270:
2562:
521:. The Artificial system can be defined as a "consistent formalized system which contains elementary arithmetic". These fundamental assumptions are not inherently deleterious, but they must by definition be assumed as true, and if they are actually false then the system is not as structurally integral as is assumed (i.e. it is evident that if the initial expression is false, then the artificial system is not a "consistent formalized system"). For example, in
2574:
46:
2586:
265:
There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but their behavior can be interpreted as purposeful by an observer. Human-made systems are made with various purposes that are achieved by some action performed by or with the system. The parts of
421:
A subsystem description is a system object that contains information defining the characteristics of an operating environment controlled by the system. The data tests are performed to verify the correctness of the individual subsystem configuration data (e.g. MA Length, Static Speed
Profile, âŠ) and
140:, in regard to the system's ability to do work when heat is applied to it. The working substance could be put in contact with either a boiler, a cold reservoir (a stream of cold water), or a piston (on which the working body could do work by pushing on it). In 1850, the German physicist
329:
that is a process or collection of processes that transform inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced. The concept of input and output here is very broad. For example, an output of a passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.
877:, contending that any complex system could be broken down into five concentric rings. Each ringâleadership, processes, infrastructure, population and action unitsâcould be used to isolate key elements of any system that needed change. The model was used effectively by
514:, while artificial systems include man-made physical structures, hybrids of natural and artificial systems, and conceptual knowledge. The human elements of organization and functions are emphasized with their relevant abstract systems and representations.
659:, which argues that an over-large focus on systems and structures can obscure the role of individual agency in social interactions. Systems-based models of international relations also underlie the vision of the international sphere held by the
761:
recognize systems in models of individual humans and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social and cultural behavioral patterns.
165:
models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relation or 'forces' between them.
717:
or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect
517:
Artificial systems inherently have a major defect: they must be premised on one or more fundamental assumptions upon which additional knowledge is built. This is in strict alignment with
1475:
996:
418:
they have in common are the components that handle input, scheduling, spooling and output; they also have the ability to interact with local and remote operators.
442:, A . W. Steiss defined five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory,
1373:
57:
is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its
651:
The international sphere of interacting states is described and analyzed in systems terms by several international relations scholars, most notably in the
257:) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior. These models may define the structure and behavior of the system.
873:
745:
is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project.
543:
706:
is an example. This still fits with the definition of components that are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).
655:. This systems mode of international analysis has however been challenged by other schools of international relations thought, most notably the
1335:
1561:
663:
school of thought, which places more emphasis on systems generated by rules and interaction governance, particularly economic governance.
1975:
266:
a system must be related; they must be "designed to work as a coherent entity"âotherwise they would be two or more distinct systems.
1604:
993:
749:
is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained.
656:
2542:
973:
855:
developed systems that logically organize psychological domains, such as personalities, motivations, or intellect and desire.
76:
Systems have several common properties and characteristics, including structure, function(s), behavior and interconnectivity.
1517:
1431:
1318:
1125:
1093:
518:
378:
A systems architecture, using one single integrated model for the description of multiple views, is a kind of system model.
2017:
652:
2526:
899:
535:
maintained that no "classification is complete and perfect for all purposes", and defined systems as abstract, real, and
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1554:
1270:
1381:
1063:
2617:
2355:
1491:
571:
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1417:
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1614:
1589:
844:
197:
1018:
117:
2521:
1968:
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have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy or information with their surroundings.
1942:
1547:
1140:
718:
703:
551:
463:
322:
286:
781:
of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex
1757:
1670:
1005:
692:
550:, etc. The interactions between systems and their environments are categorized as relatively closed and
309:
exchanges neither matter nor energy with its environment. A theoretical example of such a system is the
2370:
2222:
1619:
911:
843:'s Boolean operators. Other examples relate specifically to philosophy, biology, or cognitive science.
774:
411:
390:
is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a larger system. The IBM Mainframe
1767:
1752:
1343:
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1961:
1782:
1660:
1655:
1599:
1407:
660:
575:
1049:
Paris, France: Librairie
Hermann & Cie, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1629:
1624:
800:
786:
613:
609:
217:
21:
2250:
702:, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogs, and various library systems, of which the
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1904:
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have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as
160:
156:
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systems that involve people and organizations, commonly associated with concepts developed by
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2260:
2130:
1838:
1808:
1584:
451:
250:
249:; this means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outsideâpart of the
182:
145:
58:
1286:
1156:. Brussels, Belgium: CENELEC. 2011. pp. Table A.11 â Data PrĂ©paration Techniques (8.4).
486:
cautioned that for any inquiry into a system understanding its kind is crucial, and defined
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2188:
2183:
2145:
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1929:
1899:
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BlĂ€tter fĂŒr deutsche
Philosophie, 3/4. (Extract in: Biologia Generalis, 19 (1949), 139â164.
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435:
373:
254:
8:
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36:
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1306:
916:
864:
782:
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601:
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they are related to a single subsystem in order to test its
Specific Application (SA).
301:
exchanges energy, but not matter, with its environment; like a computer or the project
222:
208:
582:
and emphasis of participatory designs. Where hard systems might be identified as more
65:
and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of
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2480:
2395:
2335:
2305:
2230:
2088:
2083:
2007:
1873:
1813:
1513:
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1314:
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1121:
1089:
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applies psychology to biology by using pure logic. Numerous psychologists, including
804:
778:
758:
741:, a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a
637:
536:
467:
447:
108:: "whole concept made of several parts or members, system", literary "composition".
2612:
2475:
2345:
2207:
2158:
2140:
1878:
1848:
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1696:
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672:
539:
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349:
339:
212:
193:
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applied general systems theory in an approach that he called a field approach and
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2430:
2405:
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2300:
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2255:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2078:
2027:
1984:
1924:
1823:
1818:
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1737:
1701:
1479:
1471:
1451:
1435:
1427:
1260:
1067:
1000:
808:
722:
688:
684:
595:
579:
567:
483:
475:
455:
306:
289:, exchanging matter and energy with their respective surroundings; like a car, a
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129:
70:
32:
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2012:
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121:
97:
66:
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906:
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479:
459:
298:
28:
1237:
1154:
European
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) - EN 50128
1047:
Cybernetics: Or the
Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
2465:
2365:
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1868:
840:
836:
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633:
503:
361:
269:
201:
137:
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2115:
2002:
1060:
936:
921:
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734:
302:
290:
186:
360:, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views. A
2470:
2325:
1858:
1503:
Soft
Systems MethodologyâConceptual model building and its contribution
1262:
The Fifth
Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization
941:
894:
752:
345:
174:
1539:
27:
For the set of rules that govern structure or behavior of people, see
2135:
2022:
878:
848:
789:) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist
645:
495:
471:
326:
62:
1422:
Sociology and the New
Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis
885:. In the late 1990s, Warden applied his model to business strategy.
714:
641:
522:
511:
507:
325:
can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process, that is, a
310:
1953:
494:, i. e. artificial, systems. For example, natural systems include
45:
1716:
832:
831:. An obvious example is the calculus developed simultaneously by
738:
625:
526:
1476:
Rethinking the Fifth
Discipline: Learning within the unknowable
629:
793:
developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book
617:
562:, operations research, and quantitative systems analysisâand
558:
systemsââtechnical in nature and amenable to methods such as
294:
245:
of interconnected parts. One scopes a system by defining its
100:
89:
1118:
The Medium Is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (1st ed.)
1747:
1234:"ISTQB Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing"
403:
399:
395:
430:
There are many kinds of systems that can be analyzed both
1088:. McGraw-Hill Education. reissued by Gingko Press, 2003.
1313:. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
364:
is required to describe and represent all these views.
144:
generalized this picture to include the concept of the
1340:
Battlefield of the Future: 21st Century Warfare Issues
954:
554:. Important distinctions have also been made between
348:. Human-made systems may have such views as concept,
316:
177:
pioneered the use of mathematics to study systems of
132:. In 1824, he studied the system which he called the
1438: (archived 2023-03-07), ISSS The Primer Project.
753:
Sociology, cognitive science and management research
666:
636:and their relationships to resources, such as the
1496:Systems: Concepts, methodologies and Applications
1488:(1969). Approach to General Systems Theory, 1969.
648:, like the allocation and scarcity of resources.
586:, the distinction between them is often elusive.
260:
2604:
1120:. Random House. Reissued by Gingko Press, 2001.
124:, pioneered the development of the concept of a
1482: (archived 2019-02-25). London: Routledge.
1969:
1555:
1026:
233:
1336:"Chapter 4: Air theory for the 21st century"
1108:
525:this is very evident in the postulation of
253:. One can make simplified representations (
1976:
1962:
1562:
1548:
1086:Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
728:
709:System can also refer to a framework, aka
116:In the 19th century, the French physicist
1458:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1342:. United States Air Force. Archived from
1039:
470:defined systems in sociology in terms of
49:Systems can be isolated, closed, or open.
1605:Earth systems engineering and management
1052:
280:
268:
44:
1569:
1080:
698:There are systems of counting, as with
529:and extrapolation of proofs from them.
438:. For example, in an analysis of urban
367:
16:Interrelated entities that form a whole
2605:
1371:
1334:Warden, John A. III (September 1995).
1333:
1305:
1003:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1957:
1543:
1311:The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat
1258:
1228:
1226:
1020:Definitionen von "System" (1572â2002)
858:
628:. The economic system is composed of
414:predecessors) are examples. The main
136:(typically a body of water vapor) in
2585:
1424:. New York: State of New York Press.
777:, human organizations are viewed as
2527:Systems theory in political science
1983:
1446:Sociology and Modern Systems Theory
1380:. Spring (9): 40â55. Archived from
1023:by Roland MĂŒller, (most in German).
900:Complexity theory and organizations
546:, discrete to continuous, pulse to
13:
1456:Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
1223:
589:
317:Process and transformation process
159:became one of the pioneers of the
61:, is described by its boundaries,
14:
2629:
1640:Sociocultural Systems Engineering
1533:Definitions of Systems and Models
1525:
1034:Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre,
987:
2584:
2572:
2561:
2560:
1414:Vol. 29 nr. 4, pp. 444â451.
827:There is also such a thing as a
691:as its structure and observable
667:Information and computer science
578:(SSM) involving methods such as
1536:by Michael Pidwirny, 1999â2007.
1448:, New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
1399:
1365:
1327:
1299:
1279:
1252:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1146:
976:from the original on 2017-06-05
644:. It addresses the problems of
519:Gödel's incompleteness theorems
454:, and abstract systems, either
333:
169:In the late 1940s and mid-50s,
2517:Systems theory in anthropology
1722:Systems development life cycle
1615:Enterprise systems engineering
1590:Biological systems engineering
1510:Business Information + Systems
1134:
1102:
1074:
1061:An Introduction to Cybernetics
1012:
863:In 1988, military strategist,
261:Natural and human-made systems
152:when referring to the system.
31:. For the academic field, see
1:
2522:Systems theory in archaeology
1681:System of systems engineering
1595:Cognitive systems engineering
1220:Checkland, 1997; Flood, 1999.
947:
932:System of systems engineering
822:
1406:Alexander Backlund (2000). "
1372:Warden, John A. III (1995).
1287:"A New Story for a New Time"
1009:, on Perseus Digits Library.
817:self-organization of systems
704:Dewey Decimal Classification
693:inter-process communications
687:, or combination, which has
446:defined systems in terms of
381:
79:
7:
1758:Quality function deployment
1671:Verification and validation
1468:, Chicago University Press.
1464:, Erhard Friedberg (1981).
1349:Air and Space Power Journal
888:
845:Maslow's hierarchy of needs
425:
228:
215:and others coined the term
118:Nicolas LĂ©onard Sadi Carnot
35:. For the engineering, see
10:
2634:
1620:Health systems engineering
1508:Beynon-Davies, P. (2009).
912:Glossary of systems theory
775:organizational development
593:
371:
337:
234:Environment and boundaries
148:and began to use the term
111:
101:
18:
2556:
2535:
2509:
2221:
2154:
2106:
2097:
2061:
2018:Coupled humanâenvironment
1991:
1938:
1887:
1791:
1768:Systems Modeling Language
1730:
1689:
1648:
1577:
1512:. Palgrave, Basingstoke.
942:Systems in the human body
221:at the interdisciplinary
1783:Work breakdown structure
1661:Functional specification
1656:Requirements engineering
1600:Configuration management
1408:The definition of system
972:. Springfield, MA, USA.
801:Organizational theorists
787:organizational behaviors
661:liberal institutionalist
600:An economic system is a
576:soft systems methodology
163:. In 1945 he introduced
2618:Concepts in metaphysics
2351:Charles A. S. Hall
1630:Reliability engineering
1625:Performance engineering
1166:Steiss, 1967, pp. 8â18.
1006:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
729:Engineering and physics
218:complex adaptive system
22:System (disambiguation)
2271:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1905:Industrial engineering
1610:Electrical engineering
1265:. Doubleday/Currency.
1211:Klir, 1969, pp. 69â72.
683:is a hardware system,
277:
198:figure/ground analysis
161:general systems theory
157:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
50:
2548:Principia Cybernetica
2261:Anthony Stafford Beer
2131:Sociotechnical system
1839:Arthur David Hall III
1809:Benjamin S. Blanchard
1585:Aerospace engineering
1501:Brian Wilson (2001).
1259:Senge, P. M. (1990).
1071:, Chapman & Hall.
839:. Another example is
657:constructivist school
604:which deals with the
281:Theoretical framework
272:
241:views the world as a
48:
2411:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2386:Edward Norton Lorenz
2341:Jay Wright Forrester
2146:World-systems theory
2121:Earth system science
1930:Software engineering
1900:Computer engineering
1432:A Taste of Systemics
795:The Fifth Discipline
743:thermodynamic system
374:Systems architecture
368:Systems architecture
20:For other uses, see
2286:Kenneth E. Boulding
1910:Operations research
1895:Control engineering
1864:Joseph Francis Shea
1571:Systems engineering
1374:"Enemy as a System"
1307:Warden, John A. III
871:model in his book,
771:operations research
747:Systems engineering
677:information science
560:systems engineering
392:Job Entry Subsystem
344:A system comprises
37:Systems engineering
2416:James Grier Miller
2371:Faina M. Kirillova
2331:Heinz von Foerster
2321:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2281:Alexander Bogdanov
2266:Richard E. Bellman
2241:William Ross Ashby
1920:Quality management
1915:Project management
1743:Function modelling
1666:System integration
1635:Safety engineering
1466:Actors and Systems
1240:on 5 November 2018
1066:2023-05-17 at the
999:2021-01-28 at the
917:Market (economics)
865:John A. Warden III
859:Strategic thinking
783:business processes
779:management systems
767:management science
759:cognitive sciences
681:information system
602:social institution
278:
223:Santa Fe Institute
209:John Henry Holland
200:, to the study of
51:
2600:
2599:
2481:Manuela M. Veloso
2396:Humberto Maturana
2336:Stephanie Forrest
2306:C. West Churchman
2231:Russell L. Ackoff
2217:
2216:
2089:Positive feedback
2084:Negative feedback
1951:
1950:
1874:Manuela M. Veloso
1814:Wernher von Braun
1518:978-0-230-20368-6
1442:Walter F. Buckley
1418:Kenneth D. Bailey
1320:978-1-58348-100-4
1127:978-1-58423-070-0
1110:McLuhan, Marshall
1095:978-1-58423-073-1
1082:McLuhan, Marshall
927:System of systems
805:Margaret Wheatley
695:as its behavior.
653:neorealist school
544:unbounded systems
468:Walter F. Buckley
444:Kenneth D. Bailey
285:Most systems are
134:working substance
2625:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2476:Francisco Varela
2208:Systems thinking
2141:Urban metabolism
2104:
2103:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1879:John N. Warfield
1849:Robert E. Machol
1778:Systems modeling
1773:Systems analysis
1712:System lifecycle
1697:Business process
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1378:Airpower Journal
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:. Archived from
1230:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1141:IBM's definition
1138:
1132:
1131:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1078:
1072:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1010:
991:
985:
984:
982:
981:
958:
881:planners in the
874:The Air Campaign
869:Five Ring System
673:computer science
624:in a particular
540:physical systems
440:systems dynamics
340:Systems modeling
213:Murray Gell-Mann
194:Marshall McLuhan
130:natural sciences
104:
103:
71:systems sciences
40:
25:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2552:
2531:
2505:
2446:Anatol Rapoport
2431:Talcott Parsons
2406:Donella Meadows
2381:Allenna Leonard
2301:Mary Cartwright
2296:Kathleen Carley
2256:Gregory Bateson
2251:BĂ©la H. BĂĄnĂĄthy
2213:
2150:
2099:
2093:
2079:Limiting factor
2074:Leverage points
2057:
1995:
1987:
1985:Systems science
1982:
1952:
1947:
1934:
1925:Risk management
1883:
1824:Harold Chestnut
1819:Kathleen Carley
1787:
1763:System dynamics
1738:Decision-making
1726:
1702:Fault tolerance
1685:
1644:
1573:
1568:
1528:
1523:
1480:Wayback Machine
1472:Robert L. Flood
1452:Peter Checkland
1436:Wayback Machine
1428:Bela H. Banathy
1402:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1353:on July 4, 2011
1346:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1291:
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1284:
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1273:
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1152:
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1147:
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1128:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1079:
1075:
1068:Wayback Machine
1057:
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1001:Wayback Machine
992:
988:
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962:"Definition of
960:
959:
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891:
867:introduced the
861:
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809:quantum physics
755:
731:
723:data definition
685:software system
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580:action research
568:Peter Checkland
484:Bela H. Banathy
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307:isolated system
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142:Rudolf Clausius
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33:Systems science
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2493:
2491:Norbert Wiener
2488:
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2473:
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2463:
2461:Claude Shannon
2458:
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2123:
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2111:Control theory
2107:
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1888:Related fields
1885:
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1854:Radhika Nagpal
1851:
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1527:
1526:External links
1524:
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1489:
1486:George J. Klir
1483:
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1462:Michel Crozier
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1195:
1193:Banathy, 1997.
1186:
1184:Buckley, 1967.
1177:
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700:Roman numerals
668:
665:
594:Main article:
591:
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548:hybrid systems
542:, bounded and
533:George J. Klir
500:living systems
480:process models
432:quantitatively
427:
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372:Main article:
369:
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358:implementation
346:multiple views
338:Main article:
335:
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262:
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243:complex system
239:Systems theory
235:
232:
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207:In the 1980s,
192:In the 1960s,
171:Norbert Wiener
155:The biologist
122:thermodynamics
120:, who studied
113:
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67:systems theory
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2069:Doubling time
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1829:Wolt Fabrycky
1827:
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1676:Design review
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1498:, John Wiley.
1497:
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1384:on 2009-01-13
1383:
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1190:
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1175:Bailey, 1994.
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907:Formal system
905:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
886:
884:
883:IranâIraq War
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
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853:Sigmund Freud
850:
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493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:qualitatively
433:
423:
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401:
397:
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389:
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365:
363:
359:
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331:
328:
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308:
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300:
299:closed system
296:
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275:
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244:
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226:
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185:, calling it
184:
183:communication
180:
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158:
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151:
147:
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139:
138:steam engines
135:
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77:
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64:
60:
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47:
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38:
34:
30:
29:Social system
23:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2510:Applications
2466:Katia Sycara
2366:James J. Kay
2356:Mike Jackson
2291:Murray Bowen
2189:Pharmacology
2184:Neuroscience
1992:
1869:Katia Sycara
1753:Optimization
1706:
1532:
1509:
1505:, J.H.Wiley.
1502:
1495:
1492:Brian Wilson
1465:
1455:
1445:
1421:
1411:
1400:Bibliography
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1377:
1367:
1357:December 26,
1355:. Retrieved
1348:
1344:the original
1339:
1329:
1310:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1261:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1136:
1117:
1104:
1085:
1076:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1004:
989:
978:. Retrieved
969:
963:
956:
872:
862:
841:George Boole
837:Isaac Newton
826:
813:chaos theory
799:
794:
764:
756:
732:
708:
697:
670:
650:
634:institutions
610:distribution
599:
583:
572:Brian Wilson
563:
555:
552:open systems
531:
516:
504:Solar System
491:
487:
429:
420:
415:
406:, and their
391:
387:
385:
377:
362:system model
343:
334:System model
320:
287:open systems
284:
274:Open systems
273:
264:
237:
216:
206:
202:media theory
191:
168:
164:
154:
150:working body
149:
146:surroundings
133:
125:
115:
105:
93:
85:
83:
75:
54:
52:
42:
2456:Peter Senge
2451:John Seddon
2441:Qian Xuesen
2376:George Klir
2179:Engineering
2116:Cybernetics
2098:Theoretical
2048:Recommender
2038:Multi-agent
2033:Information
937:Systems art
922:Meta-system
791:Peter Senge
757:Social and
735:engineering
614:consumption
323:open system
303:Biosphere 2
291:coffeemaker
251:environment
187:cybernetics
59:environment
2607:Categories
2471:Eric Trist
2326:Fred Emery
2223:Scientists
2199:Psychology
2194:Philosophy
2023:Ecological
2008:Biological
1859:Simon Ramo
1412:Kybernetes
1388:2009-03-25
1292:2024-03-12
980:2019-01-16
948:References
895:Complexity
823:Pure logic
815:, and the
689:components
638:convention
606:production
584:scientific
537:conceptual
510:, and the
472:mechanical
448:conceptual
175:Ross Ashby
69:and other
2136:Systemics
1649:Processes
1578:Subfields
994:"ÏÏÏÏηΌα"
879:Air Force
849:Carl Jung
719:statement
646:economics
498:systems,
496:subatomic
388:subsystem
382:Subsystem
327:black box
84:The term
80:Etymology
63:structure
2567:Category
2169:Dynamics
2159:Analysis
2062:Concepts
2028:Economic
1943:Category
1690:Concepts
1494:(1980).
1474:(1999).
1454:(1997).
1444:(1967).
1430:(1997).
1420:(1994).
1309:(1988).
1244:15 March
1116:(1967).
1084:(1964).
1064:Archived
997:Archived
974:Archived
889:See also
803:such as
715:software
713:, be it
711:platform
642:property
622:services
574:through
527:theorems
523:geometry
512:Universe
508:galaxies
492:designed
456:isolated
452:concrete
426:Analysis
416:elements
394:family (
350:analysis
311:Universe
247:boundary
229:Concepts
2613:Systems
2591:Commons
2174:Ecology
2164:Biology
2043:Nervous
2013:Complex
1717:V-Model
1478:at the
1434:at the
1410:". In:
833:Leibniz
739:physics
626:society
488:natural
476:organic
179:control
128:in the
112:History
106:systÄma
102:ÏÏÏÏηΌα
94:systÄma
2579:Portal
2204:Theory
2100:fields
2053:Social
1993:System
1792:People
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1516:
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1269:
1124:
1092:
1058:1956.
1045:1948,
1032:1945,
964:system
630:people
502:, the
478:, and
460:closed
354:design
255:models
126:system
86:system
55:system
1996:types
1731:Tools
679:, an
618:goods
462:, or
305:. An
295:Earth
293:, or
98:Greek
92:word
90:Latin
2543:List
1748:IDEF
1514:ISBN
1359:2008
1347:(in
1315:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1246:2019
1122:ISBN
1090:ISBN
851:and
835:and
773:and
737:and
675:and
620:and
612:and
570:and
564:soft
556:hard
490:and
464:open
434:and
408:HASP
404:JES3
400:JES2
396:JES1
297:. A
181:and
173:and
2003:Art
765:In
733:In
721:or
671:In
640:of
616:of
412:ASP
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