864:
853:
173:
817:
42:
465:
in
Freiburg attracted particular attention. Hans Spemann suspended classes on June 6 and, with the deans in full regalia, went in a joint funeral procession with representatives of the student body and corporations to the train station, where they met with delegations of officers from Schlageter's
214:, the eldest son of publisher Wilhelm Spemann and his wife Lisinka, née Hoffman. After he left school in 1888 he spent a year in his father's business, then, in 1889–1890, he did military service in the Kassel Hussars followed by a short time as a bookseller in Hamburg. In 1891 he entered the
298:
performed similar experiments on sea urchin embryos, but instead of killing one of the two blastomeres he put many embryos in a tube and shook it to separate the cells. He reported that, contrary to Roux's findings, he ended up with completely formed but smaller embryos. The reason for this
421:
and others showed that organizers killed by boiling, fixing or freezing were also capable of causing induction. The conclusion was that the actual controllers were inert molecules, though little headway was made until the end of the 20th century in discovering how signalling took place.
382:, took place over several years and were published in full only in 1924. They described an area in the embryo, the portions of which, upon transplantation into a second embryo, organized or "induced" secondary embryonic primordia regardless of location. Spemann called these areas "
466:
former regiment and the German
Officers' Association and students from Schlageter's former high school. Upon the train's arrival, Spemann laid two wreaths, which were stowed in the semi-open baggage car decorated with flowers and emblazoned with
318:
As a master of micro-surgical technique, beginning with his continuing work on the amphibian eye, Spemann's papers in the early years of the 20th century on this vexed question were to be a great contribution to the development of experimental
202:, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's dissertation (although she objected) and won a Nobel Prize for her work.
453:(1938). He died of heart failure on 12 September 1941. He never lost his love of classical literature and, throughout his life, organized evening gatherings of friends to discuss art, literature, and philosophy.
747:
174:
429:, where he continued his line of enquiry until in 1937 he was relieved of his post to be replaced by one of his first students, Otto Mangold. He was elected an International Member of the United States
327:. Spemann found that one half could indeed form a whole embryo, but observed that the plane of division was crucial. This dispatched the theory of preformation and gave some support to the concept of a
283:. He wrote in his autobiography: "I found here a theory of heredity and development elaborated with uncommon perspicacity to its ultimate consequences.....This stimulated experimental work of my own".
770:
Ute Scherb: „Dem
Freiburger Studenten Alb. Leo Schlageter aus Schönau im Schwarzwald“. Heldenverehrung an der Universität Freiburg. In: Freiburger Universitätsblätter.38, No. 145 1999, pgs. 145–148.
290:, who had introduced the experimental manipulation of the embryo to discover the rules of development, performed a series of experiments in which he inserted a hot needle into one of two
2620:
2671:
895:
219:
2656:
2691:
2681:
299:
discrepancy has been widely attributed to
Driesch separating the two blastomeres completely rather than just killing one as Roux had done. Others, including
888:
2661:
2438:
904:
596:
229:
In 1892 Spemann married Klara Binder with whom he had a daughter (Margaret) and three sons (Fritz, Rudolph, Ulrich). In 1893–1894 he moved to the
881:
557:
639:
2696:
2396:
2385:
2370:
2351:
323:, causing him to be hailed in some quarters as the true founder of micro-surgery. He succeeded in dividing the cells with a noose of
307:, attempted to separate the two cells, for the matter was of great importance, particularly to the arguments between proponents of
237:, where he remained as a lecturer until 1908. His degree in zoology, botany, and physics, awarded in 1895, followed study under
2431:
2541:
908:
655:
Spemann, H.; Mangold, Hilde (1924-09-01). "über
Induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren".
442:
187:
117:
2676:
848:
2686:
426:
386:" or "organisers". Later he showed that different parts of the organiser centre produce different parts of the embryo.
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2424:
624:
580:
294:
to kill it. He then observed how the remaining blastomere developed, and found that it became a half embryo. In 1892
2268:
348:
218:
where he studied medicine, taking his preliminary examination in 1893. There he met the biologist and psychologist
2666:
2284:
1549:
1461:
233:
for clinical training but decided, rather than becoming a clinician, to move to the
Zoological Institute at the
2486:
976:
446:
2000:
2651:
2359:
2211:
2187:
821:
434:
1908:
698:
430:
780:
1111:
873:
844:
593:
2465:
1888:
1669:
2482:
1629:
1445:
1197:
1173:
550:
968:
234:
66:
2457:
1752:
797:
215:
167:
2564:
1597:
1425:
616:
470:. To the sounds of “I had a comrade”, the crowd swore Schlageter's motto "Heil, Sieg und Rache".
17:
1864:
1253:
554:
355:. Here he undertook the experiments that would make him famous. Drawing upon the recent work of
2522:
1748:
1609:
1390:
1314:
636:
445:
in 1933. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1935. He was elected an
International Member of the
259:, for his teaching diploma, the development of the middle ear in the frog. Spemann advocated a
1362:
1792:
1768:
1525:
1469:
1382:
1338:
1302:
1189:
1153:
491:
462:
2471:
1581:
1374:
1036:
2646:
2641:
1892:
1876:
1820:
1681:
1441:
1437:
1429:
308:
230:
575:
Hans
Spemann on Vitalism in Biology: Translation of a Portion of Spemann's "Autobiography"
8:
2195:
2032:
2024:
2016:
1976:
1916:
1880:
1840:
1729:
1593:
1346:
1099:
996:
940:
406:
360:
356:
328:
2260:
984:
2511:
2344:
2340:
2083:
1972:
1852:
1812:
1796:
1713:
1697:
1625:
1386:
1370:
1241:
1209:
1169:
863:
852:
680:
546:
410:
402:
300:
246:
2503:
2389:
2378:
2227:
2223:
2179:
2103:
2004:
1960:
1940:
1924:
1912:
1784:
1709:
1565:
1513:
1322:
1261:
1225:
1107:
1012:
672:
620:
418:
332:
2400:
1868:
1836:
1577:
684:
2336:
2324:
2316:
2300:
2199:
2012:
1984:
1928:
1804:
1621:
1493:
1465:
1354:
1181:
1145:
1119:
924:
832:
664:
242:
226:
and shown that, if the lens of a developing newt's eye is removed, it regenerates.
142:
2288:
2048:
473:
In 1935, at the end of
Spemann's acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, he gave a
449:
in 1937. His theory of embryonic induction by organisers is described in his book
2363:
2355:
2312:
2308:
2272:
2244:
2203:
2171:
2119:
1996:
1900:
1860:
1760:
1725:
1721:
1689:
1541:
1505:
1310:
1161:
1004:
840:
643:
600:
561:
501:
276:
1637:
2530:
2256:
2183:
2163:
2139:
2115:
2099:
2060:
2056:
1988:
1964:
1828:
1824:
1780:
1764:
1677:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1417:
1269:
1217:
1095:
1028:
486:
414:
368:
352:
253:
238:
147:
2635:
2416:
2404:
2252:
2219:
2131:
2036:
1936:
1705:
1693:
1657:
1605:
1585:
1557:
1533:
1517:
1485:
1453:
1330:
1020:
964:
722:
676:
549:
Professor and Head of the
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology at
496:
383:
375:
320:
304:
271:
During the winter of 1896, while quarantined in a sanitarium recovering from
195:
191:
802:. Pg 146. United Kingdom, St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2012
2374:
2328:
2276:
2167:
2143:
2127:
2107:
1952:
1808:
1776:
1653:
1569:
1553:
1537:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1221:
1201:
1080:
1072:
988:
394:
312:
295:
287:
272:
88:
903:
858:
828:
800:
Marie Curie and Her Daughters: The Private Lives of Science's First Family
2448:
2240:
2155:
2151:
2064:
2040:
1948:
1613:
1409:
1326:
956:
948:
932:
474:
291:
2091:
1350:
1298:
1245:
668:
573:
252:
For his Ph.D. thesis under Boveri, Spemann studied cell lineage in the
183:
135:
343:
Spemann was appointed Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at
2292:
1844:
398:
211:
62:
41:
2087:
526:
467:
390:
379:
364:
84:
389:
Despite his modern reputation, Spemann continued to entertain neo-
438:
344:
180:
99:
816:
324:
260:
222:
who had begun experiments on the embryological developments of
199:
223:
657:
Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik
553:, based on Spemann, 1943; Mangold, 1953; Hamburger, 1988.
441:. He was elected an International Honorary Member of the
437:
using amphibian embryos – one of the first moves towards
2672:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
286:
Results in embryology had been contradictory: in 1888
2657:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
425:From 1919 Spemann was Professor of Zoology at the
315:, but satisfactory results could not be achieved.
198:, an influence, exercised by various parts of the
611:Spemann's autobiography, quoted in V. Hamburger,
2633:
523:Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922–1941
518:
516:
347:in 1908 and, in 1914, associate director of the
867:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1935
378:, a Ph.D. candidate in Spemann's laboratory in
2446:
654:
2692:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2682:People educated at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium
2432:
889:
869:The Organizer-Effect in Embryonic Development
829:Explanation of the Spemann-Mangold experiment
513:
433:in 1925. In 1928 he was the first to perform
787:. June 5, 1933 – via content.time.com.
338:
2439:
2425:
896:
882:
862:
851:
615:: "Hans Spemann and the Organizer", 1988,
331:, a concept of which Spemann learned from
266:
2662:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
179:; 27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a
194:'s discovery of the effect now known as
727:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
613:The Heritage of Experimental Embryology
461:The commemoration of the 1923 death of
14:
2634:
841:Newspaper clippings about Hans Spemann
2420:
909:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
877:
594:Scientist Profile : Hans Spemann
443:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
393:"field" analyses similar to those of
188:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
166:
118:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
109:Embryonic induction and the Organiser
541:
539:
537:
535:
456:
281:The Germ Plasm: A Theory of Heredity
529:Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965
451:Embryonic Development and Induction
367:, grafting a "field" of cells (the
349:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Biology
24:
427:University of Freiburg-im-Breisgau
25:
2708:
2697:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
810:
581:Journal of the History of Biology
532:
405:. However, the follow-up work of
376:Hilde Proescholdt (later Mangold)
815:
371:) from one embryo onto another.
40:
791:
773:
764:
740:
715:
691:
648:
630:
605:
587:
566:
447:American Philosophical Society
374:The experiments, performed by
363:, he turned his skills to the
13:
1:
507:
435:somatic cell nuclear transfer
545:Monograph by Claudio Stern,
431:National Academy of Sciences
205:
7:
2001:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
845:20th Century Press Archives
798:Emling, Shelley.
572:Hamburger, Viktor. (1999).
480:
10:
2713:
2687:Scientists from Stuttgart
2677:Physicians of the Charité
2559:
2540:
2521:
2502:
2481:
2456:
2074:
1739:
1400:
1198:Charles Scott Sherrington
1174:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1136:
915:
781:"GERMANY: Schlageter Day"
551:University College London
210:Hans Spemann was born in
153:
141:
131:
124:
113:
105:
95:
73:
48:
39:
32:
2188:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
339:Induction and organizers
216:University of Heidelberg
190:in 1935 for his student
168:[ˈhansˈʃpeːˌman]
617:Oxford University Press
267:Experiments in ontogeny
2667:German Nobel laureates
2565:Nobel Prize recipients
2542:Physiology or Medicine
969:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
235:University of Würzburg
67:Kingdom of Württemberg
2466:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1470:Dickinson W. Richards
1154:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
824:at Wikimedia Commons
492:Developmental biology
463:Albert Leo Schlageter
263:approach to biology.
164:German pronunciation:
2652:German embryologists
1893:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1254:Albert Szent-Györgyi
752:search.amphilsoc.org
748:"APS Member History"
257:Strongylus paradoxus
231:University of Munich
2285:William C. Campbell
2196:Elizabeth Blackburn
2033:Robert F. Furchgott
2025:Stanley B. Prusiner
2017:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1917:George H. Hitchings
1881:Joseph L. Goldstein
1841:Bengt I. Samuelsson
1670:Earl Sutherland Jr.
637:Ethel Browne Harvey
407:Johannes Holtfreter
361:Ethel Browne Harvey
329:morphogenetic field
196:embryonic induction
27:German embryologist
2512:Carl von Ossietzky
2472:Irène Joliot-Curie
2345:William Kaelin Jr.
2341:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2084:Leland H. Hartwell
1973:Richard J. Roberts
1853:Barbara McClintock
1797:Godfrey Hounsfield
1698:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1630:Marshall Nirenberg
1598:Charles B. Huggins
1387:Tadeusz Reichstein
1375:António Egas Moniz
1170:Christiaan Eijkman
861:on Nobelprize.org
669:10.1007/bf02108133
642:2011-08-20 at the
599:2000-06-01 at the
560:2020-07-23 at the
411:Dorothy M. Needham
403:Harold Saxton Burr
301:Thomas Hunt Morgan
186:who was awarded a
2629:
2628:
2414:
2413:
2379:Ardem Patapoutian
2228:Ralph M. Steinman
2224:Jules A. Hoffmann
2212:Robert G. Edwards
2180:Harald zur Hausen
2104:H. Robert Horvitz
2005:Eric F. Wieschaus
1941:E. Donnall Thomas
1925:J. Michael Bishop
1913:Gertrude B. Elion
1785:Hamilton O. Smith
1710:Christian de Duve
1446:Frederick Robbins
1323:Alexander Fleming
1262:Corneille Heymans
1108:Frederick Banting
1013:Allvar Gullstrand
820:Media related to
703:www.nasonline.org
457:Support of Nazism
419:Conrad Waddington
384:organiser centres
333:Paul Alfred Weiss
157:
156:
126:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2704:
2567:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2392:
2381:
2366:
2360:Michael Houghton
2347:
2337:Gregg L. Semenza
2331:
2325:James P. Allison
2319:
2317:Michael W. Young
2303:
2301:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2295:
2279:
2263:
2261:Thomas C. Südhof
2247:
2235:
2214:
2206:
2200:Carol W. Greider
2190:
2174:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2094:
2067:
2051:
2043:
2027:
2019:
2013:Peter C. Doherty
2007:
1991:
1985:Alfred G. Gilman
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1929:Harold E. Varmus
1919:
1903:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1855:
1847:
1831:
1815:
1805:Baruj Benacerraf
1799:
1787:
1771:
1755:
1732:
1716:
1700:
1684:
1672:
1664:
1648:
1632:
1622:Robert W. Holley
1616:
1600:
1588:
1572:
1560:
1544:
1528:
1526:Georg von Békésy
1520:
1508:
1496:
1494:Joshua Lederberg
1480:
1472:
1466:Werner Forssmann
1456:
1448:
1432:
1420:
1412:
1393:
1377:
1365:
1357:
1355:Bernardo Houssay
1341:
1333:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1236:
1228:
1212:
1204:
1192:
1184:
1182:Karl Landsteiner
1176:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1146:Johannes Fibiger
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:Willem Einthoven
1114:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
985:Élie Metchnikoff
979:
977:Alphonse Laveran
971:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
898:
891:
884:
875:
874:
866:
855:
819:
805:
795:
789:
788:
777:
771:
768:
762:
761:
759:
758:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
719:
713:
712:
710:
709:
695:
689:
688:
663:(3–4): 599–638.
652:
646:
634:
628:
609:
603:
591:
585:
584:32 (2): 231-243.
570:
564:
543:
530:
520:
243:Julius von Sachs
178:
177:
176:
170:
165:
143:Doctoral advisor
80:
77:9 September 1941
58:
56:
44:
30:
29:
21:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2563:
2555:
2536:
2533:(Great Britain)
2517:
2498:
2477:
2452:
2445:
2415:
2410:
2395:
2384:
2369:
2364:Charles M. Rice
2356:Harvey J. Alter
2350:
2334:
2322:
2313:Michael Rosbash
2309:Jeffrey C. Hall
2306:
2298:
2282:
2273:May-Britt Moser
2266:
2250:
2245:Shinya Yamanaka
2238:
2217:
2209:
2204:Jack W. Szostak
2193:
2177:
2172:Oliver Smithies
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2120:Peter Mansfield
2113:
2108:John E. Sulston
2097:
2081:
2070:
2054:
2046:
2030:
2022:
2010:
1997:Edward B. Lewis
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1906:
1901:Susumu Tonegawa
1898:
1886:
1874:
1858:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1790:
1774:
1761:Roger Guillemin
1758:
1753:Daniel Gajdusek
1749:Baruch Blumberg
1746:
1735:
1726:Renato Dulbecco
1722:David Baltimore
1719:
1703:
1690:Karl von Frisch
1687:
1675:
1667:
1651:
1635:
1619:
1610:Haldan Hartline
1603:
1591:
1575:
1563:
1547:
1542:Maurice Wilkins
1531:
1523:
1511:
1506:Arthur Kornberg
1499:
1483:
1475:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1380:
1368:
1360:
1344:
1336:
1320:
1311:Joseph Erlanger
1308:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1239:
1231:
1215:
1207:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1167:
1162:Charles Nicolle
1159:
1151:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1005:Albrecht Kossel
1002:
994:
982:
974:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
911:
902:
837:Reviews article
813:
808:
796:
792:
779:
778:
774:
769:
765:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
732:
730:
721:
720:
716:
707:
705:
697:
696:
692:
653:
649:
644:Wayback Machine
635:
631:
619:, Oxford, p. 9
610:
606:
601:Wayback Machine
592:
588:
571:
567:
562:Wayback Machine
544:
533:
521:
514:
510:
502:August Weismann
483:
459:
357:Warren H. Lewis
341:
277:August Weismann
275:, Spemann read
269:
247:Wilhelm Röntgen
208:
172:
171:
163:
91:
82:
78:
69:
60:
54:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2531:James Chadwick
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:Katalin Karikó
2393:
2382:
2367:
2348:
2332:
2320:
2304:
2296:
2280:
2264:
2257:Randy Schekman
2248:
2236:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2184:Luc Montagnier
2175:
2164:Mario Capecchi
2159:
2147:
2140:Barry Marshall
2135:
2123:
2116:Paul Lauterbur
2111:
2100:Sydney Brenner
2095:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:Paul Greengard
2057:Arvid Carlsson
2052:
2044:
2028:
2020:
2008:
1992:
1989:Martin Rodbell
1980:
1968:
1965:Edwin G. Krebs
1961:Edmond Fischer
1956:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1909:James W. Black
1904:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1869:César Milstein
1865:Georges Köhler
1856:
1848:
1837:Sune Bergström
1832:
1829:Torsten Wiesel
1825:David H. Hubel
1816:
1800:
1788:
1781:Daniel Nathans
1772:
1765:Andrew Schally
1756:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1717:
1701:
1685:
1678:Gerald Edelman
1673:
1665:
1662:Julius Axelrod
1649:
1646:Salvador Luria
1642:Alfred Hershey
1633:
1617:
1601:
1589:
1578:François Jacob
1573:
1561:
1545:
1529:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1481:
1473:
1462:André Cournand
1457:
1449:
1433:
1421:
1418:Selman Waksman
1413:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1383:Edward Kendall
1378:
1366:
1358:
1342:
1339:Hermann Muller
1334:
1318:
1315:Herbert Gasser
1306:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1270:Gerhard Domagk
1265:
1257:
1249:
1237:
1229:
1226:William Murphy
1218:George Whipple
1213:
1205:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1103:
1096:Archibald Hill
1091:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1029:Charles Richet
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
980:
972:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
919:
917:
913:
912:
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
872:
871:
856:
838:
812:
811:External links
809:
807:
806:
790:
772:
763:
739:
723:"Hans Spemann"
714:
699:"Hans Spemann"
690:
647:
629:
604:
586:
565:
555:bioinfo.org.cn
531:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Theodor Boveri
482:
479:
458:
455:
415:Joseph Needham
369:Primitive knot
353:Dahlem, Berlin
340:
337:
268:
265:
254:parasitic worm
239:Theodor Boveri
207:
204:
155:
154:
151:
150:
148:Theodor Boveri
145:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:Known for
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
83:
81:(aged 72)
75:
71:
70:
61:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2709:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2406:
2405:Drew Weissman
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:Satoshi Ōmura
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:James Rothman
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Bruce Beutler
2216:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2132:Linda B. Buck
2129:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2049:Günter Blobel
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:Louis Ignarro
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:Phillip Sharp
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:Joseph Murray
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:Stanley Cohen
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:Michael Brown
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:Allan Cormack
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1769:Rosalyn Yalow
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1714:George Palade
1711:
1707:
1706:Albert Claude
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:Konrad Lorenz
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:Rodney Porter
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:Ulf von Euler
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:Ragnar Granit
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:Jacques Monod
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:Andrew Huxley
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:Francis Crick
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1518:Peter Medawar
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:George Beadle
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1454:Hugo Theorell
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:Thomas Weller
1439:
1434:
1431:
1430:Fritz Lipmann
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1331:Howard Florey
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1210:Thomas Morgan
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1100:Otto Meyerhof
1097:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1037:Róbert Bárány
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:Alexis Carrel
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1001:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
973:
970:
966:
965:Camillo Golgi
961:
958:
953:
950:
945:
942:
937:
934:
929:
926:
921:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
876:
870:
865:
860:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
835:
830:
827:
826:
825:
823:
818:
803:
801:
794:
786:
782:
776:
767:
753:
749:
743:
728:
724:
718:
704:
700:
694:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:(in German).
658:
651:
645:
641:
638:
633:
626:
625:0-19-505110-6
622:
618:
614:
608:
602:
598:
595:
590:
583:
582:
577:
576:
569:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
542:
540:
538:
536:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
503:
500:
498:
497:Morphogenesis
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:morphogenesis
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:Oscar Hertwig
302:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
264:
262:
258:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
203:
201:
197:
193:
192:Hilde Mangold
189:
185:
182:
175:
169:
161:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
76:
72:
68:
64:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2595:
2550:Hans Spemann
2549:
2390:Svante Pääbo
2375:David Julius
2329:Tasuku Honjo
2277:Edvard Moser
2269:John O'Keefe
2232:posthumously
2231:
2168:Martin Evans
2144:Robin Warren
2128:Richard Axel
2075:2001–present
1953:Bert Sakmann
1821:Roger Sperry
1813:George Snell
1809:Jean Dausset
1777:Werner Arber
1730:Howard Temin
1654:Bernard Katz
1638:Max Delbrück
1594:Francis Rous
1570:Feodor Lynen
1566:Konrad Bloch
1554:Alan Hodgkin
1538:James Watson
1514:Frank Burnet
1502:Severo Ochoa
1490:Edward Tatum
1478:Daniel Bovet
1391:Philip Hench
1303:Edward Doisy
1234:Hans Spemann
1233:
1222:George Minot
1202:Edgar Adrian
1190:Otto Warburg
1112:John Macleod
1081:August Krogh
1073:Jules Bordet
989:Paul Ehrlich
941:Niels Finsen
925:Emil Behring
868:
859:Hans Spemann
833:
822:Hans Spemann
814:
799:
793:
784:
775:
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
731:. Retrieved
729:. 2023-02-10
726:
717:
706:. Retrieved
702:
693:
660:
656:
650:
632:
612:
607:
589:
579:
574:
568:
522:
472:
460:
450:
424:
395:Hans Driesch
388:
373:
342:
317:
313:preformation
296:Hans Driesch
288:Wilhelm Roux
285:
280:
273:tuberculosis
270:
256:
251:
228:
220:Gustav Wolff
209:
184:embryologist
160:Hans Spemann
159:
158:
125:
79:(1941-09-09)
59:27 June 1869
34:Hans Spemann
2647:1941 deaths
2642:1869 births
2449:Nobel Prize
2241:John Gurdon
2156:Craig Mello
2152:Andrew Fire
2065:Eric Kandel
2041:Ferid Murad
1949:Erwin Neher
1861:Niels Jerne
1626:Har Khorana
1614:George Wald
1582:André Lwoff
1550:John Eccles
1438:John Enders
1410:Max Theiler
1371:Walter Hess
1363:Paul Müller
1327:Ernst Chain
997:Emil Kocher
957:Robert Koch
949:Ivan Pavlov
933:Ronald Ross
547:J. Z. Young
475:Nazi salute
292:blastomeres
96:Nationality
2636:Categories
2483:Literature
2092:Paul Nurse
1426:Hans Krebs
1351:Gerty Cori
1299:Henrik Dam
1246:Otto Loewi
1242:Henry Dale
757:2023-05-22
733:2023-05-22
708:2023-05-22
508:References
309:epigenesis
136:Embryology
55:1869-06-27
2552:(Germany)
2514:(Germany)
2458:Chemistry
2451:laureates
2293:Tu Youyou
1845:John Vane
1740:1976–2000
1401:1951–1975
1347:Carl Cori
1137:1926–1950
916:1901–1925
905:Laureates
677:0365-4125
468:swastikas
399:Gurwitsch
325:baby hair
279:'s book
212:Stuttgart
206:Biography
63:Stuttgart
2474:(France)
2468:(France)
2088:Tim Hunt
685:12605303
640:Archived
597:Archived
558:Archived
527:Elsevier
481:See also
391:vitalist
380:Freiburg
365:gastrula
261:holistic
85:Freiburg
2523:Physics
907:of the
847:of the
843:in the
831:from a
439:cloning
345:Rostock
89:Germany
18:Spemann
2335:2019:
2323:2018:
2307:2017:
2299:2016:
2283:2015:
2267:2014:
2251:2013:
2239:2012:
2218:2011:
2210:2010:
2194:2009:
2178:2008:
2162:2007:
2150:2006:
2138:2005:
2126:2004:
2114:2003:
2098:2002:
2082:2001:
2055:2000:
2047:1999:
2031:1998:
2023:1997:
2011:1996:
1995:1995:
1983:1994:
1971:1993:
1959:1992:
1947:1991:
1935:1990:
1923:1989:
1907:1988:
1899:1987:
1887:1986:
1875:1985:
1859:1984:
1851:1983:
1835:1982:
1819:1981:
1803:1980:
1791:1979:
1775:1978:
1759:1977:
1747:1976:
1720:1975:
1704:1974:
1688:1973:
1676:1972:
1668:1971:
1652:1970:
1636:1969:
1620:1968:
1604:1967:
1592:1966:
1576:1965:
1564:1964:
1548:1963:
1532:1962:
1524:1961:
1512:1960:
1500:1959:
1484:1958:
1476:1957:
1460:1956:
1452:1955:
1436:1954:
1424:1953:
1416:1952:
1408:1951:
1381:1950:
1369:1949:
1361:1948:
1345:1947:
1337:1946:
1321:1945:
1309:1944:
1297:1943:
1268:1939:
1260:1938:
1252:1937:
1240:1936:
1232:1935:
1216:1934:
1208:1933:
1196:1932:
1188:1931:
1180:1930:
1168:1929:
1160:1928:
1152:1927:
1144:1926:
1118:1924:
1106:1923:
1094:1922:
1079:1920:
1071:1919:
1035:1914:
1027:1913:
1019:1912:
1011:1911:
1003:1910:
995:1909:
983:1908:
975:1907:
963:1906:
955:1905:
947:1904:
939:1903:
931:1902:
923:1901:
834:Nature
683:
675:
623:
200:embryo
181:German
132:Fields
120:(1935)
114:Awards
100:German
2596:1935
2504:Peace
2447:1935
681:S2CID
224:newts
2621:1940
2616:1939
2611:1938
2606:1937
2601:1936
2591:1934
2586:1933
2581:1932
2576:1931
2571:1930
2495:None
2487:1935
2397:2023
2386:2022
2371:2021
2352:2020
1291:1942
1284:1941
1277:1940
1127:1925
1088:1921
1065:1918
1058:1917
1051:1916
1044:1915
785:Time
673:ISSN
621:ISBN
413:and
401:and
359:and
311:and
303:and
245:and
74:Died
49:Born
849:ZBW
665:doi
661:100
351:at
2638::
2403:/
2399::
2388::
2377:/
2373::
2362:/
2358:/
2354::
2343:/
2339:/
2327:/
2315:/
2311:/
2291:/
2287:/
2275:/
2271:/
2259:/
2255:/
2243:/
2226:/
2222:/
2202:/
2198:/
2186:/
2182:/
2170:/
2166:/
2154:/
2142:/
2130:/
2118:/
2106:/
2102:/
2090:/
2086:/
2063:/
2059:/
2039:/
2035:/
2015:/
2003:/
1999:/
1987:/
1975:/
1963:/
1951:/
1939:/
1927:/
1915:/
1911:/
1891:/
1879:/
1867:/
1863:/
1843:/
1839:/
1827:/
1823:/
1811:/
1807:/
1795:/
1783:/
1779:/
1767:/
1763:/
1751:/
1728:/
1724:/
1712:/
1708:/
1696:/
1692:/
1680:/
1660:/
1656:/
1644:/
1640:/
1628:/
1624:/
1612:/
1608:/
1596:/
1584:/
1580:/
1568:/
1556:/
1552:/
1540:/
1536:/
1516:/
1504:/
1492:/
1488:/
1468:/
1464:/
1444:/
1440:/
1428:/
1389:/
1385:/
1373:/
1353:/
1349:/
1329:/
1325:/
1313:/
1301:/
1244:/
1224:/
1220:/
1200:/
1172:/
1110:/
1098:/
987:/
967:/
783:.
750:.
725:.
701:.
679:.
671:.
578:.
534:^
525:,
515:^
477:.
417:,
409:,
397:,
335:.
249:.
241:,
87:,
65:,
2489:)
2485:(
2440:e
2433:t
2426:v
2234:)
2230:(
897:e
890:t
883:v
804:.
760:.
736:.
711:.
687:.
667::
627:.
162:(
57:)
53:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
