407: 17376: 17365: 17346: 17329:Wayback Machine 17305: 17303: 17296: 17275: 17256: 17237: 17215: 17213: 17206: 17185: 17134: 17132: 17125: 17104: 17027: 17008: 16989: 16970: 16946: 16944: 16937: 16916: 16876: 16857: 16838: 16786: 16764: 16762: 16685: 16664: 16643: 16592: 16590: 16527: 16504: 16482: 16480: 16476: 16469: 16458:on 9 July 2011. 16455: 16448: 16434: 16432: 16428: 16421: 16407: 16405: 16401: 16387:10.2307/2166597 16368: 16357: 16338: 16316: 16314: 16307: 16283: 16264: 16213: 16211: 16207: 16176: 16162: 16160: 16156: 16125: 16090: 16088: 16084: 16053: 16039: 16037: 16030: 15997: 15995: 15991: 15952: 15941: 15922: 15903: 15884: 15854: 15853: 15811: 15783: 15764: 15747: 15742: 15736: 15731: 15721: 15719: 15704: 15700: 15688: 15684: 15676: 15672: 15664: 15660: 15652: 15648: 15640: 15633: 15625: 15621: 15613:, p. 315; 15609: 15605: 15597: 15593: 15585:, p. 576; 15583:Volkogonov 1991 15581: 15577: 15569: 15565: 15555:Volkogonov 1991 15553:, p. 314; 15549: 15545: 15537: 15533: 15525: 15521: 15514: 15500: 15496: 15488:, p. 384; 15484: 15480: 15474:Rosefielde 1996 15472: 15468: 15460: 15456: 15452:, p. 1172. 15446:Wheatcroft 1996 15444: 15440: 15432: 15428: 15420: 15416: 15412:, p. 1024. 15408: 15404: 15396: 15392: 15388:, p. 1022. 15384: 15380: 15373: 15357: 15353: 15341: 15337: 15329: 15325: 15319:Volkogonov 1991 15317: 15313: 15305: 15301: 15295:Montefiore 2007 15289: 15285: 15281:, p. xiii. 15277: 15273: 15265: 15256: 15248: 15244: 15236: 15232: 15224: 15217: 15209: 15205: 15197: 15193: 15185: 15181: 15177:, pp. 5–6. 15173: 15169: 15163:Volkogonov 1991 15161: 15157: 15145: 15141: 15133: 15129: 15123:Montefiore 2003 15121: 15117: 15111:Montefiore 2003 15109: 15105: 15099:Volkogonov 1991 15097: 15093: 15083:Volkogonov 1991 15081:, p. 194; 15077: 15073: 15065:, p. xii; 15059:Montefiore 2007 15049: 15045: 15037: 15033: 15025:, p. 602; 15021: 15017: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14989: 14982: 14966: 14962: 14955: 14939: 14935: 14931:, p. 1164. 14927: 14923: 14917:Wheatcroft 1999 14915: 14911: 14903: 14896: 14888:, p. 546; 14886:Volkogonov 1991 14884: 14880: 14872: 14865: 14857: 14848: 14844:, p. xxii. 14842:Montefiore 2007 14840: 14836: 14828:, p. 108; 14826:Volkogonov 1991 14824: 14820: 14812: 14808: 14798: 14796: 14789: 14773: 14769: 14763:Montefiore 2007 14761: 14757: 14751:Montefiore 2007 14749: 14745: 14737: 14733: 14727:Montefiore 2007 14725: 14721: 14713: 14709: 14703:Montefiore 2003 14701: 14697: 14691:Montefiore 2003 14689: 14685: 14677: 14673: 14665: 14661: 14653:, p. 260; 14649: 14645: 14635:Montefiore 2003 14633:, p. 153; 14631:Volkogonov 1991 14629:, p. 215; 14625: 14621: 14613: 14609: 14599:Montefiore 2003 14597:, p. 154; 14595:Volkogonov 1991 14593: 14589: 14583:Montefiore 2003 14581: 14577: 14569:, p. 255; 14563:Montefiore 2003 14561: 14557: 14551:Montefiore 2003 14549: 14542: 14536:Montefiore 2003 14534: 14530: 14524:Montefiore 2007 14522: 14518: 14512:Montefiore 2007 14510: 14506: 14496: 14494: 14479: 14475: 14467:, p. 559; 14463: 14459: 14453:Montefiore 2007 14449:Volkogonov 1991 14447: 14443: 14435:, p. 167; 14433:Montefiore 2007 14427:, p. 149; 14425:Volkogonov 1991 14423: 14419: 14409: 14407: 14400: 14384: 14380: 14374:Montefiore 2007 14372: 14368: 14362:Volkogonov 1991 14360: 14356: 14350:Montefiore 2007 14348: 14344: 14336: 14332: 14326:Montefiore 2007 14320: 14316: 14310:Montefiore 2007 14308: 14304: 14298:Montefiore 2007 14296: 14292: 14284: 14280: 14274:Montefiore 2003 14272: 14268: 14260: 14256: 14250:Montefiore 2007 14248: 14244: 14234:Montefiore 2007 14232: 14228: 14218: 14216: 14209: 14193: 14189: 14179: 14177: 14170: 14154: 14150: 14140: 14138: 14131: 14115: 14111: 14101: 14099: 14092: 14076: 14072: 14062: 14060: 14053: 14037: 14033: 14029:, pp. 3–4. 14025: 14021: 14015:Montefiore 2007 14013: 14006: 13990: 13986: 13978:, p. 283; 13974: 13970: 13962: 13958: 13948:Montefiore 2003 13946: 13942: 13936:Montefiore 2003 13934: 13930: 13922:, p. 282; 13918: 13914: 13910:, pp. 2–3. 13906:, p. 127; 13904:Volkogonov 1991 13902: 13898: 13890:, p. 560; 13884:Montefiore 2003 13878: 13874: 13864:Montefiore 2003 13862: 13858: 13850: 13846: 13838: 13834: 13816:Montefiore 2003 13814: 13810: 13804:Volkogonov 1991 13802: 13798: 13792:Volkogonov 1991 13790: 13786: 13778: 13774: 13764:Montefiore 2003 13762: 13758: 13750: 13746: 13738: 13734: 13724: 13722: 13715: 13699: 13695: 13687: 13683: 13675: 13664: 13658:Montefiore 2007 13656: 13652: 13646:Montefiore 2003 13644: 13640: 13632:, p. 336; 13628: 13624: 13612: 13608: 13600:, p. 597; 13596: 13592: 13584: 13580: 13574:Montefiore 2007 13572:, p. 258; 13568: 13564: 13556: 13552: 13546:Volkogonov 1991 13544: 13540: 13530:Volkogonov 1991 13528: 13524: 13516: 13509: 13501: 13497: 13489:, p. 120; 13487:Volkogonov 1991 13485: 13481: 13473: 13469: 13461: 13457: 13447:Montefiore 2003 13445: 13441: 13433: 13429: 13422: 13408: 13404: 13392:, p. xvi; 13388: 13384: 13374:Volkogonov 1991 13372:, p. 317; 13368: 13364: 13354: 13352: 13345: 13329: 13325: 13317: 13313: 13307:Volkogonov 1991 13305: 13301: 13297:, pp. 4–5. 13293: 13289: 13281: 13274: 13266:, p. 353; 13264:Montefiore 2007 13258: 13254: 13246:, p. 425; 13242:, p. 115; 13236:Volkogonov 1991 13230: 13226: 13216:Volkogonov 1991 13214: 13210: 13202: 13195: 13191:, p. xxiv. 13189:Montefiore 2007 13187: 13183: 13175: 13171: 13165:Montefiore 2003 13163: 13159: 13151:, p. 103; 13149:Montefiore 2003 13147:, p. 215; 13143: 13139: 13129:Montefiore 2003 13127: 13123: 13117:Montefiore 2003 13115: 13111: 13101:Montefiore 2003 13099: 13095: 13087: 13083: 13077:Montefiore 2003 13075: 13071: 13063:, p. 195; 13059: 13055: 13047: 13043: 13035: 13031: 13025:Montefiore 2003 13023: 13019: 13011: 13007: 12997:Montefiore 2003 12995: 12991: 12985:Montefiore 2003 12983: 12979: 12969:Montefiore 2003 12967:, p. 102; 12965:Volkogonov 1991 12963:, p. 311; 12959: 12955: 12943:, p. 146; 12941:Volkogonov 1991 12939:, p. 282; 12935: 12931: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12895: 12891: 12885:Volkogonov 1991 12883: 12879: 12871:, p. 334; 12865:Volkogonov 1991 12863:, p. 149; 12859: 12855: 12849:Montefiore 2007 12847: 12843: 12835: 12831: 12823: 12819: 12813:Montefiore 2003 12811: 12807: 12797:Montefiore 2007 12793:Montefiore 2003 12787: 12783: 12777:Montefiore 2007 12775: 12771: 12763: 12759: 12751: 12744: 12732: 12728: 12720: 12716: 12708: 12699: 12691: 12684: 12676: 12672: 12664: 12657: 12649: 12645: 12637: 12633: 12625: 12621: 12613: 12609: 12603:Montefiore 2007 12597: 12593: 12587:Montefiore 2007 12585: 12581: 12573: 12566: 12558: 12554: 12546: 12542: 12530: 12526: 12518: 12514: 12506:, p. 214; 12502: 12498: 12490: 12486: 12478: 12474: 12466: 12459: 12447: 12443: 12437:Volkogonov 1991 12435: 12431: 12423:, p. 205; 12419:, p. 136; 12415: 12411: 12405:Montefiore 2007 12403: 12399: 12391: 12387: 12381:Montefiore 2007 12379: 12375: 12367: 12363: 12355: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12328:, p. 314; 12320: 12316: 12309: 12287: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12263: 12256: 12248: 12241: 12233: 12229: 12221: 12217: 12209: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12185: 12181: 12173: 12169: 12161: 12157: 12149: 12145: 12137:, p. 589; 12133:, p. 576; 12131:Volkogonov 1991 12129: 12125: 12117:, p. 588; 12113: 12109: 12101: 12097: 12089:, p. 588; 12085: 12081: 12073: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12042: 12038: 12030: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12006:, p. 313; 12002: 11998: 11990:, p. 586; 11986:, p. 574; 11984:Volkogonov 1991 11982:, p. 313; 11978: 11974: 11966:, p. 572; 11964:Volkogonov 1991 11958: 11954: 11946: 11937: 11923:Volkogonov 1991 11921:, p. 311; 11917: 11913: 11905: 11901: 11893:, p. 579; 11889: 11885: 11877: 11873: 11865:, p. 307; 11861: 11857: 11849: 11845: 11837: 11828: 11820: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11796:, p. 308; 11792: 11788: 11780:, p. 309; 11776: 11772: 11764:, p. 576; 11760:, p. 104; 11756:, p. 309; 11752: 11748: 11740:, p. 572; 11736: 11732: 11724: 11717: 11709:, p. 565; 11705:, p. 577; 11701: 11697: 11689: 11685: 11677: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11653:, p. 291; 11649: 11645: 11637:, p. 567; 11635:Volkogonov 1991 11633: 11629: 11621:, p. 577; 11617:, p. 291; 11613: 11609: 11601: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11577: 11573: 11561: 11557: 11549:, p. 554; 11545: 11541: 11533: 11526: 11518:, p. 553; 11514:, p. 302; 11510: 11506: 11498:, p. 552; 11494: 11490: 11482:, p. 552; 11478: 11474: 11466:, p. 509; 11462: 11458: 11450: 11446: 11438: 11434: 11426:, p. 509; 11422:, p. 301; 11418: 11414: 11406: 11402: 11394: 11390: 11382: 11378: 11370:, p. 507; 11366:, p. 280; 11362: 11358: 11350: 11343: 11335: 11331: 11323: 11314: 11306: 11297: 11285: 11281: 11273: 11266: 11258:, p. 506; 11254:, p. 286; 11250: 11246: 11238:, p. 279; 11234: 11230: 11222: 11215: 11207: 11203: 11195: 11191: 11179:, p. 296; 11175: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11140: 11126: 11122: 11114: 11110: 11102:, p. 507; 11098: 11091: 11083: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11024: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11000:, p. 504; 10996: 10992: 10984: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10960:, p. 508; 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10881: 10874: 10866:, p. 622; 10862: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10838:, p. 498; 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10806: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10766: 10762: 10754:, p. 526; 10750: 10746: 10738:, p. 269; 10734: 10730: 10722: 10718: 10710:, p. 497; 10706: 10702: 10694: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10666: 10658:, p. 482; 10654: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10606:, p. 493; 10602: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10578:, p. 485; 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10534: 10526: 10522: 10514: 10510: 10502:, p. 493; 10498: 10494: 10486: 10477: 10469: 10460: 10452: 10445: 10437: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10410:, p. 267; 10406: 10402: 10394:, p. 268; 10390: 10386: 10378:, p. 476; 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10350: 10346: 10338:, p. 473; 10330: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10306:, p. 474; 10302: 10298: 10290: 10283: 10271: 10267: 10259:, p. 471; 10255: 10251: 10239: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10215:, p. 465; 10211:, p. 264; 10207: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10183:, p. 492; 10179:, p. 258; 10175: 10171: 10163: 10154: 10146:, p. 469; 10142: 10138: 10130: 10126: 10114: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10090:, p. 185; 10078: 10074: 10066: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10039:, p. 180; 10035:, p. 460; 10031:, p. 262; 10027: 10023: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9991:, p. 460; 9987:, p. 252; 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9959:, p. 317; 9955: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9931: 9924: 9916: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9892:, p. 156; 9888:, p. 255; 9884: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9862:, 13 March 1943 9857:, p. 226; 9853:, p. 429; 9849: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9825:, p. 428; 9821: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9749:, p. 424; 9745:, p. 254; 9741: 9737: 9729:, p. 260; 9725: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9603: 9595: 9588: 9580:, p. 132; 9576: 9572: 9560: 9556: 9548:, p. 241; 9544: 9540: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500:, p. 482; 9496: 9492: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9456:, p. 420; 9448: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9417: 9409:, p. 235; 9405: 9401: 9393:, p. 417; 9389: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9349: 9345: 9329: 9325: 9309: 9305: 9297:, p. 234; 9293: 9289: 9281:, p. 233; 9277: 9273: 9261:, p. 231; 9257: 9253: 9245:, p. 229; 9241: 9237: 9229:, p. 229; 9225: 9221: 9213:, p. 229; 9209: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9185:, p. 341; 9181: 9177: 9161:, p. 227; 9157: 9153: 9145:, p. 403; 9141: 9137: 9129:, p. 279; 9125: 9121: 9113:, p. 403; 9109:, p. 228; 9105: 9101: 9093:, p. 224; 9089: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9061:, p. 223; 9057: 9053: 9045:, p. 222; 9041: 9037: 9025:, p. 222; 9021: 9017: 9009:, p. 399; 9001:, p. 221; 8997: 8993: 8985:, p. 220; 8981: 8977: 8969:, p. 220; 8965: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8901: 8897: 8885: 8881: 8875:Montefiore 2003 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8821: 8813:, p. 369; 8809:, p. 209; 8805: 8801: 8795:Montefiore 2003 8793: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8719:Montefiore 2003 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8681:, p. 338; 8677:, p. 394; 8673:, p. 230; 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8638: 8626:, p. 204; 8624:Montefiore 2003 8622: 8618: 8604:Montefiore 2003 8602: 8598: 8590:, p. 350; 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8562:, p. 349; 8558:, p. 201; 8556:Montefiore 2003 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8471:, p. 346; 8465:Montefiore 2003 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439:, p. 320; 8433:Montefiore 2003 8431: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8371:, p. 314; 8365:Montefiore 2003 8363:, p. 179; 8359: 8355: 8347: 8340: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8281:, p. 219; 8277: 8273: 8265:, p. 385; 8261:, p. 218; 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229:, p. 218; 8225: 8221: 8213:, p. 116; 8211:Montefiore 2003 8209:, p. 176; 8205: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8116:Volkogonov 1991 8114:, p. 212; 8110: 8106: 8098: 8091: 8083:, p. 164; 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8055:, p. 628; 8051: 8047: 8039:, p. 833; 8035: 8031: 8019:, p. 824; 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991:, p. 626; 7983: 7979: 7971:, p. 824; 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7924: 7912:, p. 312; 7908: 7904: 7896: 7887: 7879: 7872: 7864:, p. 310; 7860: 7856: 7848: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7805:Montefiore 2003 7803: 7799: 7789:Montefiore 2003 7787:, p. 169; 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7759:, p. 289; 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7715:, p. 176; 7707: 7703: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7579:Montefiore 2003 7577:, p. 246; 7573: 7569: 7559:Volkogonov 1991 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7439:, p. 259; 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7407:, p. 214; 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7262:, p. 266; 7258:, p. 158; 7254: 7250: 7242:, p. 260; 7238:, p. 172; 7236:Volkogonov 1991 7234: 7230: 7224:Volkogonov 1991 7222: 7218: 7210:, p. 160; 7206: 7202: 7194:, p. 270; 7190: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7166:, p. 272; 7162: 7158: 7150:, p. 270; 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098:, p. 266; 7094: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7047: 7041:Volkogonov 1991 7039: 7035: 7029:Volkogonov 1991 7027:, p. 160; 7023: 7019: 7011: 7004: 6996:, p. 258; 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968:, p. 258; 6964: 6960: 6940: 6936: 6928:, p. 253; 6924: 6920: 6912:, p. 256; 6908: 6904: 6892: 6888: 6880:, p. 256; 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6817: 6809:, p. 160; 6807:Volkogonov 1991 6805:, p. 130; 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6779:Montefiore 2003 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6713:, p. 164; 6711:Volkogonov 1991 6709: 6705: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6653:, p. 247; 6649: 6645: 6633: 6629: 6621:, p. 614; 6613:, p. 126; 6609: 6605: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6566:, p. 228; 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490:, p. 474; 6482: 6478: 6472:Montefiore 2003 6470: 6466: 6460:Volkogonov 1991 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434:, p. 127; 6430: 6426: 6418:, p. 127; 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6281:Volkogonov 1991 6279:, p. 111; 6275: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6247:, p. 221; 6241:Volkogonov 1991 6235: 6231: 6223:, p. 221; 6217:Montefiore 2003 6215:, p. 130; 6211: 6207: 6199:, p. 219; 6193:Montefiore 2003 6191:, p. 110; 6187: 6183: 6175:, p. 534; 6171:, p. 219; 6165:Montefiore 2003 6163:, p. 104; 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6105:Volkogonov 1991 6099: 6095: 6081:Volkogonov 1991 6075: 6071: 6063:, p. 206; 6057:Volkogonov 1991 6055: 6051: 6039:, p. 195; 6031: 6027: 6015:, p. 194; 6009:Volkogonov 1991 6007: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5980:, p. 195; 5972: 5968: 5960:, p. 483; 5956:, p. 193; 5948: 5944: 5932:, p. 102; 5928: 5924: 5916:, p. 414; 5912:, p. 192; 5908: 5904: 5892: 5888: 5878:Volkogonov 1991 5872: 5868: 5860: 5853: 5845:, p. 209; 5841:, p. 369; 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5807:Volkogonov 1991 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765:, p. 344; 5761:, p. 187; 5753: 5749: 5741:, p. 127; 5737: 5730: 5718: 5714: 5702: 5698: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5563:, p. 211; 5559: 5555: 5547:, p. 182; 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5499: 5491:, p. 362; 5487:, p. 179; 5479: 5475: 5467: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436:, p. 357; 5432:, p. 178; 5428: 5424: 5416:, p. 176; 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5307:Volkogonov 1991 5301: 5297: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5237: 5229:, p. 172; 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185:, p. 166; 5179:Volkogonov 1991 5173: 5169: 5155:Montefiore 2007 5151:Volkogonov 1991 5149: 5145: 5133: 5129: 5119:Montefiore 2007 5113: 5109: 5101:, p. 164; 5097: 5093: 5085: 5078: 5066:, p. 163; 5060:Montefiore 2003 5056:Volkogonov 1991 5050: 5046: 5038:, p. 165; 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010:, p. 161; 5006: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898:, p. 264; 4894:, p. 167; 4886: 4882: 4870: 4866: 4858:, p. 228; 4854:, p. 148; 4848:Volkogonov 1991 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4778:Montefiore 2003 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4750:Montefiore 2003 4748: 4744: 4732: 4728: 4716: 4712: 4702:Volkogonov 1991 4700: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4578: 4574: 4562: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4516:; Russian: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4386: 4357:Leonid Brezhnev 4307: 4297: 4244: 4238: 4222:state socialism 4202:Anatoly Rybakov 4198:Vasily Grossman 4098:Robert Conquest 4074: 3992: 3948:Peter the Great 3924:Bolshoi Theatre 3883: 3875:Miron Merzhanov 3849: 3845: 3841: 3822:Lavrentiy Beria 3789: 3783:External videos 3771: 3687: 3677: 3665:Anastas Mikoyan 3641:Lavrentiy Beria 3637:Georgy Malenkov 3596:atherosclerosis 3572: 3566: 3514: 3508: 3479:state of Israel 3421: 3378:Greek Civil War 3374:Josip Broz Tito 3347:Slovak Republic 3330: 3322:Bolshoi Theatre 3253:Walter Ulbricht 3237: 3203:Napoleonic Wars 3175:Collected Works 3154: 3148: 3143: 3079:Harry S. Truman 3067: 3059:Warsaw Uprising 2951:Man of the Year 2927:, November 1943 2909: 2888:major offensive 2876:cosmopolitanism 2864:national anthem 2796:prisoner of war 2718: 2686:Tripartite Pact 2594:annexed Austria 2590: 2585: 2561:Main articles: 2559: 2551:Lavrentiy Beria 2503:Order No. 00447 2484: 2414: 2408: 2305: 2291: 2264:Southern Russia 2234: 2220: 2215: 2199:Osip Piatnitsky 2187:social fascists 2068:Menshevik Trial 2052: 2005:planned economy 1915: 1911: 1900: 1898:Economic policy 1895: 1889: 1865:Mikhail Kalinin 1816:Anastas Mikoyan 1805:Left Opposition 1703: 1698: 1692: 1648: 1644: 1596:Georgian affair 1548: 1507:Józef Piłsudski 1494:earlier clashes 1428:Semyon Budyonny 1412: 1384:First World War 1280: 1275: 1269: 1186: 1180: 1084:captured Berlin 1066:, enabling the 1021:command economy 1009:Five-Year Plans 877: 870: 857: 844: 814: 813: 808: 807: 750: 749: 740: 739: 738: 737: 736: 734: 728: 714: 711: 698: 630: 604: 553: 532: 522:Artyom Sergeyev 500: 499: 491: 487: 484: 474: 466: 462: 459: 441: 424: 423:Other political 418: 410:Political party 405: 378: 374: 358: 352: 351: 325: 313: 297: 292: 275: 263: 247: 242: 229:Georgy Malenkov 223: 213: 208: 183: 178: 164: 156: 149: 141: 135: 130: 114: 98: 89: 80: 72: 69: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26701: 26691: 26690: 26685: 26680: 26675: 26670: 26665: 26660: 26655: 26650: 26645: 26643:Russian exiles 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26595: 26590: 26585: 26580: 26575: 26570: 26565: 26560: 26555: 26550: 26545: 26540: 26535: 26530: 26525: 26520: 26515: 26510: 26505: 26500: 26495: 26490: 26485: 26480: 26475: 26470: 26465: 26460: 26455: 26450: 26445: 26440: 26435: 26430: 26425: 26420: 26415: 26410: 26405: 26400: 26395: 26390: 26385: 26380: 26375: 26370: 26365: 26360: 26355: 26350: 26345: 26340: 26335: 26330: 26325: 26320: 26315: 26310: 26305: 26300: 26295: 26290: 26288:Old Bolsheviks 26285: 26280: 26275: 26270: 26265: 26260: 26255: 26250: 26245: 26240: 26235: 26230: 26225: 26223:Generalissimos 26220: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26195: 26190: 26185: 26180: 26175: 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26120: 26115: 26110: 26105: 26100: 26095: 26080: 26079: 26067: 26055: 26043: 26020: 26019: 26014: 26013: 26011: 26010: 26002: 25990: 25982: 25970: 25966:Greta Thunberg 25962: 25933: 25925: 25917: 25909: 25896:Ebola Fighters 25891: 25883: 25875: 25867: 25859: 25851: 25843: 25839:Vladimir Putin 25835: 25827: 25808: 25804:George W. Bush 25800: 25792: 25779:Cynthia Cooper 25773: 25764: 25762: 25758: 25757: 25755: 25754: 25750:George W. Bush 25746: 25738: 25726: 25718: 25710: 25702: 25694: 25685:Nelson Mandela 25681:F. W. de Klerk 25671: 25663: 25655: 25647: 25639: 25631: 25623: 25619:Corazon Aquino 25615: 25607: 25599: 25587: 25579: 25571: 25563: 25555: 25547: 25539: 25530: 25528: 25524: 25523: 25521: 25520: 25499:Barbara Jordan 25465: 25457: 25449: 25437: 25429: 25421: 25413: 25400:William Anders 25391: 25383: 25375: 25367: 25359: 25351: 25343: 25335: 25322:Charles Townes 25302:Edward Purcell 25278:Charles Draper 25268: 25260: 25252: 25244: 25236: 25232:Harlow Curtice 25228: 25220: 25212: 25204: 25195: 25193: 25189: 25188: 25186: 25185: 25177: 25169: 25161: 25153: 25145: 25137: 25129: 25121: 25113: 25105: 25097: 25089: 25081: 25077:Soong Mei-ling 25069: 25065:Wallis Simpson 25061: 25057:Haile Selassie 25053: 25045: 25037: 25029: 25021: 25013: 25005: 24997: 24988: 24986: 24982: 24981: 24971: 24970: 24963: 24956: 24948: 24939: 24938: 24928: 24925: 24924: 24922: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24886: 24881: 24875: 24873: 24869: 24868: 24866: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24853:Zianon Pazniak 24850: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24814: 24812: 24808: 24807: 24805: 24804: 24802:Vladimir Putin 24799: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24774: 24769: 24764: 24759: 24754: 24749: 24743: 24741: 24737: 24736: 24734: 24733: 24732: 24731: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24705: 24704: 24699: 24689: 24684: 24679: 24673: 24671: 24667: 24666: 24658: 24657: 24650: 24643: 24635: 24626: 24625: 24623: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24601: 24599: 24595: 24594: 24592: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24579:Vladimir Lenin 24576: 24571: 24565: 24563: 24559: 24558: 24550: 24549: 24542: 24535: 24527: 24518: 24517: 24515: 24514: 24509: 24504: 24498: 24496: 24492: 24491: 24489: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24476:Vladimir Lenin 24473: 24468: 24462: 24460: 24456: 24455: 24447: 24446: 24439: 24432: 24424: 24415: 24414: 24412: 24411: 24406: 24401: 24395: 24393: 24389: 24388: 24386: 24385: 24380: 24375: 24373:Vladimir Lenin 24370: 24365: 24359: 24357: 24353: 24352: 24344: 24343: 24336: 24329: 24321: 24312: 24311: 24309: 24308: 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23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23204:Andrei Zhdanov 23201: 23196: 23190: 23188: 23184: 23183: 23175: 23174: 23167: 23160: 23152: 23143: 23142: 23140: 23139: 23134: 23129: 23124: 23119: 23114: 23109: 23104: 23099: 23094: 23089: 23087:Alexei Kosygin 23084: 23079: 23074: 23069: 23064: 23058: 23056: 23052: 23051: 23049: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23021:Mikhail Suslov 23018: 23013: 23011:Maksim Saburov 23008: 23003: 22998: 22993: 22988: 22983: 22978: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22953: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22928: 22926:Averky Aristov 22923: 22917: 22915: 22911: 22910: 22902: 22901: 22894: 22887: 22879: 22870: 22869: 22866: 22865: 22861: 22860: 22857: 22856: 22854: 22853: 22848: 22843: 22838: 22833: 22828: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22808: 22803: 22798: 22792: 22790: 22784: 22783: 22781: 22780: 22775: 22770: 22765: 22760: 22755: 22750: 22745: 22743:Vladimir Lenin 22739: 22737: 22731: 22730: 22728: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22711: 22709: 22703: 22702: 22700: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22663: 22661: 22648: 22645: 22644: 22642: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22610: 22608: 22598: 22597: 22595: 22594: 22589: 22587:Erich Honecker 22584: 22579: 22577:Otto Grotewohl 22574: 22568: 22566: 22560: 22559: 22557: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22525: 22523: 22517: 22516: 22514: 22513: 22511:Petar Mladenov 22508: 22503: 22498: 22492: 22490: 22484: 22483: 22481: 22480: 22475: 22469: 22467: 22455: 22448: 22447: 22435: 22434: 22427: 22420: 22412: 22403: 22402: 22400: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22188: 22185: 22184: 22177: 22176: 22169: 22162: 22154: 22145: 22144: 22142: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22125: 22122: 22121: 22119: 22118: 22112: 22106: 22103: 22097: 22091: 22085: 22079: 22073: 22067: 22061: 22055: 22049: 22043: 22037: 22031: 22025: 22019: 22013: 22007: 22001: 21995: 21989: 21983: 21977: 21971: 21964: 21962: 21960:First Deputies 21956: 21955: 21953: 21952: 21946: 21938: 21932: 21926: 21920: 21914: 21908: 21902: 21896: 21890: 21884: 21878: 21871: 21869: 21865: 21864: 21857: 21856: 21849: 21842: 21834: 21825: 21824: 21822: 21821: 21813: 21805: 21800:Sergei Sokolov 21797: 21792:Dmitry Ustinov 21789: 21784:Andrei Grechko 21781: 21773: 21765: 21756: 21754: 21746: 21745: 21743: 21742: 21734: 21725: 21723: 21717: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21707: 21705: 21699: 21698: 21696: 21695: 21687: 21679: 21670: 21668: 21662: 21661: 21659: 21658: 21652: 21650: 21642: 21641: 21639: 21638: 21630: 21622: 21613: 21611: 21603: 21602: 21600: 21599: 21591: 21583: 21574: 21572: 21564: 21563: 21556: 21554: 21552: 21551: 21543: 21538:Mikhail Frunze 21535: 21527: 21519: 21510: 21508: 21498: 21497: 21486: 21485: 21478: 21471: 21463: 21454: 21453: 21451: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21420: 21414: 21412: 21408: 21407: 21405: 21404: 21398: 21392: 21386: 21380: 21374: 21368: 21362: 21356: 21353:Workers' Group 21350: 21344: 21341:Workers' Truth 21338: 21332: 21326: 21320: 21318: 21314: 21313: 21310: 21309: 21307: 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21285: 21283: 21275: 21274: 21272: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21245: 21243: 21235: 21234: 21232: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21209:Transcaucasian 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21164:Karelo-Finnish 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21130: 21128: 21121: 21117: 21116: 21113: 21112: 21109: 21108: 21106: 21105: 21103:28th (1990–91) 21100: 21098:16th (1930–34) 21095: 21093:15th (1927–30) 21090: 21088:14th (1925–27) 21085: 21083:13th (1924–25) 21080: 21078:12th (1923–24) 21075: 21073:11th (1922–23) 21070: 21068:10th (1921–22) 21065: 21059: 21057: 21051: 21050: 21048: 21047: 21045:27th (1986–90) 21042: 21040:26th (1981–86) 21037: 21035:25th (1976–81) 21032: 21030:24th (1971–76) 21027: 21025:23rd (1966–71) 21022: 21020:22nd (1961–66) 21017: 21015:20th (1956–61) 21012: 21010:19th (1952–56) 21007: 21005:18th (1939–52) 21002: 21000:17th (1934–39) 20997: 20995:16th (1930–34) 20992: 20990:15th (1927–30) 20987: 20985:14th (1925–27) 20982: 20980:13th (1924–25) 20977: 20975:10th (1921–24) 20972: 20966: 20964: 20958: 20957: 20955: 20954: 20952:28th (1990–91) 20949: 20947:27th (1986–90) 20944: 20942:26th (1981–86) 20939: 20937:25th (1976–81) 20934: 20932:24th (1971–76) 20929: 20927:23rd (1966–71) 20924: 20922:22nd (1961–66) 20919: 20917:20th (1956–61) 20914: 20912:19th (1952–56) 20909: 20907:18th (1939–52) 20904: 20902:17th (1934–39) 20899: 20897:16th (1930–34) 20894: 20892:15th (1927–30) 20889: 20887:14th (1925–27) 20884: 20882:13th (1924–25) 20879: 20877:12th (1923–24) 20874: 20872:11th (1922–23) 20869: 20867:10th (1921–22) 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20803: 20801: 20792: 20786: 20785: 20782: 20781: 20779: 20778: 20776:16th (1930–34) 20773: 20771:15th (1927–30) 20768: 20766:14th (1925–27) 20763: 20761:13th (1924–25) 20758: 20756:12th (1923–24) 20752: 20750: 20744: 20743: 20741: 20740: 20738:14th (1925–27) 20735: 20733:13th (1924–25) 20730: 20728:12th (1923–24) 20724: 20722: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20712: 20710:28th (1990–91) 20707: 20705:16th (1930–34) 20702: 20700:15th (1927–30) 20697: 20695:14th (1925–27) 20692: 20690:13th (1924–25) 20687: 20685:12th (1923–24) 20681: 20679: 20670: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20653: 20651:27th (1986–90) 20648: 20646:26th (1981–86) 20643: 20641:25th (1976–81) 20638: 20636:24th (1971–76) 20633: 20631:23rd (1966–71) 20628: 20626:22nd (1961–66) 20623: 20621:20th (1956–61) 20618: 20616:19th (1952–56) 20613: 20611:18th (1939–52) 20608: 20606:17th (1934–39) 20602: 20600: 20594: 20593: 20591: 20590: 20588:18th (1939–52) 20585: 20583:17th (1934–39) 20580: 20578:16th (1930–34) 20575: 20573:15th (1927–30) 20570: 20568:14th (1925–27) 20565: 20563:13th (1924–25) 20560: 20558:12th (1923–24) 20555: 20553:11th (1922–23) 20550: 20548:10th (1921–22) 20545: 20540: 20535: 20529: 20527: 20521: 20520: 20518: 20517: 20515:28th (1990–91) 20512: 20510:27th (1986–90) 20507: 20505:26th (1981–86) 20502: 20500:25th (1976–81) 20497: 20495:24th (1971–76) 20492: 20490:23rd (1966–71) 20487: 20485:22nd (1961–66) 20482: 20480:20th (1956–61) 20477: 20475:19th (1952–56) 20472: 20470:18th (1939–52) 20467: 20465:17th (1934–39) 20462: 20460:16th (1930–34) 20457: 20455:15th (1927–30) 20452: 20450:14th (1925–27) 20447: 20445:13th (1924–25) 20442: 20440:12th (1923–24) 20437: 20435:11th (1922–23) 20432: 20430:10th (1921–22) 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20406: 20404: 20398: 20397: 20395: 20394: 20392:28th (1990–91) 20389: 20387:27th (1986–90) 20384: 20382:26th (1981–86) 20379: 20377:25th (1976–81) 20374: 20372:24th (1971–76) 20369: 20367:23rd (1966–71) 20364: 20362:22nd (1961–66) 20359: 20357:20th (1956–61) 20354: 20352:19th (1952–56) 20349: 20347:18th (1939–52) 20344: 20342:17th (1934–39) 20339: 20337:16th (1930–34) 20334: 20332:15th (1927–30) 20329: 20327:14th (1925–27) 20324: 20322:13th (1924–25) 20319: 20317:12th (1923–24) 20314: 20312:11th (1922–23) 20309: 20307:10th (1921–22) 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20282:Oct.–Dec. 1917 20279: 20277:Aug.–Oct. 1917 20273: 20271: 20262: 20259:Elected by the 20253: 20249: 20248: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20145: 20143: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20133: 20128: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19992: 19990: 19981: 19977: 19976: 19973: 19972: 19970: 19969: 19962: 19954: 19952: 19948: 19947: 19945: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19882:Heavy Industry 19879: 19874: 19872:Foreign Cadres 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19838: 19836: 19830: 19829: 19827: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19805: 19803: 19799: 19798: 19796: 19795: 19785: 19779: 19773: 19767: 19761: 19755: 19749: 19743: 19737: 19731: 19728:Yakov Sverdlov 19725: 19718: 19716: 19710: 19709: 19707: 19706: 19700: 19694: 19688: 19682: 19676: 19670: 19667:Vladimir Lenin 19663: 19661: 19652: 19646: 19645: 19638: 19637: 19630: 19623: 19615: 19609: 19606: 19605: 19593: 19592: 19590: 19589: 19578: 19575: 19574: 19572: 19571: 19566: 19565: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19500: 19498: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19488: 19480: 19472: 19464: 19456: 19448: 19440: 19432: 19424: 19416: 19408: 19400: 19392: 19384: 19376: 19368: 19359: 19357: 19353: 19352: 19350: 19349: 19341: 19339: 19335: 19334: 19332: 19331: 19326: 19324:Stalin Society 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19264:Stalin statues 19261: 19256: 19251: 19245: 19243: 19239: 19238: 19236: 19235: 19230: 19223: 19218: 19211: 19204: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19165:Stalin Epigram 19161: 19159: 19154: 19151: 19150: 19148: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19115: 19110: 19108:Rehabilitation 19105: 19100: 19094: 19092: 19086: 19085: 19083: 19082: 19077: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19036: 19031: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19007: 19000: 18993: 18986: 18978: 18976: 18972: 18971: 18969: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18927: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18886: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18844: 18835: 18830: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18804: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18728: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18707: 18706: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18684:Wittorf affair 18681: 18679:Dekulakization 18676: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18650: 18648: 18642: 18641: 18639: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18621:New Soviet man 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18557: 18555: 18551: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18544: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18522: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18495: 18494: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18443: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18406: 18405: 18395: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18320: 18319: 18314: 18304: 18295: 18289: 18287: 18283: 18282: 18280: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18238: 18236: 18229: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18219: 18213: 18206: 18203: 18202: 18195: 18194: 18187: 18180: 18172: 18164: 18163: 18149: 18146: 18137: 18123: 18119: 18118: 18114: 18113: 18108: 18105: 18092: 18087: 18083: 18082: 18077: 18074: 18057: 18052: 18048: 18047: 18041: 18040: 18027: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17979: 17978:External links 17976: 17974: 17973: 17938: 17911: 17886: 17866: 17856:on 5 June 2018 17846: 17821: 17796: 17771: 17746: 17722: 17697: 17672: 17651: 17626: 17601: 17584: 17563: 17542: 17497: 17492: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17467: 17420: 17369: 17363: 17350: 17344: 17331: 17312: 17294: 17279: 17273: 17260: 17254: 17241: 17235: 17222: 17204: 17189: 17183: 17162: 17152:(6): 959–987. 17141: 17123: 17108: 17102: 17089: 17060: 17036:Soviet Studies 17031: 17025: 17012: 17006: 16993: 16987: 16974: 16968: 16962:. Allen Lane. 16953: 16935: 16920: 16914: 16901: 16891:(3): 367–379. 16880: 16874: 16861: 16855: 16842: 16836: 16819: 16801:(3): 409–429. 16790: 16784: 16771: 16726: 16700:(4): 663–675. 16689: 16683: 16677:. Allen Lane. 16668: 16662: 16656:. Allen Lane. 16647: 16641: 16628: 16616:10.2307/130111 16610:(3): 269–286. 16599: 16560: 16542:(3): 673–691. 16531: 16525: 16508: 16502: 16489: 16460: 16441: 16414: 16361: 16355: 16342: 16336: 16323: 16305: 16299:. Bloomsbury. 16291:Foltz, Richard 16287: 16281: 16268: 16262: 16249: 16231:(4): 663–693. 16220: 16187:(6): 823–841. 16169: 16118: 16108:(5): 603–630. 16097: 16064:(2): 245–259. 16046: 16028: 16013: 16004: 15963:(4): 625–633. 15945: 15939: 15926: 15920: 15907: 15901: 15888: 15882: 15867: 15824: 15815: 15809: 15796: 15787: 15781: 15768: 15762: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15729: 15698: 15682: 15670: 15658: 15646: 15644:, p. 596. 15631: 15629:, p. 315. 15619: 15617:, p. 595. 15603: 15601:, p. 595. 15591: 15589:, p. 594. 15575: 15573:, p. 594. 15563: 15561:, p. 594. 15543: 15541:, p. 592. 15531: 15529:, p. 314. 15519: 15512: 15494: 15478: 15466: 15464:, p. 401. 15454: 15438: 15426: 15414: 15402: 15390: 15378: 15371: 15351: 15335: 15323: 15321:, p. 173. 15311: 15299: 15297:, p. xxi. 15283: 15271: 15254: 15242: 15230: 15226:Khlevniuk 2015 15215: 15213:, p. 182. 15203: 15201:, p. 596. 15191: 15179: 15175:McDermott 2006 15167: 15155: 15151:McDermott 2006 15139: 15127: 15125:, p. 215. 15115: 15113:, p. 124. 15103: 15091: 15089:, p. 370. 15085:, p. 31; 15071: 15067:Khlevniuk 2015 15057:, p. 52; 15043: 15041:, p. 732. 15031: 15029:, p. 190. 15027:Khlevniuk 2015 15015: 15013:, p. 246. 14999: 14980: 14960: 14953: 14933: 14921: 14909: 14907:, p. 602. 14894: 14878: 14863: 14859:McDermott 2006 14846: 14834: 14818: 14806: 14787: 14767: 14765:, p. 366. 14755: 14743: 14741:, p. 252. 14739:Khlevniuk 2015 14731: 14729:, p. 365. 14719: 14717:, p. 521. 14707: 14705:, p. 144. 14695: 14683: 14681:, p. 260. 14679:Khlevniuk 2015 14671: 14667:Khlevniuk 2015 14659: 14657:, p. 521. 14643: 14641:, p. 256. 14639:Khlevniuk 2015 14619: 14615:Khlevniuk 2015 14607: 14605:, p. 255. 14603:Khlevniuk 2015 14601:, p. 16; 14587: 14575: 14567:Khlevniuk 2015 14565:, p. 13; 14555: 14540: 14528: 14516: 14504: 14473: 14469:Khlevniuk 2015 14457: 14455:, p. 364. 14441: 14437:Khlevniuk 2015 14431:, p. 64; 14417: 14398: 14378: 14376:, p. 202. 14366: 14354: 14342: 14330: 14328:, p. 209. 14324:, p. 80; 14314: 14312:, p. 209. 14302: 14290: 14288:, p. 106. 14278: 14276:, p. 135. 14266: 14254: 14242: 14236:, p. 49; 14226: 14207: 14187: 14168: 14148: 14129: 14109: 14090: 14070: 14051: 14031: 14027:Khlevniuk 2015 14019: 14004: 14000:Khlevniuk 2015 13994:, p. 90; 13984: 13982:, p. 437. 13968: 13956: 13940: 13938:, p. 145. 13928: 13912: 13908:Khlevniuk 2015 13896: 13892:McDermott 2006 13886:, p. 86; 13882:, p. 93; 13872: 13866:, p. 86; 13856: 13844: 13840:Khlevniuk 2015 13832: 13826:, p. 19; 13824:McDermott 2006 13818:, p. 86; 13808: 13806:, p. 131. 13796: 13784: 13780:Khlevniuk 2015 13772: 13768:Khlevniuk 2015 13766:, p. 73; 13756: 13752:Khlevniuk 2015 13744: 13742:, p. 620. 13732: 13713: 13693: 13689:McDermott 2006 13681: 13662: 13650: 13648:, p. 175. 13638: 13636:, p. 736. 13622: 13606: 13590: 13578: 13576:, p. 285. 13562: 13560:, p. 334. 13550: 13538: 13534:Khlevniuk 2015 13522: 13520:, p. 145. 13518:Khlevniuk 2015 13507: 13505:, p. 337. 13495: 13493:, p. 648. 13479: 13477:, p. 342. 13467: 13465:, p. 424. 13455: 13453:, p. 424. 13449:, p. 42; 13439: 13435:McDermott 2006 13427: 13420: 13402: 13398:McDermott 2006 13396:, p. 18; 13382: 13378:McDermott 2006 13362: 13343: 13323: 13321:, p. 181. 13311: 13309:, p. 145. 13299: 13295:Khlevniuk 2015 13287: 13285:, p. 115. 13272: 13262:, p. 42; 13252: 13250:, p. 148. 13248:Khlevniuk 2015 13238:, p. 63; 13224: 13222:, p. 337. 13208: 13206:, p. 343. 13193: 13181: 13179:, p. 572. 13169: 13167:, p. 178. 13157: 13155:, p. 295. 13137: 13135:, p. 296. 13121: 13119:, p. 102. 13109: 13107:, p. 594. 13093: 13091:, p. 191. 13089:Khlevniuk 2015 13081: 13069: 13061:Khlevniuk 2015 13053: 13049:Khlevniuk 2015 13041: 13039:, p. 331. 13029: 13017: 13015:, p. 525. 13005: 13003:, p. 525. 12999:, p. 60; 12989: 12977: 12953: 12929: 12925:Khlevniuk 2015 12923:, p. 25; 12913: 12901: 12899:, p. 329. 12897:Khlevniuk 2015 12889: 12877: 12873:Khlevniuk 2015 12867:, p. 49; 12853: 12851:, p. 268. 12841: 12829: 12817: 12815:, p. 579. 12805: 12801:Khlevniuk 2015 12799:, p. 42; 12781: 12769: 12757: 12753:Khlevniuk 2015 12742: 12738:Khlevniuk 2015 12726: 12714: 12697: 12682: 12680:, p. 552. 12670: 12655: 12651:Khlevniuk 2015 12643: 12641:, p. 531. 12631: 12627:Khlevniuk 2015 12619: 12607: 12605:, p. 211. 12601:, p. 95; 12591: 12589:, p. 211. 12579: 12564: 12552: 12550:, p. 545. 12540: 12534:, p. 86; 12532:Deutscher 1966 12524: 12520:Khlevniuk 2015 12512: 12508:Khlevniuk 2015 12496: 12484: 12482:, p. 216. 12472: 12457: 12453:Khlevniuk 2015 12451:, p. 93; 12441: 12429: 12425:Khlevniuk 2015 12409: 12397: 12385: 12383:, p. 336. 12373: 12361: 12346: 12334: 12332:, p. 314. 12330:Khlevniuk 2015 12314: 12307: 12281: 12279:, p. 316. 12277:Khlevniuk 2015 12269: 12267:, p. 593. 12254: 12252:, p. 315. 12250:Khlevniuk 2015 12239: 12237:, p. 591. 12227: 12215: 12213:, p. 312. 12211:Khlevniuk 2015 12203: 12191: 12189:, p. 310. 12187:Khlevniuk 2015 12179: 12167: 12155: 12153:, p. 319. 12151:Khlevniuk 2015 12143: 12141:, p. 318. 12139:Khlevniuk 2015 12123: 12121:, p. 317. 12119:Khlevniuk 2015 12107: 12105:, p. 317. 12103:Khlevniuk 2015 12095: 12093:, p. 314. 12091:Khlevniuk 2015 12079: 12077:, p. 588. 12067: 12036: 12034:, p. 587. 12024: 12022:, p. 189. 12020:Khlevniuk 2015 12012: 12008:Khlevniuk 2015 11996: 11994:, p. 313. 11992:Khlevniuk 2015 11972: 11970:, p. 142. 11968:Khlevniuk 2015 11952: 11950:, p. 312. 11935: 11931:Khlevniuk 2015 11911: 11907:Khlevniuk 2015 11899: 11897:, p. 306. 11895:Khlevniuk 2015 11883: 11881:, p. 578. 11871: 11855: 11843: 11841:, p. 560. 11826: 11822:Khlevniuk 2015 11814: 11812:, p. 308. 11802: 11800:, p. 307. 11798:Khlevniuk 2015 11786: 11782:Khlevniuk 2015 11770: 11768:, p. 307. 11766:Khlevniuk 2015 11746: 11744:, p. 195. 11742:Khlevniuk 2015 11730: 11728:, p. 571. 11715: 11713:, p. 309. 11711:Khlevniuk 2015 11695: 11693:, p. 286. 11691:Khlevniuk 2015 11683: 11681:, p. 290. 11671: 11659: 11655:Khlevniuk 2015 11643: 11627: 11625:, p. 284. 11623:Khlevniuk 2015 11607: 11605:, p. 285. 11603:Khlevniuk 2015 11595: 11593:, p. 291. 11583: 11571: 11569:, p. 296. 11567:Khlevniuk 2015 11555: 11551:Khlevniuk 2015 11539: 11537:, p. 554. 11524: 11520:Khlevniuk 2015 11504: 11502:, p. 294. 11500:Khlevniuk 2015 11488: 11486:, p. 287. 11484:Khlevniuk 2015 11472: 11468:Khlevniuk 2015 11456: 11454:, p. 553. 11444: 11442:, p. 509. 11432: 11430:, p. 286. 11428:Khlevniuk 2015 11412: 11410:, p. 513. 11400: 11388: 11386:, p. 476. 11376: 11374:, p. 281. 11372:Khlevniuk 2015 11356: 11354:, p. 507. 11341: 11339:, p. 287. 11329: 11327:, p. 516. 11312: 11310:, p. 515. 11295: 11293:, p. 515. 11279: 11277:, p. 511. 11264: 11262:, p. 267. 11260:Khlevniuk 2015 11244: 11242:, p. 503. 11228: 11226:, p. 518. 11213: 11211:, p. 483. 11201: 11199:, p. 517. 11189: 11187:, p. 290. 11185:Khlevniuk 2015 11169: 11167:, p. 264. 11165:Khlevniuk 2015 11157: 11145: 11138: 11120: 11118:, p. 551. 11108: 11106:, p. 281. 11104:Khlevniuk 2015 11089: 11087:, p. 494. 11074: 11018: 11016:, p. 504. 11006: 11004:, p. 267. 11002:Khlevniuk 2015 10990: 10988:, p. 502. 10978: 10976:, p. 297. 10974:Khlevniuk 2015 10966: 10964:, p. 293. 10962:Khlevniuk 2015 10950: 10948:, p. 508. 10938: 10926: 10924:, p. 487. 10914: 10912:, p. 503. 10899: 10887: 10885:, p. 299. 10883:Khlevniuk 2015 10872: 10870:, p. 261. 10868:Khlevniuk 2015 10856: 10844: 10842:, p. 261. 10840:Khlevniuk 2015 10828: 10824:Khlevniuk 2015 10816: 10814:, p. 282. 10812:Khlevniuk 2015 10800: 10798:, p. 303. 10796:Khlevniuk 2015 10788: 10786:, p. 534. 10776: 10772:Khlevniuk 2015 10760: 10758:, p. 268. 10756:Khlevniuk 2015 10744: 10742:, p. 491. 10728: 10726:, p. 289. 10716: 10712:Khlevniuk 2015 10700: 10698:, p. 497. 10688: 10686:, p. 496. 10676: 10674:, p. 500. 10664: 10662:, p. 261. 10660:Khlevniuk 2015 10648: 10636: 10634:, p. 482. 10624: 10622:, p. 268. 10620:Khlevniuk 2015 10612: 10610:, p. 202. 10596: 10594:, p. 485. 10584: 10582:, p. 262. 10580:Khlevniuk 2015 10568: 10566:, p. 548. 10556: 10544: 10542:, p. 541. 10532: 10530:, p. 479. 10520: 10508: 10506:, p. 247. 10504:Khlevniuk 2015 10492: 10490:, p. 484. 10475: 10473:, p. 481. 10458: 10456:, p. 506. 10443: 10428: 10416: 10414:, p. 249. 10412:Khlevniuk 2015 10400: 10398:, p. 248. 10396:Khlevniuk 2015 10384: 10380:Khlevniuk 2015 10368: 10356: 10354:, p. 474. 10344: 10342:, p. 234. 10340:Khlevniuk 2015 10324: 10312: 10310:, p. 247. 10308:Khlevniuk 2015 10296: 10294:, p. 473. 10281: 10279:, p. 244. 10277:Khlevniuk 2015 10265: 10263:, p. 245. 10261:Khlevniuk 2015 10249: 10233: 10221: 10219:, p. 244. 10217:Khlevniuk 2015 10201: 10199:, p. 233. 10197:Khlevniuk 2015 10189: 10185:Khlevniuk 2015 10169: 10167:, p. 492. 10152: 10136: 10124: 10122:, p. 244. 10120:Khlevniuk 2015 10108: 10096: 10092:Khlevniuk 2015 10072: 10070:, p. 463. 10057: 10055:, p. 462. 10045: 10041:Khlevniuk 2015 10021: 10019:, p. 460. 10009: 10007:, p. 456. 9997: 9993:Khlevniuk 2015 9977: 9975:, p. 458. 9965: 9963:, p. 466. 9949: 9947:, p. 466. 9937: 9935:, p. 452. 9922: 9920:, p. 163. 9910: 9908:, p. 159. 9898: 9896:, p. 227. 9894:Khlevniuk 2015 9878: 9876:, p. 155. 9866: 9855:Khlevniuk 2015 9843: 9841:, p. 225. 9839:Khlevniuk 2015 9831: 9829:, p. 225. 9827:Khlevniuk 2015 9815: 9813:, p. 427. 9803: 9801:, p. 426. 9791: 9789:, p. 425. 9779: 9777:, p. 124. 9767: 9755: 9751:Khlevniuk 2015 9735: 9733:, p. 444. 9719: 9707: 9705:, p. 446. 9692: 9690:, p. 442. 9680: 9678:, p. 441. 9668: 9664:Khlevniuk 2015 9652: 9650:, p. 421. 9640: 9638:, p. 211. 9636:Khlevniuk 2015 9628: 9626:, p. 568. 9616: 9614:, p. 422. 9601: 9599:, p. 423. 9586: 9584:, p. 223. 9582:Khlevniuk 2015 9570: 9568:, p. 521. 9554: 9552:, p. 210. 9550:Khlevniuk 2015 9538: 9536:, p. 209. 9534:Khlevniuk 2015 9532:, p. 98; 9518: 9516:, p. 391. 9514:Gellately 2007 9506: 9490: 9488:, p. 220. 9486:Khlevniuk 2015 9474: 9462: 9458:Khlevniuk 2015 9442: 9440:, p. 417. 9430: 9428:, p. 418. 9415: 9413:, p. 416. 9399: 9395:Khlevniuk 2015 9383: 9381:, p. 420. 9371: 9369:, p. 413. 9359: 9355:Khlevniuk 2015 9343: 9339:Khlevniuk 2015 9337:, p. 67; 9323: 9321:, p. 198. 9319:Khlevniuk 2015 9317:, p. 82; 9303: 9301:, p. 180. 9299:Khlevniuk 2015 9287: 9271: 9251: 9249:, p. 406. 9235: 9233:, p. 405. 9219: 9217:, p. 170. 9215:Khlevniuk 2015 9203: 9201:, p. 170. 9199:Khlevniuk 2015 9191: 9189:, p. 173. 9187:Khlevniuk 2015 9175: 9173:, p. 173. 9171:Khlevniuk 2015 9151: 9149:, p. 173. 9147:Khlevniuk 2015 9135: 9133:, p. 173. 9131:Khlevniuk 2015 9119: 9115:Khlevniuk 2015 9099: 9097:, p. 405. 9083: 9081:, p. 224. 9071: 9051: 9035: 9033:, p. 169. 9031:Khlevniuk 2015 9015: 9013:, p. 166. 9011:Khlevniuk 2015 8991: 8987:Khlevniuk 2015 8975: 8973:, p. 166. 8971:Khlevniuk 2015 8959: 8957:, p. 109. 8947: 8935: 8923: 8919:Khlevniuk 2015 8911: 8907:Khlevniuk 2015 8895: 8879: 8877:, p. 308. 8867: 8855: 8853:, p. 159. 8851:Khlevniuk 2015 8843: 8841:, p. 157. 8839:Khlevniuk 2015 8831: 8829:, p. 162. 8827:Khlevniuk 2015 8819: 8817:, p. 160. 8815:Khlevniuk 2015 8799: 8797:, p. 245. 8787: 8785:, p. 367. 8775: 8771:Khlevniuk 2015 8759: 8755:Khlevniuk 2015 8747: 8745:, p. 152. 8743:Khlevniuk 2015 8735: 8731:Khlevniuk 2015 8723: 8721:, p. 204. 8711: 8709:, p. 140. 8707:Khlevniuk 2015 8699: 8695:Khlevniuk 2015 8687: 8685:, p. 174. 8683:Khlevniuk 2015 8663: 8661:, p. 394. 8651: 8649:, p. 151. 8647:Khlevniuk 2015 8636: 8634:, p. 151. 8632:Khlevniuk 2015 8616: 8614:, p. 150. 8612:Khlevniuk 2015 8596: 8592:Khlevniuk 2015 8580: 8576:Khlevniuk 2015 8568: 8566:, p. 140. 8564:Khlevniuk 2015 8548: 8546:, p. 347. 8536: 8517: 8515:, p. 391. 8505: 8503:, p. 349. 8493: 8489:Khlevniuk 2015 8481: 8479:, p. 140. 8477:Khlevniuk 2015 8475:, p. 24; 8457: 8453:Khlevniuk 2015 8445: 8443:, p. 139. 8441:Khlevniuk 2015 8425: 8413: 8411:, p. 139. 8409:Khlevniuk 2015 8401: 8399:, p. 315. 8389: 8385:Khlevniuk 2015 8377: 8373:Khlevniuk 2015 8353: 8351:, p. 125. 8349:Khlevniuk 2015 8338: 8336:, p. 126. 8334:Khlevniuk 2015 8323: 8321:, p. 156. 8319:Khlevniuk 2015 8311: 8299: 8297:, p. 154. 8295:Khlevniuk 2015 8287: 8285:, p. 387. 8271: 8269:, p. 135. 8267:Khlevniuk 2015 8247: 8245:, p. 135. 8243:Khlevniuk 2015 8235: 8231:Khlevniuk 2015 8219: 8217:, p. 340. 8199: 8197:, p. 217. 8187: 8185:, p. 386. 8175: 8173:, p. 216. 8163: 8161:, p. 362. 8148: 8146:, p. 361. 8136: 8134:, p. 212. 8124: 8122:, p. 361. 8104: 8102:, p. 319. 8089: 8087:, p. 724. 8073: 8071:, p. 627. 8061: 8059:, p. 664. 8045: 8043:, p. 665. 8029: 8027:, p. 120. 8025:Khlevniuk 2015 8009: 8007:, p. 834. 7997: 7995:, p. 117. 7993:Khlevniuk 2015 7977: 7961: 7959:, p. 823. 7949: 7947:, p. 119. 7945:Khlevniuk 2015 7937: 7935:, p. 117. 7933:Khlevniuk 2015 7922: 7920:, p. 117. 7918:Khlevniuk 2015 7902: 7900:, p. 318. 7885: 7883:, p. 628. 7870: 7868:, p. 627. 7854: 7852:, p. 310. 7837: 7835:, p. 316. 7825: 7823:, p. 297. 7813: 7797: 7791:, p. 90; 7777: 7775:, p. 289. 7765: 7763:, p. 595. 7749: 7745:Allilueva 1967 7737: 7735:, p. 173. 7725: 7723:, p. 720. 7709:McDermott 1995 7701: 7699:, p. 261. 7686: 7684:, p. 282. 7671: 7659: 7657:, p. 379. 7647: 7645:, p. 325. 7643:Khlevniuk 2015 7635: 7633:, p. 191. 7623: 7621:, p. 157. 7611: 7609:, p. 307. 7595: 7583: 7567: 7565:, p. 308. 7551: 7549:, p. 304. 7539: 7537:, p. 299. 7527: 7515: 7513:, p. 301. 7500: 7498:, p. 326. 7488: 7486:, p. 324. 7476: 7474:, p. 155. 7464: 7462:, p. 268. 7449: 7447:, p. 107. 7445:Khlevniuk 2015 7425: 7423:, p. 108. 7421:Khlevniuk 2015 7413: 7409:Khlevniuk 2015 7393: 7391:, p. 300. 7381: 7379:, p. 269. 7369: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7331:, p. 118. 7329:Khlevniuk 2015 7321: 7319:, p. 265. 7304: 7302:, p. 274. 7292: 7290:, p. 259. 7280: 7268: 7248: 7246:, p. 708. 7228: 7226:, p. 174. 7216: 7214:, p. 114. 7212:Khlevniuk 2015 7200: 7196:Khlevniuk 2015 7184: 7182:, p. 272. 7172: 7170:, p. 116. 7168:Khlevniuk 2015 7156: 7154:, p. 116. 7152:Khlevniuk 2015 7140: 7138:, p. 270. 7128: 7126:, p. 271. 7116: 7114:, p. 113. 7112:Khlevniuk 2015 7104: 7102:, p. 112. 7100:Khlevniuk 2015 7088: 7086:, p. 234. 7076: 7072:Khlevniuk 2015 7060: 7058:, p. 231. 7045: 7043:, p. 167. 7033: 7031:, p. 166. 7017: 7015:, p. 267. 7002: 7000:, p. 105. 6998:Khlevniuk 2015 6986: 6984:, p. 258. 6974: 6972:, p. 103. 6970:Khlevniuk 2015 6958: 6954:Khlevniuk 2015 6934: 6932:, p. 101. 6930:Khlevniuk 2015 6918: 6916:, p. 571. 6902: 6900:, p. 258. 6886: 6866: 6864:, p. 254. 6854: 6852:, p. 256. 6842: 6840:, p. 273. 6830: 6828:, p. 244. 6815: 6813:, p. 689. 6795: 6793:, p. 130. 6783: 6771: 6769:, p. 278. 6759: 6743: 6731: 6729:, p. 276. 6719: 6717:, p. 282. 6703: 6699:Khlevniuk 2015 6675: 6671:Khlevniuk 2015 6663: 6659:Khlevniuk 2015 6643: 6641:, p. 614. 6627: 6623:Khlevniuk 2015 6617:, p. 11; 6603: 6599:Khlevniuk 2015 6584: 6582:, p. 240. 6572: 6570:, p. 563. 6556: 6554:, p. 228. 6544: 6542:, p. 227. 6532: 6530:, p. 225. 6520: 6516:Khlevniuk 2015 6508: 6496: 6492:Khlevniuk 2015 6486:, p. 98; 6476: 6464: 6462:, p. 136. 6452: 6450:, p. 111. 6440: 6438:, p. 238. 6424: 6422:, p. 235. 6408: 6396: 6394:, p. 432. 6384: 6382:, p. 469. 6372: 6370:, p. 455. 6360: 6358:, p. 453. 6348: 6346:, p. 426. 6336: 6317: 6297: 6293:Khlevniuk 2015 6269: 6265:Khlevniuk 2015 6253: 6251:, p. 544. 6229: 6227:, p. 540. 6219:, p. 30; 6205: 6195:, p. 30; 6181: 6177:Khlevniuk 2015 6167:, p. 30; 6153: 6141: 6129: 6127:, p. 528. 6117: 6113:Khlevniuk 2015 6093: 6089:Khlevniuk 2015 6069: 6067:, p. 485. 6059:, p. 74; 6049: 6045:Khlevniuk 2015 6025: 6021:Khlevniuk 2015 6011:, p. 71; 6001: 5999:, p. 195. 5986: 5982:Khlevniuk 2015 5976:, p. 95; 5966: 5962:Khlevniuk 2015 5952:, p. 98; 5942: 5940:, p. 528. 5922: 5918:Khlevniuk 2015 5902: 5900:, p. 413. 5886: 5884:, p. 191. 5880:, p. 53; 5876:, p. 97; 5866: 5864:, p. 501. 5851: 5849:, p. 504. 5831: 5829:, p. 190. 5819: 5817:, p. 411. 5805:, p. 96; 5795: 5793:, p. 188. 5783: 5781:, p. 186. 5771: 5767:Khlevniuk 2015 5757:, p. 89; 5747: 5745:, p. 232. 5728: 5726:, p. 400. 5712: 5696: 5694:, p. 400. 5680: 5678:, p. 200. 5668: 5666:, p. 371. 5652: 5650:, p. 202. 5637: 5635:, p. 388. 5625: 5613: 5611:, p. 392. 5601: 5599:, p. 377. 5585: 5583:, p. 377. 5573: 5553: 5537: 5535:, p. 182. 5525: 5523:, p. 135. 5513: 5511:, p. 364. 5497: 5493:Khlevniuk 2015 5483:, p. 87; 5473: 5471:, p. 177. 5454: 5442: 5438:Khlevniuk 2015 5422: 5406: 5404:, p. 178. 5391: 5389:, p. 174. 5379: 5367: 5365:, p. 199. 5355: 5353:, p. 176. 5343: 5341:, p. 175. 5337:, p. 91; 5327: 5325:, p. 175. 5315: 5313:, p. 331. 5309:, p. 45; 5305:, p. 86; 5295: 5293:, p. 185. 5280: 5268: 5266:, p. 172. 5262:, p. 85; 5252: 5250:, p. 172. 5235: 5233:, p. 314. 5215: 5213:, p. 169. 5203: 5201:, p. 171. 5191: 5187:Khlevniuk 2015 5181:, p. 40; 5167: 5163:Khlevniuk 2015 5157:, p. 27; 5153:, p. 46; 5143: 5141:, p. 170. 5137:, p. 81; 5127: 5123:Khlevniuk 2015 5121:, p. 28; 5107: 5091: 5089:, p. 173. 5076: 5072:Khlevniuk 2015 5062:, p. 27; 5058:, p. 39; 5054:, p. 77; 5044: 5028: 5026:, p. 259. 5016: 5000: 4998:, p. 250. 4984: 4982:, p. 250. 4974:, p. 75; 4964: 4954:, p. 72; 4944: 4942:, p. 153. 4932: 4930:, p. 152. 4926:, p. 71; 4916: 4904: 4900:Khlevniuk 2015 4890:, p. 72; 4880: 4878:, p. 151. 4874:, p. 72; 4864: 4860:Khlevniuk 2015 4850:, p. 30; 4846:, p. 70; 4836: 4834:, p. 148. 4824: 4822:, p. 158. 4809: 4807:, p. 155. 4794: 4792:, p. 149. 4782: 4780:, p. 157. 4770: 4768:, p. 150. 4758: 4756:, p. 226. 4752:, p. 27; 4742: 4740:, p. 229. 4736:, p. 71; 4726: 4724:, p. 228. 4720:, p. 71; 4710: 4708:, p. 148. 4694: 4690:Khlevniuk 2015 4674: 4672:, p. 177. 4662: 4658:Khlevniuk 2015 4650: 4643: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4572: 4475: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4423: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4370:Vladimir Putin 4296: 4293: 4272:Michael Ellman 4240:Main article: 4237: 4234: 4120:Old Bolsheviks 4103:anti-communist 4096:The historian 4073: 4070: 4050:Artyom Sergeev 3997:Boris Bazhanov 3991: 3988: 3980:Yakov Sverdlov 3896:Trofim Lysenko 3882: 3879: 3863:Kuntsevo Dacha 3797: 3796: 3785: 3784: 3770: 3767: 3676: 3673: 3669:A mass amnesty 3600:Jonathan Brent 3584:Kuntsevo Dacha 3568:Main article: 3565: 3562: 3526:Order of Lenin 3507: 3504: 3420: 3417: 3329: 3326: 3236: 3233: 3152:Leningrad case 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3102:war with Japan 3075:Clement Attlee 3066: 3063: 3030:Crimean Tatars 2970:British Empire 2908: 2905: 2852:Anna Akhmatova 2833:The centre of 2783:scorched earth 2717: 2714: 2688:was signed by 2679:Katyn massacre 2623:Maxim Litvinov 2589: 2586: 2579:Katyn massacre 2558: 2555: 2439:Nikolai Yezhov 2410:Main article: 2407: 2404: 2290: 2287: 2272:North Caucasus 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2136:Trofim Lysenko 2051: 2048: 2001:market economy 1985:North Caucasus 1901: 1899: 1896: 1888: 1885: 1791:Mikhail Tomsky 1768:Genrikh Yagoda 1760:Old Bolsheviks 1702: 1699: 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1680:Boris Bazhanov 1636: 1600:South Caucasus 1547: 1544: 1538:was signed in 1536:a peace treaty 1488:Stalin in 1920 1411: 1408: 1323:a constitution 1311:Yakov Sverdlov 1279: 1276: 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1261:Stephen Kotkin 1257:Oleg Khlevniuk 1241:paramilitaries 1226:Vladimir Lenin 1210:Russian Empire 1192:Stalin in 1893 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1142:, who in 1956 969:Vladimir Lenin 951:Russian Empire 883: 882: 879: 878: 876: 875: 865: 854: 846: 845: 843: 842: 832: 829: 822: 811: 810: 809: 806: 805: 799: 788: 777: 766: 761:Politburo and 747: 746: 745: 742: 741: 729: 712: 707: 706: 705: 704: 703: 700: 699: 697: 696: 691: 690: 689: 678: 676: 672: 671: 665: 661: 660: 654: 650: 649: 646: 642: 641: 636: 632: 631: 629: 628: 623: 617: 615: 611: 610: 606: 605: 603: 602: 599: 595: 593: 589: 588: 581: 577: 576: 571: 567: 566: 561: 555: 554: 552: 551: 546: 540: 538: 534: 533: 531: 530: 525: 519: 514: 508: 506: 502: 501: 489: 485: 480: 479: 478: 477: 464: 460: 455: 454: 453: 452: 449: 447: 443: 442: 440: 439: 428: 426: 420: 419: 413: 411: 407: 406: 404: 403: 397: 390: 388: 384: 383: 377:(aged 74) 371: 367: 366: 364:Russian Empire 349: 347: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 316: 310: 309: 307:Vladimir Lenin 304: 300: 299: 289: 288: 282: 281: 278: 272: 271: 266: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 239: 238: 232: 231: 226: 220: 219: 216: 210: 209: 207: 206: 201: 198: 192: 190: 186: 185: 175: 174: 168: 167: 159: 153: 152: 144: 138: 137: 127: 126: 120: 119: 116: 115: 109:Stalin at the 108: 100: 99: 97: 96: 87: 77: 74: 73: 70: 65: 47:Vissarionovich 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26700: 26689: 26686: 26684: 26681: 26679: 26676: 26674: 26671: 26669: 26666: 26664: 26661: 26659: 26656: 26654: 26651: 26649: 26646: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26594: 26591: 26589: 26586: 26584: 26581: 26579: 26576: 26574: 26571: 26569: 26566: 26564: 26561: 26559: 26556: 26554: 26551: 26549: 26546: 26544: 26541: 26539: 26536: 26534: 26531: 26529: 26526: 26524: 26521: 26519: 26516: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26506: 26504: 26501: 26499: 26496: 26494: 26491: 26489: 26486: 26484: 26481: 26479: 26476: 26474: 26471: 26469: 26466: 26464: 26461: 26459: 26456: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26444: 26441: 26439: 26436: 26434: 26431: 26429: 26426: 26424: 26421: 26419: 26416: 26414: 26411: 26409: 26406: 26404: 26401: 26399: 26396: 26394: 26391: 26389: 26386: 26384: 26381: 26379: 26376: 26374: 26371: 26369: 26366: 26364: 26361: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26341: 26339: 26336: 26334: 26331: 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26316: 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26296: 26294: 26291: 26289: 26286: 26284: 26281: 26279: 26276: 26274: 26271: 26269: 26266: 26264: 26261: 26259: 26256: 26254: 26251: 26249: 26246: 26244: 26241: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26231: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26186: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26176: 26174: 26171: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26123:Anti-fascists 26121: 26119: 26116: 26114: 26111: 26109: 26106: 26104: 26101: 26099: 26098:Joseph Stalin 26096: 26094: 26093:Russification 26091: 26090: 26088: 26078: 26068: 26066: 26056: 26054: 26044: 26042: 26032: 26031: 26028: 26007: 26003: 25999: 25995: 25991: 25987: 25983: 25979: 25978:Kamala Harris 25975: 25971: 25967: 25963: 25958: 25957: 25952: 25948: 25944: 25940: 25934: 25930: 25926: 25922: 25918: 25914: 25913:Angela Merkel 25910: 25905: 25904:Salome Karwah 25901: 25897: 25892: 25888: 25884: 25880: 25876: 25872: 25871:The Protester 25868: 25864: 25860: 25856: 25852: 25848: 25844: 25840: 25836: 25832: 25828: 25823: 25822:Melinda Gates 25819: 25815: 25809: 25805: 25801: 25797: 25793: 25788: 25784: 25783:Coleen Rowley 25780: 25774: 25770: 25766: 25765: 25763: 25759: 25751: 25747: 25743: 25739: 25735: 25731: 25727: 25723: 25719: 25715: 25711: 25707: 25706:Newt Gingrich 25703: 25699: 25695: 25690: 25689:Yitzhak Rabin 25686: 25682: 25678: 25677:Yasser Arafat 25672: 25668: 25664: 25660: 25656: 25652: 25648: 25644: 25640: 25636: 25632: 25628: 25624: 25620: 25616: 25612: 25611:Deng Xiaoping 25608: 25604: 25600: 25596: 25595:Yuri Andropov 25592: 25591:Ronald Reagan 25588: 25584: 25580: 25576: 25572: 25568: 25567:Ronald Reagan 25564: 25560: 25556: 25552: 25551:Deng Xiaoping 25548: 25544: 25540: 25536: 25532: 25531: 25529: 25525: 25516: 25512: 25508: 25504: 25500: 25496: 25492: 25488: 25484: 25480: 25476: 25472: 25466: 25462: 25458: 25454: 25450: 25446: 25445:Richard Nixon 25442: 25438: 25434: 25433:Richard Nixon 25430: 25426: 25422: 25418: 25414: 25409: 25405: 25401: 25397: 25392: 25388: 25384: 25380: 25376: 25372: 25368: 25364: 25360: 25356: 25352: 25348: 25344: 25340: 25336: 25331: 25327: 25323: 25319: 25318:Edward Teller 25315: 25311: 25307: 25303: 25299: 25298:Linus Pauling 25295: 25294:Willard Libby 25291: 25287: 25283: 25279: 25275: 25274:George Beadle 25269: 25265: 25261: 25257: 25253: 25249: 25245: 25241: 25237: 25233: 25229: 25225: 25221: 25217: 25213: 25209: 25208:Elizabeth II 25205: 25201: 25197: 25196: 25194: 25190: 25182: 25178: 25174: 25170: 25166: 25162: 25158: 25154: 25150: 25146: 25142: 25138: 25134: 25130: 25126: 25122: 25118: 25117:Joseph Stalin 25114: 25110: 25106: 25102: 25098: 25094: 25093:Joseph Stalin 25090: 25086: 25082: 25078: 25074: 25070: 25066: 25062: 25058: 25054: 25050: 25046: 25042: 25038: 25034: 25030: 25026: 25022: 25018: 25014: 25010: 25009:Owen D. Young 25006: 25002: 24998: 24994: 24990: 24989: 24987: 24983: 24979: 24977: 24969: 24964: 24962: 24957: 24955: 24950: 24949: 24946: 24936: 24926: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24880: 24877: 24876: 24874: 24870: 24864: 24863:Romas Kalanta 24861: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24838:Oleksa Hirnyk 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24815: 24813: 24809: 24803: 24800: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24782:Joseph Stalin 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24767:Alexander III 24765: 24763: 24762:Pyotr Valuyev 24760: 24758: 24755: 24753: 24750: 24748: 24745: 24744: 24742: 24738: 24730: 24727: 24726: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24703: 24700: 24698: 24695: 24694: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24683: 24680: 24678: 24675: 24674: 24672: 24668: 24663: 24662:Russification 24656: 24651: 24649: 24644: 24642: 24637: 24636: 24633: 24621: 24620:Elena Stasova 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24602: 24600: 24596: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24584:Joseph Stalin 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24566: 24564: 24560: 24555: 24548: 24543: 24541: 24536: 24534: 24529: 24528: 24525: 24513: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24499: 24497: 24493: 24487: 24484: 24482: 24481:Joseph Stalin 24479: 24477: 24474: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24463: 24461: 24457: 24452: 24445: 24440: 24438: 24433: 24431: 24426: 24425: 24422: 24410: 24407: 24405: 24402: 24400: 24397: 24396: 24394: 24390: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24378:Joseph Stalin 24376: 24374: 24371: 24369: 24366: 24364: 24361: 24360: 24358: 24354: 24349: 24342: 24337: 24335: 24330: 24328: 24323: 24322: 24319: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24293: 24291: 24287: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24270:Joseph Stalin 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24247: 24245: 24241: 24236: 24229: 24224: 24222: 24217: 24215: 24210: 24209: 24206: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24175: 24173: 24169: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24152:Joseph Stalin 24150: 24148: 24145: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24129: 24127: 24123: 24118: 24111: 24106: 24104: 24099: 24097: 24092: 24091: 24088: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24051: 24048: 24047: 24045: 24041: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24024:Joseph Stalin 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24001: 23999: 23995: 23990: 23983: 23978: 23976: 23971: 23969: 23964: 23963: 23960: 23948: 23945: 23943: 23940: 23938: 23935: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23923: 23920: 23918: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23892: 23888: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23866:Joseph Stalin 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23833: 23831: 23827: 23822: 23815: 23810: 23808: 23803: 23801: 23796: 23795: 23792: 23780: 23777: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23765: 23762: 23760: 23757: 23755: 23752: 23750: 23747: 23745: 23742: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23732: 23731: 23729: 23725: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23713:Joseph Stalin 23711: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23675: 23673: 23669: 23664: 23657: 23652: 23650: 23645: 23643: 23638: 23637: 23634: 23622: 23619: 23617: 23614: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23598: 23596: 23592: 23586: 23583: 23581: 23578: 23576: 23575:Joseph Stalin 23573: 23571: 23568: 23566: 23563: 23561: 23558: 23556: 23553: 23551: 23548: 23546: 23543: 23541: 23538: 23536: 23533: 23531: 23528: 23527: 23525: 23521: 23516: 23509: 23504: 23502: 23497: 23495: 23490: 23489: 23486: 23474: 23471: 23469: 23466: 23464: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23430: 23428: 23424: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23407:Joseph Stalin 23405: 23403: 23400: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23368: 23365: 23363: 23360: 23359: 23357: 23353: 23348: 23341: 23336: 23334: 23329: 23327: 23322: 23321: 23318: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23272: 23270: 23266: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23229:Joseph Stalin 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23191: 23189: 23185: 23180: 23173: 23168: 23166: 23161: 23159: 23154: 23153: 23150: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23110: 23108: 23107:Ivan Tevosian 23105: 23103: 23100: 23098: 23097:Nikolai Pegov 23095: 23093: 23090: 23088: 23085: 23083: 23080: 23078: 23075: 23073: 23072:Arseny Zverev 23070: 23068: 23065: 23063: 23060: 23059: 23057: 23053: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23016:Joseph Stalin 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22966:Otto Kuusinen 22964: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22918: 22916: 22912: 22907: 22900: 22895: 22893: 22888: 22886: 22881: 22880: 22877: 22852: 22849: 22847: 22844: 22842: 22839: 22837: 22834: 22832: 22829: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22816:Mitja Ribičič 22814: 22812: 22809: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22793: 22791: 22789: 22785: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22768:Yuri Andropov 22766: 22764: 22761: 22759: 22756: 22754: 22751: 22749: 22748:Joseph Stalin 22746: 22744: 22741: 22740: 22738: 22736: 22732: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22712: 22710: 22708: 22704: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22682:Edward Gierek 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22664: 22662: 22660: 22656: 22652: 22649: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22614:Mátyás Rákosi 22612: 22611: 22609: 22607: 22603: 22599: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22572:Wilhelm Pieck 22570: 22569: 22567: 22565: 22561: 22555: 22554:Karel Urbánek 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22526: 22524: 22522: 22518: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22506:Todor Zhivkov 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22493: 22491: 22489: 22485: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22470: 22468: 22466: 22462: 22459: 22458: 22453: 22449: 22445: 22441: 22433: 22428: 22426: 22421: 22419: 22414: 22413: 22410: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22247: 22246:Generalissimo 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22189: 22186: 22182: 22175: 22170: 22168: 22163: 22161: 22156: 22155: 22152: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22126: 22123: 22116: 22113: 22110: 22107: 22104: 22101: 22098: 22095: 22092: 22089: 22086: 22083: 22080: 22077: 22074: 22071: 22068: 22065: 22062: 22059: 22056: 22053: 22050: 22047: 22044: 22041: 22038: 22035: 22032: 22029: 22026: 22023: 22020: 22017: 22014: 22011: 22008: 22005: 22002: 21999: 21996: 21993: 21990: 21987: 21984: 21981: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21966: 21965: 21963: 21961: 21957: 21950: 21947: 21944: 21943: 21939: 21936: 21933: 21930: 21927: 21924: 21921: 21918: 21915: 21912: 21909: 21906: 21903: 21900: 21897: 21894: 21891: 21888: 21885: 21882: 21879: 21876: 21873: 21872: 21870: 21866: 21862: 21855: 21850: 21848: 21843: 21841: 21836: 21835: 21832: 21817: 21814: 21809: 21806: 21801: 21798: 21793: 21790: 21785: 21782: 21777: 21774: 21769: 21768:Georgy Zhukov 21766: 21761: 21758: 21757: 21755: 21751: 21747: 21738: 21735: 21730: 21729:Ivan Yumashev 21727: 21726: 21724: 21718: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21706: 21700: 21691: 21688: 21683: 21680: 21675: 21674:Joseph Stalin 21672: 21671: 21669: 21663: 21657: 21656:Joseph Stalin 21654: 21653: 21651: 21643: 21634: 21631: 21626: 21623: 21618: 21617:Pyotr Smirnov 21615: 21614: 21612: 21608: 21604: 21595: 21594:Joseph Stalin 21592: 21587: 21584: 21579: 21576: 21575: 21573: 21569: 21565: 21547: 21544: 21539: 21536: 21531: 21528: 21523: 21520: 21515: 21512: 21511: 21509: 21505: 21499: 21495: 21491: 21484: 21479: 21477: 21472: 21470: 21465: 21464: 21461: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21415: 21413: 21409: 21402: 21399: 21396: 21393: 21390: 21387: 21384: 21381: 21378: 21375: 21372: 21369: 21366: 21363: 21360: 21357: 21354: 21351: 21348: 21345: 21342: 21339: 21336: 21333: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21321: 21319: 21315: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21286: 21284: 21280: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21246: 21244: 21240: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21131: 21129: 21125: 21122: 21118: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21063:9th (1920–21) 21061: 21060: 21058: 21056: 21052: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20970:8th (1919–21) 20968: 20967: 20965: 20963: 20959: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20862:9th (1920–21) 20860: 20858: 20857:8th (1919–20) 20855: 20853: 20852:7th (1918–19) 20850: 20848: 20847:6th (1917–18) 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20832:5th (1907–12) 20830: 20828: 20827:4th (1906–07) 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20812:2nd (1903–05) 20810: 20808: 20805: 20804: 20802: 20800: 20796: 20793: 20787: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20753: 20751: 20749: 20745: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20725: 20723: 20721: 20717: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20682: 20680: 20678: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20662: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20603: 20601: 20599: 20595: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20543:9th (1920–21) 20541: 20539: 20538:8th (1919–20) 20536: 20534: 20531: 20530: 20528: 20526: 20522: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20425:9th (1920–21) 20423: 20421: 20420:8th (1919–20) 20418: 20416: 20415:7th (1918–19) 20413: 20411: 20410:6th (1917–18) 20408: 20407: 20405: 20403: 20399: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20302:9th (1920–21) 20300: 20298: 20297:8th (1919–20) 20295: 20293: 20292:7th (1918–19) 20290: 20288: 20287:6th (1917–18) 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20270: 20266: 20263: 20257: 20254: 20250: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20146: 20144: 20142: 20138: 20132: 20129: 20127: 20124: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19989: 19985: 19982: 19978: 19968: 19967: 19963: 19961: 19960: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19949: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19892:International 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19839: 19837: 19835: 19831: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19806: 19804: 19800: 19793: 19789: 19786: 19783: 19780: 19777: 19774: 19771: 19770:Yuri Andropov 19768: 19765: 19762: 19759: 19756: 19753: 19752:Joseph Stalin 19750: 19747: 19744: 19741: 19738: 19735: 19734:Elena Stasova 19732: 19729: 19726: 19723: 19722:Elena Stasova 19720: 19719: 19717: 19715: 19711: 19704: 19701: 19698: 19695: 19692: 19691:Yuri Andropov 19689: 19686: 19683: 19680: 19677: 19674: 19673:Joseph Stalin 19671: 19668: 19665: 19664: 19662: 19660: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19636: 19631: 19629: 19624: 19622: 19617: 19616: 19613: 19607: 19600: 19588: 19580: 19579: 19576: 19570: 19567: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19542:Semyonovskoye 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19524: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19501: 19499: 19497: 19493: 19484: 19481: 19476: 19473: 19468: 19465: 19460: 19457: 19452: 19449: 19444: 19441: 19436: 19433: 19428: 19425: 19420: 19419:Vasily Stalin 19417: 19414:(second wife) 19412: 19409: 19406:(adopted son) 19404: 19401: 19396: 19393: 19388: 19385: 19380: 19379:Kato Svanidze 19377: 19372: 19369: 19364: 19361: 19360: 19358: 19354: 19348: 19347: 19343: 19342: 19340: 19336: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19240: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19228: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19216: 19212: 19210: 19209: 19205: 19203: 19202: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19175:Ryutin Affair 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19162: 19160: 19155:Criticism and 19152: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19120: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19095: 19093: 19091: 19087: 19081: 19078: 19075: 19071: 19069: 19068:Order No. 270 19066: 19064: 19063:Order No. 227 19061: 19059: 19058: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19041: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19029: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19012: 19008: 19005: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18979: 18977: 18973: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18961:Doctors' plot 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18919:Nazino affair 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18884: 18883:German–Soviet 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18842:Slavists case 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18823: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18808:Moscow Trials 18806: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18733: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18723: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18705: 18702: 18701: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18651: 18649: 18643: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18571:Korenizatsiya 18569: 18567: 18566:Neo-Stalinism 18564: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18556: 18552: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18493: 18490: 18489: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18469: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18452:Ili Rebellion 18450: 18448: 18445: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18400: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18390: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18309: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18290: 18288: 18284: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18239: 18237: 18233: 18230: 18224: 18217: 18214: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18204: 18200: 18199:Joseph Stalin 18193: 18188: 18186: 18181: 18179: 18174: 18173: 18170: 18160: 18157: 18152: 18143: 18142: 18134: 18131: 18126: 18120: 18115: 18111: 18102: 18097: 18090: 18084: 18080: 18071: 18066: 18062: 18055: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18025: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17987: 17982: 17981: 17959: 17955: 17943: 17939: 17927: 17923: 17919: 17912: 17900: 17896: 17895:Russia Beyond 17892: 17887: 17875: 17871: 17867: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17835: 17831: 17827: 17822: 17810: 17806: 17802: 17797: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17772: 17760: 17756: 17752: 17747: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17711: 17707: 17703: 17698: 17686: 17682: 17678: 17673: 17661: 17657: 17652: 17640: 17636: 17632: 17627: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17602: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17585: 17573: 17569: 17564: 17552: 17548: 17543: 17531: 17527: 17511: 17507: 17498: 17495: 17493:0-060-10099-0 17489: 17485: 17481: 17477: 17476: 17464: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17428: 17427: 17426:Slavic Review 17421: 17406: 17402: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17375: 17370: 17366: 17360: 17356: 17351: 17347: 17341: 17337: 17332: 17330: 17326: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17301: 17297: 17291: 17287: 17286: 17280: 17276: 17270: 17266: 17261: 17257: 17251: 17248:. Macmillan. 17247: 17242: 17238: 17232: 17229:. Macmillan. 17228: 17223: 17211: 17207: 17201: 17197: 17196: 17195:Joseph Stalin 17190: 17186: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17169:. UCL Press. 17168: 17163: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17142: 17130: 17126: 17120: 17116: 17115: 17109: 17105: 17099: 17095: 17090: 17086: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17071:(4): 93–103. 17070: 17066: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17032: 17028: 17022: 17018: 17013: 17009: 17003: 16999: 16994: 16990: 16984: 16980: 16975: 16971: 16965: 16961: 16960: 16954: 16942: 16938: 16932: 16928: 16927: 16921: 16917: 16915:0-2311-0676-9 16911: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16894: 16890: 16886: 16881: 16877: 16871: 16867: 16862: 16858: 16852: 16848: 16843: 16839: 16833: 16828: 16827: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16791: 16787: 16781: 16777: 16772: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16727: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16690: 16686: 16680: 16676: 16675: 16669: 16665: 16659: 16655: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16638: 16634: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16605: 16600: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16572: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16532: 16528: 16522: 16518: 16514: 16509: 16505: 16499: 16495: 16490: 16475: 16468: 16467: 16461: 16454: 16447: 16442: 16427: 16420: 16415: 16400: 16396: 16392: 16388: 16384: 16380: 16376: 16375: 16367: 16362: 16358: 16352: 16348: 16343: 16339: 16333: 16329: 16324: 16312: 16308: 16302: 16298: 16297: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16278: 16274: 16269: 16265: 16263:0-7146-4619-9 16259: 16255: 16250: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16221: 16206: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16175: 16170: 16155: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16124: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16098: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16059: 16052: 16047: 16035: 16031: 16025: 16021: 16020: 16014: 16010: 16005: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15951: 15946: 15942: 15936: 15932: 15927: 15923: 15917: 15913: 15908: 15904: 15898: 15894: 15889: 15885: 15879: 15875: 15874: 15868: 15864: 15858: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15825: 15821: 15816: 15812: 15806: 15802: 15797: 15793: 15788: 15784: 15778: 15774: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15755: 15750: 15749: 15741: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15691: 15686: 15679: 15674: 15667: 15662: 15655: 15650: 15643: 15638: 15636: 15628: 15627:Conquest 1991 15623: 15616: 15612: 15611:Conquest 1991 15607: 15600: 15595: 15588: 15584: 15579: 15572: 15567: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15551:Conquest 1991 15547: 15540: 15535: 15528: 15527:Conquest 1991 15523: 15515: 15509: 15505: 15498: 15491: 15487: 15482: 15475: 15470: 15463: 15458: 15451: 15447: 15442: 15435: 15430: 15423: 15418: 15411: 15406: 15399: 15394: 15387: 15382: 15374: 15368: 15364: 15363: 15355: 15348: 15344: 15339: 15332: 15327: 15320: 15315: 15308: 15303: 15296: 15293:, p. 6; 15292: 15287: 15280: 15279:Conquest 1991 15275: 15268: 15263: 15261: 15259: 15252:, p. 13. 15251: 15246: 15239: 15234: 15228:, p. ix. 15227: 15222: 15220: 15212: 15211:Conquest 1991 15207: 15200: 15195: 15188: 15183: 15176: 15171: 15164: 15159: 15152: 15148: 15147:Conquest 1991 15143: 15136: 15131: 15124: 15119: 15112: 15107: 15101:, p. 77. 15100: 15095: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15079:Conquest 1991 15075: 15069:, p. 12. 15068: 15064: 15061:, p. 9; 15060: 15056: 15053:, p. 8; 15052: 15051:McCauley 2003 15047: 15040: 15035: 15028: 15024: 15019: 15012: 15008: 15003: 14987: 14983: 14977: 14973: 14972: 14964: 14956: 14950: 14946: 14945: 14937: 14930: 14925: 14918: 14913: 14906: 14901: 14899: 14891: 14887: 14882: 14875: 14870: 14868: 14860: 14855: 14853: 14851: 14843: 14838: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14816:, p. xi. 14815: 14814:Conquest 1991 14810: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14779: 14771: 14764: 14759: 14752: 14747: 14740: 14735: 14728: 14723: 14716: 14711: 14704: 14699: 14692: 14687: 14680: 14675: 14668: 14663: 14656: 14652: 14651:Conquest 1991 14647: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14627:Conquest 1991 14623: 14616: 14611: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14585:, p. 12. 14584: 14579: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14559: 14552: 14547: 14545: 14537: 14532: 14525: 14520: 14513: 14508: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14477: 14471:, p. 30. 14470: 14466: 14461: 14454: 14450: 14445: 14439:, p. 25. 14438: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14421: 14405: 14401: 14395: 14391: 14390: 14382: 14375: 14370: 14363: 14358: 14351: 14346: 14340:, p. 80. 14339: 14334: 14327: 14323: 14318: 14311: 14306: 14300:, p. 73. 14299: 14294: 14287: 14282: 14275: 14270: 14263: 14258: 14252:, p. 49. 14251: 14246: 14240:, p. 65. 14239: 14235: 14230: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14200: 14199: 14191: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14161: 14160: 14152: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14113: 14097: 14093: 14087: 14083: 14082: 14074: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14044: 14043: 14035: 14028: 14023: 14017:, p. 24. 14016: 14011: 14009: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13992:McCauley 2003 13988: 13981: 13977: 13976:Conquest 1991 13972: 13965: 13960: 13953: 13949: 13944: 13937: 13932: 13926:, p. 90. 13925: 13924:McCauley 2003 13921: 13920:Conquest 1991 13916: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13894:, p. 19. 13893: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13880:McCauley 2003 13876: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13854:, p. 33. 13853: 13848: 13842:, p. 93. 13841: 13836: 13829: 13825: 13822:, p. 9; 13821: 13817: 13812: 13805: 13800: 13793: 13788: 13781: 13776: 13769: 13765: 13760: 13754:, p. 96. 13753: 13748: 13741: 13736: 13720: 13716: 13710: 13706: 13705: 13697: 13691:, p. 12. 13690: 13685: 13678: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13667: 13660:, p. 42. 13659: 13654: 13647: 13642: 13635: 13631: 13626: 13619: 13615: 13610: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13587: 13582: 13575: 13571: 13566: 13559: 13554: 13547: 13542: 13535: 13532:, p. 4; 13531: 13526: 13519: 13514: 13512: 13504: 13499: 13492: 13488: 13483: 13476: 13471: 13464: 13459: 13452: 13448: 13443: 13436: 13431: 13423: 13417: 13413: 13406: 13400:, p. 13. 13399: 13395: 13391: 13390:Conquest 1991 13386: 13380:, p. 13. 13379: 13375: 13371: 13370:Conquest 1991 13366: 13350: 13346: 13340: 13336: 13335: 13327: 13320: 13315: 13308: 13303: 13296: 13291: 13284: 13279: 13277: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13256: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13232:Conquest 1991 13228: 13221: 13218:, p. 8; 13217: 13212: 13205: 13200: 13198: 13190: 13185: 13178: 13173: 13166: 13161: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13145:Conquest 1991 13141: 13134: 13130: 13125: 13118: 13113: 13106: 13102: 13097: 13090: 13085: 13079:, p. 64. 13078: 13073: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13050: 13045: 13038: 13033: 13026: 13021: 13014: 13009: 13002: 12998: 12993: 12987:, p. 60. 12986: 12981: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12961:Conquest 1991 12957: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12937:Conquest 1991 12933: 12926: 12922: 12917: 12910: 12905: 12898: 12893: 12886: 12881: 12875:, p. 52. 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12861:Conquest 1991 12857: 12850: 12845: 12839:, p. 85. 12838: 12833: 12827:, p. 18. 12826: 12821: 12814: 12809: 12803:, p. 97. 12802: 12798: 12795:, p. 2; 12794: 12791:, p. 1; 12790: 12789:Conquest 1991 12785: 12778: 12773: 12766: 12761: 12755:, p. 97. 12754: 12749: 12747: 12740:, p. 97. 12739: 12736:, p. 1; 12735: 12734:Conquest 1991 12730: 12723: 12722:Conquest 1991 12718: 12711: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12695:, p. 99. 12694: 12689: 12687: 12679: 12674: 12668:, p. 98. 12667: 12662: 12660: 12652: 12647: 12640: 12635: 12629:, p. 67. 12628: 12623: 12616: 12611: 12604: 12600: 12595: 12588: 12583: 12577:, p. 94. 12576: 12571: 12569: 12562:, p. 92. 12561: 12556: 12549: 12544: 12537: 12533: 12528: 12521: 12516: 12509: 12505: 12500: 12493: 12488: 12481: 12476: 12470:, p. 93. 12469: 12464: 12462: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12438: 12433: 12427:, p. 47. 12426: 12422: 12418: 12413: 12407:, p. 67. 12406: 12401: 12395:, p. 43. 12394: 12389: 12382: 12377: 12371:, p. xi. 12370: 12365: 12358: 12353: 12351: 12344:, p. 32. 12343: 12338: 12331: 12327: 12326:Conquest 1991 12323: 12318: 12310: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12285: 12278: 12273: 12266: 12261: 12259: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12236: 12231: 12225:, p. 20. 12224: 12219: 12212: 12207: 12200: 12195: 12188: 12183: 12176: 12171: 12165:, p. 75. 12164: 12159: 12152: 12147: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12127: 12120: 12116: 12111: 12104: 12099: 12092: 12088: 12083: 12076: 12071: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12040: 12033: 12028: 12021: 12016: 12009: 12005: 12004:Conquest 1991 12000: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11980:Conquest 1991 11976: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11960:Conquest 1991 11956: 11949: 11948:Conquest 1991 11944: 11942: 11940: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11919:Conquest 1991 11915: 11908: 11903: 11896: 11892: 11887: 11880: 11875: 11868: 11864: 11863:Conquest 1991 11859: 11852: 11847: 11840: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11823: 11818: 11811: 11810:Conquest 1991 11806: 11799: 11795: 11794:Conquest 1991 11790: 11783: 11779: 11778:Conquest 1991 11774: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11754:Conquest 1991 11750: 11743: 11739: 11734: 11727: 11722: 11720: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11699: 11692: 11687: 11680: 11679:Conquest 1991 11675: 11668: 11663: 11656: 11652: 11651:Conquest 1991 11647: 11640: 11639:Brackman 2001 11636: 11631: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11615:Conquest 1991 11611: 11604: 11599: 11592: 11591:Conquest 1991 11587: 11580: 11575: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11552: 11548: 11543: 11536: 11531: 11529: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11512:Conquest 1991 11508: 11501: 11497: 11492: 11485: 11481: 11476: 11469: 11465: 11460: 11453: 11448: 11441: 11436: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11420:Conquest 1991 11416: 11409: 11404: 11397: 11392: 11385: 11380: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11364:Conquest 1991 11360: 11353: 11348: 11346: 11338: 11337:Conquest 1991 11333: 11326: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11309: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11292: 11288: 11287:Conquest 1991 11283: 11276: 11271: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11252:Conquest 1991 11248: 11241: 11237: 11236:Conquest 1991 11232: 11225: 11220: 11218: 11210: 11205: 11198: 11193: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11177:Conquest 1991 11173: 11166: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11141: 11139:0-3001-2364-7 11135: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11112: 11105: 11101: 11096: 11094: 11086: 11081: 11079: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10987: 10982: 10975: 10970: 10963: 10959: 10954: 10947: 10942: 10936:, p. 57. 10935: 10930: 10923: 10918: 10911: 10906: 10904: 10896: 10891: 10884: 10879: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10860: 10853: 10848: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10820: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10797: 10792: 10785: 10780: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10757: 10753: 10748: 10741: 10737: 10736:Conquest 1991 10732: 10725: 10724:Conquest 1991 10720: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10680: 10673: 10668: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10621: 10616: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10593: 10588: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10548: 10541: 10536: 10529: 10524: 10517: 10512: 10505: 10501: 10496: 10489: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10472: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10455: 10450: 10448: 10440: 10435: 10433: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10409: 10408:Conquest 1991 10404: 10397: 10393: 10392:Conquest 1991 10388: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10353: 10348: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10332:Conquest 1991 10328: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10286: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10230: 10225: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10209:Conquest 1991 10205: 10198: 10193: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10177:Conquest 1991 10173: 10166: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10140: 10133: 10128: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10105: 10100: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10080:Conquest 1991 10076: 10069: 10064: 10062: 10054: 10049: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10029:Conquest 1991 10025: 10018: 10013: 10006: 10001: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9985:Conquest 1991 9981: 9974: 9969: 9962: 9958: 9957:Conquest 1991 9953: 9946: 9941: 9934: 9929: 9927: 9919: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9886:Conquest 1991 9882: 9875: 9870: 9863: 9861: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9828: 9824: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9800: 9795: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9771: 9764: 9759: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9743:Conquest 1991 9739: 9732: 9728: 9727:Conquest 1991 9723: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9697: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9606: 9598: 9593: 9591: 9583: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9562:Conquest 1991 9558: 9551: 9547: 9546:Conquest 1991 9542: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9526:Conquest 1991 9522: 9515: 9510: 9504:, p. 90. 9503: 9499: 9494: 9487: 9483: 9478: 9472:, p. 26. 9471: 9466: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9450:Conquest 1991 9446: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9407:Conquest 1991 9403: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9368: 9363: 9356: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9296: 9295:Conquest 1991 9291: 9285:, p. 63. 9284: 9280: 9279:Conquest 1991 9275: 9269:, p. 58. 9268: 9264: 9263:Brackman 2001 9260: 9259:Conquest 1991 9255: 9248: 9244: 9243:Conquest 1991 9239: 9232: 9228: 9227:Conquest 1991 9223: 9216: 9212: 9211:Conquest 1991 9207: 9200: 9195: 9188: 9184: 9183:Brackman 2001 9179: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9159:Conquest 1991 9155: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9128: 9127:Conquest 1991 9123: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9107:Conquest 1991 9103: 9096: 9092: 9091:Conquest 1991 9087: 9080: 9079:Conquest 1991 9075: 9069:, p. 20. 9068: 9064: 9060: 9059:Conquest 1991 9055: 9049:, p. 43. 9048: 9044: 9043:Conquest 1991 9039: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9023:Conquest 1991 9019: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8999:Conquest 1991 8995: 8988: 8984: 8983:Conquest 1991 8979: 8972: 8968: 8967:Conquest 1991 8963: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8931:Conquest 1991 8927: 8920: 8915: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8892: 8888: 8887:Conquest 1991 8883: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8852: 8847: 8840: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8807:Conquest 1991 8803: 8796: 8791: 8784: 8779: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8671:Conquest 1991 8667: 8660: 8655: 8648: 8643: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8473:Conquest 2008 8470: 8466: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8405: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8361:Conquest 1991 8357: 8350: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8284: 8280: 8279:Conquest 1991 8275: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8259:Conquest 1991 8256: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8232: 8228: 8227:Conquest 1991 8223: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8207:Conquest 1991 8203: 8196: 8195:Conquest 1991 8191: 8184: 8179: 8172: 8171:Conquest 1991 8167: 8160: 8155: 8153: 8145: 8140: 8133: 8132:Conquest 1991 8128: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8112:Conquest 1991 8108: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8081:Conquest 1991 8077: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8042: 8041:Kuromiya 2008 8038: 8033: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7914:Conquest 2008 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7882: 7877: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7834: 7829: 7822: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7785:Conquest 1991 7781: 7774: 7769: 7762: 7758: 7753: 7747:, p. 111 7746: 7741: 7734: 7733:Conquest 1991 7729: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7713:Conquest 1991 7710: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7668: 7667:Conquest 1991 7663: 7656: 7651: 7644: 7639: 7632: 7631:Conquest 1991 7627: 7620: 7619:Conquest 1991 7615: 7608: 7604: 7603:Conquest 1991 7599: 7592: 7587: 7581:, p. 85. 7580: 7576: 7571: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7472:Conquest 1991 7468: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7433:Conquest 1991 7429: 7422: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7401:Conquest 1991 7397: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7341:Conquest 1991 7337: 7330: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7266:, p. 18. 7265: 7264:Conquest 2008 7261: 7257: 7256:Conquest 1991 7252: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7225: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7208:Conquest 1991 7204: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7042: 7037: 7030: 7026: 7025:Conquest 1991 7021: 7014: 7009: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6942:Conquest 1991 6938: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6894:Conquest 1991 6890: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6874:Conquest 1991 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6803:Conquest 1991 6799: 6792: 6791:Conquest 1991 6787: 6781:, p. 39. 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6755:Conquest 2008 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6701:, p. 85. 6700: 6696: 6692: 6691:Conquest 2008 6688: 6684: 6683:Conquest 1991 6679: 6673:, p. 85. 6672: 6667: 6661:, p. 91. 6660: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6635:Conquest 1991 6631: 6625:, p. 83. 6624: 6620: 6616: 6615:Conquest 2008 6612: 6611:Conquest 1991 6607: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6589: 6581: 6576: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6518:, p. 87. 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6494:, p. 52. 6493: 6489: 6485: 6484:Conquest 1991 6480: 6474:, p. 27. 6473: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6432:Conquest 1991 6428: 6421: 6417: 6416:Conquest 1991 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6295:, p. 79. 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6277:Conquest 1991 6273: 6267:, p. 79. 6266: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6237:Conquest 1991 6233: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6213:Conquest 1991 6209: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6189:Conquest 1991 6185: 6179:, p. 79. 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6161:Conquest 1991 6157: 6151:, p. 62. 6150: 6145: 6139:, p. 59. 6138: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6115:, p. 71. 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101:Conquest 1991 6097: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6077:Conquest 1991 6073: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6047:, p. 69. 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6033:Conquest 1991 6029: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5974:Conquest 1991 5970: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5950:Conquest 1991 5946: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5930:Conquest 1991 5926: 5920:, p. 68. 5919: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874:Conquest 1991 5870: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5803:Conquest 1991 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5769:, p. 64. 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755:Conquest 1991 5751: 5744: 5740: 5739:Conquest 1991 5735: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5521:Brackman 2004 5517: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5495:, p. 60. 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5481:Conquest 1991 5477: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5440:, p. 59. 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5336: 5335:Conquest 1991 5331: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303:Conquest 1991 5299: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5260:Conquest 1991 5256: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223:Conquest 1991 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5189:, p. 55. 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175:Conquest 1991 5171: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5136: 5135:Conquest 1991 5131: 5125:, p. 55. 5124: 5120: 5116: 5115:Conquest 1991 5111: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5074:, p. 54. 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052:Conquest 1991 5048: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972:Conquest 1991 4968: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4952:Conquest 1991 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4924:Conquest 1991 4920: 4914:, p. 71. 4913: 4912:Conquest 1991 4908: 4902:, p. 49. 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888:Conquest 1991 4884: 4877: 4873: 4872:Conquest 1991 4868: 4862:, p. 52. 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:Conquest 1991 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4734:Conquest 1991 4730: 4723: 4719: 4718:Conquest 1991 4714: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4692:, p. 52. 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4660:, p. 53. 4659: 4654: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4565: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4513: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374:Wall of Grief 4371: 4367: 4366:Boris Yeltsin 4363: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4301:Neo-Stalinism 4292: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253:death penalty 4250: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4171:human history 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4139:Gori, Georgia 4136: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4115:Vadim Rogovin 4110: 4108: 4107:mass murderer 4104: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859:Nestor Lakoba 3856: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826:Nestor Lakoba 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3619:also held at 3617: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3539:Slánský trial 3536: 3535:doctors' plot 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3512:Doctors' plot 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3466:launched the 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456:38th parallel 3452: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3283:Marshall Plan 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3166:Generalissimo 3163: 3159: 3153: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3114:Kwantung Army 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091:seized Berlin 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3065:1945: Victory 3062: 3060: 3055: 3054:Kuril Islands 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992:, 4 July 1944 2991: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2978:Western Front 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:cannon fodder 2805: 2804:Order No. 227 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:Order No. 270 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2750:Georgy Zhukov 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Eastern Front 2735: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2357:popular front 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2300: 2299:Moscow trials 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279:crop rotation 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2210: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:Shakhty Trial 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1994:war communism 1990: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:Avel Enukidze 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1750:. During the 1749: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:doctors' plot 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 880: 873: 869: 866: 864: 860: 856: 855: 853: 852: 847: 841: 837: 833: 830: 827: 823: 820: 816: 815: 804: 800: 797: 793: 789: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 767: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 743: 733: 710: 701: 695: 692: 688: 685: 684: 683: 680: 679: 677: 673: 669: 666: 662: 658: 657:Generalissimo 655: 651: 647: 643: 640: 637: 633: 627: 624: 622: 621:Soviet Russia 619: 618: 616: 612: 607: 600: 597: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 575: 572: 568: 565: 562: 560: 556: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 539: 535: 529: 526: 523: 520: 518: 517:Vasily Stalin 515: 513: 510: 509: 507: 503: 483: 476: 475: 458: 451: 450: 448: 444: 437: 433: 430: 429: 427: 421: 416: 412: 408: 401: 398: 395: 392: 391: 389: 387:Resting place 385: 382: 372: 368: 365: 361: 356: 348: 344: 339: 335: 332: 329: 323: 320: 317: 311: 308: 305: 301: 295: 290: 287: 283: 279: 273: 270: 267: 261: 258: 255: 251: 245: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 221: 217: 211: 205: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 191: 187: 181: 176: 173: 169: 163: 160: 154: 148: 145: 139: 133: 128: 125: 121: 117: 112: 106: 101: 92:იოსებ სტალინი 88: 79: 78: 75: 71:Joseph Stalin 68: 67:Generalissimo 63: 60: 56: 52: 49: and the 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 26077:Soviet Union 26006:Taylor Swift 25954: 25921:Donald Trump 25900:Kent Brantly 25887:Pope Francis 25879:Barack Obama 25855:Ben Bernanke 25847:Barack Obama 25761:2001–present 25730:Bill Clinton 25722:Andrew Grove 25667:Bill Clinton 25583:The Computer 25535:Jimmy Carter 25511:Carol Sutton 25479:Alison Cheek 25425:Willy Brandt 25404:Frank Borman 25310:Emilio Segrè 25116: 25092: 25085:Adolf Hitler 25025:Pierre Laval 24975: 24848:Albert Razin 24843:Vasyl Makukh 24828:Eduard Polón 24823:Leo Mechelin 24781: 24752:Alexander II 24589:Leon Trotsky 24583: 24562:Full members 24486:Leon Trotsky 24480: 24459:Full members 24383:Leon Trotsky 24377: 24356:Full members 24280:Leon Trotsky 24269: 24265:Alexei Rykov 24243:Full members 24162:Leon Trotsky 24151: 24147:Alexei Rykov 24125:Full members 24034:Leon Trotsky 24023: 24019:Alexei Rykov 23997:Full members 23932:Sergei Kirov 23876:Leon Trotsky 23865: 23861:Alexei Rykov 23829:Full members 23744:Sergei Kirov 23712: 23703:Alexei Rykov 23671:Full members 23574: 23570:Alexei Rykov 23545:Sergei Kirov 23523:Full members 23463:Robert Eikhe 23406: 23382:Sergei Kirov 23355:Full members 23228: 23187:Full members 23082:Ivan Kabanov 23015: 22914:Full members 22841:Boško Krunić 22806:Lazar Mojsov 22747: 22672:Edward Ochab 22634:Károly Grósz 22544:Gustáv Husák 22444:Eastern Bloc 22241: 22227:Shaposhnikov 22197:Tukhachevsky 21940: 21892: 21808:Dmitry Yazov 21673: 21655: 21647:Armed Forces 21593: 21530:Leon Trotsky 21494:Soviet Union 21282:Other organs 21199:Russian SFSR 21144:Byelorussian 19964: 19957: 19951:Publications 19857:Construction 19794:, Aug. 1991) 19791: 19751: 19672: 19486:(son-in-law) 19478:(son-in-law) 19475:Yuri Zhdanov 19382:(first wife) 19371:Keke Geladze 19344: 19233:Antisemitism 19225: 19213: 19206: 19199: 19190:Kremlin Plot 19117: 19055: 19039: 19026: 18931:Tax on trees 18889:Deportations 18626:Stakhanovite 18487:Eastern Bloc 18388:World War II 18341: / 18228:and politics 18198: 18155: 18139: 18129: 18094: 18059: 18022: 17985: 17965:. 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Retrieved 16741:(2): 70–88. 16738: 16734: 16697: 16693: 16672: 16651: 16632: 16607: 16603: 16593:23 September 16591:. Retrieved 16574: 16568: 16539: 16535: 16512: 16493: 16481:. Retrieved 16465: 16453:the original 16433:. Retrieved 16408:21 September 16406:. Retrieved 16378: 16372: 16346: 16327: 16315:. Retrieved 16295: 16272: 16253: 16228: 16224: 16212:. Retrieved 16184: 16180: 16163:22 September 16161:. Retrieved 16133: 16129: 16105: 16101: 16091:11 September 16089:. Retrieved 16061: 16057: 16038:. Retrieved 16018: 16008: 15996:. Retrieved 15960: 15956: 15930: 15911: 15892: 15871: 15857:cite journal 15832: 15828: 15819: 15800: 15791: 15772: 15753: 15734:Bibliography 15720:. 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Retrieved 13703: 13696: 13684: 13679:, p. 2. 13677:Roberts 2022 13653: 13641: 13630:Service 2004 13625: 13620:, p. 5. 13614:Service 2004 13609: 13604:, p. 6. 13593: 13586:Service 2004 13581: 13570:Service 2004 13565: 13558:Service 2004 13553: 13548:, p. 8. 13541: 13536:, p. 7. 13525: 13503:Service 2004 13498: 13482: 13475:Service 2004 13470: 13458: 13442: 13430: 13411: 13405: 13394:Service 2004 13385: 13365: 13353:. 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W. Davies 4269: 4245: 4218: 4209:hagiographic 4206: 4191: 4147:totalitarian 4143: 4111: 4095: 4054: 4035: 4027: 4001: 3993: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3940: 3917: 3904: 3892: 3839: 3800: 3772: 3759: 3749: 3742: 3737:Druskininkai 3711: 3703: 3699:East Germany 3625: 3608: 3581: 3555: 3548: 3531: 3476: 3453: 3437: 3404:vote rigging 3402:(PZPR), and 3382: 3354:Iron Curtain 3351: 3343: 3338:Eastern Bloc 3328:Eastern Bloc 3316: 3310: 3308: 3276: 3261: 3226: 3214: 3207: 3195: 3178: 3174: 3155: 3141:Post-war era 3134:Harry Truman 3126: 3099: 3088: 3043: 2995: 2963: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2880: 2840: 2787:NKVD to kill 2780: 2753: 2731: 2705: 2701: 2683: 2659: 2620: 2591: 2557:World War II 2547:fifth column 2543: 2539: 2492: 2465:Moscow Trial 2463:. The first 2458: 2450:Great Terror 2434:NKVD troikas 2430:Sergey Kirov 2426: 2400:United Front 2361: 2353:7th Congress 2330: 2308: 2306: 2276: 2257: 2249:Adolf Hitler 2245: 2207:appendicitis 2203: 2172: 2105: 2083: 2053: 2028:Moscow Metro 2025: 2017:Magnitogorsk 2008: 1998: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1936: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1872: 1842: 1829: 1798: 1787:Alexei Rykov 1784: 1757: 1745: 1727: 1711:Alexei Rykov 1672: 1664: 1649: 1643: 1638: 1620: 1584: 1561: 1524: 1491: 1459: 1440: 1436:White armies 1413: 1381: 1352: 1350: 1325:for the new 1319: 1307:Leon Trotsky 1292: 1234: 1202:Keke Geladze 1195: 1152: 1096:from Finland 1064:Nazi Germany 1056:anti-fascist 1045: 962: 944: 936:totalitarian 934:, while the 900:Soviet Union 891: 887: 886: 871: 858: 849: 694:World War II 675:Battles/wars 626:Soviet Union 425:affiliations 417:(from 1912) 381:Soviet Union 375:(1953-03-05) 373:5 March 1953 330: 326:Succeeded by 318: 293: 276:Succeeded by 256: 243: 224:Succeeded by 189:First Deputy 179: 157:Succeeded by 131: 83:Иосиф Сталин 59: 54: 46: 26113:1953 deaths 26108:1878 births 25956:The Capital 25953:/ Staff of 25951:Kyaw Soe Oo 25943:Maria Ressa 25575:Lech Wałęsa 25543:Anwar Sadat 25515:Addie Wyatt 25507:Susie Sharp 25495:Carla Hills 25491:Ella Grasso 25483:Jill Conway 25461:King Faisal 25453:John Sirica 25306:Isidor Rabi 25282:John Enders 24772:Nicholas II 24569:Lev Kamenev 24556:(1919–1920) 24466:Lev Kamenev 24453:(1920–1921) 24368:Lev Kamenev 24350:(1921–1922) 24255:Lev Kamenev 24237:(1922–1923) 24137:Lev Kamenev 24119:(1923–1924) 24014:Lev Kamenev 23991:(1924–1926) 23947:Vlas Chubar 23902:Lev Kamenev 23823:(1926–1927) 23774:Karl Bauman 23769:Vlas Chubar 23665:(1927–1930) 23621:Vlas Chubar 23517:(1930–1934) 23453:Vlas Chubar 23417:Vlas Chubar 23349:(1934–1939) 23181:(1939–1952) 23112:Pavel Yudin 22908:(1952–1956) 22846:Stipe Šuvar 22826:Ali Šukrija 22639:Rezső Nyers 22629:János Kádár 22549:Miloš Jakeš 22473:Enver Hoxha 22262:Rokossovsky 22102:(1989–1990) 22096:(1988–1990) 22090:(1985–1989) 22088:Murakhovsky 22084:(1985–1988) 22078:(1983–1985) 22072:(1982–1987) 22066:(1980–1986) 22060:(1976–1980) 22054:(1965–1973) 22048:(1965–1978) 22042:(1963–1965) 22036:(1960–1964) 22030:(1958–1960) 22024:(1957–1958) 22018:(1955–1957) 22012:(1955–1957) 22006:(1955–1964) 22000:(1953–1957) 21988:(1950–1955) 21982:(1942–1957) 21976:(1941–1946) 21974:Voznesensky 21970:(1934–1935) 21945:(Aug. 1991) 21931:(1985–1991) 21925:(1980–1985) 21919:(1964–1980) 21913:(1958–1964) 21907:(1955–1958) 21901:(1953–1955) 21895:(1941–1953) 21889:(1930–1941) 21883:(1924–1930) 21877:(1923–1924) 21753:(1953–1992) 21722:(1950–1953) 21704:(1950–1953) 21667:(1946–1950) 21610:(1937–1946) 21571:(1934–1946) 21507:(1917–1934) 21242:Local-level 21139:Azerbaijani 20720:Secretariat 20402:Secretariat 20239:19th (1988) 20234:18th (1941) 20229:17th (1932) 20224:16th (1929) 20219:15th (1926) 20214:14th (1925) 20209:13th (1924) 20204:12th (1922) 20131:28th (1990) 20126:27th (1986) 20121:26th (1981) 20116:25th (1976) 20111:24th (1971) 20106:23rd (1966) 20101:22nd (1961) 20096:21st (1959) 20091:20th (1956) 20086:19th (1952) 20081:18th (1939) 20076:17th (1934) 20071:16th (1930) 20066:15th (1927) 20061:14th (1925) 20056:13th (1924) 20051:12th (1923) 20046:11th (1922) 20041:10th (1921) 19887:Information 19847:Agriculture 19834:Departments 19814:Secretariat 19242:Remembrance 19208:Animal Farm 19034:Stalin Note 18721:Great Purge 18689:Great Break 18581:Great Break 18302:(1928–1941) 18218:(1946–1953) 18212:(1922–1952) 17967:21 November 17815:15 December 17666:23 November 17645:23 November 17536:21 November 15914:. Pimlico. 15876:. Penguin. 15486:Snyder 2010 15450:Ellman 2002 15434:Ellman 2002 15422:Healey 2018 15398:Ellman 2002 15331:Ellman 2002 15307:Sandle 1999 15199:Kotkin 2014 15135:Kotkin 2014 15063:Kotkin 2014 15039:Kotkin 2014 14929:Ellman 2002 14573:, p. . 14571:Kotkin 2017 14262:Kotkin 2014 13964:Kotkin 2017 13952:Kotkin 2017 13868:Kotkin 2014 13828:Kotkin 2017 13740:Kotkin 2014 13634:Kotkin 2014 13618:Kotkin 2017 13602:Kotkin 2017 13598:Kotkin 2014 13491:Kotkin 2014 13463:Kotkin 2014 13451:Kotkin 2014 13268:Kotkin 2014 13244:Kotkin 2014 13105:Kotkin 2014 13065:Kotkin 2017 12949:Kotkin 2017 12909:Kotkin 2017 12825:Rieber 2005 12639:Kotkin 2014 12548:Kotkin 2014 12536:Kotkin 2014 12504:Sandle 1999 12480:Sandle 1999 12421:Kotkin 2014 12393:Rieber 2005 12369:Kotkin 2014 12342:Rieber 2005 10934:Gaddis 2005 10864:Ellman 2000 10852:Ellman 2000 10439:Wettig 2008 10364:Glantz 1983 9470:Glantz 2001 9167:Wettig 2008 9067:Wettig 2008 8863:Harris 2017 8255:Haslam 1979 8085:Kotkin 2014 8057:Ellman 2007 8037:Ellman 2005 8017:Ellman 2005 8005:Ellman 2005 7985:Ellman 2005 7969:Ellman 2005 7957:Ellman 2005 7761:Kotkin 2014 7721:Kotkin 2014 7575:Sandle 1999 7523:Sandle 1999 7441:Kotkin 2014 7405:Sandle 1999 7365:Sandle 1999 7353:Sandle 1999 7276:Sandle 1999 7244:Kotkin 2014 7084:Sandle 1999 7056:Sandle 1999 6950:Kotkin 2014 6914:Kotkin 2014 6882:Kotkin 2014 6811:Kotkin 2014 6695:Kotkin 2014 6655:Kotkin 2014 6639:Kotkin 2014 6619:Kotkin 2014 6568:Kotkin 2014 6488:Kotkin 2014 6404:Kotkin 2014 6392:Kotkin 2014 6380:Kotkin 2014 6368:Kotkin 2014 6356:Kotkin 2014 6344:Kotkin 2014 6289:Kotkin 2014 6249:Kotkin 2014 6225:Kotkin 2014 6201:Kotkin 2014 6173:Kotkin 2014 6125:Kotkin 2014 6065:Kotkin 2014 6041:Kotkin 2014 6017:Kotkin 2014 5958:Kotkin 2014 5938:Kotkin 2014 5914:Kotkin 2014 5898:Kotkin 2014 5862:Kotkin 2014 5847:Kotkin 2014 5815:Kotkin 2014 5763:Kotkin 2014 5724:Kotkin 2014 5708:Kotkin 2014 5692:Kotkin 2014 5664:Kotkin 2014 5633:Kotkin 2014 5621:Kotkin 2014 5609:Kotkin 2014 5597:Kotkin 2014 5581:Kotkin 2014 5569:Kotkin 2014 5561:Davies 2003 5549:Kotkin 2014 5509:Kotkin 2014 5489:Kotkin 2014 5434:Kotkin 2014 5418:Kotkin 2014 5311:Kotkin 2014 5231:Kotkin 2014 5159:Kotkin 2014 5103:Kotkin 2014 5068:Kotkin 2014 5040:Kotkin 2014 5024:Kotkin 2014 5012:Kotkin 2014 4996:Kotkin 2014 4980:Kotkin 2014 4960:Kotkin 2014 4896:Kotkin 2014 4856:Kotkin 2014 4754:Kotkin 2014 4738:Kotkin 2014 4722:Kotkin 2014 4686:Kotkin 2014 4670:Kotkin 2014 4419:Secretariat 4184:carrying a 4090:East Berlin 3984:Peter Kenez 3961:Volga-Volga 3881:Personality 3803:histrionics 3739:, Lithuania 3733:Grūtas Park 3718:bourgeoisie 3623:in London. 3612:crowd crush 3500:Birobidzhan 3460:Kim Il Sung 3085:, July 1945 2872:Pan-Slavist 2690:Axis Powers 2495:Great Purge 2487:Great Purge 2412:Great Purge 2324:during the 2179:H. G. Wells 2168:1937 census 2124:Maxim Gorky 1939:Novosibirsk 1795:Triumvirate 1723:Great Purge 1715:Lev Kamenev 1670:in Moscow. 1652:Gorki dacha 1511:nationalism 1369:Helsingfors 1344:The Moscow 1124:antisemitic 1108:superpowers 1029:Great Purge 1027:. Stalin's 824:1920–1922: 670:(from 1941) 659:(from 1945) 314:Preceded by 264:Preceded by 214:Preceded by 142:Preceded by 51:family name 26087:Categories 25818:Bill Gates 25742:Jeff Bezos 25659:Ted Turner 25487:Betty Ford 25408:Jim Lovell 24747:Nicholas I 24677:Azerbaijan 22592:Egon Krenz 22478:Ramiz Alia 22382:Akhromeyev 22342:Yakubovsky 22317:Moskalenko 22312:Yeryomenko 22287:Sokolovsky 22267:Malinovsky 22237:Vasilevsky 22217:Timoshenko 22192:Voroshilov 22115:Doguzhiyev 21998:Kaganovich 21942:Doguzhiyev 21911:Khrushchev 21214:Turkestani 21189:Lithuanian 20789:Elected by 20189:9th (1920) 20184:8th (1919) 20179:7th (1917) 20174:6th (1912) 20169:5th (1908) 20154:2nd (1906) 20149:1st (1905) 20141:Conference 20036:9th (1920) 20031:8th (1919) 20026:7th (1918) 20021:6th (1917) 20016:5th (1907) 20011:4th (1906) 20006:3rd (1905) 20001:2nd (1903) 19996:1st (1898) 19922:Propaganda 19557:Lake Ritsa 19537:Uspenskoye 19454:(grandson) 19438:(grandson) 19430:(daughter) 19185:Trotskyism 19157:opposition 18833:Lysenkoism 18519:Korean War 18398:Winter War 18286:Chronology 18277:Death toll 18242:Early life 18145:1922–1952 18104:1941–1947 18073:1941–1953 17905:5 February 17860:30 October 16947:18 October 16435:1 December 16214:17 January 15835:(2): 270. 15738:See also: 15347:Moore 2012 15343:Chang 2019 12765:Foltz 2021 12678:Overy 2004 12175:Evans 1953 11707:Overy 2004 9624:Overy 2004 8679:Overy 2004 6137:Suny 2020b 4614:References 4299:See also: 4236:Death toll 4124:scientific 4118:among the 3510:See also: 3483:Golda Meir 3468:Korean War 3440:Mao Zedong 3340:until 1989 3245:Mao Zedong 3162:River Elbe 3160:up to the 3150:See also: 2974:Königsberg 2835:Stalingrad 2812:law of war 2755:blitzkrieg 2567:Winter War 2483:, in 1936. 2396:Kuomintang 2337:Nazi Party 2293:See also: 2268:Kazakhstan 2056:show trial 1989:an article 1734:Red Square 1492:Following 1377:federalism 1335:Red Terror 1237:Bolsheviks 1178:Early life 1035:system of 614:Allegiance 559:Alma mater 43:patronymic 26263:Holodomor 26103:Stalinism 26053:Communism 26041:Biography 25986:Elon Musk 25974:Joe Biden 25734:Ken Starr 25527:1976–2000 25192:1951–1975 24985:1927–1950 24909:Trasianka 24714:Lithuania 22624:Imre Nagy 22619:Ernő Gerő 22387:Kurkotkin 22297:Bagramyan 22277:Meretskov 22272:Tolbukhin 22094:Maslyukov 22052:Polyansky 22010:Pervukhin 21968:Kuybyshev 21819:(1991–92) 21811:(1987–91) 21803:(1984–87) 21795:(1976–84) 21787:(1967–76) 21779:(1957–67) 21771:(1955–57) 21763:(1953–55) 21740:(1951–53) 21732:(1950–51) 21693:(1949–50) 21685:(1947–49) 21677:(1946–47) 21636:(1939–46) 21628:(1938–39) 21620:(1937–38) 21597:(1941–46) 21589:(1940–41) 21581:(1934–40) 21549:(1925–34) 21533:(1918–25) 21525:(1917–18) 21397:(1990–91) 21385:(1932–33) 21367:(1926–27) 21361:(1924–33) 21355:(1923–30) 21349:(1923–27) 21343:(1921–23) 21337:(1920–21) 21331:(1919–21) 21317:Groupings 21224:Ukrainian 21194:Moldavian 20748:Collegium 20677:Presidium 20269:Politburo 19784:(1985–91) 19778:(1984–85) 19772:(1982–84) 19766:(1964–82) 19760:(1953–64) 19754:(1922–52) 19748:(1921–22) 19742:(1919–21) 19730:(1918–19) 19724:(1917–18) 19705:(1985–91) 19699:(1984–85) 19693:(1982–84) 19687:(1964–82) 19681:(1953–64) 19675:(1924–53) 19669:(1912–24) 19547:New Athos 18813:Hotel Lux 18796:Vinnytsia 18751:Chortkiv 18741:Berezwecz 18736:Berezhany 18704:Holodomor 18561:Stalinism 18499:Cominform 18235:Overviews 17790:4 January 17306:13 August 16815:144922280 16722:143876370 16556:159573290 16317:3 January 15998:7 October 15985:145729808 15849:150711796 15722:8 October 15712:Bloomberg 14465:Suny 2020 14410:26 August 14219:15 August 13355:15 August 11062:153413935 11054:1468-2745 4619:Citations 4591:Russified 4564:romanized 4525:romanized 4484:English: 4471:Politburo 4325:. There, 4159:oligarchy 4155:Caesarism 3928:formalism 3867:Novy Afon 3714:class war 3685:Stalinism 3635:, namely 3362:Cominform 3279:continent 3268:atom bomb 2966:in Tehran 2772:Kuibyshev 2768:Luftwaffe 2760:Wehrmacht 2596:and then 2394:with the 2392:civil war 2362:When the 2255:in 1933. 2228:Holodomor 2112:a culture 2085:Zhenotdel 1730:mausoleum 1604:Abkhazian 1572:Turkestan 1471:Lithuania 1420:Tsaritsyn 1159:socialism 1031:used the 995:, Stalin 989:Politburo 973:Bolshevik 940:Stalinism 904:his death 648:1918–1920 592:Nicknames 580:Signature 574:Full list 524:(adopted) 436:Bolshevik 294:In office 244:In office 180:In office 132:In office 25714:David Ho 24935:Category 24889:Ems Ukaz 22357:Brezhnev 22352:Koshevoy 22347:Batitsky 22327:Zakharov 22302:Biryuzov 22292:Bulganin 22212:Blyukher 22202:Budyonny 22109:Velichko 22064:Arkhipov 22058:Tikhonov 21986:Bulganin 21923:Tikhonov 21905:Bulganin 21899:Malenkov 21868:Premiers 21411:See also 21254:Okrugkom 21174:Khorezmi 21159:Georgian 21154:Estonian 21149:Bukharan 21134:Armenian 20791:Congress 19988:Congress 19587:Category 19527:Kuntsevo 19374:(mother) 19366:(father) 18801:Zolochiv 18786:Valozhyn 18756:Kurapaty 18554:Concepts 18467:Cold War 18061:Chairman 17958:Archived 17899:Archived 17874:Archived 17840:30 April 17834:Archived 17809:Archived 17759:Archived 17740:20 March 17734:Archived 17710:Archived 17706:NBC News 17691:8 August 17685:Archived 17660:Archived 17639:Archived 17614:Archived 17597:Archived 17572:Archived 17530:Archived 17510:Archived 17482:(1967), 17463:43228133 17455:22368819 17405:Archived 17325:Archived 17300:Archived 17216:17 March 17210:Archived 17129:Archived 17085:57563511 16941:Archived 16765:29 April 16759:Archived 16755:57561115 16714:20451530 16587:Archived 16474:Archived 16426:Archived 16399:Archived 16311:Archived 16293:(2021). 16245:53655536 16205:Archived 16201:13880089 16154:Archived 16150:43510161 16082:Archived 16078:55486912 16040:29 April 16034:Archived 15989:Archived 15977:20451229 15716:Archived 14992:3 August 14986:Archived 14793:Archived 14491:Archived 14404:Archived 14213:Archived 14174:Archived 14135:Archived 14096:Archived 14057:Archived 13719:Archived 13349:Archived 12054:Archived 11067:19 March 6323:Archived 4598:pre-1918 4581:Georgian 4553:Georgian 4463:de facto 4384:See also 4249:genocide 4151:autocrat 4046:Svetlana 4023:Svetlana 3956:Westerns 3855:Abkhazia 3807:smallpox 3775:Ossetian 3755:vanguard 3745:Leninist 3604:warfarin 3287:hegemony 3264:Cold War 3190:Budapest 3052:and the 3050:Sakhalin 3022:Karachai 3014:Chechens 2748:), with 2702:de facto 2519:Latvians 2270:and the 2156:Buddhist 2116:numeracy 1970:kolkhozy 1920:Komsomol 1780:Svetlana 1612:Adjarian 1608:Ossetian 1432:Red Army 1216:to join 1112:Cold War 1080:Red Army 991:. After 924:Leninist 920:dictator 868:Malenkov 664:Commands 639:Red Army 505:Children 379:Moscow, 26027:Portals 25947:Wa Lone 24904:Surzhyk 24724:Ukraine 24692:Finland 24682:Belarus 22442:of the 22377:Sokolov 22372:Ogarkov 22367:Kulikov 22362:Ustinov 22332:Golikov 22322:Chuikov 22307:Grechko 22257:Govorov 22207:Yegorov 22100:Voronin 22082:Talyzin 22076:Gromyko 22046:Mazurov 22040:Ustinov 22034:Kosygin 22016:Saburov 22004:Mikoyan 21980:Molotov 21949:Silayev 21929:Ryzhkov 21917:Kosygin 21887:Molotov 21514:Council 21492:of the 21289:Statute 21269:Partkom 21219:Turkmen 21184:Latvian 21179:Kirghiz 20666:Central 20525:Orgburo 19877:General 19862:Culture 19819:Orgburo 19659:Leaders 19562:Sukhumi 19523:Dachas 19514:Kureika 18904:Koreans 18791:Vileyka 18492:Comecon 18317:Sovkhoz 18312:Kolkhoz 18226:History 18063:of the 18036:of the 18032:in the 17932:5 March 17880:11 June 17765:25 June 17716:25 June 17620:25 June 17578:21 June 17570:. 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The 1475:Latvia 1473:, and 1353:Pravda 1309:, and 1214:Tiflis 1120:famine 1076:Allies 1007:. 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