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570:. Cytology can be used to diagnose a condition and spare a patient from surgery to obtain a larger specimen. An example is thyroid FNAC; many benign conditions can be diagnosed with a superficial biopsy and the patient can go back to normal activities right away. If a malignant condition is diagnosed, the patient may be able to start radiation/chemotherapy, or may need to have surgery to remove and/or stage the cancer.
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381:. Because needles as small as 27 gauge can almost always yield diagnostic material, FNAC is often the least injurious way to obtain diagnostic tissue from a lesion. Sometimes a syringe holder may be used to facilitate using one hand to perform the biopsy while the other hand is immobilizing the mass. Imaging equipment such as a CT scanner or ultrasound may be used to assist in locating the region to be biopsied.
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of the cell is very important in evaluating the cellular sample. In cancerous cells, altered DNA activity can be seen as a physical change in the nuclear qualities. Since more DNA is unfolded and being expressed, the nucleus will be darker and less uniform, larger than in normal cells, and often show
364:
to collect cells from lesions or masses in various body organs by microcoring, often with the application of negative pressure (suction) to increase yield. FNAC can be performed under palpation guidance (i.e., the clinician can feel the lesion) on a mass in superficial regions like the neck, thyroid
580:
Proper cytopathology technique takes time to master. Cytotechnologists and cytopathologists can assist clinicians by assisting with sample collection. A "quick read" is a peek under the microscope and can tell the clinician whether enough diagnostic material was obtained. Cytological specimens must
392:
For cytology of sediment, the sample is collected from the fixative that was used for processing the biopsy or autopsy specimen. The fixative is mixed properly and taken into a centrifuge tube and is centrifuged. The sediment is used for smearing. These sediments are the cells that are shed by the
373:
for sampling of deep-seated lesions within the body that cannot be localized via palpation. FNAC is widely used in many countries, but success rate is dependent on the skill of the practitioner. If performed by a pathologist alone, or as team with pathologist-cytotechnologist, the success rate of
215:
Cytopathology is commonly used to investigate diseases involving a wide range of body sites, often to aid in the diagnosis of cancer but also in the diagnosis of some infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. For example, a common application of cytopathology is the
437:
305:
In this method, cells are collected after they have been either spontaneously shed by the body ("spontaneous exfoliation"), or manually scraped/brushed off of a surface in the body ("mechanical exfoliation"). An example of spontaneous exfoliation is when cells of the
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Further information about the specimen may be gained by immunohistochemical stains and molecular testing, particularly if the sample is prepared using liquid based cytology. Often "reflex" testing is performed, such as HPV testing on an abnormal pap test or
374:
proper diagnosis is higher than when performed by a non-pathologist. This may be due to the pathologist's ability to immediately evaluate specimens under a microscope and immediately repeat the procedure if sampling was inadequate.
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Imprint cytology is a preparation wherein the tissue of interest touches a glass slide, leaving behind its imprint in the form of cells on the slide. The imprint can subsequently be stained and studied.
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While the cytologist's primary responsibility is to discern whether cancerous or precancerous pathology is present in the cellular sample analysed, other pathologies may be seen such as:
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are shed into the pleural or peritoneal fluid. This fluid can be collected via various methods for examination. Examples of mechanical exfoliation include
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835:(4th ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2004.
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577:. In general, a fine-needle aspiration can be done anywhere it is safe to put a needle, including liver, lung, kidney, and superficial masses.
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of a pilocytic astrocytoma, showing characteristic bipolar cells with long pilocytic (hair-like) processes. Smear preparation.
948:"Causation of cornflake artifacts: Possible association of poor dehydration with drying before mounting in Papanicolaou stain"
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and used to evaluate a visible lesion by brushing cells from its surface and subjecting them to cytopathologic analysis.
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There are two methods of collecting cells for cytopathologic analysis: exfoliative cytology, and intervention cytology.
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for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including
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Some tumors may be difficult to biopsy, such as sarcomas. Other rare tumors may be dangerous to biopsy, such as
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Cytopathology is best used as one of three tools, the second and third being the physical examination and
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in 1928. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to
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423:. With the latter, the sample is placed in a liquid that is then processed for further investigation.
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1979:
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318:, where cells are scraped from the cervix with a cervical spatula, or bronchial brushings, where a
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For better visualization of cells and their components, specimens are inked, such as by the
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In intervention cytology the pathologist intervenes into the body for sample collection.
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that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by
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Fine-needle aspiration, or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), involves use of a
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Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
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of a cytopathology specimen showing a 3-dimensional cluster of cancerous cells (
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A branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level
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Cytopathologic techniques are used in the examination of virtually all body
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Orell, S., et al. 2005. Fine Needle
Aspiration Cytology. 4th Edition
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Collection development manual of the
National Library of Medicine
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After sampling, two main techniques for processing are used:
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463:, when some mounting medium evaporates before coverslipping.
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890:(27th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.
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be properly prepared so that the cells are not damaged.
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can fail or work in abnormal ways and lead to diseases.
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microbial infections: parasitic, viral, and/or bacterial
640:– concerning fluids collections, especially within the
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FNAC has become synonymous to interventional cytology.
1041:
E-Learning for
Medical Students | cellnetpathology.com
247:. Different types of smear tests may also be used for
150:
with typical features as can be seen on cytopathology
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Okayama K, Ishii Y, Fujii M, Oda M, Okodo M (2022).
910:
Chapter 13, section of squamous cell carcinomas, in
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239:because the samples may be smeared across a glass
443:Smearing of cells across a glass plate may cause
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393:autopsy and biopsy specimen during processing.
49:Please review the contents of the article and
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338:Brushes used to collect samples for cytology.
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1789:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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813:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
666:- principally concerning non-human mammals
612:– concerning the female reproductive tract
293:of an exfoliative cytopathology specimen (
235:Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called
2130:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
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916:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
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329:
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141:
125:
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280:
2316:
904:
864:from the original on 26 September 2020
791:The Cassell Concise English Dictionary
427:Processing of specimens may result in
417:of sample directly onto a glass slide.
2339:Diagnostic obstetrics and gynaecology
1488:
1064:
1056:The International Academy of Cytology
1036:Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology
1026:British Association for Cytopathology
858:"Cytopathology Specialty Description"
2268:
2029:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
657:– principally concerning the female
387:
18:
2278:
707:Soft tissue, bone and skin cytology
396:
365:or breast; FNAC may be assisted by
13:
2165:Medical Scientist Training Program
1394:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
272:
228:cervical lesions that may lead to
14:
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1021:International Academy of Cytology
1014:
789:Kirkpatrick; et al. (1989).
744:American Society of Cytopathology
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2287:
2277:
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1362:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
860:. American Medical Association.
452:
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251:. In this sense, it is termed a
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23:
2298:
986:from the original on 2023-02-10
839:from the original on 2017-10-20
722:Central nervous system cytology
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2155:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1589:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1031:Australian Society of Cytology
850:
821:
782:
405:
51:add the appropriate references
1:
1090:
503:
459:Cervical squamous cells with
208:", which means "the study of
2135:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1902:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1514:
886:Stedman's medical dictionary
551:Various normal functions of
7:
2344:Infectious causes of cancer
737:
717:Liver and pancreas cytology
712:Kidney and adrenal cytology
198:George Nicolas Papanicolaou
36:reliable medical references
10:
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476:derivatives which include
377:Fine needles are 23 to 27
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698:Gastrointestinal cytology
42:or relies too heavily on
2089:Transplantation medicine
1980:Clinical neurophysiology
1897:Obstetric anesthesiology
1817:Interventional radiology
1577:Digestive system surgery
589:on a lymphoma specimen.
1960:Intensive care medicine
1934:Mass gathering medicine
1779:Maternal–fetal medicine
1469:Microbiological culture
1099:Principles of pathology
914:Robbins Basic Pathology
793:. London. p. 324.
732:Salivary gland cytology
1552:Cardiothoracic surgery
616:Urinary tract cytology
352:Fine-needle aspiration
346:Fine-needle aspiration
339:
302:
269:
151:
139:
2203:Personalized medicine
2062:Reproductive medicine
1987:Occupational medicine
1941:Evolutionary medicine
1432:Diagnostic immunology
1257:Programmed cell death
1225:Liquefactive necrosis
421:Liquid-based cytology
337:
330:Intervention cytology
322:is inserted into the
288:
261:
145:
129:
2329:Anatomical pathology
2223:Traditional medicine
2183:Alternative medicine
2050:Addiction psychiatry
1864:Transfusion medicine
1859:Medical microbiology
1774:Gynecologic oncology
1626:Reproductive surgery
1427:Medical microbiology
1422:Transfusion medicine
1379:Immunohistochemistry
1329:Anatomical pathology
1220:Coagulative necrosis
777:Notes and references
755:Cancer Cytopathology
749:Anatomical pathology
688:Respiratory cytology
610:Gynecologic cytology
281:Exfoliative cytology
224:tool used to detect
180:, "fate, harm"; and
2245:History of medicine
2228:Veterinary medicine
2035:Preventive medicine
1887:Adolescent medicine
1729:Infectious diseases
1384:Electron microscopy
1352:Molecular pathology
1230:Gangrenous necrosis
1162:Cellular adaptation
1051:asct.com (archived)
679:Lymph node cytology
2193:Molecular oncology
2150:Doctor of Medicine
2140:Master of Medicine
2057:Radiation oncology
1929:Emergency medicine
1882:Addiction medicine
1849:Clinical chemistry
1844:Clinical pathology
1636:Transplant surgery
1594:Orthopedic surgery
1572:Colorectal surgery
1412:Clinical chemistry
1404:Clinical pathology
1389:Immunofluorescence
1357:Forensic pathology
1337:Surgical pathology
1245:Fibrinoid necrosis
766:Clinical pathology
470:Papanicolaou stain
461:cornflake artifact
445:smearing artifacts
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245:cytocentrifugation
152:
140:
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2145:Master of Surgery
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2094:Tropical medicine
2040:Prison healthcare
1955:Hospital medicine
1919:Disaster medicine
1909:Aviation medicine
1724:Hospital medicine
1631:Surgical oncology
1616:Pediatric surgery
1610:
1557:Endocrine surgery
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1481:
1449:Mass spectrometry
958:(10): E301–E305.
923:978-1-4160-2973-1
700:– concerning the
690:– concerning the
672:– concerning the
638:Effusion cytology
618:– concerning the
388:Sediment cytology
312:peritoneal cavity
192:) is a branch of
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1965:Medical genetics
1950:General practice
1827:Nuclear medicine
1702:Gastroenterology
1658:Vascular surgery
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1369:Gross processing
1235:Caseous necrosis
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952:Diagn Cytopathol
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670:Thyroid cytology
664:Vaginal cytology
575:pheochromocytoma
530:immune reactions
527:reactive changes
474:Romanowsky stain
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429:visual artifacts
397:Imprint cytology
249:cancer diagnosis
241:microscope slide
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136:serous carcinoma
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2099:Travel medicine
2084:Sports medicine
2067:Sexual medicine
2007:Palliative care
2002:Pain management
1946:Family medicine
1924:Diving medicine
1870:
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1621:Plastic surgery
1567:General surgery
1547:Cardiac surgery
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1437:Immunopathology
1417:Hematopathology
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714:
709:
704:
695:
685:
676:
667:
661:
652:
635:
632:Urine cytology
613:
594:
591:
587:flow cytometry
549:
548:
542:
537:
531:
528:
525:
505:
502:
466:
465:
458:
451:
449:
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435:
425:
424:
418:
407:
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398:
395:
389:
386:
360:attached to a
350:Main article:
347:
344:
331:
328:
308:pleural cavity
282:
279:
274:
271:
202:histopathology
170:, "a hollow";
148:adenocarcinoma
122:
121:
114:
112:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2356:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Cytopathology
2322:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
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2266:
2264:
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2209:
2208:Public health
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2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Allied health
2186:
2184:
2181:
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2178:
2174:
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2158:
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2100:
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Oral medicine
1995:
1993:
1992:Ophthalmology
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
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1968:
1966:
1963:
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1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1862:
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1857:
1855:
1854:Cytopathology
1852:
1850:
1847:
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1842:
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1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
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1807:
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1801:
1795:
1794:Urogynecology
1792:
1790:
1787:
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1777:
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1700:
1698:
1697:Endocrinology
1695:
1693:
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1679:
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1392:
1390:
1387:
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1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Cytopathology
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:Accumulations
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
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1223:
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1218:
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1213:
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1200:
1197:
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1190:
1187:
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1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:Wound healing
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
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1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
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1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
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1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
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1029:
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1022:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1000:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
933:
925:
919:
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907:
899:
893:
888:
887:
879:
863:
859:
853:
838:
834:
830:
824:
816:
810:
802:
800:0-304-31806-X
796:
792:
785:
781:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
699:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:– concerning
680:
677:
675:
674:thyroid gland
671:
668:
665:
662:
660:
656:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
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590:
588:
582:
578:
576:
571:
569:
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562:
558:
554:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:a bright-red
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
455:
450:
446:
439:
434:
433:
432:
430:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
411:
403:
394:
385:
382:
380:
375:
372:
368:
363:
359:
353:
343:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
300:
296:
292:
287:
278:
268:
267:H&E stain
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
179:
169:
160:
156:
155:Cytopathology
149:
144:
137:
133:
128:
113:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2334:Cell biology
2213:Rural health
2198:Nanomedicine
1853:
1749:Rheumatology
1680: /
1599:Hand surgery
1584:Neurosurgery
1444:Enzyme assay
1341:
1290:
1285:
1274:Karyorrhexis
1250:Myocytolysis
1240:Fat necrosis
1145:Inflammation
1133:Hemodynamics
1126:Pathogenesis
1046:www.ascp.org
999:cite journal
988:. Retrieved
955:
951:
941:
932:
913:
906:
885:
878:
866:. Retrieved
852:
841:. Retrieved
832:
823:
790:
784:
771:Pleomorphism
761:Cell biology
753:
727:Eye cytology
596:
593:Body regions
583:
579:
572:
565:
550:
519:
507:
494:May–Grünwald
467:
460:
444:
426:
414:
409:
400:
391:
383:
376:
355:
341:
320:bronchoscope
304:
276:
252:
236:
234:
226:precancerous
214:
187:
177:
167:
154:
153:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:verification
33:
2283:Wikiproject
2072:Venereology
2017:Neonatology
1914:Dermatology
1769:Gynaecology
1761:gynaecology
1744:Pulmonology
1562:Eye surgery
1524:Specialties
1298:Hemosiderin
1179:Hyperplasia
1174:Hypertrophy
1150:Cell damage
694:and airways
683:lymph nodes
650:pericardium
553:cell growth
540:amyloidosis
406:Preparation
237:smear tests
132:micrographs
34:needs more
2318:Categories
2045:Psychiatry
2031:(PM&R)
2024:Phlebology
2012:Pediatrics
1839:Anatomical
1804:Diagnostic
1784:Obstetrics
1734:Nephrology
1719:Hematology
1714:Geriatrics
1707:Hepatology
1692:Cardiology
1682:Immunology
1464:Blood bank
1307:Lipofuscin
1303:Lipochrome
1279:Karyolysis
1208:Cell death
1189:Metaplasia
990:2023-08-28
843:2018-03-21
829:"Cytology"
642:peritoneum
557:metabolism
545:autoimmune
504:Parameters
367:ultrasound
316:Pap smears
291:micrograph
263:Micrograph
130:A pair of
106:April 2017
76:newspapers
2233:Physician
2117:education
1975:Neurology
1970:Narcology
1834:Pathology
1812:Radiology
1687:Angiology
1651:Andrology
1319:Steatosis
1262:Apoptosis
1199:Glandular
1184:Dysplasia
1116:Neoplasia
1111:Infection
1092:Pathology
980:249746919
868:30 August
809:cite book
515:nucleolus
299:Pap stain
222:screening
218:Pap smear
194:pathology
2263:Category
1739:Oncology
1670:medicine
1668:Internal
1516:Medicine
1474:Serology
1269:Pyknosis
1215:Necrosis
1194:Squamous
1138:Ischemia
984:Archived
972:35712848
862:Archived
837:Archived
738:See also
561:division
547:diseases
500:stains.
498:Leishman
415:Smearing
371:CAT scan
295:Pap test
206:cytology
2303:Outline
2273:Commons
2218:Therapy
2115:Medical
1678:Allergy
1646:Urology
1539:Surgery
1347:Autopsy
1312:Melanin
1292:pigment
1169:Atrophy
1106:Disease
628:urethra
620:ureters
603:tissues
510:nucleus
362:syringe
324:trachea
90:scholar
55:removed
2293:Portal
2160:MD–PhD
978:
970:
920:
894:
797:
659:breast
646:pleura
630:. See
599:organs
559:, and
486:Wright
482:Jenner
478:Giemsa
358:needle
189:-logia
183:-λογία
178:pathos
157:(from
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1875:Other
1121:Cause
976:S2CID
692:lungs
535:aging
533:cell
490:Field
472:, or
379:gauge
210:cells
173:πάθος
168:kytos
163:κύτος
159:Greek
97:JSTOR
83:books
1005:link
968:PMID
918:ISBN
892:ISBN
870:2020
815:link
795:ISBN
648:and
626:and
601:and
508:The
496:and
220:, a
69:news
38:for
1609:ENT
1527:and
960:doi
369:or
310:or
212:".
146:An
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
