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have evolved other methods for maintaining the dikaryons, and therefore neither croziers nor clamp connections are ubiquitous in either phylum.
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van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to phycology, p. 430. Cambridge
University Press (623 pp).
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in the
Basidiomycota facilitates maintenance of the dikaryons. However, some fungi in each of these
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while the bulk of the mycelium remains monokaryotic. In the
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175:(as a pathological state)
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139:meaning "
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