319:
247:
522:
401:
457:
506:
495:
745:
37:
573:. The purpose of this test is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were variable in a systematic review looking at accuracy of the test. An abnormal Pap smear result may lead to a recommendation for
111:) infection is necessary for the development of CIN, but not all with this infection develop cervical cancer. Many women with HPV infection never develop CIN or cervical cancer. Typically, HPV resolves on its own. However, those with an HPV infection that lasts more than one or two years have a higher risk of developing a higher grade of CIN.
334:". This system provides a uniform way to describe abnormal epithelial cells and determine specimen quality, thus providing clear guidance for clinical management. These abnormalities were classified as squamous or glandular and then further classified by the stage of dysplasia: atypical cells, mild, moderate, severe, and carcinoma.
1409:
Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Thomas Cox J, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, et al. (January 2013). "The Lower
Anogenital Squamous Terminology Standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for
838:
Between 250,000 and 1 million
American women are diagnosed with CIN annually. Women can develop CIN at any age but women generally develop it between the ages of 25 and 35. The estimated annual incidence of CIN in the United States among persons who undergo screening is 4% for CIN 1 and 5% for CIN 2
752:
Treatment for CIN 1, mild dysplasia, is not recommended if it lasts fewer than two years. Usually, when a biopsy detects CIN 1, the woman has an HPV infection, which may clear on its own within 12 months. Therefore, it is instead followed for later testing rather than treated. In young women closely
584:
Colposcopy is usually very painful and so researchers have tried to find which pain relief is best for women with CIN to use. Research suggests that the injection of a local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor (medicine that causes blood vessels to narrow) into the cervix may lower blood loss and pain
1133:
International
Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer (2006-09-01). "Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies".
588:
HPV testing can identify most of the high-risk HPV types responsible for CIN. HPV screening happens either as a co-test with the Pap smear or can be done after a Pap smear showing abnormal cells, called reflex testing. Frequency of screening changes based on guidelines from the
Society of Lower
781:
in future pregnancies. Surgical techniques that remove more cervical tissue come with less risk of the cancer recurring but a higher chance of giving birth prematurely. Due to this risk, taking into account the age, childbearing plans of the woman, the size and location of the cancer cells are
2016:
Agorastos T, Miliaras D, Lambropoulos AF, Chrisafi S, Kotsis A, Manthos A, Bontis J (July 2005). "Detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in uterine cervices with coexistent grade I and grade III intraepithelial neoplasia: biologic progression or independent lesions?".
1688:
Athanasiou, Antonios; Veroniki, Areti
Angeliki; Efthimiou, Orestis; Kalliala, Ilkka; Naci, Huseyin; Bowden, Sarah; Paraskevaidi, Maria; Arbyn, Marc; Lyons, Deirdre; Martin-Hirsch, Pierre; Bennett, Phillip; Paraskevaidis, Evangelos; Salanti, Georgia; Kyrgiou, Maria (2022-07-25).
2123:
Bosch FX, Burchell AN, Schiffman M, Giuliano AR, de
Sanjose S, Bruni L, Tortolero-Luna G, Kjaer SK, Muñoz N (August 2008). "Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections and type-specific implications in cervical neoplasia".
297:
with directed biopsy is the standard for disease detection. Endocervical brush sampling at the time of Pap smear to detect adenocarcinoma and its precursors is necessary along with doctor/patient vigilance on abdominal symptoms associated with
2052:
Hillemanns P, Wang X, Staehle S, Michels W, Dannecker C (February 2006). "Evaluation of different treatment modalities for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): CO(2) laser vaporization, photodynamic therapy, excision and vulvectomy".
756:
The typical threshold for treatment is CIN 2+, although a more restrained approach may be taken for young persons and pregnant women. Treatment for higher-grade CIN involves removal or destruction of the abnormal cervical cells by
541:
and the
American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology came together in 2012 to publish changes in terminology to describe HPV-associated squamous lesions of the anogenital tract as LSIL or HSIL as follows below:
270:, are also commonly seen in CIN. While infection with HPV is needed for development of CIN, most women with HPV infection do not develop high-grade intraepithelial lesions or cancer. HPV is not alone enough causative.
1969:
Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. (April 2013). "2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors".
807:
However most CIN spontaneously regress. Left untreated, about 70% of CIN 1 will regress within one year; 90% will regress within two years. About 50% of CIN 2 cases will regress within two years without treatment.
789:
are currently undergoing clinical trials. The lifetime recurrence rate of CIN is about 20%, but it isn't clear what proportion of these cases are new infections rather than recurrences of the original infection.
2312:
2293:
818:
Progression to cancer typically takes 15 years with a range of 3 to 40 years. Also, evidence suggests that cancer can occur without first detectably progressing through CIN grades and that a high-grade
1261:
Soloman D (1989). "The 1988 Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses: developed and approved at the
National Cancer Institute workshop in Bethesda, MD, December 12-13, 1988".
182:
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate
974:
Boda D, Docea AO, Calina D, Ilie MA, Caruntu C, Zurac S, Neagu M, Constantin C, Branisteanu DE, Voiculescu V, Mamoulakis C, Tzanakakis G, Spandidos DA, Drakoulis N, Tsatsakis AM (March 2018).
1691:"Comparative effectiveness and risk of preterm birth of local treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
3269:
2782:
2155:
Monnier-Benoit S, Dalstein V, Riethmuller D, Lalaoui N, Mougin C, Prétet JL (March 2006). "Dynamics of HPV16 DNA load reflect the natural history of cervical HPV-associated lesions".
815:(CIS) occurs in approximately 11% of CIN 1 and 22% of CIN 2 cases. Progression to invasive cancer occurs in approximately 1% of CIN 1, 5% of CIN 2, and at least 12% of CIN 3 cases.
2190:
Kyrgiou M, Mitra A, Arbyn M, Paraskevaidi M, Athanasiou A, Martin-Hirsch PP, et al. (September 2015). Cochrane
Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group (ed.).
793:
Research to investigate if prophylactic antibiotics can help prevent infection in women undergoing excision of the cervical transformation zone found a lack of quality evidence.
724:
It is important to note that these vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV known to cause cancer. Therefore, screening is still recommended in vaccinated individuals.
796:
People with HIV and CIN 2+ should be initially managed according to the recommendations for the general population according to the 2012 updated ASCCP consensus guidelines.
1304:
Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, Moriarty A, O'Connor D, Prey M, et al. (April 2002). "The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology".
4086:
3262:
1769:"Adverse obstetric outcomes after local treatment for cervical preinvasive and early invasive disease according to cone depth: systematic review and meta-analysis"
785:
While retinoids are not effective in preventing the progression of CIN, they may be effective in causing regression of disease in people with CIN2. Therapeutic
104:. It can also occur in vaginal walls and vulvar epithelium. CIN is graded on a 1–3 scale, with 3 being the most abnormal (see classification section below).
1741:
1608:
1590:
525:
3255:
2743:
337:
Depending on several factors and the location of the lesion, CIN can start in any of the three stages and can either progress or regress. The grade of
1553:
1339:
Melnikow J, Nuovo J, Willan AR, Chan BK, Howell LP (October 1998). "Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis".
826:
Research suggests that treatment does not affect the chances of getting pregnant but it is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage in the
2394:
1594:
923:
Section 4 Gynecologic
Oncology > Chapter 29. Preinvasive Lesions of the Lower Genital Tract > Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in:
4091:
3107:
1028:"Clinical course of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 under active surveillance: systematic review and meta-analysis"
266:, an area of unstable cervical epithelium that is prone to abnormal changes. Cellular changes associated with HPV infection, such as
950:
3183:
3092:
2736:
569:
The two screening methods available are the Pap smear and testing for HPV. CIN is usually discovered by a screening test, the
3173:
3064:
934:
876:
2239:
Insinga RP, Glass AG, Rush BB (July 2004). "Diagnoses and outcomes in cervical cancer screening: a population-based study".
223:
Additionally, a number of risk factors have been shown to increase an individual's likelihood of developing CIN 3/carcinoma
194:
gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
4081:
2901:
777:. While these surgical methods effectively reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, they cause an increased risk of
4056:
3102:
2863:
2819:
262:, which is essentially undetectable by the woman. The majority of these changes occur at the squamocolumnar junction, or
293:, which is a screening device that allows for an examination of cells but not tissue structure, needed for diagnosis. A
2685:
2387:
770:
289:
A test for HPV called the Digene HPV test is highly accurate and serves as both a direct diagnosis and adjuvant to the
3870:
3389:
3188:
3130:
2729:
2659:
2460:
549:
118:, CIN is not cancer and is usually curable. Most cases of CIN either remain stable or are eliminated by the person's
318:
3231:
3097:
2787:
2664:
538:
127:
3575:
3226:
2503:
1818:"Obstetric outcomes after conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial lesions and early invasive disease"
593:
also has screening and treatment guidelines for precancerous cervical lesions and prevention of cervical cancer.
338:
246:
1374:
Nagi CS, Schlosshauer PW (August 2006). "Endocervical glandular involvement is associated with high-grade SIL".
3484:
2881:
2409:
167:
108:
1816:
Kyrgiou M, Athanasiou A, Kalliala IE, Paraskevaidi M, Mitra A, Martin-Hirsch PP, et al. (November 2017).
976:"Human papilloma virus: Apprehending the link with carcinogenesis and unveiling new research avenues (Review)"
2380:
2192:"Fertility and early pregnancy outcomes after conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia"
3069:
2844:
1565:
1559:
1026:
Tainio K, Athanasiou A, Tikkinen KA, Aaltonen R, Cárdenas J, Glazer-Livson S, et al. (February 2018).
552:, a marker for high-risk HPV, is referred to as LSIL. Those that are p16-positive are referred to as HSIL.
521:
1865:
Helm, C. William; Lorenz, Douglas J; Meyer, Nicholas J; Rising, William WR; Wulff, Judith L (2013-06-06).
3997:
3526:
1132:
804:
It used to be thought that cases of CIN progressed through grades 1–3 toward cancer in a linear fashion.
1767:
Kyrgiou M, Athanasiou A, Paraskevaidi M, Mitra A, Kalliala I, Martin-Hirsch P, et al. (July 2016).
326:
Historically, abnormal changes of cervical epithelial cells were described as mild, moderate, or severe
3992:
3725:
3422:
2804:
1628:
Martin-Hirsch, Pierre PL; Paraskevaidis, Evangelos; Bryant, Andrew; Dickinson, Heather O (2013-12-04).
812:
4041:
3610:
3236:
820:
590:
115:
3558:
139:
4096:
3377:
3059:
2498:
2331:
97:
3151:
2924:
1554:"FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV"
3925:
3875:
3831:
3489:
3211:
2431:
1690:
577:
of the cervix, an in office procedure during which the cervix is examined under magnification. A
476:
Severe dysplasia with undifferentiated neoplastic cells that span more than 2/3 of the epithelium
3903:
3479:
3318:
3278:
2934:
1455:"Pain relief for women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia undergoing colposcopy treatment"
191:
183:
86:
2360:
456:
3908:
3762:
3705:
3630:
3568:
3429:
3247:
3221:
2987:
2891:
2705:
400:
273:
Of the over 100 different types of HPV, approximately 40 are known to affect the epithelial
3920:
3345:
2809:
2573:
2456:
733:
380:
327:
255:
1920:
Kietpeerakool C, Chumworathayi B, Thinkhamrop J, Ussahgij B, Lumbiganon P (January 2017).
8:
4031:
3970:
3826:
2929:
2876:
2721:
2680:
2316:
1922:"Antibiotics for infection prevention after excision of the cervical transformation zone"
1742:"Prevention of cervical cancer: what are the risks and benefits of different treatments?"
774:
263:
93:
1897:
1866:
509:
Locations of CIN findings can be described in terms of quadrants, or corresponding to a
3898:
3855:
3821:
3757:
3720:
3625:
3516:
3417:
3372:
3328:
3323:
3178:
3054:
3046:
2973:
2871:
2839:
2814:
2587:
2325:
2216:
2191:
1995:
1946:
1921:
1842:
1817:
1793:
1768:
1715:
1662:
1629:
1530:
1503:
1479:
1454:
1435:
1286:
1167:
1115:
1052:
1027:
1000:
975:
608:
564:
2321:
2101:
1748:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023-11-10.
1706:
1198:
447:
Represents a mix of low- and high-grade lesions not easily differentiated by histology
422:
Represents a mix of low- and high-grade lesions not easily differentiated by histology
414:
371:
3913:
3811:
3494:
3382:
2995:
2756:
2710:
2508:
2256:
2221:
2172:
2137:
2105:
2070:
2034:
1987:
1951:
1902:
1884:
1847:
1798:
1720:
1667:
1649:
1535:
1484:
1439:
1427:
1391:
1356:
1352:
1321:
1278:
1243:
1202:
1159:
1151:
1107:
1057:
1005:
930:
872:
483:
53:
1999:
1290:
1171:
1119:
896:"Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners manual"
4036:
3965:
3767:
3595:
3362:
3301:
2826:
2764:
2248:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2164:
2129:
2097:
2062:
2026:
1979:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1892:
1879:
1874:
1837:
1829:
1788:
1780:
1749:
1710:
1702:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1525:
1515:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1419:
1383:
1348:
1313:
1270:
1233:
1194:
1143:
1099:
1047:
1039:
995:
987:
827:
274:
204:
2133:
505:
3843:
3786:
3695:
3659:
3600:
3541:
3399:
3310:
3146:
3125:
3079:
3026:
2965:
2953:
2911:
2594:
2426:
2336:
2030:
1983:
1867:"Retinoids for preventing the progression of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia"
1603:
1599:
1423:
1103:
514:
331:
123:
82:
2066:
1589:
1387:
1238:
1221:
122:
without need for intervention. However, a small percentage of cases progress to
4018:
3880:
3772:
3732:
3710:
3546:
3409:
3394:
3338:
3165:
3031:
3009:
2939:
2849:
2773:
2604:
2441:
2252:
1753:
762:
303:
299:
197:
Some groups of women have been found to be at a higher risk of developing CIN:
2168:
1833:
4075:
4026:
3551:
3536:
3499:
3434:
3352:
3203:
3193:
2948:
2619:
2599:
2493:
2451:
2446:
1919:
1888:
1653:
1317:
1155:
778:
766:
171:
119:
2306:
2302:
1220:
de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (June 2004).
3945:
3798:
3677:
3585:
3563:
3504:
3439:
3367:
3282:
2919:
2614:
2488:
2483:
2260:
2225:
2176:
2141:
2074:
2038:
1991:
1955:
1906:
1851:
1802:
1724:
1671:
1539:
1488:
1431:
1395:
1325:
1247:
1185:
Beutner KR, Tyring S (May 1997). "Human papillomavirus and human disease".
1163:
1111:
1090:
Heard I (January 2009). "Prevention of cervical cancer in women with HIV".
1061:
1009:
2109:
1360:
1282:
1274:
1206:
991:
494:
3950:
3865:
3838:
3802:
3748:
3669:
3654:
3580:
3467:
3444:
3333:
2551:
2436:
2355:
1627:
895:
786:
758:
602:
450:
CIN 2+ encompasses CIN 2, CIN 3, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and cancer
45:
2154:
732:
Appropriate management with monitoring and treatment is the approach to
4051:
3935:
3885:
3807:
3715:
3646:
3531:
3357:
3036:
3018:
2631:
2372:
744:
574:
510:
294:
101:
58:
2285:
1784:
1147:
925:
Bradshaw KD, Schorge JO, Schaffer J, Halvorson LM, Hoffman BG (2008).
3940:
3930:
3816:
3286:
2654:
2641:
2513:
2015:
1815:
1520:
1043:
570:
307:
267:
2019:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
281:
area and have different probabilities of causing malignant changes.
4046:
3752:
3216:
3117:
2944:
2581:
2561:
2556:
2530:
1687:
306:. The diagnosis of CIN or cervical carcinoma requires a biopsy for
290:
278:
1766:
332:
Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic Diagnoses
2896:
2886:
2543:
2088:
Rapp L, Chen JJ (August 1998). "The papillomavirus E6 proteins".
201:
Infection with a high-risk type of HPV, such as 16, 18, 31, or 33
1025:
924:
3687:
3458:
2297:
1219:
578:
259:
78:
3277:
2122:
1452:
444:
Moderate dysplasia confined to the basal 2/3 of the epithelium
2752:
2189:
1408:
36:
2051:
1453:
Gajjar K, Martin-Hirsch PP, Bryant A, Owens GL (July 2016).
1075:
DiSaia PJ, Creasman WT (2007). "Invasive cervical cancer.".
2473:
2751:
1303:
147:
Generally, signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include:
1079:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. p. 55.
187:
866:
254:
The earliest microscopic change corresponding to CIN is
77:, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the
2090:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
1338:
330:. In 1988 the National Cancer Institute developed "The
1968:
1864:
1595:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
871:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 718–721.
2275:
1609:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1591:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1367:
973:
823:can occur without first existing as a lower grade.
85:. More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially
753:monitoring CIN 2 lesions also appears reasonable.
4087:Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract
1564:(press release). 10 December 2014. Archived from
867:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
736:of cervical cancer in cases of persons with CIN.
100:of the vagina and the columnar epithelium of the
4073:
2238:
1630:"Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia"
1412:International Journal of Gynecological Pathology
1373:
951:"Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer"
528:invasion is associated with high-grade lesions.
96:of the cervix, a transitional area between the
1074:
919:
917:
915:
3263:
2737:
2388:
2241:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1332:
1184:
144:There are no specific symptoms of CIN alone.
2232:
2011:
2009:
1962:
1504:"Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines"
1501:
1495:
1402:
1213:
413:High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (
391:High rate of regression back to normal cells
170:infection of the vulva and vagina can cause
2196:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1926:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1822:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1585:
1583:
1459:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
912:
388:Typically corresponds to infection with HPV
385:Confined to the basal 1/3 of the epithelium
370:Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (
163:abnormal appearance or palpation of cervix.
3270:
3256:
2744:
2730:
2395:
2381:
782:crucial for choosing the right procedure.
664:before sexual debut or shortly thereafter
581:is taken of any abnormal appearing areas.
399:
35:
2686:Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)
2215:
2006:
1945:
1896:
1878:
1841:
1792:
1714:
1661:
1546:
1529:
1519:
1478:
1237:
1051:
999:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
532:
488:CIN 3+ encompasses CIN 3, AIS, and cancer
140:Cervical cancer § Signs and symptoms
2660:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
2650:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
2402:
2087:
1580:
743:
520:
504:
317:
245:
3184:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
1871:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1634:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1260:
727:
425:HSIL+ encompasses HSIL, AGC, and cancer
89:transformation of cells of the cervix.
4074:
2665:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
2128:. 26 Suppl 10 (Supplement 10): K1-16.
1972:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
1683:
1681:
849:
3300:
3251:
3174:Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina
3065:Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia
2725:
2376:
1736:
1734:
1508:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1089:
596:
589:Genital Tract Disorders (ASCCP). The
133:
2902:Sex cord tumour with annular tubules
1410:Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology".
1222:"Classification of papillomaviruses"
1021:
1019:
890:
888:
482:May also be referred to as cervical
157:changes in bladder or bowel function
151:abnormal or post-menopausal bleeding
4057:Persistent genital arousal disorder
2820:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
2797:
1678:
607:HPV vaccination is the approach to
13:
4092:Papillomavirus-associated diseases
3088:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
3060:Uterine papillary serous carcinoma
1731:
771:loop electrical excision procedure
493:
455:
241:
230:Women who give birth before age 17
67:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
22:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
14:
4108:
3871:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3390:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
3189:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
3131:Gestational trophoblastic disease
2461:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
2271:
1502:Lowy DR, Schiller JT (May 2006).
1016:
980:International Journal of Oncology
885:
712:(cause ≈20% of cervical cancers)
655:(cause ≈70% of cervical cancers)
611:of both CIN and cervical cancer.
313:
3232:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
1353:10.1097/00006250-199810001-00046
1187:The American Journal of Medicine
689:Gardasil 9 - nonavalent vaccine
539:College of American Pathologists
128:cervical squamous cell carcinoma
92:CIN most commonly occurs at the
44:Positive visual inspection with
2504:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
2183:
2148:
2116:
2081:
2045:
1913:
1858:
1809:
1760:
1621:
1446:
1297:
1254:
1178:
1136:International Journal of Cancer
1092:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
833:
623:HPV Genotypes Protected Against
339:squamous intraepithelial lesion
81:that could potentially lead to
3485:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
2208:10.1002/14651858.CD008478.pub2
1938:10.1002/14651858.cd009957.pub2
1880:10.1002/14651858.cd003296.pub3
1646:10.1002/14651858.cd001318.pub3
1471:10.1002/14651858.cd006120.pub4
1126:
1083:
1068:
967:
943:
555:CIN 3 is referred to as HSIL.
545:CIN 1 is referred to as LSIL.
479:May involve the full thickness
1:
3108:Villoglandular adenocarcinoma
2134:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.064
2102:10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00009-2
1707:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00334-5
1199:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00178-2
1077:Clinical Gynecologic Oncology
842:
344:CIN is classified in grades:
3581:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
3552:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
3227:Extramammary Paget's disease
3070:Uterine clear-cell carcinoma
2845:Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma
2509:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2157:Journal of Clinical Virology
2031:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.11.024
1984:10.1097/LGT.0b013e318287d329
1560:Food and Drug Administration
1424:10.1097/PGP.0b013e31826916c7
1104:10.1097/COH.0b013e328319bcbe
929:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
739:
715:females and males ages 9–26
647:6, 11 (cause genital warts)
558:
284:
258:, or surface lining, of the
7:
4082:Infectious causes of cancer
3998:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2067:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.08.012
1388:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.12.029
1239:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033
799:
658:females and males age 9-26
548:CIN 2 that is negative for
394:Usually managed expectantly
10:
4113:
3993:Pelvic congestion syndrome
3423:Fallopian tube obstruction
3027:Uterine fibroids/leiomyoma
2882:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour
2805:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
2253:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.043
1754:10.3310/nihrevidence_60599
813:cervical carcinoma in situ
600:
562:
322:Normal cervical epithelium
160:pelvic pain on examination
137:
130:(SCC), if left untreated.
116:intraepithelial neoplasias
4042:Vestibular papillomatosis
4017:
4010:
3985:
3961:
3894:
3852:
3794:
3785:
3741:
3686:
3668:
3645:
3621:
3611:Metropathia haemorrhagica
3513:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3408:
3309:
3293:
3237:Bartholin gland carcinoma
3202:
3179:Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
3164:
3139:
3116:
3078:
3045:
3017:
3008:
2986:
2964:
2910:
2862:
2835:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2698:
2673:
2639:
2630:
2611:Experimental techniques:
2572:
2542:
2524:
2472:
2419:
2408:
2346:
2279:
2169:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.001
1834:10.1002/14651858.cd012847
1341:Obstetrics and Gynecology
821:intraepithelial neoplasia
663:
644:Gardasil - quadrivalent
591:World Health Organization
177:
52:
43:
34:
26:
21:
3378:Follicular cyst of ovary
2864:Sex cord–gonadal stromal
2783:Glandular and epithelial
2499:Laryngeal papillomatosis
1318:10.1001/jama.287.16.2114
1263:Diagnostic Cytopathology
3876:Sexual arousal disorder
3832:Candidal vulvovaginitis
3490:Endometrial hyperplasia
1602:: an initiative of the
869:Robbins Basic Pathology
513:when the subject is in
353:Corresponding Cytology
237:1 full term pregnancies
94:squamocolumnar junction
48:of the cervix for CIN-1
3319:Endometriosis of ovary
2935:Endodermal sinus tumor
749:
533:Changes in terminology
529:
518:
498:
460:
323:
251:
184:tumor suppressor genes
107:Human papillomavirus (
3763:Vesicouterine fistula
3706:Cervical incompetence
3631:Recurrent miscarriage
3569:Premenstrual syndrome
3430:Fallopian tube cancer
3222:Papillary hidradenoma
3152:Mixed Müllerian tumor
3103:Glassy-cell carcinoma
2892:Granulosa cell tumour
2706:Georgios Papanikolaou
1978:(5 Suppl 1): S1–S27.
1275:10.1002/dc.2840050318
992:10.3892/ijo.2018.4256
747:
638:Timing Recommendation
524:
508:
497:
459:
321:
249:
213:Multiple sex partners
3921:Rectovaginal fistula
3346:Poor ovarian reserve
3093:Clear-cell carcinoma
2810:Mucinous cystadenoma
2457:Head and neck cancer
2403:Human papillomavirus
2055:Gynecologic Oncology
1376:Gynecologic Oncology
927:Williams' Gynecology
748:Cervical cryotherapy
734:secondary prevention
728:Secondary prevention
669:Cervarix - bivalent
381:epithelial dysplasia
328:epithelial dysplasia
256:epithelial dysplasia
225:in situ (see below):
207:(e.g. HIV infection)
174:or be asymptomatic.
3971:Postcoital bleeding
3899:Urogenital fistulas
3827:Bacterial vaginosis
3480:Asherman's syndrome
2930:Embryonal carcinoma
2877:Sertoli cell tumour
2788:surface epithelial-
2681:Cervical conization
1695:The Lancet Oncology
775:cervical conization
585:during colposcopy.
264:transformation zone
250:Transformation zone
98:squamous epithelium
3856:Sexual dysfunction
3822:Atrophic vaginitis
3758:Retroverted uterus
3721:Female infertility
3701:Cervical dysplasia
3626:Female infertility
3418:Female infertility
3373:Corpus luteum cyst
3329:Ovulatory disorder
3324:Female infertility
3055:Endometrioid tumor
2872:Leydig cell tumour
2840:Endometrioid tumor
2815:Cystadenocarcinoma
2347:External resources
1568:on 10 January 2015
1347:(4 Pt 2): 727–35.
750:
609:primary prevention
597:Primary prevention
565:Cervical screening
530:
526:Endocervical gland
519:
499:
461:
324:
252:
216:Lack of condom use
154:abnormal discharge
134:Signs and symptoms
75:cervical dysplasia
30:Cervical dysplasia
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4006:
4005:
3981:
3980:
3914:Obstetric fistula
3812:Vaginal discharge
3781:
3780:
3726:Cervical stenosis
3641:
3640:
3495:Endometrial polyp
3453:
3452:
3383:Theca lutein cyst
3245:
3244:
3160:
3159:
3004:
3003:
2996:Adenomatoid tumor
2982:
2981:
2858:
2857:
2757:urogenital system
2719:
2718:
2711:Harald zur Hausen
2694:
2693:
2538:
2537:
2370:
2369:
1785:10.1136/bmj.i3633
1148:10.1002/ijc.21953
936:978-0-07-147257-9
900:screening.iarc.fr
878:978-1-4160-2973-1
722:
721:
681:females age 9-25
503:
502:
484:carcinoma in situ
304:ovarian carcinoma
219:Cigarette smoking
73:), also known as
64:
63:
16:Medical condition
4104:
4037:Kraurosis vulvae
4032:Bartholin's cyst
4015:
4014:
3966:Vaginal bleeding
3859:
3792:
3791:
3768:Uterine prolapse
3596:Menometrorrhagia
3520:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3363:Ovarian apoplexy
3307:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3015:
3014:
2925:Nongerminomatous
2827:Krukenberg tumor
2795:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2637:
2636:
2417:
2416:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1932:(10): CD009957.
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1828:(11): CD012847.
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1701:(8): 1097–1108.
1685:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1640:(12): CD001318.
1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1521:10.1172/JCI28607
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1142:(5): 1108–1124.
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1044:10.1136/bmj.k499
1023:
1014:
1013:
1003:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
947:
941:
940:
921:
910:
909:
907:
906:
892:
883:
882:
864:
828:second trimester
614:
613:
403:
350:Histology Grade
347:
346:
205:Immunodeficiency
39:
19:
18:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4097:Cervical cancer
4072:
4071:
4070:
4061:
4002:
3977:
3957:
3890:
3853:
3848:
3844:Vaginal atresia
3777:
3737:
3696:Cervical cancer
3682:
3664:
3660:Uterine fibroid
3637:
3617:
3601:Polymenorrhagia
3542:Oligoamenorrhea
3514:
3509:
3449:
3404:
3400:Ovarian torsion
3289:
3279:Female diseases
3276:
3246:
3241:
3198:
3156:
3147:Uterine sarcoma
3135:
3126:Choriocarcinoma
3112:
3074:
3041:
3000:
2978:
2974:Meigs' syndrome
2960:
2954:Choriocarcinoma
2906:
2854:
2831:
2789:
2786:
2759:
2750:
2720:
2715:
2690:
2669:
2626:
2595:Bethesda system
2568:
2534:
2520:
2468:
2427:Cervical cancer
2411:
2404:
2401:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2342:
2341:
2288:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2237:
2233:
2202:(9): CD008478.
2188:
2184:
2153:
2149:
2121:
2117:
2086:
2082:
2050:
2046:
2014:
2007:
1967:
1963:
1918:
1914:
1873:(6): CD003296.
1863:
1859:
1814:
1810:
1765:
1761:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1686:
1679:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1604:ABIM Foundation
1600:Choosing Wisely
1588:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1500:
1496:
1465:(7): CD006120.
1451:
1447:
1407:
1403:
1372:
1368:
1337:
1333:
1302:
1298:
1259:
1255:
1218:
1214:
1183:
1179:
1131:
1127:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1024:
1017:
972:
968:
959:
957:
949:
948:
944:
937:
922:
913:
904:
902:
894:
893:
886:
879:
865:
850:
845:
836:
811:Progression to
802:
779:premature birth
742:
730:
692:6, 11, 16, 18,
633:Number of Doses
605:
599:
567:
561:
535:
515:supine position
316:
287:
244:
242:Pathophysiology
233:Women who have
180:
142:
136:
124:cervical cancer
83:cervical cancer
17:
12:
11:
5:
4110:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Ureterovaginal
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3881:Vaginal cancer
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3805:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3773:Uterine cancer
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3733:Nabothian cyst
3730:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3713:
3711:Cervical polyp
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3547:Oligomenorrhea
3544:
3539:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3410:Fallopian tube
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Ovarian cancer
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:Oligoovulation
3336:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3032:Leiomyosarcoma
3029:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2988:Fallopian tube
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2940:Gonadoblastoma
2937:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2850:Brenner tumour
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:of the female
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2605:Cytotechnology
2602:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2309:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:Classification
2273:
2272:External links
2270:
2267:
2266:
2231:
2182:
2147:
2115:
2080:
2044:
2005:
1961:
1912:
1857:
1808:
1759:
1730:
1677:
1620:
1579:
1545:
1514:(5): 1167–73.
1494:
1445:
1401:
1366:
1331:
1312:(16): 2114–9.
1296:
1253:
1212:
1177:
1125:
1082:
1067:
1015:
986:(3): 637–655.
966:
942:
935:
911:
884:
877:
847:
846:
844:
841:
835:
832:
801:
798:
763:electrocautery
741:
738:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
713:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
656:
645:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
601:Main article:
598:
595:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
534:
531:
501:
500:
491:
490:
489:
486:
480:
477:
472:
470:
463:
462:
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
440:
438:
431:
430:
428:
427:
426:
423:
418:
411:
405:
404:
397:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
375:
368:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
315:
314:Classification
312:
286:
283:
243:
240:
239:
238:
231:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
202:
179:
176:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
135:
132:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4109:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Vulvar cancer
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Vesicovaginal
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Hypomenorrhea
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Endometriosis
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Hematosalpinx
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Mittelschmerz
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3194:Vaginal cysts
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Struma ovarii
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:stromal tumor
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2620:Cervicography
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Cytopathology
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2529:Acrochordon (
2527:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:(1): 105–13.
2246:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:(1): 99–103.
2024:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:NIHR Evidence
1743:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:(1): 76–115.
1417:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
956:
952:
946:
938:
932:
928:
920:
918:
916:
901:
897:
891:
889:
880:
874:
870:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
848:
840:
831:
829:
824:
822:
816:
814:
809:
805:
797:
794:
791:
788:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:laser cautery
764:
760:
754:
746:
737:
735:
725:
717:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
678:
674:
671:
668:
667:
660:
657:
654:
650:
646:
643:
642:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
610:
604:
594:
592:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
566:
556:
553:
551:
546:
543:
540:
527:
523:
516:
512:
507:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
478:
475:
474:
473:
471:
468:
465:
464:
458:
454:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
439:
436:
433:
432:
429:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
387:
384:
382:
378:
377:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
340:
335:
333:
329:
320:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
236:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
190:gene and the
189:
185:
175:
173:
172:genital warts
169:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
141:
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:immune system
117:
112:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
57:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3946:Sigmoidocele
3854:
3799:Hematocolpos
3700:
3678:Parametritis
3586:Metrorrhagia
3564:Dysmenorrhea
3517:Menstruation
3515:
3505:Endometritis
3440:Hydrosalpinx
3368:Ovarian cyst
3087:
2920:Dysgerminoma
2649:
2615:Speculoscopy
2552:HPV vaccines
2354:
2330:
2311:
2292:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2163:(3): 270–7.
2160:
2156:
2150:
2125:
2118:
2096:(1): F1-19.
2093:
2089:
2083:
2061:(2): 271–5.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2022:
2018:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1870:
1860:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1745:
1698:
1694:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1612:, retrieved
1598:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1557:
1548:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1382:(2): 240–3.
1379:
1375:
1369:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1269:(3): 331–4.
1266:
1262:
1256:
1232:(1): 17–27.
1229:
1225:
1215:
1193:(5A): 9–15.
1190:
1186:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1098:(1): 68–73.
1095:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1035:
1031:
983:
979:
969:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
926:
903:. Retrieved
899:
868:
837:
834:Epidemiology
825:
817:
810:
806:
803:
795:
792:
784:
755:
751:
731:
723:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
676:
672:
652:
648:
637:
632:
628:Who Gets It?
627:
622:
617:
606:
587:
583:
568:
554:
547:
544:
536:
469:(Grade III)
466:
434:
408:
364:
356:Description
343:
336:
325:
308:histological
288:
272:
253:
234:
224:
222:
196:
186:such as the
181:
166:
146:
143:
126:, typically
113:
106:
91:
87:precancerous
74:
70:
66:
65:
3951:Urethrocele
3866:Dyspareunia
3839:Hydrocolpos
3803:Hydrocolpos
3749:Hematometra
3670:Parametrium
3655:Adenomyosis
3468:Endometrium
3445:Salpingitis
3334:Anovulation
3047:Endometrium
2356:MedlinePlus
2144:. 18847553.
1572:28 February
955:www.who.int
839:and CIN 3.
773:(LEEP), or
759:cryocautery
603:HPV vaccine
437:(Grade II)
114:Like other
46:acetic acid
27:Other names
4076:Categories
4052:Vulvodynia
3936:Enterocele
3886:Vaginismus
3808:Leukorrhea
3716:Cervicitis
3647:Myometrium
3532:Amenorrhea
3358:Oophoritis
3037:Adenomyoma
3019:Myometrium
2632:Colposcopy
960:2018-12-18
905:2018-12-20
843:References
575:colposcopy
511:clock face
367:(Grade I)
341:can vary.
310:analysis.
295:colposcopy
279:anogenital
268:koilocytes
138:See also:
102:endocervix
59:Gynecology
3941:Rectocele
3931:Cystocele
3817:Vaginitis
2912:Germ cell
2674:Treatment
2655:Koilocyte
2642:histology
2574:Screening
2531:skin tags
2514:Papilloma
1889:1465-1858
1779:: i3633.
1654:1465-1858
1614:August 1,
1440:205943774
1156:0020-7136
740:Treatment
571:Pap smear
559:Screening
291:Pap smear
285:Diagnosis
210:Poor diet
54:Specialty
4047:Vulvitis
4011:External
3926:Prolapse
3753:Pyometra
3294:Internal
3287:genitals
3217:Melanoma
3118:Placenta
2945:Teratoma
2582:Pap test
2562:Gardasil
2557:Cervarix
2412:diseases
2261:15295350
2226:26417855
2177:16214397
2142:18847553
2075:16169064
2039:15949888
2000:12551963
1992:23519301
1956:28109160
1907:23740788
1898:10468212
1852:29095502
1803:27469988
1725:35835138
1672:24302546
1540:16670757
1489:27428114
1432:23202792
1396:16472847
1326:11966386
1291:19684695
1248:15183049
1226:Virology
1172:29433753
1164:16570271
1120:25047280
1112:19339941
1062:29487049
1038:: k499.
1010:29393378
800:Outcomes
787:vaccines
3742:General
3281:of the
3140:General
2966:Fibroma
2897:Luteoma
2887:Thecoma
2774:Ovaries
2699:History
2640:Biopsy
2544:Vaccine
2489:plantar
2484:genital
2442:Vaginal
2432:cancers
2420:Cancers
2410:Related
2337:D018290
2217:6457639
2126:Vaccine
2110:9739758
1947:6464760
1843:6486192
1794:4964801
1716:9630146
1663:4170911
1531:1451224
1480:6457789
1361:9764690
1283:2791840
1207:9217657
1053:5826010
1001:5807043
618:Vaccine
409:CIN 2/3
300:uterine
277:of the
3787:Vagina
3688:Cervix
3607:Other
3592:Mixed
3576:Timing
3459:Uterus
3302:Adnexa
3283:pelvis
3166:Vagina
3080:Cervix
3010:Uterus
2765:Adnexa
2753:Tumors
2525:Others
2452:Penile
2447:Vulvar
2361:001491
2326:622.10
2259:
2224:
2214:
2175:
2140:
2108:
2073:
2037:
1998:
1990:
1954:
1944:
1905:
1895:
1887:
1850:
1840:
1801:
1791:
1723:
1713:
1670:
1660:
1652:
1538:
1528:
1487:
1477:
1438:
1430:
1394:
1359:
1324:
1289:
1281:
1246:
1205:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1118:
1110:
1060:
1050:
1008:
998:
933:
875:
579:biopsy
359:Image
275:tissue
260:cervix
178:Causes
79:cervix
4019:Vulva
3986:Other
3311:Ovary
3204:Vulva
2588:stain
2474:Warts
2322:233.1
1996:S2CID
1562:(FDA)
1558:U.S.
1436:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1116:S2CID
467:CIN 3
435:CIN 2
379:Mild
365:CIN 1
3559:Pain
3527:Flow
3285:and
2798:CMS:
2494:flat
2437:Anal
2332:MeSH
2317:9-CM
2257:PMID
2222:PMID
2200:2016
2173:PMID
2138:PMID
2106:PMID
2094:1378
2071:PMID
2035:PMID
1988:PMID
1952:PMID
1903:PMID
1885:ISSN
1848:PMID
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