Staining - Knowledge

1071:, or PAP staining, was developed to replace fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in hopes of decreasing staining times and cost without compromising quality. This stain is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from a variety of tissue types in various organs. PAP staining has endured several modifications in order to become a “suitable alternative” for FNAC. This transition stemmed from the appreciation of wet fixed smears by scientists preserving the structures of the nuclei opposed to the opaque appearance of air dried Romanowsky smears. This led to the creation of a hybrid stain of wet fixed and air dried known as the ultrafast papanicolaou stain. This modification includes the use of nasal saline to rehydrate cells to increase cell transparency and is paired with the use of alcoholic formalin to enhance colors of the nuclei. The papanicolaou stain is now used in place of cytological staining in all organ types due to its increase in morphological quality, decreased staining time, and decreased cost. It is frequently used to stain 966:. Prior to the development of more efficient methods, this stain was performed using the Wirtz method with heat fixation and counterstain. Through the use of malachite green and a diluted ratio of carbol fuchsin, fixing bacteria in osmic acid was a great way to ensure no blending of dyes. However, newly revised staining methods have significantly decreased the time it takes to create these stains. This revision included substitution of carbol fuchsin with aqueous Safranin paired with a newly diluted 5% formula of malachite green. This new and improved composition of stains was performed in the same way as before with the use of heat fixation, rinsing, and blotting dry for later examination. Upon examination, all endospore forming bacteria will be stained green accompanied by all other cells appearing red. 1911: 1143:). PAS is commonly used on liver tissue where glycogen deposits are made which is done in efforts to distinguish different types of glycogen storage diseases. PAS is important because it can detect glycogen granules found in tumors of the ovaries and pancreas of the endocrine system, as well as in the bladder and kidneys of the renal system. Basement membranes can also show up in a PAS stain and can be important when diagnosing renal disease. Due to the high volume of carbohydrates within the cell wall of hyphae and yeast forms of fungi, the Periodic acid -Schiff stain can help locate these species inside tissue samples of the human body. 581:(an aqueous suspension of carbon particles). After drying, the microorganisms may be viewed in bright field microscopy as lighter inclusions well-contrasted against the dark environment surrounding them. Negative staining is able to stain the background instead of the organisms because the cell wall of microorganisms typically has a negative charge which repels the negatively charged stain. The dyes used in negative staining are acidic. Note: negative staining is a mild technique that may not destroy the microorganisms, and is therefore unsuitable for studying pathogens. 1413:

helps open the spore's membrane so the dye can enter. The main purpose of this stain is to show germination of bacterial spores. If the process of germination is taking place, then the spore will turn green in color due to malachite green and the surrounding cell will be red from the safranin. This stain can also help determine the orientation of the spore within the bacterial cell; whether it being terminal (at the tip), subterminal (within the cell), or central (completely in the middle of the cell).

1479: 1266: 38: 1110: 1454:(AO) is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein. Like fluorescein, it is also useful as a non-specific stain for backlighting conventionally stained cells on the surface of a solid sample of tissue (fluorescence backlighted staining). 1016: 2012:, and other biological tissue materials. It is mostly used in a .5-2% ph form making it neutral and is paired with water to make an aqueous solution. Phosphotungstic acid is filled with electron dense matter that stains the background surrounding the specimen dark and the specimen itself light. This process is not the normal positive technique for staining where the specimen is dark and the background remains light. 2027:. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy. It is also used for the staining of various polymers for the study of their morphology by TEM. 1430:(CHP) staining allows for an easy, direct way to stain denatured collagens of any type (Type I, II, IV, etc.) regardless if they were damaged or degraded via enzymatic, mechanical, chemical, or thermal means. They work by refolding into the collagen triple helix with the available single strands in the tissue. CHPs can be visualized by a simple 1636:. Acid fuchsin is used as the nuclear and cytoplasmic stain in Mallory's trichrome method. Acid fuchsin stains cytoplasm in some variants of Masson's trichrome. In Van Gieson's picro-fuchsine, acid fuchsin imparts its red colour to collagen fibres. Acid fuchsin is also a traditional stain for mitochondria (Altmann's method). 603:

Differential staining uses multiple stains per slide. Based on the stains being used, organisms with different properties will appear different colors allowing for categorization of multiple specimens. Differential staining can also be used to color different organelles within one organism which can be seen in

1721:. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue colour develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as 934:

organisms appear red or pink due to their counterstain. Due to the presence of higher lipid content, after alcohol-treatment, the porosity of the cell wall increases, hence the CVI complex (crystal violet – iodine) can pass through. Thus, the primary stain is not retained. In addition, in contrast to

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in cartilage and mast cells, and components of lignin and plastids in plant tissues. Safranine should not be confused with saffron, an expensive natural dye that is used in some methods to impart a yellow colour to collagen, to contrast with blue and red colours imparted by other dyes to nuclei and

1591:(also known as eosin Y ws or eosin yellowish); it has a very slightly yellowish cast. The other eosin compound is eosin B (eosin bluish or imperial red); it has a very faint bluish cast. The two dyes are interchangeable, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of preference and tradition. 1412:

The Wirtz-Conklin stain is a special technique designed for staining true endospores with the use of malachite green dye as the primary stain and safranin as the counterstain. Once stained, they do not decolourize. The addition of heat during the staining process is a huge contributing factor. Heat

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Simple Staining is a technique that only uses one type of stain on a slide at a time. Because only one stain is being used, the specimens (for positive stains) or background (for negative stains) will be one color. Therefore, simple stains are typically used for viewing only one organism per slide.

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staining). However, these stains are eventually toxic to the organism, some more so than others. Partly due to their toxic interaction inside a living cell, when supravital stains enter a living cell, they might produce a characteristic pattern of staining different from the staining of an already

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is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells. Propidium iodide is used as a DNA stain in flow cytometry to evaluate cell viability or DNA content in cell cycle analysis, or in microscopy to visualise the nucleus and other DNA-containing organelles. Propidium Iodide cannot

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is used for both negative and positive staining alike, the type of chromophore used in this technique is a positively charged ion instead of a negative one. The negatively charged cell wall of many microorganisms attracts the positively charged chromophore which causes the specimen to absorb the

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Different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue, and these properties are used to advantage to reveal specific parts or areas. Some of the most common biological stains are listed below. Unless otherwise marked, all of these dyes may be used with fixed cells and

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counterstain to (mark all bacteria). Gram status, helps divide specimens of bacteria into two groups, generally representative of their underlying phylogeny. This characteristic, in combination with other techniques makes it a useful tool in clinical microbiology laboratories, where it can be

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and an intense brown color to mast cells. One default of this stain is that it blots out any other structure surrounding it and makes the quality of the contrast low. It has to be paired with other stains in order to be useful. Some complementing stains used alongside Bismark brown are

218:) or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied. The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues. 830:

The smear is first treated with chloroform to remove fats . Smear applied with Alberts stain which contains cationic dyes such as toluidine blue and malachite green. Toluidine blue preferentially stains granules while malachite green stains cytoplasm.

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are used to view live organisms and can be made using water and certain stains. The liquid is added to the slide before the addition of the organism and a coverslip is placed over the specimen in the water and stain to help contain it within the

956:, which make bacteria very difficult to kill. Bacterial spores have proven to be difficult to stain as they are not permeable to aqueous dye reagents. Endospore staining is particularly useful for identifying endospore-forming bacterial 533:), and found to meet or exceed certain standards of purity, dye content and performance in staining techniques ensuring more accurately performed experiments and more reliable results. These standards are published in the commission's journal 226:

staining involves colouring cells or structures that have been removed from their biological context. Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for

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is very volatile and extremely toxic. It is a strong oxidizing agent as the osmium has an oxidation number of +8. It aggressively oxidizes many materials, leaving behind a deposit of non-volatile osmium in a lower oxidation state.

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in cervical and vaginal tissues during "Pap smear" follow up examinations in preparation for biopsy. The acetic acid causes the abnormal cells to blanch white, while the normal tissues stain a mahogany brown from the iodine.

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While ex vivo, many cells continue to live and metabolize until they are "fixed". Some staining methods are based on this property. Those stains excluded by the living cells but taken up by the already dead cells are called

1564:. DAPI binds with A=T rich repeats of chromosomes. DAPI is also not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells. DAPI-stained cells are especially appropriate for cell counting. 1160:

is (as the name implies) a three-colour staining protocol. The recipe has evolved from Masson's original technique for different specific applications, but all are well-suited to distinguish cells from surrounding

1587:. Eosin may also be used as a counterstain in some variants of Gram staining, and in many other protocols. There are actually two very closely related compounds commonly referred to as eosin. Most often used is 1868:

cross the membrane of live cells, making it useful to differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and healthy cells. PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining

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usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis. In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide. For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a

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Smear is treated for hydrolysis to release purines from DNA, purines to cause shift form furanose to aldehyde. Aldehyde groups are available to react with schiff's reagent to form addition compounds.

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Smear treated with C.P.C. which dissociates to form positively charged cetyl pyridinium and negatively charged chloride ions. Positively charged ions are adsorbed on negatively charged cell wall

1678:. Often used in fluorescence microscopy for DNA staining, Hoechst stains appear yellow when dissolved in aqueous solutions and emit blue light under UV excitation. There are two major types of 3102:

is an independent non-profit company that has been testing dyes since the early 1920s and issuing Certificates of approval for batches of dyes that meet internationally recognized standards.

1054:, colouring them bright red. In a skillfully made H&E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) acquire different shades of pink. 594:

stain giving it the color of the stain being used. Positive staining is more commonly used than negative staining in microbiology. The different types of positive staining are listed below.

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Lipids are stained with fat soluble dyes like Sudan black. On application of Sudan black-B dyes move into lipids and are retained there while cytoplasm is counter stained with safranin.

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globules inside cells, staining them red. Nile red can be used with living cells. It fluoresces strongly when partitioned into lipids, but practically not at all in aqueous solution.

1222:). This stain develops varying colors for all cell structures (“Romanowsky-Giemsa effect) and thus was used in staining neutrophil polymorphs and cell nuclei. Common variants include 3952: 540:

Some vendors sell stains "certified" by themselves rather than by the Biological Stain Commission. Such products may or may not be suitable for diagnostic and other applications.

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Sellors JW, Sankaranarayanan R (eds.). "Chapter 4: An introduction to colposcopy: indications for colposcopy, instrumentation, principles and documentation of results".

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Polysaccharide is oxidized with periodate to form polyaldehyde which reacts with Schiff's reagents to red color, while cytoplasm is counter stained with malachite green

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and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Although it will not stain healthy cells, it can be used to identify cells that are in the final stages of

1621:(AO) in viable cell counting. This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence. 1647:(hematoxylin in North America) is a nuclear stain. Used with a mordant, haematoxylin stains nuclei blue-violet or brown. It is most often used with eosin in the 239:

Crystal violet stains both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. Treatment with alcohol removes the crystal violet colour from gram negative organisms only.

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most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and a secondary cell membrane made primarily of lipopolysaccharide.

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Prieto D, Aparicio G, Morande PE, Zolessi FR (September 2014). "A fast, low cost, and highly efficient fluorescent DNA labeling method using methyl green".

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fixed cell (e.g. "reticulocyte" look versus diffuse "polychromasia"). To achieve desired effects, the stains are used in very dilute solutions ranging from

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To demonstrate the presence of DNA in cell. But for detection of the DNA, RNA should be selectively destroyed by acid hydrolysis without affecting DNA

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Penney DP, Powers JM, Frank M, Willis C, Churukian C (2002). "Analysis and testing of biological stains--the Biological Stain Commission Procedures".

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is equally volatile and even more aggressive than osmium tetraoxide and able to stain even materials that resist the osmium stain, e.g. polyethylene.

3676: 537:. Many dyes are inconsistent in composition from one supplier to another. The use of BSC-certified stains eliminates a source of unexpected results. 214:

or intravital staining) is the process of dyeing living tissues. By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting colours, their form (

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Corey L (March 1986). "Laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. Principles guiding the development of rapid diagnostic tests".

175:. Light microscopes are used for viewing stained samples at high magnification, typically using bright-field or epi-fluorescence illumination. 1792:

is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable. Also used to stain blood films in cytology.

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is used commonly with bright-field, as well as fluorescence microscopes to dye the chromatin of cells so that they are more easily viewed.

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Staining is not limited to only biological materials, since it can also be used to study the structure of other materials; for example, the

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Primary stain: Crystal violet applied to film then treated with iodine (mordant), alcohol (decolourizer) and counter stained with safranin

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or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell

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Capsules can be observed as clear zones surrounding cells of capsulated bacteria and are used to demonstrate the presence of capsules.

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substitution on the terminal hydroxyl group (i.e. an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage

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is used to kill, adhere, and alter the specimen so it accepts stains. Most chemical fixatives (chemicals causing fixation) generate

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and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. A

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The incorrect spelling "safranin" is in common use. The -ine ending is appropriate for safranine O because this dye is an amine.

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The preparatory steps involved depend on the type of analysis planned. Some or all of the following procedures may be required.

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Bezrukov AV (2017-01-02). "Romanowsky staining, the Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority".

1613:. Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in 1690:. The two compounds are functionally similar, but with a little difference in structure. Hoechst 33258 contains a terminal 1269: 793:

Mordant acts to thicken flagella before staining and increases visibility microscopically when stained with Leifson stain

3900: 2191: 509:) the sample can be directly applied to a slide. For larger pieces of tissue, thin sections (slices) are made using a 1694:

group and is thus more soluble in aqueous solution, however this characteristics reduces its ability to penetrate the

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Unlike negative staining, positive staining uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background. While

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Wells J (1988). "A Technique for Staining the Superficial Cells of Plucked Hair Follicles and Other Solid Tissues".

2613: 1856:. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. 4054: 3910: 3160: 1982: 1050:

stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red. Eosin is strongly absorbed by

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in Gram's staining, iodine enhances the entrance of the dye through the pores present in the cell wall/membrane.

17: 3870: 1762:(also known as diamond green B or victoria green B) can be used as a blue-green counterstain to safranin in the 727:

Primary stain Malachite green heat fixed to penetrate spores; vegetative cells are counterstained with Safranin

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is stain that makes cells or structures more visible, when not completely visible with the principal stain.

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Separate non-decolorized acid fast bacteria that are not decolorized from colorized non-acid fast bacteria

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are chemical agents which have power of making dyes to stain materials which otherwise are unstainable

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Conn's Biological Stains: A Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine

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to increase their mechanical strength and stability and to make them easier to cut into thin slices.

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samples. They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of

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is considered a polychrome staining effect and is based on a combination of eosin plus (chemically

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is used to determine gram status to classifying bacteria broadly based on the composition of their

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a) Basic mordant: React with acidic dyes e.g. alum, ferrous sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride etc.

183: 2614:"Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS): Diagnostic Applications - LabCE.com, Laboratory Continuing Education" 3790: 3329: 1431: 981: 975: 707:

Film stained with hot Z.N.C.F. decolourised (acid-alcohol) and counter stain with methylene blue

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nonspecifically stains proteins a strong blue colour. It is often used in gel electrophoresis.

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To detect the presence of lipids in cell wall, cell membrane or fat globules (PHB in cytoplasm)

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and other substances within the sample, increasing their rigidity. Common fixatives include

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as counterstain is used to colour the gram negative organisms that got decolorised by alcohol.

155:) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and 3983: 3617: 3496: 3433: 3399: 3371: 3111: 1204: 1157: 269: 2802: 500: 3850: 3414: 3153: 2458: 2173: 2099: 1993: 1747: 1347:

reduce silver solution to metallic silver after being exposed to the stain that contains a

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Hematoxylin and Toluidine blue which provide better contrast within the histology sample.

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that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining.

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The granules show the typical monochromatism nature, this is used to demonstrate granules

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is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to

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Schaeffer AB, Fulton MD (February 1933). "A Simplified Method of Staining Endospores".

2200:- a type of in vivo stain that creates contrast in the x-ray part of the light spectrum 2075: 2055: 1288: 1068: 1063: 949: 944: 604: 265: 109: 3585: 2693: 2336: 4149: 4139: 4103: 3935: 3712: 3548: 3383: 3257: 3252: 3049: 3030: 3007: 2988: 2912: 2843: 2775: 2697: 2654: 2595: 2544: 2534: 2474: 2431: 2423: 2366: 2316: 2290: 2253: 2131: 2119: 1895: 1849: 1736: 1522:

stains the acidic components of the neuronal cytoplasm a violet colour, specifically

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Bacterial suspension smeared along with Congo red and the Maneval's stain is applied

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Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners' manual

2750: 2689: 2646: 2585: 2575: 2526: 2466: 2413: 2282: 2127: 2091: 2020: 1962: 1890:(or Safranine O) is a red cationic dye. It binds to nuclei (DNA) and other tissue 1864: 1599: 1462: 1389: 1200: 1194: 1092: 261: 257: 73: 46: 3930: 2895:

Kiernan JA (2001). "Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes".

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is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy.

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b) Acidic mordant : React with basic dyes e.g. picric acid, tannic acid etc.

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Technique used to enhance visual contrast of specimens observed under a microscope

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A simple staining method for bacteria that is usually successful, even when the

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can serve similar purposes. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in

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Used with common vinegar (acetic acid), Lugol's solution is used to identify

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Bacteria: Purple capsule, bacterial cell, stands out against dark background

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Characterizes bacteria in one of two groups, Gram positive or Gram negative

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Table represents Indirect Staining Techniques and mordants applied in each:

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red. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes.

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for eukaryotic cells). Those that enter and stain living cells are called

4098: 3815: 3574: 3516: 3501: 3364: 3207: 3181: 3099: 2564:"Modified ultrafast Papanicolaou staining technique: A comparative study" 2185: 1970: 1938: 1927: 1800: 1699: 1557: 1553: 1401: 1369: 1364: 1273: 1246: 1117: 1024: 590: 357: 253: 249: 3132: 1818:(or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. It may be used with living cells. 1651:(haematoxylin and eosin) staining, one of the most common procedures in 1443:

tissues; vital dyes (suitable for use with living organisms) are noted.

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Positive affinity for a specific stain may be designated by the suffix

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are often used. Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of

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Smear stained with Hiss stain following treatment with copper sulphate

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utilizes Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, often including

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Vital Staining for Protozoa and Related Temporary Mounting Techniques

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is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the

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As in light microscopy, stains can be used to enhance contrast in

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were so named because of their ability to absorb a violet stain.

1833:. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a 1730: 1588: 1489: 1482: 1292: 1254: 1215: 1166: 1084: 915: 871:

Detects the accumulation of polysaccharide granules in the cells

368: 349: 341: 205: 164: 144: 105: 85: 2365:(4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 412. 2525:. Essentials in Cytopathology. Vol. 12. pp. 143–189. 1985:. Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used. 1950: 1718: 1710: 1284: 911: 3105: 2772:

An efficient method for counting DAPI-stained cells using Fiji

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Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include:

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Most of the dyes commonly used in microscopy are available as

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This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured

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Detects the presence of endospores in six genera of bacteria

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purple. Crystal violet is the stain used in Gram staining.

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Histological and Histochemical Methods. Theory and Practice

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when staining with either acid or basic dyes. In contrast,

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light and showing strong blue fluorescence when bound to

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at the microscopic level. Stains may be used to define

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for bacteria. It can also be used to directly stain

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that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as

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Stone, Rebecca B.; Steele, John C. H. (2009-07-01).

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Organisms are stained in the color of applied stain

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Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)

1019:Microscopic view of a histologic specimen of human 1004: 650:Used to highlight microbes and illustrate cellular 3022: 3020: 2505:The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 513:; these slices can then be mounted and inspected. 488:involves treatment of cells with (usually) a mild 1845:Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide) 1632:may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or 1617:. The stain may also be used in conjunction with 4131: 3133:Frequently asked questions in staining exercises 2561: 2337:"Vendors List - The Biological Stain Commission" 2306: 2304: 2176:: the use of antisera to label specific antigens 1537:, when combined with a suitable mordant, stains 2987:(5th ed.). London: Churchill-Livingstone. 2801:. The World Health Organization. Archived from 2502: 2448: 1899:cytoplasm in animal (including human) tissues. 1416: 984:is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of 952:is used to identify the presence or absence of 2985:Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques 2982: 2682:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2310: 3601: 3154: 2733: 2630: 2516: 2514: 2301: 1973:tissues do not take up coloured dye readily. 1169:and muscle fibers, blue or green staining of 676:Organism is stained, the background is black 597: 375:Mordants are classified into two categories: 2942:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 923:important in early selection of appropriate 3108:Reference for dyes and staining techniques. 2399: 2247: 1437: 3608: 3594: 3161: 3147: 2870:Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry 2511: 1937:. For example, tissues that stain with an 1905: 1127:is a histology special stain used to mark 827:Metachromatic granules (Alberts's method) 2837: 2754: 2589: 2579: 2417: 1320:silver solution to metallic silver after 837:Granules: Bluish black, Cytoplasm: Green 2769: 2636: 1922:Tissues which take up stains are called 1909: 1477: 1327:. This method was discovered by Italian 1309:temperature gradient gel electrophoresis 1264: 1108: 1014: 646:e.g. Methylene blue, Safranin°≤×←→ etc. 547: 36: 3001: 2894: 2883:Principles of Biological Microtechnique 2023:is used in optical microscopy to stain 1988: 1852:is used in optical microscopy to stain 845:Intracellular lipids (Burdon's method) 762:Capsule: Light violet/pale mauve color 360:. Pieces of tissue may be embedded in 139:, it involves adding a class-specific ( 14: 4132: 3460:Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain 2938:thefreedictionary.com > amphophilic 2521:Gill GW (2013). "Papanicolaou Stain". 2507:(2nd ed.). Longman Group Limited. 2406:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2229: 2043: 1976: 1609:– such cells have much more permeable 1526:bodies. Often used in brain research. 1492:is an intensely red dye used to stain 693:Gram positive appears purple in color 566: 193: 3589: 3142: 3048:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3043: 2714: 2679: 2360: 807:Nuclear material (Feulgen technique) 799:Flagella: Red Vegetative cells: Blue 667:Smear mixed with Nigrosin and spread 458:Loeffler's mordant (20%Tannic acid ) 45:specimen, sandwiched between a glass 3128:Photomicrographs of Histology Stains 2983:Bancroft JD, Gamble M, eds. (2002). 2520: 2503:Bancroft J, Stevens A, eds. (1982). 2243: 2241: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 1075:specimens. It uses a combination of 746:A: Hiss method (Positive technique) 704:Acid fast (Ziehl-Neelsen technique) 695:Gram negative appears pink in color 584: 543: 405:Name of Indirect Staining Technique 393:Staining with the aid of a mordant. 3901:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test 3046:Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy 3021:Presnell JK, Schreibman MP (1997). 2311:Horobin R, Kiernan J, eds. (2002). 2015: 1859: 1748:pre-cancerous and cancerous changes 1594: 1214:(containing its oxidation products 930:On most Gram-stained preparations, 865:Polysaccharide (Hotch kuss method) 749:B: Manevals's technique (Negative) 124:populations (classifying different 24: 3537:Grocott's methenamine silver stain 3025:Humason's Animal tissue Techniques 2975: 1754: 1446: 1307:. Silver staining is also used in 1042:to examine thin tissue sections. 816:Nuclear material- pinkish purple, 796:Demonstrates presence of flagella 516: 25: 4176: 4027:Antibiotic susceptibility testing 3834:biochemical and immunologic tests 3170:Microbial and histological stains 3064: 2238: 2216: 2194:: separation of protein molecules 1784: 1658: 1529: 1503: 1485:staining of a parasitic flatworm. 1457: 478:Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid) 476:Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid) 72:(microscopic study of biological 4055:Minimum inhibitory concentration 3747:Manual testing: basic techniques 2562:Thakur M, Guttikonda VR (2017). 1983:transmission electron microscopy 1514: 1407: 1177:, light red or pink staining of 1005:Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) 969: 4165:Biological techniques and tools 3100:The Biological Stain commission 2947: 2931: 2897:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2888: 2875: 2862: 2818:Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2809: 2788: 2763: 2727: 2708: 2673: 2639:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2606: 2555: 2387:Elementary Microbiology Vol - I 2275:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2188:: stains that do not kill cells 1916:hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) 1914:Main staining types when using 1773: 1639: 1624: 1270:Gömöri methenamine silver stain 1057: 1046:stains cell nuclei blue, while 1036:Haematoxylin and eosin staining 782:Cell wall: Red Cytoplasm: Blue 535:Biotechnic & Histochemistry 456:Tannic acid in Leifson's stain 3963:Novobiocin susceptibility test 3953:Bacitracin susceptibility test 3135:at Sridhar Rao P.N's home page 2885:. pp. 329 ff. London: Methuen. 2872:. Iowa State University Press. 2868:Berlyn GP, Miksche JP (1976). 2442: 2393: 2379: 2354: 2329: 2266: 1795: 1351:. An example of this would be 1331:, by using a reaction between 779:Stains cell wall of bacterium 644:Smear stain with single dye . 306: 13: 1: 3846:Amino acid decarboxylase test 2694:10.1016/s0732-8893(86)80049-9 2651:10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285 2341:biologicalstaincommission.org 2209: 1837:stain; it will accumulate in 1188: 883: 616:Types of staining techniques 387:Carried out without mordant. 3958:Optochin susceptibility test 3921:Sulfide indole motility test 3906:Phenylalanine deaminase test 3118:Speaking of Fixation: Part 1 3090:Resources in other libraries 2734:Tomov N, Dimitrov N (2017). 2531:10.1007/978-1-4614-4933-1_10 2250:Fundamentals of Microbiology 1882: 1871: 1810: 1698:. Hoechst 33342 contains an 1428:Collagen hybridizing peptide 1423:Collagen hybridizing peptide 1417:Collagen hybridizing peptide 1165:. Most recipes produce red 938: 790:Flagella (Leifson's method) 724:Endospore (Dornor's method) 492:. This treatment dissolves 186:or the domain structures of 112:(highlighting, for example, 100:that focus on the study and 7: 2471:10.1126/science.77.1990.194 2156:Biological Stain Commission 2149: 1821: 854:Lipid granules: Deep blue, 577:(a black synthetic dye) or 527:Biological Stain Commission 10: 4181: 3263:Periodic acid–Schiff stain 2944:, 3 ed. 2007 Elsevier, Inc 2909:10.1080/bih.76.5-6.261.278 2743:Trakia Journal of Sciences 1949:for tissues that stain by 1803:(or toluylene red) stains 1764:Gimenez staining technique 1556:nuclear stain, excited by 1473: 1420: 1362: 1192: 1150: 1105:Periodic acid–Schiff stain 1102: 1061: 1008: 987:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 973: 942: 892: 773:Cell wall (Dyar's method) 598:Simple versus differential 569:methods fail, is to use a 558: 29: 4067: 4025: 4002:Polymerase chain reaction 3981: 3831: 3746: 3735: 3705: 3664: 3638: 3624: 3557: 3442: 3382: 3294: 3271: 3243: 3198: 3176: 3085:Resources in your library 2830:10.1007/s00418-014-1215-0 1705: 1260: 1146: 184:semi-crystalline polymers 132:within individual cells. 32:Staining (disambiguation) 3992:Analytical profile index 3405:Light Green SF yellowish 3396:Masson's trichrome stain 3355:Auramine–rhodamine stain 2756:10.15547/tjs.2017.03.001 2419:10.1309/AJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA 2315:. Taylor & Francis. 1567: 1509:Coomassie brilliant blue 1438:Common biological stains 1358: 1241:All are used to examine 1153:Masson's trichrome stain 1089:Light Green SF yellowish 652:shapes and arrangements 610: 408:Name of mordant applied 2959:cmrf.research.uiowa.edu 2248:Pommerville JC (2017). 1906:Stainability of tissues 1544: 1432:fluorescence microscope 1276:(illustrated in black). 888: 713:Acid fast bacteria:Red 68:are frequently used in 3926:Triple sugar iron test 3522:Schaeffer–Fulton stain 3492:Gömöri trichrome stain 3006:. Banbury, UK: Scion. 2688:(3 Suppl): 111S–119S. 2170:: the study of tissues 2108:potassium ferrocyanide 2104:potassium ferricyanide 2080:lanthanum(III) nitrate 1941:may be referred to as 1919: 1486: 1295:(for example type III 1277: 1230:, May-Grunwald stain, 1121: 1098: 1038:is frequently used in 1032: 914:(as a mordant), and a 856:Cytoplasm: Light pink 735:Vegetative cells: Red 673:Study cell morphology 556: 452:b.) Loeffler's method 80:(microscopic study of 50: 4160:Scientific techniques 3984:point-of-care testing 3665:Cultures by body site 3618:clinical microbiology 3497:Luxol fast blue stain 3372:Auramine phenol stain 2581:10.4103/JOC.JOC_23_16 1953:stains (most notably 1913: 1481: 1268: 1112: 1069:Papanicolaou staining 1018: 963:Clostridium difficile 910:to stain cell walls, 906:. Gram staining uses 818:Cytoplasm- colorless 551: 469:a.) Fontana's method 449:a.) Leifson's method 270:brilliant cresyl blue 40: 3943:Voges–Proskauer test 3851:Bile solubility test 3706:Cultures by organism 3639:Isolation techniques 3542:Warthin–Starry stain 3415:Phosphomolybdic acid 2174:Immunohistochemistry 2164:: the study of cells 2100:phosphomolybdic acid 1994:Phosphotungstic acid 1989:Phosphotungstic acid 1717:as an indicator for 1337:potassium dichromate 1125:Periodic acid-Schiff 1023:tissue stained with 874:Polysaccharide: Red 715:Non acid fast: Blue 641:Simple (Monochrome) 523:BSC-certified stains 472:b.) Becker's method 467:Spirochete Staining 429:a.) Ringer's method 30:For other uses, see 4050:McFarland standards 4040:Disk diffusion test 4035:Beta-lactamase test 3968:Lancefield grouping 3948:X and V factor test 3916:Salt tolerance test 3791:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 3754:Colonial morphology 3558:Tissue stainability 3330:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 3190:Perls Prussian blue 3002:Kiernan JA (2015). 2805:on 31 January 2019. 2770:Levenfus I (2011). 2568:Journal of Cytology 2463:1933Sci....77..194S 2363:Staining Procedures 2124:sodium chloroaurate 2049:Ruthenium tetroxide 2044:Ruthenium tetroxide 1977:Electron microscopy 1615:gel electrophoresis 1289:histologic sections 1210:) and demethylated 1116:showing the fungus 982:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 976:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 624:Staining Technique 617: 427:Cell Wall Staining 398: 173:gel electrophoresis 157:fluorescent tagging 4119:Inoculation needle 3532:Bielschowsky stain 3434:Van Gieson's stain 3400:Lillie's trichrome 3124:– by M. Halit Umar 2076:indium trichloride 2056:ammonium molybdate 1920: 1896:glycosaminoglycans 1487: 1278: 1158:Masson's trichrome 1122: 1064:Papanicolaou stain 1033: 950:Endospore staining 945:Endospore staining 733:Endospores: Green 664:Negative (Relief) 615: 605:endospore staining 557: 447:Flagella Staining 432:b.) Dyar's method 396: 391:Indirect Staining: 266:New Methylene Blue 110:biological tissues 51: 4127: 4126: 4104:Biosafety cabinet 4063: 4062: 3911:Reverse CAMP test 3731: 3730: 3713:Bacterial culture 3583: 3582: 3384:Connective tissue 3071:Library resources 3055:978-0-19-508956-1 3044:Ruzin SE (1999). 3013:978-1-907904-32-5 2994:978-0-443-06435-7 2881:Baker JR (1958). 2781:978-3-640-86284-9 2540:978-1-4614-4932-4 2372:978-0-683-01707-6 2322:978-1-85996-099-8 2287:10.1080/714028210 2259:978-1-284-10095-2 2230:Parker N (2012). 2132:thiosemicarbazide 2120:silver proteinate 1961:when staining in 1850:Osmium tetraoxide 1345:rgyrophilic cells 1315:Argentaffin cells 1201:Romanowsky stains 1163:connective tissue 881: 880: 876:Cytoplasm: Green 585:Positive staining 567:positive staining 561:Negative staining 554:negative staining 544:Negative staining 483: 482: 262:supravital stains 118:connective tissue 16:(Redirected from 4172: 4114:Inoculation loop 4012:Rapid strep test 3744: 3743: 3636: 3635: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3410:Biebrich scarlet 3163: 3156: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3059: 3040: 3028: 3017: 2998: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2951: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2841: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2774:. Munich: Grin. 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2717:Stain Technology 2712: 2706: 2705: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2500: 2483: 2482: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2421: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2361:Clark G (1981). 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2182:, a protein dye. 2128:thallium nitrate 2092:lead(II) nitrate 2038: 2037: 2036: 2021:Osmium tetroxide 2016:Osmium tetroxide 1865:Propidium iodide 1860:Propidium iodide 1737:Lugol's solution 1600:Ethidium bromide 1595:Ethidium bromide 1390:Osmium tetroxide 1195:Romanowsky stain 1093:Bismarck Brown Y 1091:, and sometimes 618: 614: 486:Permeabilization 436:10% Tannic acid 416:Gram's Staining 399: 395: 385:Direct Staining: 302: 301: 298: 295: 289: 288: 285: 282: 258:propidium iodide 188:block copolymers 47:microscope slide 21: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4059: 4021: 3977: 3886:Methyl red test 3833: 3832:Manual testing: 3827: 3786:India ink stain 3776:Acid-fast stain 3739: 3727: 3701: 3677:Genital culture 3660: 3656:Selective media 3628: 3620: 3614: 3584: 3579: 3553: 3438: 3392:trichrome stain 3378: 3290: 3267: 3239: 3194: 3172: 3167: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3037: 3014: 2995: 2978: 2976:Further reading 2973: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2903:(5–6): 261–78. 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2814: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2768: 2764: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2713: 2709: 2678: 2674: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2560: 2556: 2541: 2523:Cytopreparation 2519: 2512: 2501: 2486: 2447: 2443: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2309: 2302: 2281:(5–6): 237–75. 2271: 2267: 2260: 2246: 2239: 2228: 2217: 2212: 2152: 2144:vanadyl sulfate 2068:ferric chloride 2046: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2018: 2010:polysaccharides 1991: 1979: 1908: 1885: 1874: 1862: 1847: 1824: 1813: 1805:Nissl substance 1798: 1787: 1776: 1760:Malachite green 1757: 1755:Malachite green 1708: 1696:plasma membrane 1661: 1642: 1627: 1619:acridine orange 1597: 1585:red blood cells 1570: 1547: 1532: 1517: 1506: 1476: 1460: 1452:Acridine orange 1449: 1447:Acridine orange 1440: 1425: 1419: 1410: 1367: 1361: 1281:Silver staining 1263: 1197: 1191: 1155: 1149: 1107: 1101: 1066: 1060: 1052:red blood cells 1013: 1007: 978: 972: 947: 941: 897: 891: 886: 669:into thin film 613: 600: 587: 563: 546: 519: 517:Standardization 309: 299: 296: 293: 291: 286: 283: 280: 278: 202: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Stain (biology) 15: 12: 11: 5: 4178: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3982:Automated and 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3866:Coagulase test 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3748: 3741: 3737:Identification 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3718:Fungal culture 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3687:Throat culture 3684: 3682:Sputum culture 3679: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3633: 3622: 3621: 3616:Techniques in 3613: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3549:Wright's stain 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3420:Fast Green FCF 3417: 3412: 3407: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3348:Methylene blue 3345: 3339:Carbol fuchsin 3322: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3313:Gentian violet 3300: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3125: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065:External links 3063: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3041: 3035: 3018: 3012: 2999: 2993: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2946: 2930: 2887: 2874: 2861: 2808: 2787: 2780: 2762: 2749:(3): 195–197. 2726: 2707: 2672: 2629: 2605: 2574:(3): 149–153. 2554: 2539: 2510: 2484: 2441: 2392: 2378: 2371: 2353: 2328: 2321: 2300: 2265: 2258: 2237: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2204:Diaphonization 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2148: 2140:uranyl nitrate 2136:uranyl acetate 2116:silver nitrate 2064:carbohydrazide 2060:cadmium iodide 2045: 2042: 2033: 2017: 2014: 1998:negative stain 1990: 1987: 1978: 1975: 1907: 1904: 1884: 1881: 1873: 1870: 1861: 1858: 1846: 1843: 1823: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1797: 1794: 1790:Methylene blue 1786: 1785:Methylene blue 1783: 1775: 1772: 1756: 1753: 1743:more visible. 1707: 1704: 1660: 1659:Hoechst stains 1657: 1641: 1638: 1626: 1623: 1596: 1593: 1581:cell membranes 1569: 1566: 1546: 1543: 1535:Crystal violet 1531: 1530:Crystal violet 1528: 1516: 1513: 1505: 1504:Coomassie blue 1502: 1475: 1472: 1463:Bismarck brown 1459: 1458:Bismarck brown 1456: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400:in diagnosing 1370:Sudan staining 1363:Main article: 1360: 1357: 1341:Golgi's method 1333:silver nitrate 1283:is the use of 1272:demonstrating 1262: 1259: 1232:Leishman stain 1228:Jenner's stain 1224:Wright's stain 1212:methylene blue 1193:Main article: 1190: 1187: 1151:Main article: 1148: 1145: 1103:Main article: 1100: 1097: 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 1009:Main article: 1006: 1003: 999:methylene blue 995:carbol fuchsin 974:Main article: 971: 968: 943:Main article: 940: 937: 908:crystal violet 893:Main article: 890: 887: 885: 882: 879: 878: 872: 869: 866: 863: 859: 858: 852: 849: 846: 843: 839: 838: 835: 832: 828: 825: 821: 820: 814: 811: 808: 805: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 767: 766: 760: 757: 751: 742: 738: 737: 731: 728: 725: 722: 718: 717: 711: 708: 705: 702: 698: 697: 691: 688: 685: 682: 678: 677: 674: 671: 665: 662: 658: 657: 654: 648: 642: 639: 635: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 612: 609: 599: 596: 586: 583: 571:negative stain 559:Main article: 545: 542: 518: 515: 494:cell membranes 481: 480: 474: 465: 461: 460: 454: 445: 441: 440: 434: 425: 421: 420: 419:Gram's iodine 417: 414: 410: 409: 406: 403: 338:chemical bonds 308: 305: 245: 244: 212:vital staining 201: 192: 182:structures of 163:, and to flag 161:flow cytometry 90:histopathology 84:), and in the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4177: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155:Staining dyes 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4087:Anaerobic jar 4085: 4081: 4080:Growth medium 4078: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4017:Monospot test 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3723:Viral culture 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3697:Wound culture 3695: 3693: 3692:Urine culture 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672:Blood culture 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3512:Movat's stain 3510: 3508: 3507:Moeller stain 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3482:Janus Green B 3480: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3465:H&E stain 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3450:Cresyl violet 3448: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334:Kinyoun stain 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3309:Methyl violet 3307: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3245:Carbohydrates 3242: 3234: 3233:Sudan Black B 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114:~ Howey, 2000 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3036:9780801854019 3032: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824:(3): 335–45. 2823: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:(1990): 194. 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:ruthenium red 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:periodic acid 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2041: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1912: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1869: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:sulfuric acid 1828: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Gram staining 1720: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Hoechst 33342 1685: 1684:Hoechst 33258 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649:H&E stain 1646: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1630:Acid fuchsine 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:Cresyl violet 1515:Cresyl violet 1512: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1408:Wirtz-Conklin 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Sudan Black B 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1355:or formalin. 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Camillo Golgi 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1141:proteoglycans 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:carbohydrates 1126: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1011:H&E stain 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 988: 983: 977: 970:Ziehl-Neelsen 967: 965: 964: 959: 955: 951: 946: 936: 933: 932:Gram-negative 928: 926: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:Gram staining 896: 895:Gram staining 877: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 860: 857: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840: 836: 833: 829: 826: 823: 822: 819: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 802: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 765: 761: 758: 756: 752: 750: 747: 743: 740: 739: 736: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 719: 716: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 699: 696: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 670: 666: 663: 660: 659: 655: 653: 649: 647: 643: 640: 637: 636: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 619: 608: 606: 595: 592: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 562: 555: 550: 541: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 514: 512: 508: 503: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 479: 475: 473: 470: 466: 463: 462: 459: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 442: 439: 435: 433: 430: 426: 423: 422: 418: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 401: 400: 394: 392: 388: 386: 382: 379: 376: 373: 371: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334:heat fixation 331: 330: 325: 323: 322:field of view 318: 317: 312: 304: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 238: 237: 236: 234: 230: 225: 224: 219: 217: 213: 210:(also called 209: 207: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 169:nucleic acids 166: 162: 158: 154: 153:carbohydrates 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 114:muscle fibers 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:cytopathology 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 3891:Nitrite test 3861:Citrate test 3802:Rapid tests 3781:Giemsa stain 3651:Streak plate 3575:Chromophobic 3527:Silver stain 3487:Giemsa stain 3470:Haematoxylin 3169: 3075: 3045: 3024: 3003: 2984: 2962:. Retrieved 2958: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2803:the original 2797: 2790: 2771: 2765: 2746: 2742: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2645:(1): 29–35. 2642: 2638: 2632: 2621:. Retrieved 2617: 2608: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2522: 2504: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2386: 2381: 2362: 2356: 2344:. Retrieved 2340: 2331: 2312: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2249: 2232:Microbiology 2231: 2198:Barium enema 2088:lead citrate 2084:lead acetate 2053: 2047: 2019: 1996:is a common 1992: 1980: 1971:chromophobic 1966: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1901: 1894:, including 1886: 1875: 1863: 1848: 1825: 1814: 1799: 1788: 1779:Methyl green 1777: 1774:Methyl green 1758: 1745: 1735: 1729:. Used as a 1727:microbiology 1709: 1687: 1683: 1672:minor groove 1671: 1667: 1662: 1645:Haematoxylin 1643: 1640:Haematoxylin 1634:mitochondria 1628: 1625:Acid fuchsin 1603:intercalates 1598: 1571: 1548: 1533: 1518: 1507: 1488: 1461: 1450: 1441: 1426: 1411: 1368: 1353:hydroquinone 1344: 1314: 1313: 1279: 1240: 1236:Giemsa stain 1198: 1181:, and black 1156: 1137:glycoprotein 1123: 1114:PAS diastase 1077:haematoxylin 1067: 1058:Papanicolaou 1044:Haematoxylin 1034: 992: 985: 979: 961: 948: 929: 898: 875: 855: 817: 763: 754: 748: 745: 734: 714: 694: 668: 651: 645: 630:Application 627:Preparation 601: 588: 564: 539: 530: 522: 520: 499: 498: 485: 484: 477: 471: 468: 457: 451: 448: 438:0.34% C.P.C 437: 431: 428: 390: 389: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 367: 366: 362:paraffin wax 346:formaldehyde 327: 326: 314: 313: 310: 274:reticulocyte 250:vital stains 246: 233:counterstain 221: 220: 204: 203: 198: 194: 177: 137:biochemistry 134: 53: 52: 43:histological 4099:Durham tube 3931:Urease test 3740:and testing 3565:Acidophilic 3517:Neutral red 3502:Methyl blue 3365:Rhodamine B 3258:Mucicarmine 3253:Alcian blue 3208:Sudan stain 3182:hemosiderin 2839:11336/35891 2234:. OpenStax. 2186:Vital stain 1967:amphophilic 1947:acidophilic 1943:azurophilic 1939:azure stain 1928:Chromosomes 1801:Neutral red 1796:Neutral red 1713:is used in 1577:cytoplasmic 1558:ultraviolet 1554:fluorescent 1402:steatorrhea 1365:Sudan stain 1274:histoplasma 1247:bone marrow 1183:cell nuclei 1118:Histoplasma 1025:hematoxylin 925:antibiotics 591:chromophore 552:Example of 358:picric acid 307:Preparation 254:trypan blue 126:blood cells 58:microscopic 4134:Categories 4075:Agar plate 3871:DNAse test 3771:Gram stain 3570:Basophilic 3425:Sirius Red 3360:Auramine O 3304:Gram stain 3286:Thioflavin 3106:StainsFile 2964:2020-04-16 2623:2020-04-16 2412:(1): 5–6. 2210:References 1965:dyes, and 1959:basophilic 1892:polyanions 1835:lipophilic 1725:, used in 1579:material, 1539:cell walls 1251:leukocytes 1189:Romanowsky 954:endospores 884:Techniques 490:surfactant 316:Wet mounts 216:morphology 130:organelles 94:hematology 88:fields of 41:A stained 4109:Incubator 4068:Equipment 3997:MALDI-TOF 3896:ONPG test 3856:CAMP test 3759:Hemolysis 3626:Isolation 3325:Acid-fast 3281:Congo red 3228:Oil Red O 3218:Sudan III 2618:labce.com 2549:1574-9053 2428:0002-9173 2168:Histology 1924:chromatic 1888:Safranine 1883:Safranine 1877:Rhodamine 1872:Rhodamine 1816:Nile blue 1811:Nile blue 1715:chemistry 1653:histology 1611:membranes 1607:apoptosis 1398:fecal fat 1386:Oil Red O 1378:Sudan III 1349:reductant 1287:to stain 1179:cytoplasm 1073:Pap smear 1040:histology 958:pathogens 939:Endospore 904:cell wall 579:India ink 511:microtome 507:pap smear 356:, and/or 102:diagnoses 70:histology 4150:Pigments 4140:Staining 3973:RPR test 3881:KOH test 3841:ALA test 3811:Catalase 3798:Wet prep 3766:Staining 3343:Fuchsine 3318:Safranin 3296:Bacteria 3223:Sudan IV 3213:Sudan II 3076:Staining 2940:Citing: 2925:32479873 2917:11871748 2856:11094194 2848:24671497 2667:37401579 2659:28098484 2600:28701828 2479:17741261 2436:19864226 2346:25 March 2295:12564600 2162:Cytology 2150:See also 2072:hexamine 1827:Nile red 1822:Nile red 1692:hydroxyl 1498:aluminum 1494:glycogen 1382:Sudan IV 1325:fixation 1322:formalin 1297:collagen 1293:proteins 1171:collagen 1133:glycogen 1081:Orange G 960:such as 920:safranin 744:Capsule 621:Sr. No. 575:nigrosin 501:Mounting 369:Mordants 354:methanol 342:proteins 340:between 329:Fixation 241:Safranin 229:fixation 223:In vitro 208:staining 199:In vitro 180:lamellar 165:proteins 145:proteins 106:diseases 78:cytology 54:Staining 4092:Gas-pak 3806:Oxidase 3646:Asepsis 3631:culture 3475:Eosin Y 3455:Cyanine 3273:Amyloid 2702:3009082 2591:5492752 2459:Bibcode 2451:Science 2002:viruses 1935:-philic 1731:mordant 1680:Hoechst 1664:Hoechst 1589:eosin Y 1490:Carmine 1483:Carmine 1474:Carmine 1255:malaria 1220:azure B 1216:azure A 1205:reduced 1167:keratin 1085:eosin Y 916:fuchsin 633:Result 402:Sr No. 350:ethanol 206:In vivo 195:In vivo 86:medical 74:tissues 60:level. 3816:Indole 3200:Lipids 3122:Part 2 3073:about 3052: 3033: 3010: 2991: 2923: 2915: 2854: 2846: 2778: 2700: 2665: 2657: 2598: 2588: 2547: 2537: 2477: 2434: 2426: 2369: 2319: 2293: 2256: 2142:, and 2025:lipids 2006:nerves 1951:acidic 1854:lipids 1768:spores 1741:nuclei 1719:starch 1711:Iodine 1706:Iodine 1467:mucins 1392:, and 1374:lipids 1318:reduce 1299:) and 1285:silver 1261:Silver 1147:Masson 912:iodine 264:(e.g. 252:(e.g. 149:lipids 128:), or 96:, and 76:), in 62:Stains 4045:Etest 4007:VITEK 3936:rapid 3876:IMViC 3443:Other 2921:S2CID 2852:S2CID 2739:(PDF) 2663:S2CID 1963:basic 1955:eosin 1839:lipid 1700:ethyl 1666:is a 1573:Eosin 1568:Eosin 1552:is a 1524:nissl 1359:Sudan 1305:cells 1243:blood 1208:eosin 1048:eosin 1029:eosin 684:Gram 611:Types 82:cells 4145:Dyes 3629:and 3178:Iron 3120:and 3050:ISBN 3031:ISBN 3008:ISBN 2989:ISBN 2913:PMID 2844:PMID 2776:ISBN 2723:(3). 2698:PMID 2655:PMID 2596:PMID 2545:ISSN 2535:ISBN 2475:PMID 2432:PMID 2424:ISSN 2367:ISBN 2348:2018 2317:ISBN 2291:PMID 2254:ISBN 2192:PAGE 2000:for 1686:and 1550:DAPI 1545:DAPI 1343:). A 1335:and 1234:and 1218:and 1199:The 1175:bone 1173:and 1027:and 1021:lung 889:Gram 464:4.) 444:3.) 424:2.) 413:1.) 272:for 268:and 122:cell 66:dyes 64:and 3821:PYR 2905:doi 2834:hdl 2826:doi 2822:142 2751:doi 2690:doi 2647:doi 2586:PMC 2576:doi 2527:doi 2467:doi 2414:doi 2410:132 2283:doi 2029:OsO 1957:), 1926:. 1676:DNA 1674:of 1668:bis 1562:DNA 1301:DNA 1245:or 1099:PAS 918:or 862:12 842:11 824:10 661:2. 638:1. 531:BSC 300:000 297:500 290:to 287:000 256:or 197:vs 171:in 167:or 141:DNA 135:In 120:), 116:or 104:of 4136:: 3394:: 2957:. 2919:. 2911:. 2901:76 2899:. 2850:. 2842:. 2832:. 2820:. 2747:15 2745:. 2741:. 2721:63 2719:. 2696:. 2684:. 2661:. 2653:. 2643:92 2641:. 2616:. 2594:. 2584:. 2572:34 2570:. 2566:. 2543:. 2533:. 2513:^ 2487:^ 2473:. 2465:. 2455:77 2453:. 2430:. 2422:. 2408:. 2404:. 2339:. 2303:^ 2289:. 2279:77 2277:. 2240:^ 2218:^ 2146:. 2138:, 2134:, 2130:, 2126:, 2122:, 2118:, 2114:, 2110:, 2106:, 2102:, 2098:, 2094:, 2090:, 2086:, 2082:, 2078:, 2074:, 2070:, 2066:, 2062:, 2058:, 2008:, 2004:, 1770:. 1682:: 1655:. 1500:. 1434:. 1404:. 1388:, 1384:, 1380:, 1376:. 1311:. 1257:. 1238:. 1226:, 1185:. 1139:, 1135:, 1095:. 1087:, 1083:, 1079:, 1001:. 980:A 927:. 804:9 787:8 770:7 741:6 721:5 701:4 681:3 607:. 352:, 348:, 324:. 190:. 151:, 147:, 143:, 92:, 3609:e 3602:t 3595:v 3398:/ 3341:/ 3332:/ 3311:/ 3180:/ 3162:e 3155:t 3148:v 3058:. 3039:. 3016:. 2997:. 2967:. 2927:. 2907:: 2858:. 2836:: 2828:: 2784:. 2759:. 2753:: 2704:. 2692:: 2686:4 2669:. 2649:: 2626:. 2602:. 2578:: 2551:. 2529:: 2481:. 2469:: 2461:: 2438:. 2416:: 2389:. 2375:. 2350:. 2325:. 2297:. 2285:: 2262:. 2034:4 1918:. 1131:( 1120:. 1031:. 529:( 294:: 292:1 284:5 281:: 279:1 49:. 34:. 20:)

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Index