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in the flowers of flowering plants. A megasporocyte inside a megasporangium or ovule undergoes meiosis, producing four megaspores. Only one is a functional megaspore whereas the others stay dysfunctional or degenerate. The megaspore undergoes several mitotic divisions to develop into a female
532:, which allows the cells to survive unfavorable conditions. Endospores are not reproductive structures and their formation does not require cell fusion or division. Instead, they form through the production of an encapsulating spore coat within the spore-forming cell.
516:. Besides sexual reproduction and as a resting stage, the function of an auxospore is the restoration of the original cell size, as diatoms get progressively smaller during mitotic cell division. Auxospores divide by mitosis.
505:. The germinating oospore undergoes mitosis and gives rise to diploid hyphae which reproduce asexually via mitotic zoospores as long as conditions are favorable.
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made to survive unfavorable conditions. Typically, changes in the environment from favorable to unfavorable growing conditions will trigger a switch from
120:. Dormant spores are formed, for example by certain fungi and algae, primarily in response to unfavorable growing conditions. Most eukaryotic spores are
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that can swim to new locations before developing into sessile organisms. Airborne spores are obvious in fungi, for example when they are released from
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megaspores. In megasporogenesis, often three of the four spores degenerate after meiosis, whereas in microsporogenesis all four microspores survive.
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501:, the zygote forms through the fertilization of an egg cell with a sperm nucleus and enters a resting stage as a diploid, thick-walled
282:. The process involves sporogenous cells (sporocytes, also called spore mother cells) undergoing cell division to give rise to spores.
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alternates between mitotic and meiotic sporogenesis and both processes are required to complete its complex reproductive life cycle.
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In meiotic sporogenesis, a diploid spore mother cell within the sporangium undergoes meiosis, producing a
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organisms, all spores look alike and grow into individuals carrying reproductive parts of both genders.
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177:, for which mitospore formation appears to be the primary mode of reproduction. Other fungi, such as
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Reproduction via spores involves the spreading of the spores by water or air. Algae and some fungi (
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organisms, two types of spores exist: microspores give rise to males and megaspores to females. In
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There are many parts of the spore 'plant'. The structure enclosing a group of spores is called a
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through mitotic cell division within a sporangium. In fungi, such mitospores are referred to as
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and can withstand harsh conditions such as drought or extreme temperatures. Examples are
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151:). Sporic meiosis is needed to complete the sexual life cycle of the organisms using it.
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in these organisms. The resulting spores are protected through the formation of a thick
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In the case of dormant spores in eukaryotes, sporogenesis often occurs as a result of
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221:. Other fungi have more active spore dispersal mechanisms. For example, the fungus
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Reproductive spores are generally the result of cell division, most commonly
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and form through cell fusion.we can also say this type of reproduction as
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are a form of chlamydospore produced through the fusion of cells or
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Reproductive spores grow into multicellular haploid individuals or
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158:(e.g. in some fungi and algae). Mitotic sporogenesis is a form of
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can shoot its sporangia towards light. Plant spores designed for
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332:(six nuclei in gymnosperms, three nuclei in flowering plants).
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of flowering plants develop out of microspores produced in the
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571:, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York,
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where they develop hidden inside the flower. For example, the
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via spores. Reproductive spores were found to be formed in
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181:, utilize both mitotic and meiotic spores. The red alga
494:). They will undergo zygotic meiosis upon germinating.
439:
of the fused cells stay separate. These nuclei undergo
235:. Plant spores are most obvious in the reproduction of
278:
Sporogenesis occurs in reproductive structures termed
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and form through cell division, though some types are
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in conifers (for example a pine cone) and inside the
293:, two types of spores occur: Microsporangia produce
273:
96:. The term is also used to refer to the process of
427:are generally multicellular, asexual structures.
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557:, 9th edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York,
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
408:. Similar survival structures produced in some
567:P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005):
512:, fertilization gives rise to a zygote termed
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474:fusion of two cells (motile single cells in
443:and meiosis upon germination of the spore.
447:Zygospore, oospore and auxospore formation
202:. Therefore, zygospores are the result of
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348:(for example the seven-cell/eight-nuclei
289:of haploid spores. In organisms that are
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
524:The term sporogenesis can also refer to
198:forming a diploid spore equivalent to a
16:Reproduction via or production of spores
297:microspores, and megasporangia produce
154:In some cases, sporogenesis occurs via
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519:
420:Chlamydospore and teliospore formation
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324:of flowers. Each anther contains four
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490:, therefore zygospores are diploid (
482:between two hyphae (in zygomycota).
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470:). The zygospore forms through the
116:, during their normal reproductive
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320:, microspores are produced in the
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274:Formation of reproductive spores
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92:is the production of spores in
464:) and some algae (for example
243:. However, they also exist in
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454:are formed in certain fungi (
360:Some fungi and algae produce
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376:Some algae, and fungi form
372:Formation of dormant spores
335:Megasporogenesis occurs in
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231:are also referred to as
32:This article includes a
139:Reproduction via spores
61:more precise citations.
352:in flowering plants).
382:asexual reproduction
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597:Reproductive system
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520:Endospore formation
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213:) often use motile
204:sexual reproduction
162:. Examples are the
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104:organisms, such as
602:Plant reproduction
536:Parts of the spore
316:or male cones. In
34:list of references
569:Biology of Plants
563:978-0-07-246463-4
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67:November 2019
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90:Sporogenesis
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53:Please help
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480:conjugation
429:Teliospores
398:teliospores
346:gametophyte
326:pollen sacs
306:gymnosperms
268:homosporous
179:ascomycetes
174:Penicillium
168:Aspergillus
149:sporophytes
59:introducing
586:Categories
542:sporangium
484:Plasmogamy
456:zygomycota
452:Zygospores
435:where the
414:endospores
406:myxospores
402:zygospores
362:mitospores
350:embryo sac
308:, such as
260:sporelings
118:life cycle
102:eukaryotic
526:endospore
514:auxospore
499:oomycetes
488:karyogamy
441:karyogamy
390:cell wall
280:sporangia
233:diaspores
229:dispersal
224:Pilobolus
219:puffballs
215:zoospores
196:karyogamy
130:dikaryons
530:bacteria
472:isogamic
461:Rhizopus
410:bacteria
310:conifers
211:chytrids
555:Biology
510:diatoms
503:oospore
492:zygotes
366:conidia
322:anthers
253:anthers
156:mitosis
145:meiosis
126:diploid
122:haploid
94:biology
55:improve
575:
561:
437:nuclei
433:hyphae
404:, and
299:female
287:tetrad
241:mosses
200:zygote
106:plants
341:ovule
262:. In
237:ferns
114:fungi
110:algae
40:, or
573:ISBN
559:ISBN
295:male
239:and
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128:sor
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384:to
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