725:: "By the Greeks the name Nardus is given to Lavender, from Naarda, a city of Syria near the Euphrates, and many persons call the plant 'Nard.' St. Mark mentions this as Spikenard, a thing of great value. In Pliny's time, blossoms of the Nardus sold for a hundred Roman denarii (or L.3 2s. 6d.) the pound. This Lavender or Nardus was called Asarum by the Romans, because it was not used in garlands or chaplets. It was formerly believed that the asp, a dangerous kind of viper, made Lavender its habitual place of abode, so that the plant had to be approached with great caution."
393:
20:
316:, namely Syrian nard, Gallic nard, Cretan nard (also called 'agrion' or 'phun'), field nard (also called 'bacchar'), wild nard (also called 'asaron'), and Celtic nard. Celtic nard is the only species Pliny mentions which he does not describe when listing the species of nard in book 12 of
320:
suggesting it is synonymous with another species, probably with the species Pliny refers to as 'hirculus', a plant Pliny attests to growing in the same region as Gallic nard and which he says is used to adulterate Gallic nard. Both are widely assumed to be cultivars or varieties of
190:
of Nepal, China, and India. In bloom, the plant grows to about 1 meter (3 ft) in height and has small, pink, bell-shaped flowers. It is found at an altitude of about 3,000 to 5,000 m (9,800 to 16,400 ft). Its
312:: Indian nard, a stinking nard called 'ozaenitidos' which is not used, a false nard ('pseudo-nard') with which true nard is adulterated, and several herbs local to Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean which are also called
444:
While he was in
Bethany, reclining at the table in the home of Simon the Leper, a woman came with an alabaster jar of very expensive perfume, made of pure nard. She broke the jar and poured the perfume on his
617:
Wang, Miao; Yang, Tian-Tain; Rao, Yao; Wang, Zhi-Mei; Dong, Xueqi; Zhang, Li-Hua; Han, Lifeng; Zhang, Yi; Wang, Tao; Zhu, Yan; Gao, Xiu-Mei; Li, Tian-Xiang; Xu, Yan-Tong; Wu, Hong-Hua (November 2021).
1035:
1025:, translates as "the spikenard represents Saint Joseph ... In the Hispanic iconographic tradition, in fact, St Joseph is depicted with a branch of spikenard in his hand").
771:
Purnima; Bhatt, Meenakshi; Kothiyal, Preeti (2015). "A review article on phytochemistry and pharmacological profiles of
Nardostachys jatamansi DC-medicinal herb".
1045:
835:
Chatterjee, Asima; Basak, Bidyut; Saha, Munmun; Dutta, Utpal; Mukhopadhyay, Chaitali; Banerji, Julie; Konda, Yaeko; Harigaya, Yoshihiro (1 November 2000).
1022:
il fiore di nardo indica San
Giuseppe ... Nella tradizione iconografica ispanica, infatti, San Giuseppe è raffigurato con un ramo di nardo in mano
888:
1067:
747:
981:
956:
931:
1006:
1169:
758:
380:. Field nard, or 'bacchar', has not been conclusively identified and must not be confused with species now called "
619:"A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of the genus
1200:
1185:
481:
618:
568:
1157:
1072:
837:"Structure and Stereochemistry of Nardostachysin, a New Terpenoid Ester Constituent of the Rhizomes of
548:
Spikenard is also mentioned as an herb protecting Saint Thecla from wild beasts in the apocryphal text
254:
respectively). Among the other phytochemical products are found in the rhizomes are: nardostachysin, a
138:
1195:
224:
722:
1107:
105:, or in religious ceremonies across a wide territory from India to Europe. Historically, the name
299:
332:
174:
69:
25:
573:: Phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological activities: A comprehensive review"
427:
and wiped his feet with her hair. And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume.
109:
has also referred to essential oils derived from other species including the closely related
38:
906:
102:
8:
1040:
1101:
1122:
1095:
776:
695:
668:
424:
344:
338:
216:
117:; these cheaper, more common plants have been used in perfume-making, and sometimes to
114:
1134:
1165:
860:
817:
796:"Revised structures of nardal and nardin: identity with valerenal and valerenic acid"
754:
743:
700:
642:
592:
462:
356:
350:
323:
780:
1130:
852:
807:
690:
680:
634:
584:
376:
1190:
588:
500:
495:
469:
420:
295:
179:
74:
34:
812:
795:
450:
432:
243:
183:
158:
78:
42:
685:
638:
489:
1179:
836:
505:
392:
220:
196:
162:
64:
864:
821:
735:
704:
646:
596:
473:
400:
396:
278:
893:
Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin
Dictionary at perseus.tufts.edu
717:
The origin of most of these quotes is
William Thomas Fernie, in his book
465:
154:
19:
239:
195:
can be crushed and distilled into an intensely aromatic, amber-colored
118:
856:
415:
Spikenard is mentioned in the Bible as being used for its fragrance.
408:
381:
362:
309:
187:
110:
82:
261:; nardostachnol; nardostachnone; jatamansic acid and jatamansinone.
531:
477:
236:
232:
274:
273:
was used to flavor wine, and occurs frequently in the recipes of
255:
212:
208:
192:
150:
98:
1164:, 2nd ed. by Tom Jaine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
1103:
The Vision, Or, Hell, Purgatory and
Paradise of Dante Alighieri
1068:"Pope stresses simplicity, ecumenism in inaugural Mass plans"
1036:"Vatican releases Pope Francis' coat of arms, motto and ring"
537:
258:
145:). This word may ultimately derive either from Sanskrit नलद (
94:
90:
86:
423:
took about a pint of pure nard, an expensive perfume; she
454:
436:
834:
242:
has been isolated from the oil, and valerenal alongside
484:
includes the spikenard in reference to Saint Joseph.
770:
231:(also known as (-)-valeranone) being dominant. Many
828:
794:Kadam, SH; Paknikar, SK; Rao, GV (November 2013).
567:Pathak, Shilpi; Godela, Ramreddy (January 2024).
1177:
793:
384:" referring to species native to North America.
149:'Indian spikenard'), or from Naarda, an ancient
1127:Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online
1099:
616:
1020:
667:Dafni, Amots; Böck, Barbara (November 2019).
566:
97:. The oil has been used over centuries as a
773:Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
764:
1001:
999:
560:
528:He tastes, but tears of frankincense alone
811:
694:
684:
673:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
669:"Medicinal plants of the Bible—revisited"
666:
1009:. L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican website)
391:
18:
996:
223:contribute to the major portion of the
63:, is a class of aromatic amber-colored
1178:
721:(Bristol Pub., second edition, 1897),
403:. According to the Vatican, the plant
285:was the main ingredient of a perfume (
1106:. D. Appleton & Company. p.
976:
974:
951:
949:
926:
924:
740:Dangerous tastes: the story of spices
734:
472:, the spikenard is used to represent
883:
881:
521:e nardo e mirra son l’ultime fasce.
517:erba né biado in sua vita non pasce,
511:
161:" in the English name refers to the
41:. For Japanese spikenard (Udo), see
1123:"Thecla → Paul and Thecla, Acts of"
519:ma sol d’incenso lagrime e d’amomo,
202:
13:
1150:
971:
946:
921:
899:
153:city (possibly the modern town of
14:
1212:
1135:10.1163/2589-7993_eeco_dum_036530
878:
235:are also present in the oil. The
742:, London: British Museum Press,
165:or flowering stem of the plant.
1115:
1088:
1060:
1044:. 18 March 2013. Archived from
1028:
1156:Dalby, Andrew, "Spikenard" in
800:Natural Product Communications
787:
728:
711:
660:
610:
407:is a spikenard and symbolises
168:
1:
1007:"Lo Stemma di Papa Francesco"
982:"Naturalis Historia; Book 21"
957:"Naturalis Historia; Book 14"
932:"Naturalis Historia; Book 12"
554:
1162:The Oxford Companion to Food
627:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
589:10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105764
550:The Acts of Paul and Thecla.
482:coat of arms of Pope Francis
336:, stinking nard possibly to
124:
33:For American spikenard, see
7:
907:"Apicius; De Re Coquinaria"
845:Journal of Natural Products
493:) is also mentioned in the
308:used in making perfume and
199:with a thick consistency.
37:. For False spikenard, see
10:
1217:
1073:National Catholic Reporter
813:10.1177/1934578X1300801103
405:(to the right of the star)
387:
264:
81:family which grows in the
32:
686:10.1186/s13002-019-0338-8
639:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114446
304:lists several species of
186:family that grows in the
1100:Dante Alighieri (1845).
425:poured it on Jesus' feet
1021:
839:Nardostachys jatamansi
571:Nardostachys jatamansi
526:
515:
488:
459:
441:
412:
333:Nardostachys jatamansi
330:Indian nard refers to
207:Nard oil is used as a
175:Nardostachys jatamansi
133:is derived from Latin
70:Nardostachys jatamansi
30:
26:Nardostachys jatamansi
442:
417:
395:
227:, with the eponymous
137:, from Ancient Greek
39:Maianthemum racemosum
22:
16:Type of essential oil
540:his funeral shroud.
374:), and wild nard to
103:traditional medicine
1201:Plants in the Bible
1186:Perfume ingredients
1041:The Daily Telegraph
277:. During the early
217:Ayurvedic practices
480:has said that the
413:
345:Lavandula stoechas
339:Allium victorialis
225:volatile compounds
113:genus, as well as
31:
857:10.1021/np990503m
851:(11): 1531–1533.
749:978-0-7141-2720-0
546:
545:
468:tradition of the
363:Valeriana italica
360:, Cretan nard to
357:Valeriana celtica
354:, Gallic nard to
351:Cymbopogon nardus
348:, Syrian nard to
324:Valeriana celtica
269:In ancient Rome,
246:(formerly called
1208:
1196:Incense material
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1048:on 21 March 2013
1032:
1026:
1024:
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1016:
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978:
969:
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919:
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903:
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885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
832:
826:
825:
815:
791:
785:
784:
768:
762:
761:) pp. 83–88
752:
732:
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715:
709:
708:
698:
688:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
614:
608:
607:
605:
603:
564:
534:: swaths of nard
512:
457:
439:
406:
377:Asarum europaeum
342:, false nard to
203:Oil constituents
121:true spikenard.
115:Spanish lavender
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1176:
1175:
1153:
1151:Further reading
1148:
1139:
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1120:
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1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1076:. 18 March 2013
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501:Dante Alighieri
470:Catholic Church
458:
449:
440:
431:
404:
390:
318:Natural History
301:Natural History
267:
205:
180:flowering plant
171:
127:
75:flowering plant
46:
35:Aralia racemosa
29:) essential oil
17:
12:
11:
5:
1214:
1204:
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806:(11): 1513–4.
786:
763:
748:
727:
719:Herbal Simples
710:
659:
609:
558:
556:
553:
544:
543:
524:
487:Nard (Italian
451:Gospel of Mark
447:
433:Gospel of John
429:
389:
386:
368:V. dioscoridis
266:
263:
244:valerenic acid
221:Sesquiterpenes
204:
201:
170:
167:
126:
123:
51:, also called
43:Aralia cordata
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1170:0-19-280681-5
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Alan Davidson
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1019:(In Italian:
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759:0-520-22789-1
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736:Dalby, Andrew
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506:Divine Comedy
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197:essential oil
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163:inflorescence
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116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
67:derived from
66:
65:essential oil
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
36:
28:
27:
21:
1161:
1138:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1102:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1071:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:the original
1039:
1030:
1011:. Retrieved
986:. Retrieved
961:. Retrieved
936:. Retrieved
911:. Retrieved
901:
892:
889:""Nardinus""
868:. Retrieved
848:
844:
838:
830:
803:
799:
789:
772:
766:
739:
730:
718:
713:
679:(1) 57: 57.
676:
672:
662:
650:. Retrieved
630:
626:
621:Nardostachys
620:
612:
600:. Retrieved
580:
576:
570:
562:
549:
547:
530:And odorous
527:
516:
504:
494:
486:
474:Saint Joseph
466:iconographic
460:
443:
418:
414:
401:Pope Francis
397:Coat of arms
375:
371:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
329:
322:
317:
313:
305:
300:
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279:Roman empire
270:
268:
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206:
173:
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146:
142:
134:
130:
128:
106:
68:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
24:
1096:H. F. Cary)
577:Fitoterapia
382:baccharises
372:V. tuberosa
310:spiced wine
229:jatamansone
184:honeysuckle
169:Description
155:Dohuk, Iraq
79:honeysuckle
23:Spikenard (
1180:Categories
1140:2024-01-25
988:29 October
963:29 October
938:29 October
913:5 November
555:References
240:actinidine
119:adulterate
984:. Perseus
959:. Perseus
934:. Perseus
909:. Nemeton
870:5 October
409:St Joseph
287:unguentum
256:terpenoid
233:coumarins
215:, and in
188:Himalayas
129:The name
125:Etymology
83:Himalayas
49:Spikenard
1080:18 March
1052:18 March
1013:18 March
865:11087600
822:24427929
781:40028864
738:(2000),
723:page 298
705:31775790
647:34339792
633:114446.
597:38042505
583:105764.
448:—
430:—
290:nardinum
237:alkaloid
193:rhizomes
157:). The "
151:Assyrian
111:valerian
61:muskroot
696:6882220
496:Inferno
478:Vatican
463:Iberian
461:In the
388:Culture
275:Apicius
265:History
213:incense
209:perfume
182:of the
99:perfume
77:in the
1191:Spices
1168:
863:
820:
779:
757:
746:
703:
693:
652:9 June
645:
602:9 June
595:
532:amomum
476:. The
366:(syn.
314:nardus
306:nardus
283:nardus
271:nardus
252:nardin
248:nardal
147:nálada
143:nárdos
139:νάρδος
135:nardus
93:, and
59:, and
57:nardin
777:S2CID
538:myrrh
490:nardo
453:14:3
445:head.
435:12:3
419:Then
296:Pliny
259:ester
211:, an
178:is a
159:spike
95:India
91:China
87:Nepal
1166:ISBN
1094:tr.
1082:2013
1054:2013
1015:2013
990:2020
965:2020
940:2020
915:2011
872:2023
861:PMID
818:PMID
755:ISBN
753:(US
744:ISBN
701:PMID
654:2024
643:PMID
604:2024
593:PMID
536:And
421:Mary
250:and
131:nard
107:nard
101:, a
73:, a
53:nard
1131:doi
1108:171
853:doi
808:doi
691:PMC
681:doi
635:doi
631:280
585:doi
581:172
503:'s
499:of
455:NIV
437:NIV
399:of
327:.
298:'s
292:).
85:of
1182::
1172:).
1160:,
1129:.
1125:.
1070:.
1038:.
998:^
973:^
948:^
923:^
891:.
880:^
859:.
849:63
847:.
843:.
816:.
802:.
798:.
775:.
699:.
689:.
677:15
675:.
671:.
641:.
629:.
625:.
591:.
579:.
575:.
509::
370:,
281:,
219:.
89:,
55:,
1143:.
1133::
1112:)
1110:.
1098:(
1084:.
1056:.
1017:.
992:.
967:.
942:.
917:.
895:.
874:.
855::
841:"
824:.
810::
804:8
783:.
707:.
683::
656:.
637::
623:"
606:.
587::
569:"
411:.
141:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
