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explain, for example, the behavior of a liquid by examining its component molecules, atoms, ions or electrons. A methodological holist, on the other hand, believes there is something misguided about this approach; one proponent, a condensed matter physicist, puts it: âthe most important advances in this area come about by the emergence of qualitatively new concepts at the intermediate or macroscopic levelsâconcepts which, one hopes, will be compatible with oneâs information about the microscopic constituents, but which are in no sense logically dependent on it.â This perspective is considered a conventional attitude among contemporary physicists. In another sense, holism is a metaphysical claim that the nature of a system is not determined by the properties of its component parts. There are three varieties of this sense of physical holism.
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states that these holistic properties are only meaningful in experimental contexts when physical systems are under observation and that these systems, when not under observation, cannot be said to have meaningful properties, even if these properties took place outside our observation. While Bohr claims these holistic properties exist only insofar as they can be observed, Bohm took his ontological holism one step further by claiming these properties must exist
129:. Finally, Smuts used holism to explain the concrete (nontranscendent) nature of the universe in general. In his words, holism is "the ultimate synthetic, ordering, organizing, regulative activity in the universe which accounts for all the structural groupings and syntheses in it." Smuts argued that a holistic view of the universe explains its processes and their evolution more effectively than a reductive view.
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effects in biological networks is better addressed by observing, through quantitative measures, multiple components simultaneously and by rigorous data integration with mathematical models." The objective in systems biology is to advance models of the interactions in a system. Holistic approaches to modelling have involved cellular modelling strategies, genomic interaction analysis, and phenotype prediction.
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384:, education, and healthcare, to refer to ways of life that either supplement or replace conventional practices. In these contexts, holism is not necessarily a rigorous or well-defined methodology for obtaining a particular lifestyle outcome. It is sometimes simply an adjective to describe practices which account for factors that standard forms of these practices may discount, especially in the context of
278:, reductionism is typically referred to as atomism. Specifically, atomism states that each word's meaning is independent and so there are no emergent properties within a language. Additionally, there is meaning molecularism which states that a change in one word alters the meaning of only a relatively small set of other words.
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to be a part of a system under observation, besides the basic physical parts themselves. His theory agrees with Bohm that whole systems were not merely composed of their parts and it identifies properties such as position and momentum as those of whole systems beyond those of its components. But Bohr
191:
In one sense, holism for physics is a perspective about the best way to understand the nature of a physical system. In this sense, holism is the methodological claim that systems are accurately understood according to their properties as a whole. A methodological reductionist in physics might seek to
119:
to support an accidental view of natural processes within the universe. Smuts perceived evolution as the process of nature correcting itself creatively and intentionally. In this way, holism is described as the tendency of a whole system to creatively respond to environmental stressors, a process in
311:
Many types of communication would be directly affected by the principles of meaning holism such as informative communication, language learning, and communication about psychological states. Nevertheless, some meaning holists maintain that the instability of meaning holism is an acceptable feature
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and leaves statements with potentially ambiguous meanings. The second criticism claims that meaning holism makes meaning in language unstable. If some words must be used to infer the meaning of other words, then in order to communicate a message, the sender and the receiver must share an identical
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suggests that the meaning of individual words depends on the meaning of other words, forming a large web of interconnections. In general, meaning holism states that the properties which determine the meaning of a word are connected such that if the meaning of one word changes, the meaning of every
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seriously upon its initial publication in 1926 and the work has received criticism for a lack of theoretical coherence. Some biological scientists, however, did offer favorable assessments shortly after its first print. Over time, the meaning of the word holism became most closely associated with
79:. While he never assigned a consistent meaning to the word, Smuts used holism to represent at least three features of reality. First, holism claims that every scientifically measurable thing, either physical or psychological, does possess a nature as a whole beyond its parts. His examples include
1190:
Snoep, Jacky L; Westerhoff, Hans V (2005). "From isolation to integration, a systems biology approach for building the
Silicon Cell". In Alberghina, Lilia; Westerhoff, Hans V (eds.). Systems Biology: Definitions and Perspectives. Topics in Current Genetics. Vol. 13. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp.
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and structures only in terms of their component parts. "The reductionist approach has successfully identified most of the components and many of the interactions but, unfortunately, offers no convincing concepts or methods to understand how system properties emerge...the pluralism of causes and
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and, especially, instability of meaning. The first claims that meaning holism conflicts with the compositionality of language. Meaning in some languages is compositional in that meaning comes from the structure of an expression's parts. Meaning holism suggests that the meaning of words plays an
238:(1917-1992) supports this view head-on. Bohm believed that a complete description of the universe would have to go beyond a simple list of all its particles and their positions, there would also have to be a physical quantum field associated with the properties of those particles
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Karr, Jonathan R.; Sanghvi, Jayodita C.; Macklin, Derek N.; Gutschow, Miriam V.; Jacobs, Jared M.; Bolival, Benjamin; Assad-Garcia, Nacyra; Glass, John I.; Covert, Markus W. (July 2012). "A Whole-Cell
Computational Model Predicts Phenotype from Genotype". Cell. 150 (2): 389â401.
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Chiara
Romualdi; Gerolamo Lanfranchi (2009). "Statistical Tools for Gene Expression Analysis and Systems Biology and Related Web Resources". In Stephen Krawetz (ed.). Bioinformatics for Systems Biology (2nd ed.). Humana Press. pp. 181â205. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-440-7_11. ISBN
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other word in the web changes as well. The set of words that alter in meaning due to a change in the meaning of some other is not necessarily specified in meaning holism, but typically such a change is taken straightforwardly to affect the meaning of every word in the language.
179:," or nonseparable from each other, when a meaningful analysis of one system is indistinguishable from that of the other. There are different conceptions of nonseparability in physics and its exploration is considered to broadly present insight into the
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a meaning of "less than 3 ounces." Since holistic views of meaning assume meaning depends on which words are used and how those words infer meaning onto other words, rather than how they are structured, meaning holism stands in conflict with
293:. While this holistic approach attempts to resolve a classical problem for the philosophy of language concerning how words convey meaning, there is debate over its validity mostly from two angles of criticism: opposition to
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supports his idea of creative evolution as opposed to purely accidental development in nature. Smuts believed that this creative process was intrinsic within all physical systems of parts and ruled out indirect,
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Sauer, Uwe; Heinemann, Matthias; Zamboni, Nicola (27 April 2007). "Genetics: Getting Closer to the Whole
Picture". Science. 316 (5824): 550â551. doi:10.1126/science.1142502. PMID 17463274. S2CID 42448991.
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holists make this point simply by suggesting we often do not actually share identical inferential assumptions but instead rely on context to counter differences of inference and support communication.
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that systems containing parts contain no unique properties beyond those parts. Proponents of holism consider the search for emergent properties within systems to be demonstrative of their perspective.
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and accepts its holistic assumptions. Systems medicine takes the systems of the human body as made up of a complete whole and uses this as a starting point in its research and, ultimately, treatment.
95:
but instead connect and represent the holistic idea of a person. In his second sense, Smuts referred to holism as the cause of evolution. He argued that evolution is neither an
41:
fields and lifestyle practices. When applications of holism are said to reveal properties of a whole system beyond those of its parts, these qualities are referred to as
33:
possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to
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properties beyond the composition of its physical parts, but that there are concrete properties aside from those of its basic physical parts. Theoretical physicist
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L. Getz, A.L. Kirkengen, E. Ulvestad, Menneskets biologi - mettet med erfaring, Tidsskr. Den Nor. Laegeforening. 7 (2011) 683â687. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.10.0874.
778:
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Quine, W.V., 1951, âTwo dogmas of empiricismâ, reprinted in W.V. Quine, 1953, From a logical point of view, Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, pp. 20â46
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P. Jensen, Transgenerational epigenetic effects on animal behaviour, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 113 (2013) 447â454. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.01.001.
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Block, N., 1986, âAdvertisement for a
Semantics for Psychologyâ, Midwest Studies in Philosophy (Studies in the Philosophy of Mind), 10: 615â678.
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Dummett, M., 1976, âWhat is a Theory of
Meaning? (II)â, reprinted in M. Dummett, The Seas of Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, 44
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Hempel, C.G., 1950, âProblems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaningâ, Revue internationale de
Philosophie, 41(11): 41â63.
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which parts naturally work together to bring the whole into more advanced states. Smuts used
Pavlovian studies to argue that the
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Jackman, Henry, "Meaning Holism", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
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Jackman, Henry, "Meaning Holism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
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The linguistic perspective of meaning holism is traced back to Quine but was subsequently formalized by analytic philosophers
246:(1885-1962), on the other hand, held ontological holism from an epistemological angle, rather than a literal one. Bohr saw an
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cannot be regarded as holistic, as the behavior of individual parts represents the whole. However, the state of a system in
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37:, is often given as a glib summary of this proposal. The concept of holism can inform the methodology for a broad array of
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resists a certain kind of reductive analysis. For example, two spatially separated quantum systems are described as "
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Systems biology aims to understand how genes and proteins function together to form organisms like this animal cell.
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Systems medicine considers holism to better understand part-whole relationships as with microbial-host coevolution.
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1953:
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Dresner, E., 2002, âHolism, Language Acquisition and Algebraic Logicâ, Linguistics and Philosophy, 25(4): 419â52.
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167:. Holism in physics is the nonseparability of physical systems from their parts, especially quantum phenomena.
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their trajectories. Bohm's ontological holism concerning the nature of whole physical systems was literal. But
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Fodor, J., 1987, Psychosemantics: The Problem of Meaning in the Philosophy of Mind, Cambridge: MIT Press.
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
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Jönsson, M., 2014, âSemantic Holism and Language Learningâ, Journal of Philosophical Logic, 43: 725â59.
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Nomological holism: some systems follow physical laws beyond the laws followed by their physical parts
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Field, H., 1977, âLogic, Meaning and Conceptual Roleâ, The Journal of Philosophy, LXXIV(7): 379â409.
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Bohr, N., 1934, Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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In scientific disciplines, reductionism is the opposing viewpoint to holism. But in the context of
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Pagin, P., 1997, âIs Compositionality Compatible with Holism?â Mind & Language, 12(1): 11â33.
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set of inferential assumptions or beliefs. If these beliefs were different, meaning may be lost.
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Fodor, J. & E. Lepore 2002, The Compositionality Papers, New York: Oxford University Press.
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91:. Smuts discussed this sense of holism in his claim that an individual's body and mind are not
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Some remarks on the evolution of Bohm's proposals for an alternative to quantum mechanics
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Leggett, A. J., 1987, p.113, The Problems of Physics, New York: Oxford University Press.
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Bohm, D., 1980, Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
580:"Whole is greater than the sum of its parts â Lancaster Glossary of Child Development"
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Smuts considered natural processes (such as evolution) to contain emergent properties.
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C.L. Morgan, Holism and Evolution by J. C. Smuts , J. Philos. Stud. 2 (1927) 93â97.
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Harman, G., 1993, âMeaning Holism Defendedâ, in Fodor and Lepore 1993, pp. 163â171.
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The advent of holism in the 20th century coincided with the gradual development of
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Jackman, Henry, "Meaning Holism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, URL =
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Property holism: some systems have properties independent of their physical parts
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Smuts' first conception of the term, yet without any metaphysical commitments to
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Fodor, J. & E. Lepore, 1992, Holism: A Shoppers Guide, Cambridge: Blackwell.
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Sellars, W., 1974, âMeaning as Functional Classificationâ, Synthese, 27: 417â37.
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Smuts, J.C. 1926. Holism and Evolution. P. 317. New York: The Macmillan Company.
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Ontological holism: some systems are not merely composed of their physical parts
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Fodor, J. & E. Lepore 1992, Holism: A Shoppers Guide, Cambridge: Blackwell.
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Bohm, D. and Hiley, B.J., 1993, The Undivided Universe, New York: Routledge.
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Seevnick, M.P. (2004), "Holism, physical theories and quantum mechanics",
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of that system. Holism in all contexts is often placed in opposition to
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Forms of Quantum Nonseparability and Related Philosophical Consequences
835:(Spring 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
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Professional philosophers of science and linguistics did not consider
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Jan Smuts and Personality Theory: The Problem of Holism in Psychology
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The metaphysical claim does not assert that physical systems involve
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https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/meaning-holism/notes.html#note-16
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Scientific applications of holism within biology are referred to as
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https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/meaning-holism/
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https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/meaning-holism/
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For a definition of the suffix "-holism", see the Wiktionary entry
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https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qm-copenhagen/
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The term holism is also sometimes used in the context of various
539:, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition),
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inferential role in the meaning of other words: "pet fish" might
222:(e+) within a quantum field that could be described in terms of
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force, such as a God. Smuts criticized writers who emphasized
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Ambihemispherical Holosophyâs 12 Translucidly Mindful Words
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doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.044. PMC 3413483. PMID 22817898.
145:, or similar concepts which can be inferred from his work.
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Bilgrami, A. 1992, Belief and Meaning, Oxford: Blackwell.
336:. The opposing analytical approach of systems biology is
655:. Vol. 7. Univ of Toronto Press. pp. 288â297.
735:, European Journal of Integrative Medicine, Elsevier,
952:(Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
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13â30. doi:10.1007/b106456. ISBN 978-3-540-22968-1.
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A critical analysis of J.C. Smuts' theory of holism
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939:"Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics"
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312:from several different angles. In one example,
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652:Jan Christian Smuts and His Doctrine of Holism
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2002:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
950:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
833:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
829:"Holism and Nonseparability in Physics"
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16:A system as a whole, not just its parts
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1357:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
629:Smuts 1. The Sanguine Years, 1870-1919
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802:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3745387
566:The Political Economy of Health Care
533:Jackman, Henry (15 September 2014),
631:, Cambridge Univ Press, p. 304
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29:is the interdisciplinary idea that
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1634:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
543:from the original on 14 April 2023
158:
14:
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1962:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1946:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
1802:The Course in Positive Philosophy
1233:
649:Brush, Francis W. (1984). "4.1".
414:Holism in ecological anthropology
122:inheritance of behavioral changes
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69:The term "holism" was coined by
1954:History and Class Consciousness
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784:from the original on 2023-04-07
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667:from the original on 2023-04-14
600:David Deutsch (14 April 2011).
1818:Critical History of Philosophy
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856:Karakostas, Vassilios (2004),
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2026:Knowledge and Human Interests
1362:Rankean historical positivism
831:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
768:Shelley, Christopher (2005),
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73:(1870â1950) in his 1926 book
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1810:A General View of Positivism
101:brought about by the actions
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2010:Conjectures and Refutations
1842:The Logic of Modern Physics
1659:Deductive-nomological model
777:, University of Cape Town,
512:10.1016/j.shpsb.2004.08.001
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364:is a practical approach to
214:illustrates the path of an
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49:, a dominant notion in the
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1970:The Poverty of Historicism
1866:The Universe in a Nutshell
1850:Language, Truth, and Logic
1834:The Analysis of Sensations
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606:. Penguin Books Limited.
1986:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1703:Structural functionalism
1629:Naturalism in literature
2113:Willard Van Orman Quine
1826:Idealism and Positivism
1418:Critique of metaphysics
1352:Sociological positivism
1220:Susanne Steines :
338:biological organization
248:observational apparatus
149:Scientific applications
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1639:Objectivity in science
1537:Non-Euclidean geometry
1503:Methodological dualism
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627:Hancock, W.K. (1962),
441:aka Theoretical holism
372:Lifestyle applications
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276:philosophy of language
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2034:The Poverty of Theory
1654:Philosophy of science
1543:Uncertainty principle
603:The Fabric of Reality
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87:, or an individual's
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51:philosophy of science
2042:The Scientific Image
1713:Structuration theory
1676:Qualitative research
1577:Criticism of science
1572:Critical rationalism
1508:Problem of induction
1248:at Wikimedia Commons
661:10.3138/uram.7.4.288
409:Holism and Evolution
386:alternative medicine
134:Holism and Evolution
93:completely separated
76:Holism and Evolution
2018:One-Dimensional Man
1466:Geisteswissenschaft
1449:Confirmation holism
504:2004SHPMP..35..693S
399:Confirmation holism
380:practices, such as
127:transcendent forces
43:emergent properties
2093:Hans-Georg Gadamer
1894:Alexander Bogdanov
1770:Positivismusstreit
1565:Post-behavioralism
1529:history of science
1381:Principal concepts
1337:Logical positivism
1201:978-1-59745-440-7.
1115:2023-04-15 at the
1096:2023-04-14 at the
988:2023-04-14 at the
959:2022-11-28 at the
944:2019-10-05 at the
928:, 30 January 2010.
924:2019-11-04 at the
807:2023-04-15 at the
424:Holon (philosophy)
419:Holistic education
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342:biological systems
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1884:Richard Avenarius
1760:Werturteilsstreit
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1669:Sense-data theory
1367:Polish positivism
1342:Positivist school
1244:Media related to
613:978-0-14-196961-9
561:Julian Tudor Hart
224:Bohmian mechanics
169:Classical physics
165:quantum mechanics
117:genetic variation
113:natural selection
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1994:Truth and Method
1978:World Hypotheses
1858:The Two Cultures
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32:
28:
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2016:
2008:
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1968:
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1800:
1784:Science wars
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1582:Epistemology
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1473:Hermeneutics
1325:Declinations
1301:Antihumanism
1294:Perspectives
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977:
968:
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911:
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893:
884:
874:, retrieved
858:
851:
841:, retrieved
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786:, retrieved
770:
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744:, retrieved
728:
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700:
669:. Retrieved
651:
628:
622:
602:
595:
584:. Retrieved
582:. 2019-05-22
574:
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545:, retrieved
535:
528:
485:
481:
475:
455:Reductionism
375:
360:
331:
313:
310:
299:
280:
269:
262:
229:
190:
162:
133:
131:
111:concepts of
105:transcendant
74:
68:
47:reductionism
26:
25:
2139:Objectivity
2108:Karl Popper
2098:Thomas Kuhn
2078:Mario Bunge
1829:(1879â1884)
1764:(1909â1959)
1498:Metaphysics
1478:Historicism
1393:Demarcation
1388:Consilience
1311:Rationalism
937:Faye, Jan,
569:pp.106, 258
434:Isomorphism
404:Emergentism
287:Jerry Fodor
272:linguistics
259:Linguistics
218:(eâ) and a
181:ontological
89:personality
2194:Categories
1919:Ernst Mach
1914:Ernst Laas
1889:A. J. Ayer
1877:Proponents
1696:Philosophy
1493:Humanities
1437:Antitheses
1306:Empiricism
1283:Positivism
876:2023-04-15
843:2022-09-28
788:2023-04-15
746:2023-04-15
671:2023-04-15
586:2024-02-21
488:(4): 693,
467:References
314:contextual
253:regardless
244:Niels Bohr
236:David Bohm
99:nor is it
57:Background
39:scientific
2225:Jan Smuts
2220:Emergence
2160:Verstehen
2146:Phronesis
2134:Knowledge
2118:Max Weber
1938:Criticism
1686:Sociology
1624:Modernism
1602:pluralism
1587:anarchism
1483:Historism
1403:Induction
1316:Scientism
690:ignored (
680:cite book
445:Mereology
378:lifestyle
183:problem.
177:entangled
109:Darwinian
71:Jan Smuts
35:Aristotle
2181:Category
1597:nihilism
1592:idealism
1522:Related
1398:Evidence
1113:Archived
1094:Archived
986:Archived
957:Archived
942:Archived
922:Archived
867:archived
837:archived
805:Archived
779:archived
737:archived
665:Archived
547:15 April
541:archived
429:Holarchy
392:See also
232:abstract
220:positron
216:electron
187:Variants
103:of some
97:accident
2061:Critics
1786:(1990s)
1780:(1980s)
1774:(1960s)
1754:(1890s)
1607:realism
1539:(1830s)
1527:in the
563:(2010)
520:7081965
500:Bibcode
382:dieting
320:Biology
274:or the
240:guiding
154:Physics
143:dualism
31:systems
21:-holism
2200:Holism
2053:(1986)
2045:(1980)
2037:(1978)
2029:(1968)
2021:(1964)
2013:(1963)
2005:(1962)
1997:(1960)
1989:(1951)
1981:(1942)
1973:(1936)
1965:(1934)
1957:(1923)
1949:(1909)
1869:(2001)
1861:(1959)
1853:(1936)
1845:(1927)
1837:(1886)
1821:(1869)
1813:(1848)
1805:(1830)
1741:Method
1614:Holism
1545:(1927)
1246:Holism
610:
518:
450:Monism
289:, and
139:monism
27:Holism
2153:Truth
870:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
782:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
740:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
516:S2CID
490:arXiv
300:infer
210:This
85:cells
81:atoms
692:help
608:ISBN
549:2023
115:and
657:doi
508:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
