Sri Lankan Tamils - Knowledge

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North-West Indians (Punjabis and Gujratis) and North-East Indians (Bengalis). In comparison to Indian Tamils, the Tamils of Sri Lanka had a higher admixture with the Sinhalese, though the Sinhalese themselves share a 69.86% (+/- 0.61) genetic admixture with the Indian Tamils. The study stated that any admixture from migrations several thousand years ago must have been erased through millennia of admixture among geographically local peoples.

333: 2515: 317: 398: 173: 3835: 189: 269: 877: 157: 10500: 3852: 375: 3722:, who responded by building many more schools within the Jaffna peninsula. Local Catholics also started their own schools in reaction, and the state had its share of primary and secondary schools. Tamil literacy greatly increased as a result of these changes. This prompted the British colonial government to hire Tamils as government servants in British-held Ceylon, India, 3672: 4461:, there was a mass migration of Tamils trying to escape the hardships and perils of war. Initially, it was middle class professionals, such as doctors and engineers, who emigrated; they were followed by the poorer segments of the community. The fighting drove more than 800,000 Tamils from their homes to other places within Sri Lanka as 4301:, and both the government of Sri Lanka and the rebel LTTE have been accused of human rights violations. Although Amnesty International in 2003 found considerable improvement in the human rights situation, attributed to a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE, by 2007 they reported an escalation in 7544:

church. Even some of the long-established Tamils, despite having been one of the most powerful local groups in the past, due to their long local history as well as caste status, have adapted to this trend. The process reflects the political domination of Sinhala people in the Government controlled areas of the country.

69: 1736:(Kadiramalai) on the north coast, dated to 1300 BCE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archaeologists to 10th century BCE. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE. In Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from 2130:. These dynasties oversaw the development of several kovils that administered services to communities of land assigned to the temples through royal grants. Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths. Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I's era on 6616:

The Suma oriental of Tome Pires : an account of the east, from the red sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues: pilot-major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas: rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack and,

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churches led to a revival among Hindu Tamils who created their own social groups, built their own schools and temples, and published their own literature to counter the missionary activities. The success of this effort led to a new confidence for the Tamils, encouraging them to think of themselves as

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In the sixth century AD there was a coastal route by boat from the Jaffna peninsula in the north, southwards to Trincomalee, especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram, and further onwards to Batticaloa and the religious centre of Tirukovil, along the eastern coast. Along this route there were

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The Tamil presence in Sri Lankan politics and society is facing a revival. In 2015 elections the Tamil national alliance got the third largest number of seats in the Parliament and as the largest parties UNP and SLFP created a unity government TNA leader R. Sampanthan was appointed as the opposition

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in the Eastern Province. Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary of all the spoken dialects of Tamil. It has preserved several ancient features, remaining more consistent with the literary norm, while at the same time developing a few innovations. It also has its own distinctive vocabulary and

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Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct, genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well. There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections

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dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Tamil Kingdom, including parts of the modern Trincomalee District, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattana (Tamil city). In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna,

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By the time Sri Lanka became independent in 1948, about sixty percent of government jobs were held by Tamils, who formed barely fifteen percent of the population. The elected Sinhalese leaders of the country saw this as the result of a British stratagem to control the majority Sinhalese, and deemed

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In August 2009, the civil war ended with total victory for the government forces. During the last phase of the war, many Tamil civilians and combatants were killed. The government estimated that over 22,000 LTTE cadres had died. The civilian death toll is estimated to be as high as 40,000 or more.

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that a roughly equal number of seats be assigned to Sinhalese and minorities in an independent Ceylon (50:50)—a proposal that was rejected. But under section 29(2) of the constitution formulated by the commissioner, additional protection was provided to minority groups, such requiring a two-thirds

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remained a popular and highly influential style of architecture in the region over the next few centuries. Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy

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One of the most interesting processes in Mampuri is the one of Sinhalisation. Whilst most of the Sinhala fishermen used to speak Tamil and/or still do so, there is a trend towards the use of Sinhala, manifesting itself in most children being educated in Sinhala and the increased use of Sinhala in

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Sri Lanka became an independent nation in 1948. Since independence, the political relationship between the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil communities has been strained. Sri Lanka has been unable to contain its ethnic violence as it escalated from sporadic terrorism to mob violence, and finally to

3484:), a stone, or a large tree. Temples of this type are common in the Northern and Eastern Provinces; a typical village has up to 150 such structures. The offering would be done by an elder of the family who owns the site. A coconut oil lamp would be lit on Fridays, and a special rice dish known as 3336:

A study conducted by Kshatriya in 1995 found that both ethnolinguistic groups of Sri Lanka, including the Tamils, were closest to the Tamil population of India and also the Muslim population of South India. They were found to be the most distant group from the Veddahs, and quite distant from both

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immigrated to Sri Lanka much later than Tamils immigrated to Jaffna. This would suggest that the Negombo dialect continued to evolve in the Coromandel Coast before it arrived in Sri Lanka and began to get influenced by Sinhala. So, in some ways, the dialect is closer to those spoken in Tamil Nadu

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People in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry. Most of these married couples moved into the Vanni districts where land was available. Vanni consists of a number of highland settlements within forested lands using

2267:, referencing some aspects of their royal, rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE. Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE, the Tamils' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island. 4062:

in 1833. During the 1833 Colebrooke-Cameron reforms the British centralised control to Colombo and amalgamated all administrative territories including the Tamil areas which had previously been administered separately. A form of modern central government was established for the first time in the

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After the start of the civil war in 1983, a number of poets and fiction writers became active, focusing on subjects such as death, destruction, and rape. Such writings have no parallels in any previous Tamil literature. The war produced displaced Tamil writers around the globe who recorded their

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in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters, which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the

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and the Australian government has declared some Sri Lankans including Tamils as economic migrants. A Canadian government survey found that over 70% of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have gone back to Sri Lanka for holidays raising concerns over the legitimacy of their refugee claims. However, the

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As Kearney puts it, the influence of the early Malabar migrations, as well as long residence in Ceylon and interaction with the Sinhalese, left the Ceylon Tamils as a unique group of Tamil-speaking people, differentiated in customs, speech, and social organization from the Tamils of South

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which have been lost in their Indian counterparts. In spite of this, both Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil dialects retain a degree of mutual intelligibility. Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are classified into three major subgroups: the Jaffna Tamil, the Batticaloa Tamil, and the

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In Gampaha District, Tamils have historically inhabited the coastal region. In the Puttalam District, there was a substantial ethnic Tamil population until the first two decades of the 20th century. Most of those who identify as ethnic Tamils live in villages such as

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The arrival of Protestant missionaries on a large scale beginning in 1814 was a primary contributor to the development of political awareness among Sri Lankan Tamils. Activities by missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and

4401:(Malaysia and Singapore) and India to assist the colonial bureaucracy. They worked in almost every branch of public administration, as well as on plantations and in industrial sectors. Prominent Sri Lankan Tamils in the Forbes list of billionaire include: 3068:. They constitute half of the population and enjoyed dominance under Dutch rule, from which community the colonial political elites also were drawn from. The maritime communities existed outside the agriculture-based caste system and is dominated by the 3718:, and provided health care for residents of the Jaffna Peninsula. American activities in Jaffna also had unintended consequences. The concentration of efficient Protestant mission schools in Jaffna produced a revival movement among local Hindus led by 1864:

Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant, the Tamil householder residing in Iḷabharata and a Tamil sailor named Karava. Two of the six ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the

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Jaffna, as a peninsula, has an abundance of seafood such as crab, shark, fish, prawn, and squid. Meat dishes such as mutton, chicken and pork also have their own niche. Vegetable curries use ingredients primarily from the home garden such as pumpkin,

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and retention of words not in everyday use in Southern India. The cultures of the Sri Lankan Tamils are also very distinctive and unique, even though the cultural influence of modern South India has grown and become prevalent since the 19th century.

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among migrating maritime communities across the island. Negombo Tamil dialect is spoken by about 50,000 people. This number does not include others, outside of Negombo city, who speak local varieties of the Tamil language. The bilingual catholic

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of being an independent kingdom lends legitimacy to the political claims of the Sri Lankan Tamils, and has provided a focus for their constitutional demands. Northern Tamil society is generally categorised into two groups: those who are from the

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Sri Lankan Tamils are categorised into three subgroups based on regional distribution, dialects, and culture: Negombo Tamils from the western part of the island, Eastern Tamils from the eastern part, and Jaffna or Northern Tamils from the north.

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is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BCE. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan, Ko Putivira and Ko Ra-pumaan occurring in contemporary

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sap. Snacks, savouries, sweets and porridge produced from the palmyra form a separate but unique category of foods; from the fan-shaped leaves to the root, the palmyra palm forms an intrinsic part of the life and cuisine of northern region.

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have been retained in these districts. Outside the Tamil-dominated northeast, the Puttalam District has the highest percentage of place names of Tamil origin in Sri Lanka. Composite or hybrid place names are also present in these districts.

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Sri Lankan Tamil society values education highly, for its own sake as well as for the opportunities it provides. The kings of the Aryacakravarti dynasty were historically patrons of literature and education. Temple schools and traditional

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is the name for a range of Sri Lankan Tamil dishes distinct from Indian Tamil cuisine, with regional variations between the island's northern and eastern areas. While rice with curries is the most popular lunch menu, combinations such as

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to the upper classes. The Portuguese introduced western-style education after their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619. The Jesuits opened churches and seminaries, but the Dutch destroyed them and opened their own schools attached to

3714:. The critical period of the missionaries' impact was from the 1820s to the early 20th century. During this time, they created Tamil translations of English texts, engaged in printing and publishing, established primary, secondary, and 4923:"SPEECH BY MR. S RAJARATNAM, SENIOR MINISTER (PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE), ON THE OCCASION OF THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION OF THE SINGAPORE CEYLON TAMILS' ASSOCIATION AT THE OBEROI IMPERIAL HOTEL ON SUNDAY, 10 FEBRUARY 1985 AT 7.30 PM" 3655:, which contributed to the distinctiveness of the dialect from the Tamil Nadu dialects. Conservational Jaffna Tamil dialect and Indian Tamil dialects are to an extent not mutually intelligible, and the former is frequently mistaken for 1109:

said that the estimated 20,000+ disappeared Sri Lankan Tamils were dead. The end of the civil war has not fully improved conditions in Sri Lanka, with press freedom not being restored and the judiciary coming under political control.

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Since 1948, successive governments have adopted policies that had the net effect of assisting the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment. These policies made it difficult for middle class Tamil youth to

3919:, a granular, dry, but soft steamed rice powder cooked in a bamboo cylinder with the base wrapped in cloth so that the bamboo flute can be set upright over a clay pot of boiling water. This can be transformed into varieties such as 5009:

It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in Norway – 6,000 of them Norwegian citizens, many of whom migrated to Norway in the 1960s and the 1970s to work on its fishing fleet; and 4,000 post-1983 political

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are, among others, notable people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent. Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus have built a number of prominent Hindu temples across North America and Europe, notably in Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, and the UK.

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are mostly refugees of about over 100,000 in special camps and another 50,000 outside of the camps. In western European countries, the refugees and immigrants have integrated themselves into society where permitted.

6821: 4397:(Valanciyar from Lanka of the South). They left behind inscriptions in South India dated to the 13th century. In the late 19th century, educated Tamils from the Jaffna peninsula migrated to the British colonies of 3529:. Villages have more Pillaiyar temples, which are patronised by local farmers. Kannaki Amman is mostly patronised by maritime communities. Tamil Roman Catholics, along with members of other faiths, worship at the 9902: 2839:. Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, about forty percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship, and most of the remainder were 3793:

The modern period of Tamil literature began in the 1960s with the establishment of modern universities and a free education system in post-independence Sri Lanka. The 1960s also saw a social revolt against the

3434:, upholding their faith in local village deities not found in formal Hindu scriptures. The place of worship depends on the object of worship and how it is housed. It could be a proper Hindu temple known as a 4330:

and eventually released. As of 2011, there were still a few thousand alleged combatants in state prisons awaiting trials. The Sri Lankan government has released over 11,000 rehabilitated former LTTE cadres.

2831:, and most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands. Historically, both groups have seen themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s. In 1948, the 1569:. One older theory states that there were no large Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka until the 10th century CE. According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long 3881:

The cuisine of Sri Lankan Tamils draws influence from that of India, as well as from colonialists and foreign traders. Rice is usually consumed daily and can be found at any special occasion, while spicy

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Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development, the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at

4594:"Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the 8466: 3710:

The primary impetus for educational opportunity came with the establishment of the American Ceylon Mission in Jaffna District, which started with the arrival in 1813 of missionaries sponsored by the

9381: 4086:. This decision was opposed by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in parliament according to their proportion of the overall population. In 1944, 4082:, who was appointed in 1918 however, actively encouraged the concept of "communal representation". Subsequently, the Donoughmore Commission in 1931 rejected communal representation and brought in 4590:

Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the

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and Veddhas. Tamil loan words in Sinhala also follow the characteristics of Sri Lankan Tamil dialects. Sri Lankan Tamils, depending on where they live in Sri Lanka, may also additionally speak

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The Negombo Tamil dialect is used by bilingual fishermen in the Negombo area, who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese. This dialect has undergone considerable convergence with spoken

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According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka, 11.2% of the population. Sri Lankan Tamils constitute an overwhelming majority of the population in the

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in Tamil Nadu. He was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE). Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese, but

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The image of the "white van" invokes memories of the "era of terror" in the late 1980s when death squads abducted and killed thousands of Sinhala youth in the south of the country. The

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that effectively changed the demographic balance in the Eastern Province, an area Tamil nationalists considered to be their traditional homeland, in favour of the majority Sinhalese.

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The 1681 CE map by Robert Knox demarcates the then existing boundaries of the Tamil country. In 1692 CE, Dutch artist Wilhelm Broedelet crafted an engraving of the map:

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In 1972, a newly formulated constitution removed section 29(2) of the 1947 Soulbury constitution that was formulated to protect the interests of minorities. Also, in 1973, the

4188:. The resultant benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant decrease in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student population. 4763:"Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011" 1596:

Megalithic burial urns or jar found in Pomparippu, North Western, Sri Lanka dated to at least five to two centuries BCE. These are similar to Megalithic burial jars found in

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has several underlying causes: the ways in which modern ethnic identities have been made and remade since the colonial period, rhetorical wars over archaeological sites and

1888:. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE. Kudiramalai, Kandarodai and 9647: 6829: 4199:(TULF). By 1977 most Tamils seemed to support the move for independence by electing the Tamil United Liberation Front overwhelmingly. The elections were followed by the 3593:

Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly speak Tamil and its Sri Lankan dialects which are more conservative than the dialects spoken in India. These dialects preserve features of

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who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners". McConnell, D., 2008; Ponnambalam, S. 1983

4421:, an Indian-based Tamil language revivalist, was born in the Jaffna peninsula. Before the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil communities were well established in 4274:(LTTE) eventually eliminating most of the others. Except for the LTTE, many of the remaining organisations transformed into either minor political parties within the 4203:, in which around 300 Tamils were killed. There was further violence in 1981 when an organised Sinhalese mob went on a rampage during the nights of 31 May to 2 June, 4762: 4520:

inability of Tamils to settle in their own lands indicate the ongoing hostilities and differential treatment of Tamils even after the end of armed war in May 2009.

2824:. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded labourers sent from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations. 5405: 9017: 3013:

The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north. The

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has also accommodated Tamil and Kerala immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: the

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districts. The term does not apply to Tamil immigrants in these areas. They are distinguished from other Tamils by their dialects, one of which is known as the

4034:). Since 1983, Sri Lanka has also witnessed massive civilian displacements of more than a million people, with eighty percent of them being Sri Lankan Tamils. 3020:

people of the east coast also speak Tamil and have become assimilated into the Eastern Tamil caste structure. Most Eastern Tamils follow customary laws called

1548: 8455: 11334: 5271: 4019:, and the political use of the national past. The civil war resulted in the death of at least 100,000 people and, according to human rights groups such as 3711: 8495:(HRW) says. An HRW report accuses security forces and pro-government militias of abducting and "disappearing" hundreds of people—mostly Tamils—since 2006. 9504: 3642:

of old Tamil around 9th century CE. The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee District has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect.

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in 1948, relations between the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil communities have been strained. Rising ethnic and political tensions following the

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that Sri Lankan Tamils faced has resulted in some Tamils today not identifying themselves as Sri Lankans but instead identifying themselves as either

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Literary sources make references about Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water crafts in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at

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districts. Historically, the Vanni area has been in contact with what is now South India, including during the medieval period and was ruled by the

10891: 9933:. Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94. Pondicherry: Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 546–549. 1021:

on topics including religion and the sciences flourished during the medieval period in the court of the Jaffna Kingdom. Since the beginning of the

10701: 9134: 4174: 1407: 1367: 8011: 7695: 6318: 3618:. According to the 2012 Census 32.8% or 614,169 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke Sinhala and 20.9% or 390,676 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke English. 9250: 6912: 3763:

Medieval period Tamil literature on the subjects of medicine, mathematics and history was produced in the courts of the Jaffna Kingdom. During

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targeting Tamils, in which many were killed and thousands forced to flee their homes. Another point of conflict between the communities was

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In the 6th century CE, a special coastal route by boat was established from the Jaffna peninsula southwards to Saivite religious centres in

10937: 10896: 10798: 9730: 4818: 4074:, and the seats eventually became elected positions. There was initially little tension between the Sinhalese and the Tamils, when in 1913 1497: 9341: 5940: 5572: 10815: 10085: 4675: 4055: 2263: 1126: 1090: 7522: 6760: 6732: 5646: 5447: 10881: 4748: 3651:, the grammatical treatise on Tamil dated from 3rd century BCE to 10th century CE. Also, a significant component of settlers were from 1541: 11312: 4649: 4078:, a Tamil, was elected representative of the Sinhalese as well as of the Tamils in the national legislative council. British Governor 10639: 10038:

Arumuga Navalar and Hindu Renaissance amongst the Tamils (Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages)

9018:"Speech by President Chandrika Kumaratunga at the 21st Anniversary of 'Black July', Presidential Secretariat, Colombo, July 23, 2004" 8628: 6478: 3771:, was established in Nallur. This academy collected manuscripts of ancient works and preserved them in the Saraswathy Mahal library. 3645:

The long physical isolation of the Tamils of Jaffna has enabled their dialect to preserve ancient features of old Tamil that predate

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Rajakrishnan, P. (1993). "Social Change and Group Identity among the Sri Lankan Tamils". In Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Mani, A. (eds.).

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Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). "Pennsular Jaffna From Ancient to Medieval Times: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects".

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Schalk, Peter (2002). "Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period".

2126:'s conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there, one of whom, Madavarajah, the king of Jaffna, was a usurper from the 11327: 10873: 10675: 10504: 6032:"A STUDY ON SOCIAL IDENTITY BASED ON THE BRAHMI INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE, SRI LANKA" 4516: 3431: 1329: 1105:

found that as many as 40,000 Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war. In January 2020, President

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Bonta, Steven (June 2008). "Negombo Fishermen's Tamil (NFT): A Sinhala Influenced Dialect from a Bilingual Sri Lankan Community".

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The country with the largest share of displaced Tamils is Canada, with more than 200,000 legal residents, found mostly within the

3929:, a thin crusty pancake made with rice flour, with a round soft crust in the middle. It has variations such as egg or milk Appam. 2122:

after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted, imprisoned and killed for years on the island.

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a community, and it paved the way for their emergence as a cultural, religious, and linguistic society in the mid-19th century.

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island, found with Chola coins from this period. The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the

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Robin Conningham - Anuradhapura - The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)

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scripts (a set of scriptures regulating the temple cult). More often, however, the temple is not completed in accordance with

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massacre, in which between 1,000 and 3,000 Tamils were killed, prompting many youths to choose the path of armed resistance.

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in Tamil), formed many militant organisations. The most important contributor to the strength of the militant groups was the

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details King Kulakottan's involvement in the restoration of Koneswaram temple in 438 A.D. (Pillay, K., Pillay, K. (1963).

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This is in addition to the 70,000 Sri Lankans killed up to the beginning of the last phase of the civil war. Over 300,000

2337:. They are minority in other provinces. 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces. 11600: 11320: 10911: 10863: 10788: 10716: 4899:

Around 125,000 Tamils are estimated to be living in France. Of them, around 50,000 are Eezham Tamils (Sri Lankan Tamils).

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Since the escalation of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s, about 60,000 came as asylum seekers.

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in 1956, which made Sinhala the sole official language, Federal Party Members of Parliament staged a nonviolent sit-in (

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and the God of Tamils Tenavarai Nayanar. The admiral invoked the blessings of Hindu deities at Temple of Perimpanayagam

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South Indian type black and red ware pot sherds found in Sri Lanka and dated to 1st to 2nd century CE. Displayed at the

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for destinations such as Canada, United Kingdom, Germany and India as refugees or emigrants. According to the pro-rebel

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Bonta, Steven (2010). "Negombo Fishermen's Tamil: A Case of Indo-Aryan Contact-Induced Change in a Dravidian Dialect".

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in England, but failed to overturn it. The FP eventually became the dominant Tamil political party. In response to the

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neatly laid out in circular pieces about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, are frequently combined with tomato

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settled in the east of the island in the first few centuries of the common era to cultivate and maintain the area. The

544: 9220: 9165:"Open letter to LTTE, SLMM and SL Police concerning recent politically motivated killings and abductions in Sri Lanka" 9021: 4184:

was implemented by the Sri Lankan government, supposedly to rectify disparities in university enrolment created under

11278: 10191: 9108: 9061:

Indeed nobody really knows how many Tamils died in that one week in July 1983. Estimates vary from 400 to 3,000 dead.

7567: 7394: 7169: 6597: 6434: 6241: 5544: 4290: 4063:

island, followed by gradual decline of local form of feudalism including Rajakariya, which was abolished soon after.

4030: 2624: 2598: 2015: 1181: 1150: 788: 661: 549: 9706: 8491:

Sri Lanka's government is one of the world's worst perpetrators of enforced disappearances, US-based pressure group

5712: 2149:

on the Jaffna peninsula and other parts of the north. The Arya Chakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by

11595: 11448: 11303: 10901: 10858: 10726: 10518: 7584: 7557: 6322: 5211: 4458: 4271: 4216: 3925:, spinach, and tapioca puttu. There are also sweet and savoury puttus. Another popular breakfast or dinner dish is 3814: 3806:

longing for their lost homes and the need for integration with mainstream communities in Europe and North America.

3778:

is the earliest known author who used literature to respond to Christian missionary activities. He was followed by

1477: 1457: 1447: 1117:

era to Singapore and Malaysia, the civil war led to more than 800,000 Tamils leaving Sri Lanka, and many have

1074: 1038: 905: 539: 512: 7315: 5840:

Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery

5717: 3345: 3049: 2901:

districts. Their history and traditions are inspired by local legends, native literature, and colonial documents.

10886: 9763: 5886: 4539: 4066:

In the legislative council the British assigned three European seats and one seat each for Sinhalese, Tamils and

4016: 3454:(prayers) hours and are attended by locals. Both types of temples have a resident ritualist or priest known as a 1785: 1561:

There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of the Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka, also known as

8559:

The National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka has recorded 419 missing people in Jaffna since December 2005.

5558: 3006:, whose members were considered to be in captivity, confined to specific services such as washing, weaving, and 998:

from the east. According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long

11250: 10483: 8114:"Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy" 7636: 5375: 4986: 4095:

majority for any amendments and a scheme of representation that provided more weight to the ethnic minorities.

3584: 9929:

Bopearachchi, Osmund (2004). "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu". In Chevillard, Jean-Luc; Wilden, Eva (eds.).

9514: 7603: 4788: 11217: 10843: 10619: 8520: 6975: 6288: 5532: 5125: 4226: 4196: 4059: 3588: 3448:

scriptures but consists of the barest essential structure housing a local deity. These temples observe daily

3156:-based cultivation. An 1890 census listed 711 such tanks in this area. Hunting and raising livestock such as 2912:

army in 1215. From that time on, Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils.

1856:

the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE. Excavations in the area of

1319: 1238: 5066: 3813:

which contained over 97,000 books and manuscripts was one of the biggest libraries in Asia, and through the

1113:

One-third of Sri Lankan Tamils now live outside Sri Lanka. While there was significant migration during the

11605: 11523: 10696: 10041: 9458: 8970: 6860: 6279: 6208: 5345:"ASA 37/011/2012 Sri Lanka: Continuing Impunity, Arbitrary Detentions, Torture and Enforced Disappearances" 4358: 4323: 4278:

or standalone political parties. Some also function as paramilitary groups within the Sri Lankan military.

4112: 3993: 3400: 2946:

means a house or settlement, in eastern Sri Lanka it is related to matrimonial alliances. It refers to the

2676: 2572: 2330: 2174: 1362: 973: 863: 9420: 9356: 8113: 5976: 5861:

Sudharshan Seneviratne (1989) - Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka -

5754:

Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava Period

3415:, are active among the internally displaced and refugee populations. The 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a 11408: 11255: 11048: 11017: 10783: 7608: 4462: 4266:

By the end of 1987, the militant youth groups had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces and the

4071: 3818: 3747: 3530: 3404: 3396: 2728: 2546: 2520: 2334: 1691: 1018: 977: 556: 7711:

Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia vol.1

4341:

said that 146,679 people seemed to be unaccounted between 2008 October and at the end of the civil war.

2019: 11551: 11433: 11342: 11159: 10805: 10165: 9852:"Statement by the Prime Minister on the 13th anniversary of the end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka" 9547: 8117: 7709:

Kularatnam, K. (April 1966). "Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces".

7317:

The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change

7161: 6825: 6621: 4491: 4267: 4255:

The individuals belonging to this younger generation, often referred to by other Tamils as "the boys" (

3419:

population of 22,254 amongst Sri Lankan Tamils, i.e. roughly 1% of all Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka.

2794: 2786: 2777: 1745: 1687: 1619: 830: 444: 93: 33: 9142: 5647:"Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)" 4386:

The earliest Tamil speakers from Sri Lanka known to have travelled to foreign lands were members of a

2916: 11361: 11194: 11126: 10838: 10833: 10741: 10721: 10571: 10550: 4529: 4366: 4298: 4249: 4222: 4207:—at the time one of the largest libraries in Asia—containing more than 97,000 books and manuscripts. 4204: 4181: 4140: 4120: 3735: 3574: 3370: 2884: 2761: 2271: 1510: 1462: 1417: 1402: 1130: 1118: 1066: 1026: 701: 356: 9112: 5788: 4996: 4922: 11243: 11202: 10952: 10458:

Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

9714: 9198: 8771: 8523:(AHRC) says the "white van culture" is now re-appearing in Colombo to threaten the Tamil community. 8384: 8323: 7464: 5885:

Indian Journal of History of Science, 45.3 (2010) 369-394, Adichanallur: A prehistoric mining site

5295: 5150: 4200: 4170: 4169:) protest, but it was violently broken up by a mob. The FP was blamed and briefly banned after the 4132: 3554: 706: 522: 7417: 7384: 5573:"Tamils across London hoist Tamil Eelam flags in build-up to Maaveerar Naal | Tamil Guardian" 5480: 4860: 4235: 1675:

and Tamil-Prakrit scripts were used to write the Tamil language during this period on the island.

11533: 11038: 10947: 10932: 10848: 10670: 10362: 10113: 9999: 9931:

South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday

9829: 8947: 8793: 8741: 7790: 4418: 4275: 4152: 4075: 3757: 3676: 3392: 3358: 2111: 1324: 1256: 1218: 1062: 9740: 8968:

Shastri, A. (1990). "The Material Basis for Separatism: The Tamil Eelam Movement in Sri Lanka".

7357: 4829: 3160:

and cattle is a necessary adjunct to the agriculture. The Tamil-inhabited Vanni consists of the

2908:, but there was scattered leadership under Vannimai chiefs in Batticaloa District who came with 10731: 10624: 6483: 5950: 5183:

Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada

4144: 3764: 3580: 3412: 3230:

myths and legends. The Western Tamils caste hierarchy is principally dominated by the maritime

3181: 3025: 2836: 2485: 2135: 2055: 1412: 1339: 1266: 1208: 1166: 1146: 1098: 848: 803: 793: 566: 4683: 3790:

Missions also saw the spread of modern education and the expansion of translation activities.

3782:, who wrote and published a number of books. The period of joint missionary activities by the 11610: 11233: 11212: 10680: 10634: 10331: 9651: 9565: 9509: 9194: 9168: 9013: 8762:

Roberts, Michael (November 2007). "Blunders in Tigerland: Papes muddles on suicide bombers".

7530: 6771: 6743: 5666: 5506: 5433: 5372:"Press Freedom Under Attack in Sri Lanka: Website Office Raids and Online Content Regulation" 5348: 5181: 4608: 4485: 4345:

leader. K. Sripavan became the 44th Chief justice and the second Tamil to hold the position.

4282: 4128: 3810: 3775: 3704: 3603: 3476:

sect. Other places of worship do not have icons for their deities. The sanctum could house a

3416: 3366: 3211: 2877: 2832: 2810: 2650: 1820: 1718: 1472: 1382: 1334: 1309: 853: 808: 696: 502: 9678: 8288: 5617:

The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

4888: 4476:. and there are a number of prominent Canadians of Sri Lankan Tamil descent, such as author 3975:, to give them their distinct regional flavour. A popular alcoholic drink in rural areas is 3767:'s rule, an academy for the propagation of the Tamil language, modelled on those of ancient 11528: 11472: 11459: 11413: 11207: 11169: 10927: 10751: 10453: 10081: 9796: 9337: 8047: 7960: 7526: 7044: 6455: 5898: 5802: 5401: 4473: 4327: 4313:, and armed clashes, which created a climate of fear in the north and east of the country. 4136: 4024: 4012: 4001: 2890: 2258: 2092: 1892:

served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with these kingdoms and the

1870: 1839: 1802: 1570: 1487: 1435: 1082: 1058: 1022: 999: 898: 740: 507: 9561: 9287: 9164: 9050: 8508: 8480: 7897: 6488: 5344: 5041: 2325:

Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka by DS Division according 2012 census.

2226:

and other spices, fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols, trading heavily with

1906:

was a lucrative international market for pearl and conch trading for the Tamil fishermen.

1694:. This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the 8: 11538: 11500: 11426: 11366: 11238: 10649: 10629: 10586: 10313: 10135: 10105: 9082: 5936: 5707: 5642: 4481: 4148: 4103: 4091: 4083: 3715: 3626: 3606:. These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils such as the Sinhalese, 3423: 3173: 3165: 3053: 2931: 2894: 2127: 1967: 1392: 1357: 1276: 1154: 764: 621: 9562:"ASA 37/004/2006 Sri Lanka: Waiting to go home – the plight of the internally displaced" 8905: 8855:

Kearney, R.N. (1985). "Ethnic Conflict and the Tamil Separatist Movement in Sri Lanka".

7756: 11440: 11174: 10942: 10711: 10596: 10248: 10117: 9332: 9307: 9078: 8995: 8987: 8874: 8645: 8492: 8411: 8403: 8064: 7985: 7977: 7955: 7677: 7669: 7296: 6906: 6166:

The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka

6138: 5776: 5758: 5624: 5231: 4864: 4679: 4286: 4020: 3876: 3635: 3546: 3014: 2816:

Sri Lankan Tamils (also called Ceylon Tamils) are descendants of the Tamils of the old

2305: 2219: 2198: 2142: 1959: 1834:

further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil

1652: 1644:

is considered diverged from its original source (due to Sinhalese language influence).

1630: 1397: 1377: 1106: 1050: 756: 626: 601: 5803:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne" 4515:

Sri Lankan Tamils continue to seek refuge in countries like Canada and Australia. The

2964:

because woman is always become sister to him. But, a man can only marry in one of his

2023:

came to rely on them. By the 8th century CE Tamil villages were collectively known as

1896:

from the 6th–2nd centuries BCE. The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the

11507: 11453: 11350: 11134: 10591: 10464: 10461: 10430: 10408: 10389: 10366: 10355: 10339: 10317: 10294: 10275: 10256: 10234: 10202: 10187: 10169: 10121: 10091: 10067: 10064:

The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

10045: 10022: 10003: 9980: 9961: 9944: 9934: 9918: 9908: 9904:

The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka

9887: 9587: 8999: 8649: 8576: 8415: 8068: 7989: 7738: 7681: 7563: 7390: 7363: 7321: 7192: 7165: 6801: 6797: 6625: 6593: 6459: 6430: 6277:

Spencer, George W. "The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon".

6237: 6212: 5762: 5658: 5591: 5512: 5187: 5129: 4445: 4087: 3753: 3262:, chiefly Roman Catholics, have preserved their heritage in the major cities such as 3207: 3161: 3045: 2865: 2827:

Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital

2321: 2123: 2115: 2084: 2063: 2001: 1971: 1866: 1705:

Settlements of culturally similar early populations of ancient Sri Lanka and ancient

1566: 1467: 1299: 1142: 1025:

in the 1980s, it is distinguished by an emphasis on themes relating to the conflict.

858: 760: 728: 712: 436: 10480:

Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon

9624: 9221:"Sri Lankan army and Tamil Tiger death tolls reveal grim cost of years of civil war" 6875: 3294:

are also found in the western coastal regions, who trace their origins to the Tamil

2234:. The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the 1717:

on the east coast of the island. Bearing a remarkable resemblance to burials in the

11565: 11467: 11398: 11164: 11144: 10706: 10601: 10581: 10446:

From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History

9046: 8979: 8866: 8637: 8571:

Newman, Jesse (2003). "Narrating displacement:Oral histories of Sri Lankan women".

8541: 8393: 8056: 7969: 7893: 7661: 6115: 5291: 5162: 5100: 4477: 4334: 4160: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3440: 3427: 3299: 3259: 3219: 3203: 3157: 3041: 2920: 2905: 2773: 2275: 2186: 2182: 2158: 1955: 1903: 1522: 1372: 1233: 1046: 716: 676: 671: 596: 449: 432: 428: 385: 89: 5531:

International Crisis Group - The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE, p13-14

5091:

Kirk, R. L. (1976). "The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins".

4945: 3752:

According to legends, the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the

3353: 2960:

of their birth and be brother or sister by relation. No man can marry in the same

2805:

faith. Though a significant amount of evidence points towards these Muslims being

11419: 11184: 11154: 11139: 10654: 9735: 9256: 9225: 8815: 8461: 8433: 7877: 7854: 7359:

Soixante ans de pentecôtisme en Alsace (1930–1990): une approche socio-historique

7155: 6789: 6614: 6587: 6424: 6258: 6231: 6164: 5752: 5419: 5297:

Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka

5251: 5166: 5119: 4500: 4450: 4402: 4124: 3934: 3779: 3719: 3450: 3235: 3169: 3153: 3145: 2898: 2798: 1997: 1878: 1874: 1760: 1756: 891: 748: 736: 732: 724: 616: 405: 9481: 7242: 4726: 3698:

in Tamil) spread basic education in religion and in languages such as Tamil and

2843:

to India. By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship.

2793:

The two groups of Tamils located in Sri Lanka are the Sri Lankan Tamils and the

2760:

There are no accurate figures for the number of Sri Lankan Tamils living in the

2254:

Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattana.

11495: 11490: 11071: 10611: 10422: 10230: 9453: 9138: 8675: 7973: 7729:

Kshatriya, GK (December 1995). "Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations".

5588:

Women in the Indian Diaspora: Historical Narratives and Contemporary Challenges

5318: 5304: 4544: 4508: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4372: 4338: 4294: 4185: 4067: 3963:. Snacks and sweets are generally of the homemade "rustic" variety, relying on 3898: 3887: 3857: 3562: 3495: 3199: 3193: 3036: 2860: 2817: 2243: 2146: 1940: 1924: 1835: 1752: 1721:, these sites were established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE. 1660: 1641: 1640:. It is not possible to ascertain what languages that they originally spoke as 1637: 1601: 1314: 1261: 1114: 1094: 1042: 988: 922: 815: 744: 720: 689: 636: 611: 591: 469: 351: 9679:"Fighting talk: She's a revolutionary's daughter and her music oozes attitude" 8641: 7130:

Mukkuvar Vannimai: Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka

6119: 5887:

https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol45_3_3_BSasisekara.pdf

5862: 4889:"Politically French, culturally Tamil: 12 Tamils elected in Paris and suburbs" 3625:. The Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Muslims, Veddhas and 3490:

would be cooked either on a day considered auspicious by the family or on the

2048: 11589: 11577: 11179: 11149: 9948: 9406: 8683: 8253: 8249: 6463: 5662: 5272:"'Tamils fear prison and torture in Sri Lanka 13 years after civil war ended" 4991: 4496: 4414: 4376: 4156: 3955: 3921: 3872: 3799: 3756:(3rd century BCE–6th century CE). These legends indicate that the Tamil poet 3522: 3486: 3286: 3247: 3223: 3007: 2909: 1857: 1773: 1741: 1517: 1093:

of thousands of others. The civil war ended in 2009 but there are continuing

1054: 752: 631: 584: 517: 9922: 8943: 8789: 8737: 8614: 7696:"How a unique Tamil dialect survived among a fishing community in Sri Lanka" 7188:

Matrilineal Communities, Patriarchal Realities: A Feminist Nirvana Uncovered

6966: 5104: 2296:. The Tamil migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century CE. 11382: 11022: 11012: 10059: 9768: 9683: 9592: 9283: 8857: 8290:

Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library

5276: 5121:

Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood

4240: 4195:. In 1976 they merged with the other Tamil political parties to become the 3950: 3946: 3802:, Senkai aazhiyaan, Thamizhmani Ahalangan are the products of this period. 3768: 3598: 3542: 3534: 3215: 3177: 3021: 2987: 2956:

and is found amongst most caste groups. Men or women remain members of the

2806: 2702: 2239: 2162: 2150: 1928: 1920: 1898: 1893: 1794: 1769: 1737: 1679: 1672: 1648: 1304: 965: 881: 825: 772: 768: 641: 606: 571: 453: 401: 10510: 9382:"Lanka's main Tamil party TNA presses for Opposition status in Parliament" 7786: 7742: 7665: 6106:

Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (1994). "Tamils and the meaning of history".

5533:

https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/113104/186_the_sri_lankan_tamil_diaspora.pdf

4457:

After the start of the conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the

4353: 1947:

were popular amongst the Tamils at this time, as was the proliferation of

68: 11482: 11099: 11085: 10736: 9824: 9792:"Sri Lankans heading to Australia 'economic migrants', not refugees: IOM" 8429: 6216: 4696:

According to government figures, there are about 200,000 Tamils in Canada

4192: 4108: 4005: 3647: 3550: 3491: 3408: 3202:

or Puttalam Tamils, are native Sri Lankan Tamils who live in the western

3061: 3017: 2950: 2869: 2215: 2154: 2131: 2005: 1986: 1978: 1885: 1714: 1683: 1636:

are ethnically related to people in South India and early populations of

1597: 1452: 1138: 1078: 995: 798: 8626:

McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination".

7981: 7673: 7300: 5628: 5612: 4861:"Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples" 3533:. Hindus have several temples with historic importance such as those at 1848:

evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the

1590: 1137:

Tamils, Ceylon Tamils, or simply Tamils. Many still support the idea of

11113: 11092: 10746: 10110:

Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D

8991: 8878: 8407: 8060: 7523:"Participation, Patrons and the Village: The case of Puttalam District" 6191:

a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast...

4260: 4165: 3972: 3906: 3902: 3558: 3538: 3057: 2840: 2238:

in 1619 CE. The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the

2211: 1990: 1982: 1932: 1889: 1845: 1733: 1706: 1668: 1664: 1574: 1422: 1070: 1003: 962: 820: 495: 10429:(revised ed.). Colombo: Women's Education & Research Centre. 4800:

According to HRW, there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK.

4469:(UNHCR) to identify them in 2004 as the largest asylum-seeking group. 3953:

powder are also frequently used. Appetizers can consist of a range of

3913:(a soup) and curries for breakfast and dinner. Another common item is 2782: 2074: 11572: 11345: 11064: 10385: 10116:

vol. 62. Cambridge, Mass: Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies,

9620: 9542: 8318: 7463: (District Court, Chilaw 27 October 1909), archived from 5945: 4426: 4413:, and Singapore's former foreign minister and deputy prime minister, 4044: 3976: 3938: 3787: 3727: 3656: 3631: 3594: 3526: 3065: 2947: 2261:

described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication

2227: 2059: 1911: 1831: 1798: 1790: 1729: 1710: 1612: 1223: 1213: 1014: 969: 529: 485: 8983: 8870: 8398: 8379: 2809:, they are controversially listed as a separate ethnic group by the 2008:(537–590 CE) saw the erection and structural development of several 11078: 11007: 10997: 10987: 10644: 9711: 9312: 9292: 9055: 8513: 8485: 8438: 8099:

Kerala and Sri Lanka History, Mythology, Folklore, Rituals and Law*

7902: 7613: 6850:. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–118. 5256: 5236: 4893: 4646:"A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012" 4595: 4422: 4387: 4191:

Shortly thereafter, in 1973, the Federal Party decided to demand a

4048: 3980: 3942: 3783: 3723: 3699: 3691: 3506: 3472: 3387:

sect. The rest were mostly Roman Catholics who converted after the

3384: 3295: 3282: 3271: 3231: 3115: 3103: 3077: 3073: 3069: 2935: 2927: 2904:

In the 16th century the area came under the nominal control of the

2821: 2280: 2223: 2170: 2166: 2088: 1936: 1853: 1573:

and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century

1271: 1122: 1030: 1002:

and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century

992: 413: 381: 10253:

Sri Lanka: the National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle

9588:"Ottawa won't invoke notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships" 6770:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from 6742:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from 5559:"Eelam Tamil flag hoisted in Valvettithurai | Tamil Guardian" 4648:. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from 2801:

in Sri Lanka who are native speakers of Tamil language and are of

397: 11106: 11002: 8913:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

6822:"The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE: Asia Report N°186" 3964: 3686: 3660: 3639: 3518: 3514: 3502: 3477: 3275: 3263: 3094: 3086: 2923: 2873: 2828: 2206: 1944: 1916: 1849: 1827: 1725: 1699: 1656: 8456:"Sri Lanka snubs UN as it bids for more trade links with the UK" 7713:. International Association of Tamil Research. pp. 486–493. 3834: 3333:

between Sri Lankan Tamils, Sinhalese, and Indian ethnic groups.

3285:, are bilingual, ensuring that the Tamil language survives as a 2210:

represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island -

2091:

country in the northeast of the island on a 1681 CE map by

1963: 1169:

for some Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora.

1085:

resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 people and the

10992: 10499: 8380:"Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka" 8175: 8173: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 6011: 5825:

Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka

5035: 5033: 4966: 4070:. This council's primary function was to act as advisor to the 3968: 3734:

it a situation that needed correction by implementation of the

3652: 3306: 3291: 3267: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3098: 3090: 3080:) traditionally use the service of those collectively known as 2292: 2286: 2231: 2190: 2103: 1815: 1203: 1010: 958: 654: 477: 440: 9357:"The Life of a Sri Lankan Tamil Bishop (and others) in Danger" 9075:"Social Change Among Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Switzerland" 8082:

Swamy, B.G.L. (1975). "The Date of Tolksppiyam-a Retrospect".

7270: 7268: 7266: 3774:

During the Portuguese and Dutch colonial periods (1619–1796),

3108:. The castes of temple priests known as the Kurukkals and the 2926:

system. The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the

1902:, a historical poem, detail how Nāka-Tivu of Nāka-Nadu on the 10977: 9434: 8197: 8045:

Zvlebil, Kamil (June 1966). "Some features of Ceylon Tamil".

7224: 7222: 7220: 6613:

Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco; Cortesão, Armando (2005).

4430: 4390: 4119:

Shortly after independence in 1948, G.G. Ponnambalam and his

3926: 3915: 3883: 3841: 3795: 3380: 3227: 3110: 2802: 2194: 2178: 2114:, which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE. 2107: 1695: 1633: 1562: 1158: 1134: 561: 9505:"Asean's birth a pivotal point in history of Southeast Asia" 8170: 7824: 7339: 7337: 7110: 6295: 5999: 5673: 5448:"Vaddukoddai Resolution: More Relevant Now Than Ever Before" 5030: 3851: 3114:

are also held in high esteem. The artisans who are known as

2915:

Eastern Tamils are an agrarian-based society. They follow a

1852:

word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of

980:

and are in the minority throughout the rest of the country.

8707: 8705: 8268: 8221: 8209: 7882:. University of Jaffna: Thillimalar Ragupathy. p. 217. 7263: 7069: 7067: 6681: 6679: 6589:

Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power'

6541: 6522: 5020: 5018: 3892: 3760:(Poothanthevanar from Sri Lanka) lived during this period. 3671: 3510: 3084:. The Panchamars, who serve as Kudimakkal, consists of the 3048:

to the immediate south. The Jaffna society is separated by

2978:

s. By custom, children born in a family belong to mother's

2953: 2010: 1797:

from the 2nd century BCE have been found from the north in

1162: 374: 8824: 8595: 8583: 8164:

Tamil Social Formation in Sri Lanka: A Historical Outline'

8026: 7217: 7205: 7135: 7098: 6761:"Estimated mid year population by ethnic group, 1980–1989" 5732: 5690: 5688: 4361:, Germany, built primarily by Sri Lankan Tamil expatriates 4058:, which conquered the whole island by 1815, established a 3462:

may belong to someone from a prominent local lineage like

1861:

southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.

8764:

Heidelberg Papers on South Asian and Comparative Politics

8656: 8185: 8143: 7334: 7240: 7086: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6049: 4793: 4504: 3895:, tangy mango, and tomato rice are also commonly served. 3707:

when they took over Tamil-speaking regions of Sri Lanka.

2994:, with varying names. Aside from castes with an internal 984:

in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.

8836: 8702: 8690: 8131: 7932:

Steever, SB. (2008). "Old Tamil". In Woodard, RD (ed.).

7910: 7638:

Geographical Aspects of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka

7064: 7012: 6993: 6919: 6899:

The Life and Times of Marhoom Wappichi Marikar (booklet)

6794:

Politics from Afar: Transnational Diasporas and Networks

6676: 6638: 5987: 5917: 5623:. Sri Lanka: Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka: 43–63. 5015: 4572:

Iḷa bharatahi Dameda Samane karite Dameda gahapathikana.

3379:

In 1981, about eighty percent of Sri Lankan Tamils were

3148:

who also gave ritual importance to the dominant castes.

3056:

were in northern region dominant and were traditionally

2141:

In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant

1809:. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name— 8354: 8342: 8330: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7433: 6660:. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena & Co. 1955. pp. 5–6. 6560: 6385: 6087: 6068: 5957: 5867: 5685: 5213:

Pilgrimage and Traditional Authority in Tamil Sri Lanka

4434: 1966:(20–24 CE) married a princess from the island. Ancient 987:

Modern Sri Lankan Tamils descend from residents of the

9731:"Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia-Australia Standoff" 9251:"Up to 40,000 civilians 'died in Sri Lanka offensive'" 8885: 8434:"UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe" 7251: 7241:

Seligmann, C.G.; Gabriel, C.; Seligmann, B.Z. (1911).

6938: 6698: 6612: 6503: 6366: 6347: 6328: 5252:"'Tamils still being raped and tortured' in Sri Lanka" 3281:

Some residents of these two districts, especially the

1915:, a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as 11549: 9308:"Sri Lankan introduces new 'anti-terror' legislation" 8717: 8010:. Department of Census and Statistics. Archived from 7879:

Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey

7805: 5941:"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil" 5148: 2479:

Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka (2012)

10138:(March 2000). "Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka". 10019:

Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: A Study of its Origins

9328:"Sri Lanka to release 107 rehabilitated LTTE cadres" 7585:"Sinhalisation: Migration or Cultural Colonization?" 7470: 7386:

Rituals, folk beliefs, and magical arts of Sri Lanka

6404: 6105: 5294:; Sooka, Yasmin; Ratner, Steven R. (31 March 2011). 4143:(FP or Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi), contested the 4090:, a leader of the Tamil community, suggested to the 3712:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

2169:

in 1409 CE. The next year, the Chinese admiral

1682:(1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with 10153:

The Untold Story of the Ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka

9960:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. 8537:""Disappearances" on rise in Sri Lanka's dirty war" 6664: 5479:. Department of Elections Sri Lanka. Archived from 5290: 3798:system in Jaffna, which impacted Tamil literature: 2767: 1989:), passed a few small Tamil trading settlements in 1962:established the Andhra empire and its 17th monarch 1830:speakers had attained dominance on the island, the 944: 932: 73:

A postcard image of a Sri Lankan Tamil woman, 1910.

10354: 9249: 8454: 6967:Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka. 5216:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 15. 4939: 4937: 4935: 2312:Caste system in Sri Lanka § Sri Lankan Tamils 2153:, a man descended from a family of merchants from 9191:"Amnesty International report for Sri Lanka 2007" 7383:Pranāndu, Mihindukalasūrya Ār Pī Susantā (2005), 7289:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka 6792:. In Terrence Lyons; Peter G. Mandaville (eds.). 6039:Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences 3864:in Tamil, is a popular breakfast and dinner dish. 3044:in the north, and those who are residents of the 2998:system, there are seventeen caste groups, called 991:, a former kingdom in the north of Sri Lanka and 11587: 10405:Folk Traditions and Songs of Batticaloa District 5508:War and Peace in Post-colonial Ceylon, 1948-1991 3659:by native Indian Tamil speakers. There are also 3218:. Most Negombo Tamils have assimilated into the 2986:also collectively own places of worship such as 10162:Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka 6969:"Population by Ethnicity according to District" 6617:maps, written and drawn in the east before 1515 5398:"Amnesty accuses Sri Lanka of targeting judges" 5319:"Sri Lanka president says war missing are dead" 4932: 3234:, along with other dominant groups such as the 3176:. Northern Tamils follow customary laws called 2889:Eastern Tamils inhabit a region that spans the 2837:stripped the Indian Tamils of their citizenship 2764:. Estimates range from 450,000 to one million. 2615: 2589: 9502: 9135:"The EU's relations with Sri Lanka – Overview" 8817:Education in the Third World: Some Reflections 8619: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 7934:The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas 7499:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 7234: 6962: 6960: 6790:"5: Diaspora Identities and Homeland Politics" 6319:An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon 5818: 5816: 4960:"The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE" 4948:. International Conferences on Skanda-Murukan. 3466:or Iyer community. In the Eastern Province, a 3120:also serve as Kudimakkal, and consists of the 3010:. However, such restrictions no longer apply. 2641: 1655:, rather than migration of people, spread the 11328: 10526: 9041: 9039: 7936:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–75. 7875: 7749: 6828:. 23 February 2010. p. 2. Archived from 5209: 4467:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 3630:retains words that are unique to present-day 2189:and Tamil that recorded offerings he made to 1542: 899: 10938:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America 10382:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict 10288: 9928: 9881: 8961: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8227: 8101:. New Delhi: Primus Books. pp. 285–320. 7927: 7925: 7582: 7191:. University of Michigan Press. p. 96. 7037: 6476: 6315:Coylat Wannees Land, where the Malabars live 6017: 4972: 4297:, have expressed concern about the state of 4135:which led to a split in the Tamil Congress. 3663:loan words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil. 2110:incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the 1073:, led to the formation and strengthening of 10540: 10443: 10402: 10247: 10224: 10087:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 9354: 9012: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8233: 8215: 8032: 7996: 7116: 7078:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 7023:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 7004:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6957: 6949:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6930:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6870: 6868: 6690:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6571:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6552:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6533:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6514:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6377:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6358:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6339:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 6060:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 ( 5863:http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078 5837: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5679: 5186:. University of Georgia Press. p. 92. 5180:Amarasingam, Amarnath (15 September 2015). 5179: 4943: 4819:"Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka" 3886:are favourite dishes for lunch and dinner. 3565:are attended by all religious communities. 2938:. The main feature of their society is the 2264:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 1935:to conquer Ceylon in the first century CE. 972:. Today, they constitute a majority in the 938: 926: 57: 51: 11335: 11321: 10533: 10519: 10330: 10201:. Copenhagen: Wm.B. Eerdman's Publishing. 10016: 9036: 8842: 8813: 8783: 8781: 8711: 8696: 8662: 8601: 8589: 8248: 8203: 8191: 8179: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7837: 7708: 7634: 7343: 7274: 7228: 7141: 7104: 6911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6733:"Population by ethnic group, census years" 6272: 6270: 6236:. Asian Educational Services. p. 36. 6229: 6029: 5899:"Reading the past in a more inclusive way" 5395: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 3430:(Shaiva school) while the masses practice 3258:is also known as the "Catholic belt". The 3214:, and by aspects of their culture such as 2667: 2563: 1690:, iron technology, farming techniques and 1686:, and shared the same megalithic burials, 1549: 1535: 906: 892: 67: 10215: 10196: 10159: 10150: 10140:Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies 10134: 10104: 10058: 9884:Scientific Pioneer: Dr. Samuel Fisk Green 9648:"Thoroughly Dynamic: Indira Samarasekera" 9440: 9072: 9051:"Twenty years on – riots that led to war" 8629:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 8625: 8615:http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/13.htm 8506: 8397: 8300: 8274: 8254:"50 years of Sri Lankan Tamil literature" 8149: 8137: 8111: 8096: 7922: 7916: 7816:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHudson1982 ( 7728: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7492: 7490: 7184: 7153: 7092: 6719: 6644: 6396:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMendis1957 ( 6301: 6230:Codrington, Humphrey William (May 1995). 6093: 6079:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMendis1957 ( 6005: 5993: 5963: 5935: 5923: 5873: 5738: 5641: 5610: 5545:"Tamil National Alliance -A Sinking Ship" 5504: 5093:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5024: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4789:"Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora" 4709:"Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians" 4453:children in traditional clothes in Canada 2719: 2537: 2511: 2236:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 10421: 10269: 9974: 9955: 9407:"Sampanthan appointed Opposition Leader" 9247: 9045: 8926: 8674: 8366: 8360: 8348: 8336: 7892: 7562:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 55. 7439: 7382: 7286: 7257: 7073: 7018: 6999: 6944: 6925: 6865: 6685: 6566: 6547: 6528: 6509: 6372: 6353: 6334: 6162: 6055: 5694: 5151:"Imagining Eelam Tamils in Tamil cinema" 5149:Ranganathan, M.; Velayutham, S. (2012). 5117: 4749:"New bilingualism taking hold in Canada" 4669: 4667: 4611:census except 1989 which is an estimate. 4517:International Organization for Migration 4444: 4352: 4234: 4147:, which denied citizenship to Tamils of 4102: 3670: 3399:are Roman Catholics, while those of the 3352: 3349:A Hindu gentleman of North Ceylon (1859) 3344: 3226:. Sinhalisation has been facilitated by 3222:ethnic group through a process known as 2859: 2781: 2333:and are the largest ethnic group in the 2320: 1996:The conquests and rule of the island by 1919:invaded the island around 145 BCE. 1772:inscriptions of ancient South India and 10958:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam 10379: 9728: 9676: 9535: 9421:"K. Sripavan sworn in as Chief Justice" 9288:"Sri Lankan families count cost of war" 8967: 8941: 8854: 8778: 8761: 8735: 8573:Refugee Studies Centre – Working Papers 8452: 8377: 8044: 8004:"Census of Population and Housing 2011" 7940: 7931: 7555: 7415: 7355: 7313: 6787: 6707: 6479:"Chola era temple excavated off Jaffna" 6426:Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1 6267: 6202: 6186:Early settlements in northern Sri lanka 4858: 4816: 4625: 4316: 2789:are classed as a separate ethnic group. 2181:in the south of the island, written in 2102:In the 9th and 10th centuries CE, 2014:around the island, particularly in the 1958:was influential in the region when the 1877:, one is in Anuradhapura and one is in 1713:at Pomparippu on the west coast and in 1663:from peninsular India into an existing 14: 11588: 10477: 10452: 10199:Theology and the Religions: A Dialogue 10035: 9900: 9817: 9503:Chongkittavorn, Kavi (6 August 2007). 8891: 8830: 8820:. Pune: Indian Institute of Education. 8787: 8723: 8570: 8534: 8507:Pathirana, Saroj (26 September 2006). 8428: 7953: 7811: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7509: 7487: 7450: 7448: 7211: 6896: 6878:. BBC News World Edition. 27 June 2002 6841: 6839: 6585: 6449: 6391: 6183: 6132: 6074: 5750: 5369: 4847: 4805: 4673: 4231:List of attacks attributed to the LTTE 4205:burning down the Jaffna public library 4037: 3501:There are several worshipped deities: 3375:Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka 2354: 2004:(630–668 CE) and his grandfather King 11316: 10514: 10352: 10336:Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics 9789: 9282: 9248:Buncombe, Andrew (12 February 2010). 9105:"2000 Human Rights Report: Sri Lanka" 8903: 8312:Ramakrishnan, Rohini (20 July 2003). 8286: 8161: 8112:Schiffman, Harold (30 October 1996). 8081: 7651: 7601: 7583:Goonetilleke, Susantha (1 May 1980). 7520: 7496: 6848:Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims 6845: 6410: 6323:Atlas of Mutual Heritage, Netherlands 6256: 5585: 5205: 5203: 4984: 4664: 4098: 3389:Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom 3361:, one of the main Kovil in Sri Lanka. 3321: 2693: 2201:for a peaceful world built on trade. 1580: 10427:Laws and Customs of Tamils of Jaffna 10307: 10291:Indian Communities in Southeast Asia 10080: 9993: 9882:Ambihaipahar, R (11 November 1998). 9790:March, Stephanie (7 November 2012). 9761: 9729:Kamanev, Marina (11 February 2009). 9614: 7956:"Note on Old Tamil and Jaffna Tamil" 7481: 7389:, Susan International, p. 459, 6890: 6670: 6477:Balachandran, P.K. (10 March 2010). 6423:Rice, Benjamin Lewis (10 May 2012). 6422: 5396:Jayasinghe, Amal (2 November 2012). 5090: 4210: 4175:state sponsored colonisation schemes 4107:Territorial claims for the state of 3845:, with sea food at a shop in Jaffna. 3815:Burning of the Jaffna Public Library 3328:Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils 2820:and east coast chieftaincies called 101:Regions with significant populations 10789:Government of the Northern Province 10293:. Singapore: Times Academic Press. 10182:Mendis, G.C. (1957, 3rd ed. 1995). 9355:Senewiratne, Brian (7 April 2012). 8535:Denyer, Simon (14 September 2006). 8481:"S Lanka civilian toll 'appalling'" 8280: 7876:PhD Ragupathy, Ponnampalam (1987). 7779: 7757:"A Hindu Gentleman of North Ceylon" 7717: 7445: 6974:. statistics.gov.lk. Archived from 6836: 6276: 5651:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 5613:"Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon" 4826:Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon 4417:, are of Sri Lankan Tamil descent. 4381: 4239:Tamil rebels in a pick-up truck in 3998:Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war 3679:missionaries in Jaffna (circa 1890) 3426:, follow the religious ideology of 2990:. Each caste contains a number of 2145:dynasty established an independent 24: 10854:Democratic Tamil National Alliance 9996:Studies in South Asian Linguistics 9874: 9645: 9340:. 8 September 2013. Archived from 8509:"Fears grow over Tamil abductions" 8453:Peachey, Paul (2 September 2013). 8378:Peebles, Patrick (February 1990). 8086:. Silver. Jubilee Volume: 292–317. 7851:"Overview: Pentecostalism in Asia" 7559:Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka 7038:Suryanarayan, V. (4 August 2001). 5200: 5039: 4535:Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema 3945:flower, and various green leaves. 3031: 2846: 2349: 2038: 1981:(Koneswaram) and further south to 1779: 25: 11622: 10492: 9886:. Colombo: Dhulasi Publications. 9677:Lynskey, Dorian (22 April 2005). 9109:United States Department of State 8469:from the original on 24 May 2022. 7898:"Tamil Tigers appeal over shrine" 7416:Nayagam, Xavier S. Thani (1959), 4503:(born Mathangi Arulpragasam) and 4465:and also overseas, prompting the 4440: 4326:Tamil civilians were interred in 4291:United States Department of State 4031:White van abductions in Sri Lanka 3638:from Kerala that originated as a 3305:Negombo Tamil indicates that the 3187: 2855: 1667:population, centuries before the 1053:carried out by Sinhalese mobs in 1009:The Sri Lankan Tamils are mostly 789:Religion in ancient Tamil country 11571: 11559: 11344: 11299: 11298: 11044:Representations in Indian cinema 10864:Tamil People's National Alliance 10498: 10407:(in Tamil). Kumaran Publishing. 9844: 9818:Lilley, Brian (22 August 2010). 9811: 9783: 9755: 9722: 9699: 9670: 9639: 9608: 9580: 9554: 9529: 9496: 9474: 9446: 9413: 9399: 9374: 9348: 9320: 9300: 9276: 9264:from the original on 24 May 2022 9241: 9213: 9183: 9157: 9127: 9097: 9066: 9006: 8897: 8848: 8807: 8755: 8729: 8668: 8607: 8564: 8528: 8500: 8473: 8446: 8422: 8314:"From the land of the Yaal Padi" 8155: 8105: 8090: 8075: 8038: 7886: 7869: 7843: 7702: 7688: 7645: 7641:. Governor's Office. p. 69. 7628: 7595: 7576: 7549: 7409: 7376: 7349: 7307: 7280: 7178: 7147: 7122: 7031: 6854: 6814: 6781: 6753: 6725: 5823:Seneviratne, Sudharshan (1984). 5370:Kaiser, Katrina (30 July 2012). 4601: 4459:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 4272:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 4270:also among each other, with the 4217:Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups 3850: 3833: 3422:The Hindu elite, especially the 3072:. The dominant castes (e.g. the 2942:system. Although the Tamil word 2768:Other Tamil-speaking communities 2721: 2695: 2669: 2643: 2617: 2591: 2565: 2539: 2513: 2073: 2047: 1611: 1589: 875: 513:Sources of ancient Tamil history 484: 396: 373: 331: 315: 299: 283: 267: 251: 235: 219: 203: 187: 171: 155: 139: 123: 107: 10717:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact 10160:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). 10151:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (2000). 10036:Hudson, Dennis (January 1992). 9901:Bastin, Rohan (December 2002), 9820:"Refugees go home for holidays" 9762:Fong, Petti (19 October 2009). 8613:The Colebrooke-Cameron Reforms 7853:. The pew forum. Archived from 7602:Corea, Henry (3 October 1960). 7185:Ruwanpura, Kanchana N. (2006). 6876:"Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide" 6650: 6606: 6579: 6470: 6443: 6416: 6307: 6257:Maity, Sachindra Kumar (1982). 6250: 6223: 6196: 6177: 6156: 6126: 6099: 6023: 5969: 5929: 5891: 5879: 5855: 5846: 5838:Karunaratne, Priyantha (2010). 5795: 5744: 5700: 5635: 5604: 5586:Pande, Amba (5 December 2017). 5579: 5565: 5551: 5537: 5525: 5498: 5474:"Parliamentary Election - 1977" 5466: 5440: 5426: 5412: 5389: 5363: 5337: 5311: 5284: 5264: 5244: 5224: 5173: 5142: 5111: 5084: 5059: 4978: 4952: 4946:"History of the Tamil Diaspora" 4915: 4904: 4881: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4563:Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka. 4557: 4540:Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka 3438:, constructed according to the 3298:however identify themselves as 3274:, and also in villages such as 2919:similar to the South Indian or 2316: 1786:Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka 1748:occur in the 10th century BCE. 10484:University of California Press 10403:Subramaniam, Suganthy (2006). 7157:Caste Ideology and Interaction 6135:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 5713:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5611:Indrapala, Karthigesu (1969). 5376:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5067:"22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL" 5042:"22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL" 4781: 4755: 4741: 4715: 4701: 4676:"Tamils: Population in Canada" 4127:'s moderate, western-oriented 3585:Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil 3395:. Most Tamils who inhabit the 3198:Western Tamils, also known as 2112:Chola annexation of the island 1842:in the early historic period. 1604:during the similar time frame. 1153:of Sri Lanka. Inspired by the 13: 1: 10859:Tamil National People's Front 10844:Tamil United Liberation Front 9536:Muthiah, S. (9 August 2004). 8521:Asian Human Rights Commission 7314:Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014). 7154:McGilvray, Dennis B. (1982). 7040:"In search of a new identity" 6429:. General Books. p. 32. 6289:Association for Asian Studies 6203:Singhal, Damodhar P. (1969). 5718:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5232:"Q&A: Post-war Sri Lanka" 5210:Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1977). 5126:University of Minnesota Press 4618: 4357:Sri Kamadchi Ampal temple in 4348: 4227:Sri Lanka and state terrorism 4197:Tamil United Liberation Front 4139:, the leader of the splinter 3741: 3589:Sinhala words of Tamil origin 2138:in the late 11th century CE. 1728:sequences similar to that of 10444:Wenzlhuemer, Roalnd (2008). 10216:Nadarajan, Vasantha (1999). 10042:State University of New York 10017:Gunasingam, Murugar (1999). 9764:"Migrants said to be Tamils" 9459:The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) 9073:Marschall, Wolfgang (2003). 8971:The Journal of Asian Studies 7954:Kuiper, L.B.J (March 1964). 6280:The Journal of Asian Studies 6209:University of Michigan Press 6205:India and world civilization 6143:The Tamil stone inscription 5977:"The Consecrating of Vijaya" 5167:10.1080/10304312.2012.731261 4463:internally displaced persons 4281:Human rights groups such as 3994:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 3666: 3411:and other churches, such as 2242:and then became part of the 2118:renamed the northern throne 2035:(Tamil villages and lands). 1698:, prior to the migration of 981: 976:, form the plurality in the 864:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism 7: 11256:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu 10784:Northern Provincial Council 10357:The Oxford History of India 10225:Pfaffenberg, Brian (1994). 10090:. London: Robert Chiswell. 10021:. Sydney: MV publications. 9538:"The first Madras graduate" 8084:Annals of Oriental Research 7654:Anthropological Linguistics 7635:Rajeswaran, S.T.B. (2012). 7609:Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka) 6592:. Random House Publishing. 6260:Masterpieces of Pallava Art 6030:Senanayake, A.M.P. (2017). 5118:Krishnan, Shankara (1999). 4817:Acharya, Arunkumar (2007). 4523: 3987: 3819:Sri Lankan Tamil literature 3748:Sri Lankan Tamil literature 3568: 3531:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu 3340: 2476: 2222:, where the residents grow 1751:The skeletal remains of an 1709:in India were excavated at 1019:Sri Lankan Tamil literature 945: 933: 557:Chronology of Tamil history 10: 11627: 11601:Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka 10806:Eastern Provincial Council 10757:NPC Resolution on Genocide 10676:Wesleyan Methodist Mission 10380:Spencer, Jonathan (1990). 10338:. New Century Book House. 10310:Sri Lanka: A Country Study 10274:. London: Anantham Books. 10184:Ceylon Today and Yesterday 10166:University of Hawaii Press 8118:University of Pennsylvania 7974:10.1163/000000062791616020 7787:"Sri Lanka: Country study" 7761:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering 7422:, Academy of Tamil Culture 7162:Cambridge University Press 6846:Mohan, Vasundhara (1987). 6826:International Crisis Group 6622:Asian Educational Services 6586:Kaplan, Robert D. (2010). 5505:Wijemanne, Adrian (1996). 5420:"Why I'm Not 'Sri Lankan'" 4985:Raman, B. (14 July 2000). 4492:Sri Lankan Tamils in India 4484:, former president of the 4370: 4364: 4268:Indian Peace Keeping Force 4220: 4214: 3991: 3870: 3824: 3745: 3578: 3572: 3364: 3325: 3191: 2882: 2778:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka 2771: 2744: 2718: 2692: 2666: 2640: 2614: 2588: 2562: 2536: 2510: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2058:, first from the right is 1869:, one is in Seruvavila in 1783: 1620:National Museum of Colombo 1330:Wesleyan Methodist Mission 1172: 831:Christianity in Tamil Nadu 445:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka 34:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka 31: 11516: 11481: 11391: 11375: 11362:Demographics of Sri Lanka 11357: 11296: 11271: 11226: 11193: 11125: 11031: 10970: 10920: 10872: 10834:All Ceylon Tamil Congress 10826: 10776: 10769: 10742:Burning of Jaffna library 10689: 10663: 10610: 10577:Tissamaharama inscription 10572:History of Eastern Tamils 10564: 10557: 10551:List of Sri Lankan Tamils 10548: 10197:Mortensen, Viggo (2004). 10066:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. 9979:. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. 9454:"Who is Ananda Krishnan?" 8814:Jayasuriya, J.E. (1981). 8738:"Sri Lanka:Country study" 8642:10.1080/09557570701828592 7556:Peebles, Patrick (2015). 7456:Fernando v. Proctor el al 7356:Pfister, Raymond (1995). 6788:Orjuela, Camilla (2012). 6768:Statistical Abstract 2011 6740:Statistical Abstract 2011 6120:10.1080/09584939408719724 5590:. Springer. p. 106. 4530:List of Sri Lankan Tamils 4367:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 4299:human rights in Sri Lanka 4223:Human rights in Sri Lanka 4182:Policy of standardization 4121:All Ceylon Tamil Congress 3736:Policy of standardization 3575:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 3371:Christianity in Sri Lanka 3250:. The coastal strip from 2885:History of Eastern Tamils 2470: 2367:— 2095:as published in his book. 1511:History of Eastern Tamils 1418:Burning of Jaffna library 1229:Tissamaharama inscription 1165:, has become a symbol of 1095:allegations of atrocities 1027:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 939: 927: 702:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora 424: 419: 368: 363: 350: 345: 329: 313: 297: 281: 265: 249: 233: 217: 201: 185: 169: 153: 137: 121: 105: 100: 83: 78: 66: 58: 52: 49: 11244:Nallur Kandaswamy temple 10953:Tamil Youth Organisation 10270:Pujangga, Putra (1997). 10218:History of Ceylon Tamils 9975:de Silva, K. M. (2005). 9956:de Silva, C. R. (1997). 9856:Prime Minister of Canada 8772:University of Heidelberg 8385:Journal of Asian Studies 7362:. P. Lang. p. 165. 6861:Ross Brann, "The Moors?" 4987:"Sri Lanka: The dilemma" 4859:Baumann, Martin (2008). 4550: 4027:of thousands of others ( 1755:chief were excavated in 982:70% of Sri Lankan Tamils 707:Malaysian Tamil diaspora 523:Keezhadi excavation site 50: 32:Not to be confused with 27:South Asian ethnic group 11596:Sri Lankan Tamil people 10948:Tamils Against Genocide 10933:Canadian Tamil Congress 10849:Tamil National Alliance 10671:American Ceylon Mission 10542:Sri Lankan Tamil people 10505:Sri Lankan Tamil people 10363:Oxford University Press 10186:, Colombo, Lake House. 10114:Harvard Oriental Series 10000:Oxford University Press 8948:The Library of Congress 8944:"Tamil Militant Groups" 8904:Knuth, Rebecca (2006). 8794:The Library of Congress 8742:The Library of Congress 8296:. University of Hawaii. 8287:Knuth, Rebecca (2006). 7791:The Library of Congress 7461:3 Sri Lanka 924 6233:Short History of Ceylon 6184:Ismail, Marina (1995). 6108:Contemporary South Asia 5105:10.1002/ajpa.1330450112 4723:"Tamils by the Numbers" 4419:C. W. Thamotharampillai 4276:Tamil National Alliance 4076:Ponnambalam Arunachalam 3786:, American Ceylon, and 3758:Eelattu Poothanthevanar 3705:Dutch Reformed churches 3677:American Ceylon Mission 3393:American Ceylon Mission 3359:Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil 2866:Koneswaram Hindu Temple 2175:trilingual stone tablet 1873:, one is in Kuduvil in 1711:megalithic burial sites 1325:American Ceylon Mission 1145:that Sri Lankan Tamils 1097:being committed by the 1079:independence for Tamils 1037:Since Sri Lanka gained 18:Sri Lankan Tamil people 11195:Languages and dialects 10732:Vaddukoddai Resolution 10308:Ross, Russell (1988). 9977:A History of Sri Lanka 9615:Hunn, Deborah (2006). 9197:. 2007. Archived from 9141:. 2007. Archived from 9111:. 2000. Archived from 9020:. SATP. Archived from 9014:Kumaratunga, Chandrika 8942:Russell, Ross (1988). 8736:Russell, Ross (1988). 8097:Indrapala, K. (2018). 6897:Zemzem, Akbar (1970). 6484:The New Indian Express 6452:South India and Ceylon 6149:South India and Ceylon 5751:Schalk, Peter (2002). 4674:Foster, Carly (2007). 4454: 4362: 4337:(a northwestern town) 4252:or secure employment. 4244: 4171:riots of May–June 1958 4145:Ceylon Citizenship Act 4116: 4017:place name etymologies 3905:and look like knitted 3821:has been obliterated. 3765:Singai Pararasasekaran 3680: 3604:Negombo Tamil dialects 3581:Languages of Sri Lanka 3362: 3350: 3310:than to Jaffna Tamil. 3180:, codified during the 2880: 2799:significant population 2797:. There also exists a 2790: 2326: 2199:Tenavaram, Tevanthurai 2120:Mummudi Chola Mandalam 2031:(Tamil villages), and 2020:Dravidian rock temples 1413:Vaddukoddai Resolution 1340:Donoughmore Commission 1209:Ancient clans of Lanka 849:Politics of Tamil Nadu 804:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu 794:Religion in Tamil Nadu 88:(estimated; excluding 10681:Jaffna Youth Congress 10635:Kotagama inscriptions 10454:Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam 10353:Smith, V. A. (1958). 10255:. London: Zed Books. 10227:The Sri Lankan Tamils 10220:. Toronto: Vasantham. 9958:Sri Lanka – A History 9652:University of Alberta 9566:Amnesty International 9510:The Nation (Thailand) 9344:on 13 September 2013. 9195:Amnesty International 9169:Amnesty International 8906:"Destroying a symbol" 8788:Russel, Ross (1988). 8008:www.statistics.gov.lk 7666:10.1353/anl.2010.0021 6163:Arumugam, S. (1980). 5349:Amnesty International 4609:Sri Lankan Government 4581:Dameda navika karava. 4486:University of Alberta 4448: 4395:Tenilankai Valanciyar 4356: 4283:Amnesty International 4238: 4186:British colonial rule 4129:United National Party 4106: 3811:Jaffna Public Library 3776:Muttukumara Kavirajar 3716:college-level schools 3674: 3494:day, and possibly on 3367:Hinduism in Sri Lanka 3356: 3348: 3212:Negombo Tamil dialect 3182:Dutch colonial period 3026:Dutch colonial period 2878:Thirugnana Sambanthar 2876:circa 700 CE by 2863: 2833:United National Party 2811:Sri Lankan government 2785: 2341:Historical population 2324: 2081:Coylot Wanees Contrey 1949:village deity worship 1821:ancient Tamil country 1719:Early Pandyan Kingdom 1473:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord 1335:Jaffna Youth Congress 1310:Yalpana Vaipava Malai 854:Dravidian nationalism 809:Hinduism in Sri Lanka 697:Indian Tamil diaspora 503:History of Tamil Nadu 420:Related ethnic groups 10928:British Tamils Forum 10507:at Wikimedia Commons 10272:A Requiem for Jaffna 10136:Mahadevan, Iravatham 10106:Mahadevan, Iravatham 9994:Gair, James (1998). 9797:ABC News (Australia) 9550:on 17 December 2004. 9482:"#17 G. Gnanalingam" 9338:Press Trust of India 9145:on 10 September 2007 8680:History of Sri Lanka 8489:. 13 February 2008. 8432:(13 November 2012). 8326:on 31 December 2013. 8048:Indo-Iranian Journal 7961:Indo-Iranian Journal 7604:"The Maravar Suitor" 7527:University of Sussex 7521:Foell, Jens (2007). 6777:on 13 November 2012. 6749:on 13 November 2012. 6456:University of Madras 5937:Mahadevan, Iravatham 5761:. pp. 100–220. 5643:Mahadevan, Iravatham 5511:. Orient Blackswan. 5402:Agence France-Presse 5240:. 20 September 2013. 4944:Sivasupramaniam, V. 4474:Greater Toronto Area 4324:internally displaced 4317:End of the civil war 4193:separate Tamil state 4149:recent Indian origin 4137:S.J.V. Chelvanayakam 4025:forced disappearance 4013:Sri Lankan Civil War 4002:Sri Lankan Civil War 3901:, which are made of 3052:. Historically, the 3024:codified during the 1993:on the north coast. 1871:Trincomalee District 1840:Anuradhapura Kingdom 1813:, a name related to 1803:Kilinochchi District 1680:protohistoric period 1571:history in Sri Lanka 1103:United Nations panel 1087:forced disappearance 1029:are noted for their 1023:Sri Lankan Civil War 1000:history in Sri Lanka 765:Tamil New Zealanders 741:Tamil South Africans 508:History of Sri Lanka 11606:Tamils of Sri Lanka 11501:Portuguese Burghers 11367:Sri Lankan diaspora 11239:Naguleswaram temple 10640:Portuguese conquest 10630:Jaffna Palace ruins 10587:Ketheeswaram temple 10314:Library of Congress 10249:Ponnambalam, Satchi 10155:. Chennai: Kumaran. 9617:"Selvadurai, Shyam" 9596:. 13 September 2010 9443:, pp. 253–254. 8833:, pp. 101–110. 7247:. pp. 331–335. 7214:, pp. 282–335. 6550:, pp. 102–104. 6531:, pp. 100–102. 6491:on 31 December 2013 6450:Pillay, K. (1963). 6304:, pp. 214–215. 6020:, pp. 546–549. 6008:, pp. 152–154. 5757:. Vol. 19–20. 5547:. 3 September 2018. 5408:on 2 February 2014. 4975:, pp. 541–557. 4962:. 23 February 2010. 4928:. 10 February 1985. 4835:on 10 February 2012 4769:on 14 December 2017 4686:on 14 February 2008 4482:Indira Samarasekera 4092:Soulbury Commission 4084:universal franchise 4060:legislative council 4038:Before independence 3979:(toddy), made from 3971:seed, coconut, and 3696:Thinnai Pallikoodam 3627:Portuguese Burghers 3470:usually belongs to 3413:Jehovah's Witnesses 3054:Sri Lankan Vellalar 2481: 2342: 2257:The English sailor 2136:Polonnaruwa kingdom 2128:Rashtrakuta Dynasty 2062:, who held off the 2056:Jaffna royal family 2027:(Tamil allotment), 1795:early Tamil writing 1692:megalithic graffiti 1358:Soulbury Commission 1282:Portuguese conquest 1099:Sri Lankan military 1013:with a significant 357:Sri Lankan dialects 46: 10943:Global Tamil Forum 10597:Munneswaram temple 10478:Yalman, N (1967). 10462:C. Hurst & Co. 10118:Harvard University 9907:, Berghahn Books, 9832:on 14 October 2013 9743:on 5 November 2009 9386:The Economic Times 9333:The Times of India 9085:on 5 December 2007 9079:University of Bern 8790:"Tamil Alienation" 8493:Human Rights Watch 8206:, pp. 73–109. 8061:10.1007/BF00963656 6798:C. Hurst & Co. 6139:Uppsala University 5809:. 26 January 2006. 5759:Uppsala University 5260:. 9 November 2013. 5071:www.dailymirror.lk 4865:Harvard University 4680:Ryerson University 4455: 4363: 4303:political killings 4287:Human Rights Watch 4245: 4155:, and then in the 4117: 4099:After independence 4021:Human Rights Watch 3877:Sri Lankan cuisine 3681: 3636:Dravidian language 3496:Tamil New Year Day 3407:are mainly Hindu. 3363: 3351: 3322:Genetic affinities 3174:Vanniar Chieftains 3066:cattle cultivation 2881: 2791: 2477: 2340: 2327: 2306:Sri Lankan society 2143:Arya Chakaravarthi 1960:Satavahana dynasty 1931:utilised superior 1746:black and red ware 1653:cultural diffusion 1581:Prehistoric period 1320:Colebrooke-Cameron 1107:Gotabaya Rajapaksa 44: 11547: 11546: 11462: 11443: 11436: 11429: 11422: 11404:Sri Lankan Tamils 11310: 11309: 11292: 11291: 10966: 10965: 10827:Political parties 10765: 10764: 10592:Koneswaram temple 10503:Media related to 10470:978-1-85065-338-7 10436:978-955-9261-16-2 10414:978-0-9549440-5-6 10395:978-0-415-04461-5 10372:978-0-19-561297-4 10345:978-81-234-0395-3 10323:978-0-16-024055-3 10300:978-981-210-017-7 10281:978-1-902098-00-5 10262:978-0-86232-198-7 10240:978-0-8133-8845-8 10208:978-0-8028-2674-9 10175:978-0-8248-1116-7 10127:978-0-674-01227-1 10097:978-1-4069-1141-1 10073:978-955-1266-72-1 10051:978-0-7914-0827-8 10028:978-0-646-38106-0 10009:978-0-19-509521-0 9986:978-955-8095-92-8 9967:978-81-259-0461-8 9940:978-2-85539-630-9 9914:978-1-57181-252-0 9893:978-955-8193-00-6 9484:. 2 December 2015 9047:Harrison, Frances 8577:Oxford University 8277:, pp. 80–84. 8228:Ambihaipahar 1998 8182:, pp. 64–65. 7894:Harrison, Frances 7840:, pp. 34–89. 7369:978-3-631-48620-7 7327:978-1-317-69279-9 7198:978-0-472-06977-4 6807:978-1-84904-185-0 6631:978-81-206-0535-0 6394:, pp. 30–31. 6077:, pp. 24–25. 6058:, pp. 30–32. 6018:Bopearachchi 2004 5983:. 8 October 2011. 5905:. 26 January 2006 5768:978-91-554-5357-2 5741:, pp. 53–54. 5682:, pp. 19–20. 5597:978-981-10-5951-3 5518:978-81-250-0364-9 5452:Colombo Telegraph 5351:. 30 October 2012 5325:. 20 January 2020 5292:Darusman, Marzuki 5193:978-0-8203-4814-8 5135:978-0-8166-3330-2 4973:Rajakrishnan 1993 4897:. 18 March 2008. 4798:. 15 March 2006. 4607:Data is based on 4307:child recruitment 4289:, as well as the 4211:Rise of militancy 4088:G. G. Ponnambalam 3555:Nallur Kandaswamy 3405:Eastern Provinces 3383:who followed the 3315:Tamil place names 3146:domestic servants 3136:(carpenters) and 3124:(brass-workers), 2758: 2757: 2506: 2494: 2475: 2474: 2331:Northern Province 2246:in 1796 CE. 2159:he was overthrown 2124:Rajadhiraja Chola 2116:Raja Raja Chola I 2064:Portuguese Empire 2029:Demelat-valademin 2002:Narasimhavarman I 1933:Chola naval power 1867:Vavuniya District 1567:Sangam literature 1559: 1558: 1468:Thimpu principles 1352:Post independence 1300:Portuguese Ceylon 1190:Sri Lankan Tamils 1167:Tamil nationalism 1161:also used by the 1147:aspired to create 1143:independent state 974:Northern Province 949:), also known as 919:Sri Lankan Tamils 916: 915: 859:Tamil Nationalism 761:Tamil Seychellois 729:Tamil Indonesians 713:Tamil Australians 667:Sri Lankan Tamils 463: 462: 45:Sri Lankan Tamils 16:(Redirected from 11618: 11576: 11575: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11555: 11458: 11439: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11349: 11348: 11337: 11330: 11323: 11314: 11313: 11302: 11301: 11203:Batticaloa Tamil 11029: 11028: 10774: 10773: 10707:Sinhala Only Act 10602:Tenavaram temple 10582:Annaicoddai seal 10562: 10561: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10512: 10511: 10502: 10487: 10474: 10449: 10440: 10418: 10399: 10376: 10360: 10349: 10327: 10304: 10285: 10266: 10244: 10221: 10212: 10179: 10156: 10147: 10131: 10101: 10077: 10055: 10032: 10013: 9990: 9971: 9952: 9925: 9897: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9828:. Archived from 9815: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9739:. Archived from 9726: 9720: 9719: 9707:"George Alagiah" 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9654:. Archived from 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9623:. Archived from 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9546:. Archived from 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9513:. Archived from 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9316:. 2 August 2011. 9304: 9298: 9297: 9286:(23 July 2008). 9280: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9253: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9081:. Archived from 9070: 9064: 9063: 9049:(23 July 2003). 9043: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9024:on 19 April 2012 9016:(24 July 2004). 9010: 9004: 9003: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8939: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8910: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8785: 8776: 8775: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8554: 8545:. Archived from 8542:The Boston Globe 8532: 8526: 8525: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8458: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8401: 8375: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8322:. Archived from 8309: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8246: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8216:Pfaffenberg 1994 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8168: 8167: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8042: 8036: 8033:Subramaniam 2006 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8014:on 16 April 2021 8000: 7994: 7993: 7951: 7938: 7937: 7929: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7896:(8 April 2008). 7890: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7822: 7821: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7726: 7715: 7714: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7698:. 23 March 2022. 7692: 7686: 7685: 7660:(3/4): 310–343. 7649: 7643: 7642: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7612:. Archived from 7599: 7593: 7592: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7529:. Archived from 7518: 7507: 7506: 7494: 7485: 7479: 7468: 7458: 7452: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7284: 7278: 7277:, pp. 4–12. 7272: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7126: 7120: 7119:, pp. 1–13. 7117:Subramaniam 2006 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6910: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6872: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6765: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6737: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6683: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487:. Archived from 6474: 6468: 6467: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6332: 6326: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6145:Konesar Kalvettu 6130: 6124: 6123: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5949:. Archived from 5939:(24 June 2010). 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5807:Frontline (2006) 5799: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5772: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5683: 5680:Wenzlhuemer 2008 5677: 5671: 5670: 5669:on 23 July 2007. 5665:. Archived from 5645:(8 March 2002). 5639: 5633: 5632: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5404:. Archived from 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5280:. 26 March 2022. 5268: 5262: 5261: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4999:on 18 March 2020 4995:. Archived from 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4828:. Archived from 4823: 4814: 4803: 4802: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4765:. Archived from 4759: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4729:on 26 April 2014 4725:. Archived from 4719: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4682:. Archived from 4671: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4652:on 28 April 2017 4642: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592:Cleghorn Minute: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4478:Shyam Selvadurai 4382:Pre-independence 4335:Bishop of Mannar 4250:enter university 4161:Sinhala Only Act 3854: 3837: 3428:Shaiva Siddhanta 3397:Western Province 3260:Tamil Christians 3140:(sculptor). The 3042:Jaffna peninsula 3037:Jaffna's history 3002:, or imprisoned 2906:Kingdom of Kandy 2874:Saiva literature 2774:Sri Lankan Moors 2731: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2502: 2490: 2482: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2335:Eastern Province 2274:of the majority 2077: 2051: 1956:Amaravati school 1904:Jaffna Peninsula 1805:to the south in 1615: 1593: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1523:Sri Lanka portal 1373:Sinhala Only Act 1234:Pancha Ishwarams 1177: 1176: 1155:Tamil Eelam flag 1119:left the country 1115:British colonial 1047:Sinhala Only Act 978:Eastern Province 948: 942: 941: 936: 930: 929: 908: 901: 894: 882:Tamil portal 880: 879: 878: 757:Tamil Pakistanis 749:Tamil Mauritians 677:Singapore Tamils 672:Malaysian Tamils 488: 465: 464: 450:Sri Lankan Moors 433:Giraavaru people 400: 377: 337: 335: 334: 321: 319: 318: 305: 303: 302: 289: 287: 286: 273: 271: 270: 257: 255: 254: 241: 239: 238: 225: 223: 222: 209: 207: 206: 193: 191: 190: 177: 175: 174: 161: 159: 158: 145: 143: 142: 129: 127: 126: 117:2,270,924 (2012) 113: 111: 110: 79:Total population 71: 61: 60: 55: 54: 47: 43: 21: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11586: 11585: 11582: 11570: 11560: 11558: 11550: 11548: 11543: 11512: 11477: 11387: 11371: 11353: 11343: 11341: 11311: 11306: 11288: 11267: 11263:Village deities 11222: 11189: 11121: 11058:Saturday Review 11027: 10983:Genetic studies 10962: 10916: 10874:Militant groups 10868: 10822: 10816:Chief Ministers 10799:Chief Ministers 10761: 10722:Standardisation 10685: 10659: 10655:Demala Hatpattu 10606: 10553: 10544: 10539: 10495: 10490: 10471: 10437: 10423:Thambiah, H. W. 10415: 10396: 10373: 10346: 10324: 10301: 10282: 10263: 10241: 10209: 10176: 10128: 10098: 10074: 10052: 10029: 10010: 9987: 9968: 9941: 9915: 9894: 9877: 9875:Further reading 9872: 9871: 9861: 9859: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9835: 9833: 9816: 9812: 9802: 9800: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9727: 9723: 9718:. 26 June 2006. 9705: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9675: 9671: 9661: 9659: 9644: 9640: 9630: 9628: 9613: 9609: 9599: 9597: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9571: 9569: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9518: 9517:on 14 June 2013 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9475: 9465: 9463: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9388: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9353: 9349: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9281: 9277: 9267: 9265: 9257:The Independent 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9226:Financial Times 9219: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9202: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9071: 9067: 9044: 9037: 9027: 9025: 9011: 9007: 8984:10.2307/2058433 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8940: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8871:10.2307/2644418 8853: 8849: 8843:Gunasingam 1999 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8812: 8808: 8798: 8796: 8786: 8779: 8760: 8756: 8746: 8744: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8712:Gunasingam 1999 8710: 8703: 8697:Gunasingam 1999 8695: 8691: 8673: 8669: 8663:Gunasingam 1999 8661: 8657: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8602:Gunasingam 1999 8600: 8596: 8590:Gunasingam 1999 8588: 8584: 8569: 8565: 8552: 8550: 8533: 8529: 8505: 8501: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8462:The Independent 8451: 8447: 8427: 8423: 8399:10.2307/2058432 8376: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8310: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8247: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8204:Gunasingam 1999 8202: 8198: 8192:Gunasingam 1999 8190: 8186: 8180:Gunasingam 1999 8178: 8171: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8110: 8106: 8095: 8091: 8080: 8076: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7952: 7941: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7891: 7887: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7857:on 6 March 2008 7849: 7848: 7844: 7838:Sivathamby 1995 7836: 7825: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7767:: 72. July 1859 7755: 7754: 7750: 7727: 7718: 7707: 7703: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7650: 7646: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7600: 7596: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7554: 7550: 7536: 7534: 7533:on 11 June 2008 7519: 7510: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7471: 7454: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7425: 7423: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7344:Gunasingam 1999 7342: 7335: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7285: 7281: 7275:Sivathamby 1995 7273: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7239: 7235: 7231:, pp. 5–6. 7229:Sivathamby 1995 7227: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7152: 7148: 7144:, pp. 7–9. 7142:Sivathamby 1995 7140: 7136: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7107:, pp. 2–4. 7105:Sivathamby 1995 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6981:on 13 July 2017 6978: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6928:, pp. 3–5. 6924: 6920: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6844: 6837: 6832:on 16 May 2010. 6820: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6475: 6471: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6275: 6268: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6207:. Vol. 2. 6201: 6197: 6182: 6178: 6161: 6157: 6131: 6127: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5953:on 1 July 2010. 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5836: 5832: 5821: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5784: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5640: 5636: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5486:on 17 July 2011 5483: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5300: 5289: 5285: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5128:. p. 172. 5116: 5112: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5040:Perera, Yohan. 5038: 5031: 5023: 5016: 5002: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4942: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4869: 4867: 4857: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4526: 4443: 4403:Ananda Krishnan 4384: 4379: 4369: 4351: 4319: 4233: 4219: 4213: 4125:D.S. Senanayake 4101: 4080:William Manning 4040: 4011:civil war. The 4008: 3990: 3879: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3827: 3780:Arumuga Navalar 3750: 3744: 3720:Arumuga Navalar 3669: 3591: 3577: 3571: 3377: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3196: 3190: 3154:irrigation tank 3128:(blacksmiths), 3034: 3032:Northern Tamils 2887: 2872:, mentioned in 2858: 2849: 2847:Regional groups 2780: 2772:Main articles: 2770: 2722: 2720: 2696: 2694: 2670: 2668: 2644: 2642: 2618: 2616: 2592: 2590: 2566: 2564: 2540: 2538: 2514: 2512: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2272:caste structure 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2052: 2041: 2039:Medieval period 2018:—these Pallava 1879:Matale District 1875:Ampara District 1788: 1782: 1780:Historic period 1761:Jaffna District 1744:symbol-bearing 1661:Tamil languages 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1583: 1555: 1503: 1502: 1438: 1428: 1427: 1403:Standardization 1353: 1345: 1344: 1295: 1287: 1286: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1199: 1175: 1075:militant groups 934:ilankai tamiḻar 912: 876: 874: 869: 868: 844: 836: 835: 784: 776: 775: 737:Tamil Americans 733:Tamil Canadians 711: 692: 682: 681: 657: 647: 646: 587: 577: 576: 498: 459: 456: 452: 448: 435: 431: 412: 411: 395: 391: 372: 354: 332: 330: 316: 314: 300: 298: 284: 282: 268: 266: 252: 250: 236: 234: 220: 218: 204: 202: 188: 186: 172: 170: 165:~100,000 (2005) 156: 154: 149:~120,000 (2006) 140: 138: 124: 122: 108: 106: 87: 74: 62: 56: 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11624: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11581: 11580: 11568: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11496:Dutch Burghers 11491:Burgher people 11487: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11451: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11340: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11317: 11308: 11307: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11199: 11197: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11187: 11182: 11180:United Kingdom 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11131: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11072:Tamil Guardian 11068: 11061: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10780: 10778: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10625:Aryacakravarti 10622: 10616: 10614: 10612:Jaffna kingdom 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10568: 10566: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10538: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10494: 10493:External links 10491: 10489: 10488: 10475: 10469: 10450: 10441: 10435: 10419: 10413: 10400: 10394: 10377: 10371: 10350: 10344: 10332:Sivathamby, K. 10328: 10322: 10305: 10299: 10286: 10280: 10267: 10261: 10245: 10239: 10231:Westview Press 10222: 10213: 10207: 10194: 10180: 10174: 10157: 10148: 10132: 10126: 10102: 10096: 10078: 10072: 10056: 10050: 10033: 10027: 10014: 10008: 9991: 9985: 9972: 9966: 9953: 9939: 9926: 9913: 9898: 9892: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9843: 9810: 9782: 9754: 9721: 9698: 9669: 9658:on 24 May 2008 9646:Pilger, Rick. 9638: 9627:on 11 May 2008 9607: 9579: 9568:. 28 June 2006 9553: 9528: 9495: 9473: 9445: 9441:Indrapala 2007 9433: 9412: 9398: 9373: 9361:Salem-News.com 9347: 9319: 9299: 9275: 9240: 9212: 9201:on 8 July 2008 9182: 9156: 9139:European Union 9126: 9115:on 7 June 2001 9096: 9065: 9035: 9005: 8960: 8925: 8896: 8894:, p. 125. 8884: 8865:(9): 898–917. 8847: 8835: 8823: 8806: 8777: 8754: 8728: 8716: 8701: 8689: 8676:de Silva, K.M. 8667: 8655: 8618: 8606: 8604:, p. 201. 8594: 8592:, p. 108. 8582: 8563: 8549:on 29 May 2009 8527: 8499: 8472: 8445: 8421: 8365: 8353: 8341: 8329: 8299: 8279: 8275:Nadarajan 1999 8267: 8256:. Tamil Circle 8250:Sivathamby, K. 8232: 8220: 8218:, p. 110. 8208: 8196: 8184: 8169: 8162:Ragupathy, P. 8154: 8152:, p. 389. 8150:Indrapala 2007 8142: 8138:Indrapala 2007 8130: 8104: 8089: 8074: 8055:(2): 113–138. 8037: 8025: 7995: 7939: 7921: 7917:Manogaran 2000 7909: 7885: 7868: 7842: 7823: 7804: 7778: 7748: 7716: 7701: 7687: 7644: 7627: 7616:on 17 May 2008 7594: 7589:Lanka Guardian 7575: 7568: 7548: 7508: 7486: 7484:, p. 171. 7469: 7444: 7432: 7408: 7395: 7375: 7368: 7348: 7333: 7326: 7306: 7279: 7262: 7250: 7233: 7216: 7204: 7197: 7177: 7170: 7164:. p. 59. 7146: 7134: 7128:McGilvray, D. 7121: 7109: 7097: 7095:, p. 230. 7093:Indrapala 2007 7085: 7076:, p. 262. 7063: 7030: 7021:, p. 181. 7011: 7002:, p. 177. 6992: 6956: 6937: 6918: 6889: 6864: 6853: 6835: 6813: 6806: 6780: 6752: 6724: 6722:, p. 275. 6720:Indrapala 2007 6712: 6697: 6688:, p. 121. 6675: 6673:, p. 166. 6663: 6649: 6647:, p. 210. 6645:Indrapala 2007 6637: 6630: 6624:. p. 85. 6605: 6598: 6578: 6569:, p. 104. 6559: 6540: 6521: 6502: 6469: 6442: 6435: 6415: 6413:, p. 224. 6403: 6384: 6365: 6346: 6327: 6306: 6302:Indrapala 2007 6294: 6266: 6249: 6242: 6222: 6195: 6176: 6155: 6125: 6098: 6094:Nadarajan 1999 6086: 6067: 6048: 6022: 6010: 6006:Mahadevan 2000 5998: 5996:, p. 157. 5994:Indrapala 2007 5986: 5968: 5964:Mahadevan 2003 5956: 5928: 5926:, p. 324. 5924:Indrapala 2007 5916: 5890: 5878: 5874:Indrapala 2007 5866: 5854: 5845: 5830: 5812: 5794: 5785:|journal= 5767: 5743: 5739:Indrapala 2007 5731: 5699: 5697:, p. 129. 5684: 5672: 5634: 5603: 5596: 5578: 5564: 5550: 5536: 5524: 5517: 5497: 5465: 5454:. 2 April 2016 5439: 5425: 5411: 5388: 5362: 5336: 5310: 5305:United Nations 5283: 5263: 5243: 5223: 5199: 5192: 5172: 5161:(6): 871–881. 5141: 5134: 5110: 5083: 5058: 5029: 5027:, p. 110. 5025:Mortensen 2004 5014: 4977: 4965: 4951: 4931: 4914: 4903: 4880: 4846: 4804: 4780: 4754: 4740: 4714: 4700: 4663: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4600: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4545:Tamil genocide 4542: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4509:George Alagiah 4451:Canadian Tamil 4442: 4441:Post civil war 4439: 4411:G. Gnanalingam 4407:Raj Rajaratnam 4383: 4380: 4373:Tamil Canadian 4365:Main article: 4350: 4347: 4339:Rayappu Joseph 4318: 4315: 4295:European Union 4215:Main article: 4212: 4209: 4100: 4097: 4039: 4036: 3989: 3986: 3959:(pickles) and 3899:String hoppers 3888:Rice and curry 3858:String hoppers 3856: 3849: 3848: 3839: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3746:Main article: 3743: 3740: 3668: 3665: 3599:Medieval Tamil 3573:Main article: 3570: 3567: 3342: 3339: 3326:Main article: 3323: 3320: 3216:customary laws 3200:Negombo Tamils 3194:Negombo Tamils 3192:Main article: 3189: 3188:Western Tamils 3186: 3168:, and eastern 3132:(goldsmiths), 3033: 3030: 2857: 2856:Eastern Tamils 2854: 2848: 2845: 2818:Jaffna Kingdom 2769: 2766: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2318: 2315: 2304:Main article: 2301: 2298: 2249:The Sinhalese 2244:British Empire 2147:Jaffna kingdom 2079: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2053: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 1941:Tamil Buddhism 1836:Pandya Kingdom 1781: 1778: 1753:Early Iron Age 1732:were found in 1684:Southern India 1642:Vedda language 1638:Southeast Asia 1617: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1595: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1315:British Ceylon 1312: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1267:Aryacakravarti 1264: 1262:Jaffna kingdom 1259: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1174: 1171: 1131:discrimination 1081:. The ensuing 1051:ethnic pogroms 989:Jaffna Kingdom 961:native to the 914: 913: 911: 910: 903: 896: 888: 885: 884: 871: 870: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 834: 833: 828: 823: 818: 816:Tamil Buddhism 813: 812: 811: 806: 796: 791: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 745:Myanmar Tamils 725:Tamil Italians 721:British Tamils 710: 709: 704: 699: 693: 690:Tamil diaspora 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 658: 653: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 612:Numeral system 609: 604: 599: 594: 588: 583: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 569: 567:Tamil Kingdoms 564: 559: 554: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 527: 526: 525: 515: 510: 505: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 481: 480: 474: 473: 461: 460: 458: 457: 425: 422: 421: 417: 416: 410: 409: 406:Roman Catholic 389: 386:Tamil Shaivism 378: 366: 365: 361: 360: 348: 347: 343: 342: 339: 327: 326: 325:~10,000 (2000) 323: 311: 310: 307: 295: 294: 293:~24,436 (1970) 291: 279: 278: 275: 263: 262: 261:~25,000 (2010) 259: 247: 246: 243: 231: 230: 229:~30,000 (1985) 227: 215: 214: 213:~50,000 (2022) 211: 199: 198: 197:~50,000 (2008) 195: 183: 182: 181:~60,000 (2008) 179: 167: 166: 163: 151: 150: 147: 146:United Kingdom 135: 134: 131: 119: 118: 115: 103: 102: 98: 97: 81: 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11623: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11567: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11347: 11338: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11305: 11295: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11213:Negombo Tamil 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11186: 11185:United States 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11124: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10839:Federal Party 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690:Post-colonial 10688: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10547: 10543: 10536: 10531: 10529: 10524: 10522: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10506: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10193: 10192:955-552-096-8 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10158: 10154: 10149: 10146:(2): 147–156. 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10060:Indrapala, K. 10057: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9959: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9879: 9858:. 18 May 2022 9857: 9853: 9847: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9814: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9786: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9673: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9532: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9499: 9483: 9477: 9462:. 27 May 2007 9461: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9422: 9416: 9408: 9402: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9323: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9303: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9284:Buerk, Roland 9279: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9252: 9244: 9229:. 23 May 2009 9228: 9227: 9222: 9216: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9042: 9040: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8972: 8964: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8819: 8818: 8810: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8782: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8726:, p. 79. 8725: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8698: 8693: 8685: 8684:Penguin Books 8681: 8677: 8671: 8665:, p. 76. 8664: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8457: 8449: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8363:, p. 73. 8362: 8361:Pujangga 1997 8357: 8351:, p. 72. 8350: 8349:Pujangga 1997 8345: 8339:, p. 75. 8338: 8337:Pujangga 1997 8333: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8292: 8291: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8230:, p. 29. 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8194:, p. 68. 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8140:, p. 45. 8139: 8134: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8035:, p. 10. 8034: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7935: 7928: 7926: 7919:, p. 46. 7918: 7913: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7881: 7880: 7872: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7814:, p. 29. 7813: 7808: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7737:(6): 843–66. 7736: 7732: 7731:Human Biology 7725: 7723: 7721: 7712: 7705: 7697: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7631: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7569:9781442255852 7565: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7545: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7442:, p. 12. 7441: 7440:Thambiah 2001 7436: 7421: 7420: 7419:Tamil Culture 7412: 7398: 7396:9789559631835 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7352: 7346:, p. 62. 7345: 7340: 7338: 7329: 7323: 7320:. Routledge. 7319: 7318: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7258:Thambiah 2001 7254: 7246: 7245: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7213: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7171:9780521241458 7167: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7081: 7075: 7074:de Silva 1987 7070: 7068: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7020: 7019:de Silva 1987 7015: 7007: 7001: 7000:de Silva 1987 6996: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6961: 6952: 6946: 6945:de Silva 1987 6941: 6933: 6927: 6926:de Silva 1987 6922: 6914: 6908: 6900: 6893: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6849: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6710:, p. 23. 6709: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6687: 6686:de Silva 1987 6682: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6620:. New Delhi: 6619: 6618: 6609: 6601: 6599:9780679604051 6595: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6567:de Silva 1987 6563: 6555: 6549: 6548:de Silva 1987 6544: 6536: 6530: 6529:de Silva 1987 6525: 6517: 6512:, p. 76. 6511: 6510:de Silva 1987 6506: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6436:9781231192177 6432: 6428: 6427: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6399: 6393: 6388: 6380: 6375:, p. 75. 6374: 6373:de Silva 1987 6369: 6361: 6356:, p. 48. 6355: 6354:de Silva 1987 6350: 6342: 6337:, p. 46. 6336: 6335:de Silva 1987 6331: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6253: 6245: 6243:9788120609464 6239: 6235: 6234: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6096:, p. 40. 6095: 6090: 6082: 6076: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6056:de Silva 1987 6052: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5966:, p. 48. 5965: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876:, p. 91. 5875: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5849: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5695:de Silva 2005 5691: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5307:. p. 41. 5306: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5011: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4992:Business Line 4988: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4668: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497:Tamil British 4493: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415:S. Rajaratnam 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4378: 4377:British Tamil 4374: 4368: 4360: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328:special camps 4325: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4157:Privy council 4154: 4153:Supreme Court 4151:, before the 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:Federal Party 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3873:Tamil cuisine 3863: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3800:Dominic Jeeva 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3754:Sangam period 3749: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523:Kannaki Amman 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3432:folk Hinduism 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3287:lingua franca 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224:Sinhalisation 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3158:water buffalo 3155: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008:toddy tapping 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2988:Hindu temples 2985: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2971:s not in the 2970: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2807:ethnic Tamils 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795:Indian Tamils 2788: 2787:Indian Tamils 2784: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625:North Western 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2599:North Central 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2313: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2204:The 1502 map 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2036: 2034: 2033:Demel-gam-bim 2030: 2026: 2025:Demel-kaballa 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937:Hindu Saivism 1934: 1930: 1929:Eelamcetcenni 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1858:Tissamaharama 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1807:Tissamaharama 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740:that the non- 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647:According to 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1621: 1614: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1518:Tamils portal 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141:, a proposed 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049:, along with 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:chieftaincies 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:Ceylon Tamils 947: 935: 928:இலங்கை தமிழர் 924: 920: 909: 904: 902: 897: 895: 890: 889: 887: 886: 883: 873: 872: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 840: 839: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 780: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:Tamil Germans 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:French Tamils 714: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 691: 686: 685: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 662:Indian Tamils 660: 659: 656: 651: 650: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 589: 586: 581: 580: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518:Sangam period 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 497: 492: 491: 487: 483: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 467: 466: 455: 451: 446: 442: 441:Indian Tamils 438: 434: 430: 427: 426: 423: 418: 415: 407: 403: 399: 394: 390: 387: 383: 380: 379: 376: 371: 367: 362: 358: 353: 349: 344: 341:~9,000 (2003) 340: 328: 324: 312: 308: 296: 292: 280: 276: 264: 260: 258:United States 248: 244: 232: 228: 216: 212: 200: 196: 184: 180: 168: 164: 152: 148: 136: 132: 120: 116: 104: 99: 95: 94:Indian Tamils 91: 86: 85:~ 3.0 million 82: 77: 70: 65: 59:இலங்கை தமிழர் 48: 39: 35: 30: 19: 11611:Tamil people 11583: 11403: 11208:Jaffna Tamil 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11056: 11013:Thesavalamai 10702:Colonisation 10541: 10479: 10457: 10445: 10426: 10404: 10381: 10356: 10335: 10309: 10290: 10271: 10252: 10226: 10217: 10198: 10183: 10161: 10152: 10143: 10139: 10109: 10086: 10082:Knox, Robert 10063: 10037: 10018: 9998:. New York: 9995: 9976: 9957: 9930: 9903: 9883: 9860:. Retrieved 9855: 9846: 9834:. Retrieved 9830:the original 9823: 9813: 9801:. Retrieved 9795: 9785: 9773:. Retrieved 9769:Toronto Star 9767: 9757: 9745:. Retrieved 9741:the original 9734: 9724: 9710: 9701: 9689:. Retrieved 9684:The Guardian 9682: 9672: 9660:. Retrieved 9656:the original 9641: 9629:. Retrieved 9625:the original 9610: 9600:14 September 9598:. Retrieved 9593:Toronto Star 9591: 9582: 9570:. Retrieved 9556: 9548:the original 9541: 9531: 9519:. Retrieved 9515:the original 9508: 9498: 9486:. Retrieved 9476: 9464:. Retrieved 9457: 9448: 9436: 9424:. Retrieved 9415: 9401: 9389:. Retrieved 9385: 9376: 9364:. Retrieved 9360: 9350: 9342:the original 9331: 9322: 9311: 9302: 9291: 9278: 9266:. Retrieved 9255: 9243: 9231:. Retrieved 9224: 9215: 9203:. Retrieved 9199:the original 9185: 9173:. Retrieved 9159: 9147:. Retrieved 9143:the original 9129: 9117:. Retrieved 9113:the original 9099: 9087:. Retrieved 9083:the original 9068: 9060: 9054: 9026:. Retrieved 9022:the original 9008: 8978:(1): 56–77. 8975: 8969: 8963: 8951:. Retrieved 8916:. Retrieved 8899: 8887: 8862: 8858:Asian Survey 8856: 8850: 8845:, p. 7. 8838: 8826: 8816: 8809: 8797:. Retrieved 8767: 8763: 8757: 8745:. Retrieved 8731: 8719: 8714:, p. 6. 8699:, p. 5. 8692: 8679: 8670: 8658: 8636:(1): 59–76. 8633: 8627: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8585: 8572: 8566: 8558: 8551:. Retrieved 8547:the original 8540: 8530: 8518: 8512: 8502: 8490: 8484: 8475: 8460: 8448: 8437: 8430:Doucet, Lyse 8424: 8392:(1): 30–55. 8389: 8383: 8356: 8344: 8332: 8324:the original 8317: 8289: 8282: 8270: 8258:. Retrieved 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8166:. p. 1. 8163: 8157: 8145: 8133: 8121:. Retrieved 8107: 8098: 8092: 8083: 8077: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8028: 8016:. Retrieved 8012:the original 8007: 7998: 7968:(1): 52–64. 7965: 7959: 7933: 7912: 7901: 7888: 7878: 7871: 7859:. Retrieved 7855:the original 7845: 7807: 7795:. Retrieved 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7764: 7760: 7751: 7734: 7730: 7710: 7704: 7690: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7637: 7630: 7618:. Retrieved 7614:the original 7607: 7597: 7588: 7578: 7558: 7551: 7542: 7535:. Retrieved 7531:the original 7502: 7498: 7465:the original 7455: 7435: 7424:, retrieved 7418: 7411: 7400:, retrieved 7385: 7378: 7358: 7351: 7316: 7309: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7260:, p. 2. 7253: 7243: 7236: 7207: 7187: 7180: 7156: 7149: 7137: 7129: 7124: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7054:. Retrieved 7049: 7043: 7033: 7014: 6995: 6983:. Retrieved 6976:the original 6947:, p. 9. 6940: 6921: 6898: 6892: 6880:. Retrieved 6856: 6847: 6830:the original 6816: 6800:p. 98. 6793: 6783: 6772:the original 6767: 6755: 6744:the original 6739: 6727: 6715: 6708:Spencer 1990 6666: 6657: 6652: 6640: 6615: 6608: 6588: 6581: 6562: 6543: 6524: 6505: 6493:. Retrieved 6489:the original 6482: 6472: 6451: 6445: 6425: 6418: 6406: 6387: 6368: 6349: 6330: 6314: 6309: 6297: 6284: 6278: 6263:. p. 4. 6259: 6252: 6232: 6225: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141:: 159, 503. 6134: 6128: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6089: 6070: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5959: 5951:the original 5944: 5931: 5919: 5907:. Retrieved 5902: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5806: 5797: 5753: 5746: 5734: 5722:. Retrieved 5711: 5702: 5675: 5667:the original 5654: 5650: 5637: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5587: 5581: 5567: 5553: 5539: 5527: 5507: 5500: 5488:. Retrieved 5481:the original 5468: 5456:. Retrieved 5451: 5442: 5428: 5414: 5406:the original 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5365: 5353:. Retrieved 5339: 5327:. Retrieved 5322: 5313: 5296: 5286: 5277:The Guardian 5275: 5266: 5255: 5246: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5212: 5182: 5175: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5120: 5113: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5070: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5046:Daily Mirror 5045: 5008: 5001:. Retrieved 4997:the original 4990: 4980: 4968: 4954: 4917: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4883: 4875: 4868:. Retrieved 4837:. Retrieved 4830:the original 4799: 4792: 4783: 4771:. Retrieved 4767:the original 4757: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4727:the original 4717: 4703: 4695: 4688:. Retrieved 4684:the original 4654:. Retrieved 4650:the original 4603: 4591: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4514: 4490: 4471: 4456: 4394: 4385: 4343: 4333: 4320: 4280: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4241:Killinochchi 4190: 4179: 4164: 4118: 4065: 4054: 4041: 4028: 4009: 3981:palmyra tree 3973:gingelly oil 3960: 3954: 3947:Coconut milk 3931: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3897: 3880: 3861: 3840: 3808: 3804: 3792: 3773: 3769:Tamil Sangam 3762: 3751: 3732: 3709: 3695: 3685: 3682: 3646: 3644: 3620: 3592: 3543:Naguleswaram 3535:Ketheeswaram 3500: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3421: 3378: 3335: 3331: 3312: 3304: 3280: 3248:Maradankulam 3240: 3197: 3178:Thesavalamai 3150: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3085: 3081: 3060:involved in 3035: 3022:Mukkuva laws 3012: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2943: 2939: 2917:caste system 2914: 2903: 2888: 2850: 2826: 2815: 2792: 2759: 2651:Sabaragamuwa 2503:% Sri Lankan 2478: 2328: 2317:Demographics 2291: 2285: 2279: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2205: 2203: 2151:Alagakkonara 2140: 2119: 2101: 2080: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2009: 1995: 1976: 1974:flourished. 1972:Vanni region 1953: 1910: 1908: 1899:Manimekhalai 1897: 1883: 1863: 1844: 1825: 1814: 1810: 1789: 1770:Tamil Brahmi 1764: 1750: 1738:Anuradhapura 1723: 1704: 1677: 1673:Tamil Brahmi 1649:K. Indrapala 1646: 1628: 1560: 1408:Colonisation 1368:Colonisation 1305:Dutch Ceylon 1239:Early Jaffna 1189: 1112: 1039:independence 1036: 1017:population. 1008: 986: 966:island state 955:Eelam Tamils 954: 950: 946:īḻat tamiḻar 918: 917: 826:Tamil Muslim 773:Dutch Tamils 769:Swiss Tamils 666: 627:Architecture 572:Tamilization 454:Indian Moors 439:(especially 402:Christianity 392: 369: 208: 84: 41:Ethnic group 38: 29: 11483:Multiracial 11392:Traditional 11351:Sri Lankans 11251:Catholicism 11170:New Zealand 11100:Thinakkural 11086:Tamil Times 10737:Tamil Eelam 10697:Nationalism 9862:28 November 9836:22 November 9825:Toronto Sun 9089:22 December 9028:8 September 8892:Wilson 2000 8831:Wilson 2000 8724:Wilson 2000 8018:14 November 7812:Hudson 1982 7771:10 November 7212:Yalman 1967 7132:, pp. 34–97 6392:Mendis 1957 6169:. Colombo. 6114:(1): 3–23. 6075:Mendis 1957 5909:29 November 5458:29 November 5076:17 November 5003:29 December 4507:journalist 4449:Sri Lankan- 4111:by various 4109:Tamil Eelam 4006:Tamil Eelam 3860:, known as 3690:classes on 3675:A group of 3648:Tolkappiyam 3563:Adam's Peak 3561:temple and 3551:Tondeswaram 3547:Munneswaram 3505:, Annamar, 3492:Thai Pongal 3409:Pentecostal 3062:agriculture 2951:matrilineal 2891:Trincomalee 2870:Trincomalee 2841:repatriated 2835:government 2259:Robert Knox 2216:Trincomalee 2155:Kanchipuram 2093:Robert Knox 2006:Simhavishnu 1987:Thirukkovil 1979:Trincomalee 1921:Early Chola 1886:Kudiramalai 1763:. The name 1715:Kathiraveli 1678:During the 1598:South India 1453:Tamil Eelam 1363:Nationalism 1251:Middle Ages 1198:Ancient era 1139:Tamil Eelam 1127:persecution 1077:advocating 963:South Asian 940:ஈழத் தமிழர் 799:Tamil Hindu 535:Agriculture 306:Netherlands 210:Switzerland 11590:Categories 11534:Maldivians 11517:Immigrants 11376:Indigenous 11114:Virakesari 11093:Thinakaran 11049:Literature 10777:Government 10747:Black July 10361:. Oxford: 10164:. Hawaii: 10100:. 2596825. 9803:7 November 9775:2 November 9747:2 November 9488:2 December 9426:1 February 9391:1 February 9260:. London. 7244:The Veddas 6901:. Colombo. 6411:Smith 1958 5716:. 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