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is a measure of the distance between the midpoint of the anus and the underside of the scrotum or the vagina. Studies show that the human perineum is twice as long in males as in females. Measuring the anogenital distance in neonatal humans has been suggested as a noninvasive method to determine male
884:
practice that involves exposing the perineum (area between the genitals and anus) to sunlight. Adherents claim various unproven health benefits such as improved libido, circulation, sleep, and longevity. There is no scientific evidence that this behavior promotes any of the alleged benefits. The
864:
during a vaginal delivery and in about 69% suturing is required. Obstetric perineal trauma contributes to postpartum morbidity and frustration of women after delivery. In many women the childbirth trauma is manifested in advanced age when the compensatory mechanisms of the pelvic floor become
665:
can be confusing, and there is some controversy over the nomenclature. This stems from the fact that there are two parts to the fascia, the superficial and deep parts, and each of these can be subdivided into superficial and deep parts.
1323:
McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, Elbourne D. A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. Br J Obstet
Gynaecol. 1998; 105(12):
920:
1333:
Grant A, Sleep J. Repair of perineal trauma. In: Enkin M, Keirse MJNC, Chalmers I, Eds. A Guide to
Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 240-43.
447:. Its definition varies: it can refer to only the superficial structures in this region, or it can be used to include both superficial and deep structures. The perineum corresponds to the
934:
908:
1206:
Shipman, M. K.; Boniface, D. R.; Tefft, M. E.; McCloghry, F. (July 1997). "Antenatal perineal massage and subsequent perineal outcomes: a randomised controlled trial".
1351:
Tinelli A, Malvasi A, Rahimi S, et al. Age-related pelvic floor modifications and prolapse risk factors in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010; 17(1): 204-12.
1102:"Dictionary Of Middle Egyptian By Paul Dickson ( 2006) ( Gardiner List) : elgamelyan : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive"
260:
1314:
Sleep J, Grant A, Garcia J, Elbourne D, Spencer J, Chalmers I. West
Berkshire perineal management trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984; 289(6445): 587-90.
1299:"Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism"
1391:
926:
897:. Doctors recommend safer alternative options such as relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness, which can also achieve the same desired benefits.
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236:
1342:
Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, et al. Women's sexuality after childbirth: a pilot study. Archives of Sexual
Behavior 1999; 28(2): 179-91.
1742:
751:
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815:, bounded laterally by the obturator internus muscle, and medially by the pelvic diaphragm and anal canal; its base is the skin
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629:
399:'scrotum'. The term was originally understood as a purely male body-part with the perineal raphe seen as a continuation of the
1410:
584:, particularly in females. Its rupture during vaginal birth leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of
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with first-time deliveries, but the risk of these injuries can be reduced by preparing the perineum, often through massage.
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Considered hypothetical by some modern anatomists, but still commonly used to logically divide the contents of the region
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The region of the perineum can be considered a distinct area from pelvic cavity, with the two regions separated by the
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Extensive deformation of the pelvic floor occurs during a vaginal delivery. Approximately 85% of women have some
650:
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1429:
914:
Annotated male perineum: 1. Perineum. 2. Raphe perinealis. 3. Anus. 4. Testicles, Scrotum. 5. Raphe scrotalis.
255:
1474:
1362:
997:
170:
126:
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practice of exposing a sensitive area of skin to sunlight also increases the risk of skin cancers such as
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There are claims that sometimes the perineum is excessively repaired after childbirth, using a so-called "
1637:
1607:
1448:
801:) is a subset of the perineum. The following areas are thus classified as parts of the perineal region:
1598:
695:
142:
17:
459:
166:
1188:
Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of
Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1-16.
415:(such as ἰνάω ináō, "to carry off by evacuations"), it is contemporaneously extended to both sexes.
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557:) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the
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1449:"So, Perineum Sunning is a Thing Now—Here's Why Doctors Definitely Don't Want You to Try It"
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872:" and that this can increase vaginal tightness or result in pain during intercourse.
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in men, in comparison to the corresponding lack of distance in women. As a result of
1392:"There's no magic way to boost your energy. But 'perineum sunning' isn't the answer"
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Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female
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1251:"Validity of anogenital distance as a marker of in utero phthalate exposure"
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331:(tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. The
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and anus, and about 1.25 cm (0.49 in) in front of the latter.
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muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the
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weakened making the problem more serious among the aged population.
496:
The formal anatomical boundaries of the perineum may be said to be:
439:
and between the legs. It is a diamond-shaped area that includes the
367:
1363:"Are Husbands and Doctors Conspiring to Sew New Moms Up Too Tight?"
886:
391:, itself from περίνεος, περίνεοι 'male genitals' and earlier περίς
312:
669:
The layers and contents are as follows, from superficial to deep:
323:
in the female. The perineum is the region of the body between the
1708:
Deep perineal fascia / superficial investing fascia (Gallaudet's)
1010:
475:
335:
is visible and pronounced to varying degrees. The perineum is an
316:
683:
divided into two layers: (a) A superficial fatty layer, and (b)
615:
At this point, the following muscles converge and are attached:
53:
The human male perineum (left) and human female perineum (right)
1660:
1430:"Dermatologists Are Warning People Not to Try Perineum Sunning"
662:
574:
515:
444:
432:
328:
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133:
1053:"Perineum definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
805:
perineal pouches: superficial and deep (see above for details)
102:
90:
1205:
479:
371:
The
Egyptian word for the space between anus and genitals is
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1166:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000.
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105:
1072:"The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance"
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The muscles of the male (left) and female (right) perineum
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The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the
99:
84:
87:
811: – a fat-filled space at the lateral sides of
108:
96:
1249:McEwen, Gerald N.; Renner, Gerald (January 2006).
1784:
1428:Robin, Marci; Glynn, Taylore (7 December 2019).
27:Region of the body between the genitals and anus
347:in American slang; it is further known as the
1482:
1208:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1126:
1069:
383:The word entered English from late Latin via
315:. The human perineum is between the anus and
1526:
1248:
355:in British slang. In Ireland it is known as
1411:"Sorry, Anus Tanning Is Not Really a Thing"
752:Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
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1133:Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica
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423:The perineum is generally defined as the
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458:drawn across the surface connecting the
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853:and thereby predict neonatal and adult
700:Contains superficial perineal muscles:
14:
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630:Superficial transverse perineal muscle
573:; in females, it is found between the
462:divides the space into two triangles:
1470:
1120:
395:'penis' through influence from πηρίς
1380:
739:Contains the deep perineal muscles:
565:. In males, it is found between the
319:in the male or between the anus and
1738:Inferior fascia (Perineal membrane)
289:
24:
1578:
1361:Vinopal, Lauren (17 August 2017).
1220:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb12021.x
690:deep perineal fascia and muscles:
407:causes the development of a large
25:
1814:
1717:Deep fascia of the penis (Buck's)
1462:
1303:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1255:Environmental Health Perspectives
940:Male perineum showing scars from
702:transversus perinei superficialis
646:female external urinary sphincter
339:. This area is also known as the
949:
933:
919:
907:
661:The terminology of the perineal
184:superficial inguinal lymph nodes
80:
1608:Superficial transverse perineal
1447:Leah Groth (21 February 2020).
1440:
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1409:EJ Dickson (27 November 2019).
1402:
1390:Beth Daley (23 December 2020).
1345:
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745:sphincter urethrae membranaceae
651:Deep transverse perineal muscle
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741:transversus perinei profundus
679:superficial perineal fascia:
1146:10.3989/emerita.2016.18.1532
1129:"Περίς, πηρίς and περίναιος"
998:Perineal tear classification
956:Male anus and perineal area
687:, a deeper, membranous layer
435:. The perineum is below the
418:
362:
171:dorsal nerve of the clitoris
7:
1671:Superficial perineal fascia
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540:inferiorly: skin and fascia
10:
1819:
1599:Superficial perineal pouch
900:
726:A membranous layer of the
696:Superficial perineal pouch
555:central tendon of perineum
522:inferior rami of the pubis
143:dorsal artery of the penis
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1057:www.collinsdictionary.com
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307:is the space between the
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167:dorsal nerve of the penis
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1638:Deep transverse perineal
1297:Michelle Welsh, et al.:
828:internal pudendal artery
780:
163:posterior scrotal nerves
147:deep artery of the penis
30:Not to be confused with
891:squamous cell carcinoma
634:Anterior fibers of the
620:External anal sphincter
544:
514:behind: the tip of the
1127:Simkin Oliver (2016).
1070:Winkelmann RK (1959).
880:Perineum sunning is a
855:reproductive disorders
763:fascia and muscles of
625:Bulbospongiosus muscle
530:sacrotuberous ligament
380:
268:Anatomical terminology
127:Musculoskeletal system
1803:Human surface anatomy
1686:in scrotum and penis:
1034:2nd edition, 1989 as
840:Clinical significance
789:. The perianal area (
443:and, in females, the
387:περίναιος ~ περίνεος
370:
327:(pubic arch) and the
1729:Urogenital diaphragm
1700:Deep perineal fascia
1267:10.1289/ehp.114-a19b
895:basal-cell carcinoma
718:urogenital diaphragm
520:on either side: the
460:ischial tuberosities
449:outlet of the pelvis
1643:Urethral sphincters
1629:Deep perineal pouch
1589:Urogenital triangle
968:Deep perineal pouch
876:Society and culture
846:anogenital distance
735:Deep perineal pouch
716:Inferior fascia of
681:Subcutaneous tissue
559:urogenital triangle
468:urogenital triangle
409:anogenital distance
389:perinaios, perineos
213:περίνεος, περίναιον
201:perineum, perinaeum
1177:perineumboundaries
526:ischial tuberosity
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826: – contains
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567:bulb of the penis
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16:(Redirected from
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413:folk etymologies
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1040:/pɛrɪˈniːəl/
1036:/pɛrɪˈniːəm/
1029:
1025:
1009:
1002:
988:Pelvic floor
879:
867:
859:
851:feminisation
843:
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765:pelvic floor
668:
660:
640:Fibers from
614:
582:pelvic floor
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554:
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536:pelvic floor
534:superiorly:
495:
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427:between the
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237:A09.5.00.001
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1160:Gray, Henry
983:Mula Bandha
769:levator ani
728:deep fascia
636:levator ani
586:levator ani
478:(males) or
190:Identifiers
1787:Categories
1453:Health.com
1372:15 October
1018:References
1004:101 Vagina
819:anal canal
813:anal canal
610:childbirth
606:episiotomy
528:, and the
502:pubic arch
182:Primarily
32:Peritoneum
18:Anogenital
1714:in penis:
773:coccygeus
482:(females)
419:Structure
373:wpt mtny.
363:Etymology
302:placental
294:perineums
1793:Perineum
1541:Internal
1536:External
1510:Perineum
1502:perineum
1367:Fatherly
1324:1262-72.
1285:16393642
1236:33507861
1088:13645790
962:See also
887:melanoma
882:wellness
830:and the
569:and the
561:and the
504:and the
431:and the
313:genitals
311:and the
286:perineum
42:Perineum
1498:Muscles
1276:1332693
1228:9236642
1011:Femalia
944:surgery
901:Gallery
508:of the
476:scrotum
353:grundle
317:scrotum
305:mammals
298:perinea
225:D010502
71:Details
1798:Pelvis
1661:Fascia
1572:Middle
1434:Allure
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1273:
1234:
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1192:
1137:LXXXIV
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893:, and
663:fascia
657:Fascia
594:rectum
590:uterus
575:vagina
516:coccyx
445:vagina
433:coccyx
403:since
329:coccyx
134:Artery
122:System
1232:S2CID
1112:7 May
792:peri-
781:Areas
720:, or
510:pubis
480:vulva
472:penis
397:pērís
393:perís
385:Greek
345:gooch
341:taint
321:vulva
300:) in
272:[
208:Greek
196:Latin
178:Lymph
154:Nerve
1374:2017
1281:PMID
1224:PMID
1190:ISBN
1114:2024
1084:PMID
1038:and
844:The
798:anal
795:and
675:skin
642:male
604:and
571:anus
553:(or
549:The
545:Body
524:and
491:anus
474:and
456:line
441:anus
349:chad
309:anus
284:The
261:9579
232:TA98
220:MeSH
145:and
1500:of
1271:PMC
1263:doi
1259:114
1216:doi
1212:104
1141:doi
1031:OED
644:or
351:or
343:or
296:or
290:pl.
256:FMA
249:131
244:TA2
169:or
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