358:
potential to change can be actualized, any and all potentiality must be actualized in a being that is eternal but it must not be still, because continuous activity is essential for all forms of life. This immaterial form of activity must be intellectual in nature and it cannot be contingent upon sensory perception if it is to remain uniform; therefore, eternal substance must think only of thinking itself and exist outside the starry sphere, where even the notion of place is undefined for
Aristotle. Their influence on lesser beings is purely the result of an "aspiration or desire", and each aetheric celestial sphere emulates one of the unmoved movers, as best it can, by
29:
380:). It is also the most sustainable, pleasant, self-sufficient activity; something which is aimed at for its own sake. (In contrast to politics and warfare, it does not involve doing things we'd rather not do, but rather something we do at our leisure.) This aim is not strictly human: to achieve it means to live in accordance not with mortal thoughts, but something immortal and divine which is within humans. According to Aristotle, contemplation is the only type of happy activity which it would not be ridiculous to imagine the gods having. In Aristotle's psychology and biology, the intellect is the
301:. II. 3, 194b29–30; Simpl. 1361. 12ff.). The examples which Aristotle adduces do not obviously suggest an application to the first unmoved mover, and it is at least possible that Aristotle originated his fourfold distinction without reference to such an entity. But the real question is whether, given his definition of the efficient cause, it includes the unmoved mover willy-nilly. One curious fact remains: that Aristotle never acknowledges the alleged fact that the unmoved mover is an efficient cause (a problem of which Simplicius is well aware: 1363. 12–14)...
4773:
2666:
5805:
518:, Aristotle introduces a surprising question, asking "whether we have to suppose one such or more than one, and if the latter, how many". Aristotle concludes that the number of all the movers equals the number of separate movements, and we can determine these by considering the mathematical science most akin to philosophy, i.e., astronomy. Although the mathematicians differ on the number of movements, Aristotle considers that the number of
4760:
2677:
615:'s view of God, whom he called "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Anselm thought that God did not feel emotions such as anger or love, but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding. The incongruity of judging "being" against something that might not exist, may have led Anselm to his famous ontological argument for God's existence.
1056:
The universe has no beginning in time, no temporal first cause, so
Aristotle is obviously not seeking an efficient cause in the sense of "what set it all off?" Aristotle's unmoved mover acts as final cause, as the good toward which all things strive. That is, it acts an objects of desire: "The object
990:
In
Metaphysics 12.8, Aristotle opts for both the uniqueness and the plurality of the unmoved celestial movers. Each celestial sphere possesses the unmoved mover of its own—presumably as the object of its striving, see Metaphysics 12.6—whereas the mover of the outermost celestial sphere, which carries
365:
Many of
Aristotle's contemporaries complained that oblivious, powerless gods are unsatisfactory. Nonetheless, it was a life which Aristotle enthusiastically endorsed as one most enviable and perfect, the unembellished basis of theology. As the whole of nature depends on the inspiration of the eternal
499:
Substance is necessarily composed of different elements. The proof for this is that there are things which are different from each other and that all things are composed of elements. Since elements combine to form composite substances, and because these substances differ from each other, there must
466:
Of things that exist, substances are the first. But if substances can, then all things can perish... and yet, time and change cannot. Now, the only continuous change is that of place, and the only continuous change of place is circular motion. Therefore, there must be an eternal circular motion and
444:
reduces the causes that explain nature to the fact that things happened in the past in the same way as they happen now: but he does not think fit to seek for a first principle to explain this 'always' ... Let this conclude what we have to say in support of our contention that there never was a time
342:
It is clear then that there is neither place, nor void, nor time, outside the heaven. Hence whatever is there, is of such a nature as not to occupy any place, nor does time age it; nor is there any change in any of the things which lie beyond the outermost motion; they continue through their entire
487:
Aristotle begins by describing substance, of which he says there are three types: the sensible, which is subdivided into the perishable, which belongs to physics, and the eternal, which belongs to "another science". He notes that sensible substance is changeable and that there are several types of
1492:
Especially since the 1990s, there have been scholars who argue that the early
Reformers have been misunderstood in their stance against Aristotle (and the Scholasticism that he permeated). A distinction must be made between scholastic methodology and its theological content. See the self-avowedly
622:
philosophers made use of the idea of approaching a knowledge of God through negative attributes. For example, we should not say that God exists in the usual sense of the term; all we can safely say is that God is not nonexistent. We should not say that God is wise; but, we can say that God is not
357:
The unmoved mover is immaterial substance (separate and individual beings), having neither parts nor magnitude. As such, it would be physically impossible for them to move material objects of any size by pushing, pulling, or collision. Because matter is, for
Aristotle, a substratum in which a
567:
The
Neoplatonists were quite justified in regarding themselves as the spiritual heirs of Pythagoras; and, in their hands, philosophy ceased to exist as such, and became theology. And this tendency was at work all along; hardly a single Greek philosopher was wholly uninfluenced by it. Perhaps
658:
of which he was a significant part, Aristotle became "academic theology's great authority in the course of the thirteenth century" and exerted an influence upon
Christian theology that become both widespread and deeply embedded. However, notable Christian theologians rejected Aristotelian
654:. There had been earlier Aristotelian influences within Christianity (notably Anselm), but Aquinas (who, incidentally, found his Aristotelian influence via Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides) incorporated extensive Aristotelian ideas throughout his own theology. Through Aquinas and the
366:
unmoved movers, Aristotle was concerned to establish the metaphysical necessity of the perpetual motions of the heavens. It is through the seasonal action of the Sun upon the terrestrial spheres, that the cycles of generation and corruption give rise to all
488:
change, including quality and quantity, generation and destruction, increase and diminution, alteration, and motion. Change occurs when one given state becomes something contrary to it: that is to say, what exists potentially comes to exist actually (see
272:
argues that the first unmoved mover is a cause not only in the sense of being a final cause—which everyone in his day, as in ours, would accept—but also in the sense of being an efficient cause (1360. 24ff.), and his master
376:, "or whatever else it be that is thought to rule and lead us by nature, and to have cognizance of what is noble and divine" is the highest activity, according to Aristotle (contemplation or speculative thinking,
1505:, 1997, page xix. Even within that volume, however, Luther is admitted to have made a complete, sincere, and absolute renunciation of scholasticism (see D.V.N.Bagchi within Trueman and Clark, page 11).
642:, among many others. Their views of God are considered mainstream by many Jews of all denominations even today. Preeminent among Islamic philosophers who were influenced by Aristotelian theology are
1556:
In a personal note, Luther wrote, "Should
Aristotle not have been a man of flesh and blood, I would not hesitate to assert that he was the Devil himself." (Luther, 8 Feb 1517; quoted in Oberman, 121).
297:, which require a good deal of reading between the lines. But he does point out rightly that the unmoved mover fits the definition of an efficient cause—"whence the first source of change or rest" (
362:. The first heaven, the outmost sphere of fixed stars, is moved by a desire to emulate the prime mover (first cause), in relation to whom, the subordinate movers suffer an accidental dependency.
343:
duration unalterable and unmodified, living the best and most self sufficient of lives… From derive the being and life which other things, some more or less articulately but other feebly, enjoy.
287:—evidence not relevant to the debate unless one happens to believe in the essential harmony of Plato and Aristotle—and inferences from approving remarks which Aristotle makes about the role of
1543:
of
Aristotle is the worst enemy of grace" (Thesis 41) and "Briefly, the whole of Aristotle is to theology as shadow is to light" (Thesis 50) in Luther's 97 Theses of September 1517 (Luther,
963:
479:
turns diurnally and whereby all terrestrial cycles are driven: day and night, the seasons of the year, the transformation of the elements, and the nature of plants and animals.
1228:
413:
Aristotle examines the notions of change or motion, and attempts to show by a challenging argument, that the mere supposition of a 'before' and an 'after', requires a
623:
ignorant (i.e. in some way God has some properties of knowledge). We should not say that God is One; but, we can state that there is no multiplicity in God's being.
496:, and is not actually." That by which something is changed is the mover, that which is changed is the matter, and that into which it is changed is the form.
429:, later attributed to Aristotle, thereby draws the conclusion that God exists. However, if the cosmos had a beginning, Aristotle argued, it would require an
401:
God who "possesses the theoretical knowledge alone or in the highest degree...knows not only Himself, but all things in their causes and first principles."
440:
But it is a wrong assumption to suppose universally that we have an adequate first principle in virtue of the fact that something always is so ... Thus
2199:
1216:
991:
with its diurnal rotation the fixed stars, being the first of the series of unmoved movers also guarantees the unity and uniqueness of the universe.
1349:
967:
5779:
1952:
1305:
475:
of an infinite locomotive chain is required for an eternal cosmos with neither beginning nor end: an unmoved eternal substance for whom the
212:, an unmoved mover whose necessary existence underpins the ceaseless activity of the world of motion". Aristotle's "first philosophy", or
192:(VIII 4–6) Aristotle finds "surprising difficulties" explaining even commonplace change, and in support of his approach of explanation by
2714:
3557:
185:, "that there must be an immortal, unchanging being, ultimately responsible for all wholeness and orderliness in the sensible world".
3835:
2130:
1704:
1074:
1565:"Thomas wrote a great deal of heresy, and is responsible for the reign of Aristotle, the destroyer of godly doctrine." (Luther,
555:
4472:
1374:
1236:
946:
889:
607:
of the late Greek schools were only the fruit of the seed sown by the generation which immediately preceded the Persian War.
5212:
5187:
2253:
492:). Therefore, "a thing , incidentally, out of that which is not, also all things come to be out of that which is, but is
417:. He argues that in the beginning, if the cosmos had come to be, its first motion would lack an antecedent state; and, as
5507:
5463:
4810:
3041:
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4098:
129:, Aristotle describes the unmoved mover as being perfectly beautiful, indivisible, and contemplating only the perfect
5375:
4123:
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1673:
1650:
1627:
1604:
1539:
Luther's quotes aimed directly against Aristotle are many and sometimes strident. For example, "Virtually the entire
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for the movement of the spheres; they were solely a constant inspiration, and even if taken for an efficient cause
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might seem to be an exception; but it is probable that, if we still possessed a few such "exoteric" works as the
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3871:
2534:
1784:
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Aristotelian theological concepts were accepted by many later Jewish, Islamic, and Christian philosophers. Key
338:
The unmoved mover, if they were anywhere, were said to fill the outer void, beyond the sphere of fixed stars:
5568:
5563:
5302:
3285:
2870:
2646:
2559:
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208:, and "an audacious and intriguing argument, that the bare existence of change requires the postulation of a
58:
1522:, 2010, page 197) and Melanchthon who found that the church had "embraced Aristotle instead of Christ" (see
1196:
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4690:
4595:
4243:
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252:. While the number of spheres in the model itself was subject to change (47 or 55), Aristotle's account of
467:
this is confirmed by the fixed stars which are moved by the eternal actual substance that's purely actual.
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4208:
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683:
277:
wrote a whole book defending the thesis (ibid. 1363. 8–10). Simplicius's arguments include citations of
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3112:
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1892:
489:
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257:
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720: – Worship of a single god while not denying the existence or possible existence of other deities
5653:
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2779:
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1158:[On the Heavens]. Translated by J. L. Stocks. The Internet Classics Archive. I.9, 279 a17–30.
28:
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2004:
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359:
213:
181:
125:
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theological influence, especially the first generation of Christian Reformers and most notably
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37:
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2014:
612:
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8:
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1994:
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in their entirety, we should find that the enthusiastic words in which he speaks of the "
223:
175:
146:
94:
70:
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2115:
2060:
1999:
1962:
1863:
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729:
695:
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551:
422:
283:
154:
650:. In Christian theology, the key philosopher influenced by Aristotle was undoubtedly
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2569:
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2529:
2352:
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1984:
1927:
1833:
1772:
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1623:
1600:
1397:
1370:
1343:
1288:
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1232:
1130:
1100:
1045:
1020:
1010:
942:
912:
885:
735:
627:
519:
462:, that at least one eternal unmoved mover must exist, is to support everyday change.
249:
245:
241:
5613:
5473:
5425:
5344:
5162:
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4341:
4288:
4238:
4218:
4179:
4174:
4015:
3943:
3661:
3572:
3463:
3435:
3420:
3383:
3089:
3069:
3036:
2941:
2903:
2524:
2382:
2225:
2065:
1897:
1858:
1852:
1753:
706:
274:
134:
102:
445:
when there was not motion, and never will be a time when there will not be motion.
330:
due to being a final cause, the nature of the explanation is purely teleological.
314:
Despite their apparent function in the celestial model, the unmoved movers were a
5808:
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5643:
5399:
5349:
5167:
5054:
4422:
4391:
4356:
4321:
4199:
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3790:
3765:
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3373:
3290:
3275:
2948:
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2594:
2490:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2161:
2120:
1989:
1880:
1713:
1445:
Harry A. Wolfson, "The Plurality of Immovable Movers in Aristotle and Averroës,"
1333:
323:
3562:
663:. In subsequent Protestant theology, Aristotelian thought quickly reemerged in
5573:
5240:
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4901:
4331:
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4159:
4091:
4065:
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3445:
3341:
3084:
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2584:
2564:
2519:
2495:
2372:
2027:
1759:
1502:
651:
394:
114:
80:
20:
3772:
3547:
5821:
5384:
4976:
4881:
4386:
4298:
4228:
3970:
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3694:
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3520:
3145:
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2913:
2574:
2485:
2477:
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2308:
1947:
744:
660:
655:
595:
were less isolated outbursts of feeling than they appear now. In later days,
476:
196:, he required "a fair bit of technical machinery". This "machinery" includes
130:
113:
moves other things, but is not itself moved by any prior action. In Book 12 (
5698:
5603:
5593:
5493:
5458:
5438:
5379:
5307:
5192:
5095:
5042:
4417:
4407:
4366:
4346:
4118:
4081:
4040:
3926:
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3537:
3515:
3493:
3440:
3408:
3280:
3140:
3051:
2847:
2631:
2357:
1902:
1845:
1827:
1518:
who "denounced scholastic theology as contemptible" (Payton, James R., Jr,
1498:
686: – Philosophical and theological medieval text of uncertain authorship
201:
160:
500:
be different elements: in other words, "b or a cannot be the same as ba".
5676:
5588:
5517:
5453:
5409:
5227:
5182:
5135:
5069:
4913:
4876:
4412:
4351:
4223:
4203:
4108:
4045:
4005:
3985:
3911:
3881:
3542:
3478:
3170:
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3031:
3021:
2970:
2936:
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2507:
2347:
2337:
2042:
1839:
1805:
1530:, 1521 edition, 23) also rejected Aristotelian elements of scholasticism.
1523:
1515:
1009:. Clarendon Aristotle Series. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 179.
732: – Philosophical concept of a most basic substance, or supreme being
604:
430:
315:
209:
193:
599:
showed in practice what this sort of thing must ultimately lead to. The
5741:
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5623:
5583:
5177:
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4928:
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4035:
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3165:
3079:
2908:
2855:
2819:
2723:
2463:
2429:
1799:
1732:
1665:
1642:
1211:
Il concetto di filosofia prima e l'unità della metafisica in Aristotele
1041:
Metaphysics of Mind: Hylomorphism and Eternality in Aristotle and Hegel
747: – Outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe
717:
639:
635:
631:
441:
418:
386:
294:
1334:
Aristotle; (trans. Hardie, R. P. & Gaye, R. K.) (7 January 2009).
864:
5404:
5235:
5126:
4923:
4908:
4891:
4886:
4866:
4273:
4268:
4128:
4055:
3990:
3861:
3795:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3567:
3363:
2923:
2885:
2624:
2441:
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2377:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2184:
2174:
1937:
1915:
1886:
1778:
1727:
1596:
750:
692: – Metaphysical concept, unchanging Ultimate Reality in Hinduism
569:
493:
138:
90:
3498:
244:, to provide a general explanation of the apparent wandering of the
5756:
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4971:
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3503:
3403:
3346:
3150:
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2436:
2424:
2414:
2387:
2179:
1932:
753: – Term that denotes something that is generated within itself
677:
647:
643:
619:
150:
106:
1682:
1292:
941:(6th ed., revised ed.). Psychology Press. pp. 188, 190.
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3730:
3704:
3699:
3641:
3636:
3468:
3356:
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2978:
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2512:
2500:
1971:
1789:
726: – Concept in philosophy, religion, rhetoric, and psychology
711:
689:
600:
232:: an independent divine eternal unchanging immaterial substance.
32:
1024:
5694:
5257:
4844:
3995:
3916:
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3305:
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2895:
1869:
1057:
of desire and the object of thought move without being moved" (
611:
Aristotle's principles of being (see section above) influenced
471:
In Aristotle's estimation, an explanation without the temporal
436:, a notion that Aristotle took to demonstrate a critical flaw.
5250:
5100:
4991:
4966:
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3811:
3473:
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1921:
1908:
1821:
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988:(Spring 2010 ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
723:
534:
527:
513:
278:
227:
118:
1613:
1214:
133:: self-contemplation. He equates this concept also with the
5478:
5261:
5131:
4788:
1044:. State University of New York at Stony Brook. p. 71.
381:
372:
289:
63:
538:: "The rule of many is not good; one ruler let there be."
226:"), develops his peculiar theology of the prime mover, as
5618:
5105:
5005:
3656:
1483:, 1982, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart, 1989. p. 160.
756:
703: – Classical theories concerning movement of spheres
1514:
Luther is certainly more acerbic and quotable, but both
846:
Aristotle's Natural Philosophy: Movers and Unmoved Mover
829:
Reason and Practice: A Modern Introduction to Philosophy
260:, required an individual unmoved mover for each sphere.
16:
Postulated primary cause of all activity in the universe
1369:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 222.
979:
977:
884:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 187.
740:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
145:
and became highly influential and widely drawn upon in
1264:
964:"Eudoxus of Cnidus: Astronomy and Homocentric Spheres"
157:, for example, elaborated on the unmoved mover in the
1168:"Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God", in
930:
928:
974:
397:, the first Unmoved Mover is a living, thinking and
1383:
1265:Brentano, F.C.; George, R.; Chisholm, R.M. (1978).
1086:
790:The outermost celestial sphere, for Aristotle, the
75:'that which moves without being moved') or
2200:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
1639:Aristotle and the Theology of the Living Immortals
1266:
1118:
1116:
966:. Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics. Archived from
925:
898:
522:would be 47 or 55. Nonetheless, he concludes his
263:
2405:
2328:
714: – Classical Greek word for mystical oneness
5819:
1356:
1113:
1082:. Oxford University Press. p. 125 (PDF p. 103).
984:Bodnar, Istvan (2010). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1636:
1227:]. Filosofia (in Italian) (3rd ed.).
1076:Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought
871:
4804:
2708:
1698:
1659:
1390:Ross, Sir David; Ackrill, John Lloyd (2004).
1093:Ross, Sir David; Ackrill, John Lloyd (2004).
935:Ross, Sir David; Ackrill, John Lloyd (2004).
759: – Philosophical concept native to China
137:. This Aristotelian concept had its roots in
2476:
1590:
1348:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1258:
1031:
1458:
1389:
1092:
934:
240:Aristotle adopted the geometrical model of
158:
5270:
4811:
4797:
2715:
2701:
1705:
1691:
1586:in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1273:. University of California Press. p.
996:
370:motion as efficient cause. The intellect,
1149:
1072:
248:arising from uniform circular motions of
5554:
1037:
35:depiction of the unmoved mover from the
27:
1614:Gilles Emery; Matthew Levering (2015).
1545:Disputation Against Scholastic Theology
1362:
1122:
961:
904:
877:
556:Hellenistic philosophy and Christianity
482:
333:
5820:
4831:
1447:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1002:
983:
867:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
5543:
4830:
4792:
4454:
3196:
2734:
2696:
2547:
2456:
1686:
1481:Luther: Man Between God and the Devil
2254:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
1593:The Aristotelian Tradition in Syriac
1170:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy
962:Mendell, Henry (16 September 2009).
831:, Harper & Row, 1971, pp. 170–2.
235:
1712:
503:
173:Aristotle argues, in Book 8 of the
168:
141:speculations of the earliest Greek
13:
2615:Transmission of the Greek Classics
1363:Shields, Christopher John (2007).
1213:, Milan 1965, p. 23. As quoted in
1123:Shields, Christopher John (2007).
905:Shields, Christopher John (2007).
878:Shields, Christopher John (2007).
109:. As is implicit in the name, the
14:
5859:
5376:Attributes of God in Christianity
2289:The Situations and Names of Winds
862:
701:Dynamics of the celestial spheres
5803:
4772:
4771:
4758:
2675:
2665:
2664:
1338:. The Internet Classics Archive.
986:"Aristotle's Natural Philosophy"
842:"Aristotle's Natural Philosophy"
5434:Great Architect of the Universe
2195:On Length and Shortness of Life
1616:Aristotle in Aquinas's Theology
1569:, 1521; quoted in Payton, 196).
1559:
1550:
1533:
1508:
1486:
1473:
1452:
1439:
1423:
1410:
1327:
1314:
1299:
1245:
1203:
1188:
1175:
1162:
1143:
1066:
784:
771:
264:Final cause and efficient cause
2722:
1785:Correspondence theory of truth
1432:ii, 204; quoted in Aristotle,
955:
856:
834:
821:
808:
404:
1:
5213:Trinity of the Church Fathers
4455:
2131:Constitution of the Athenians
1520:Getting the Reformation Wrong
801:
656:Scholastic Christian theology
5544:
4818:
4244:Ordinary language philosophy
2735:
2033:On Generation and Corruption
1493:ground-breaking collection,
1269:Aristotle and His World View
1150:Aristotle (7 January 2009).
738: – Philosophical system
541:
532:, with a quotation from the
64:
7:
5464:Phenomenological definition
4294:Contemporary utilitarianism
4209:Internalism and externalism
684:Book of the 24 Philosophers
670:
458:The purpose of Aristotle's
105:" of all the motion in the
89:) is a concept advanced by
10:
5864:
3558:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3197:
2274:On Marvellous Things Heard
1893:Potentiality and actuality
1576:
1229:Edizioni Studio Domenicano
545:
528:
514:
490:potentiality and actuality
473:actuality and potentiality
423:nothing comes from nothing
258:potentiality and actuality
228:
198:potentiality and actuality
119:
53:
18:
5801:
5770:
5732:
5685:
5662:
5550:
5539:
5492:
5368:
5320:
5226:
5153:
5114:
5078:
5015:
5004:
4957:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4826:
4752:
4704:
4604:
4566:
4513:
4480:
4471:
4467:
4450:
4400:
4312:
4150:
4141:
4074:
3857:
3848:
3826:
3781:
3723:
3675:
3629:
3620:
3583:
3454:
3319:
3266:
3257:
3207:
3203:
3192:
3131:
3103:
3060:
3012:
2969:
2922:
2894:
2846:
2818:
2780:Philosophy of mathematics
2770:Philosophy of information
2745:
2741:
2730:
2660:
2637:Commentaries on Aristotle
2607:
2321:
2224:
2208:
2160:
2139:
2105:
2089:
2051:
2013:
1970:
1961:
1746:
1720:
1584:The Theology of Aristotle
1172:(1967), Vol. 2, p. 233ff.
1073:Hankinson, R. J. (1997).
143:pre-Socratic philosophers
5218:Trinitarian universalism
1495:Protestant Scholasticism
1225:Ontology and metaphysics
865:"Aristotle: Metaphysics"
764:
665:Protestant scholasticism
206:the theory of categories
19:Not to be confused with
5848:Concepts in metaphysics
5828:Philosophy of Aristotle
5420:Godhead in Christianity
4249:Postanalytic philosophy
4190:Experimental philosophy
2005:Sophistical Refutations
1637:Richard Bodeus (2000).
1620:Oxford University Press
1310:Book I Chapter 10 280a6
1185:VIII 6, 258 b26-259 a9.
680: – Physical theory
360:uniform circular motion
4382:Social constructionism
3394:Hellenistic philosophy
2810:Theoretical philosophy
2785:Philosophy of religion
2775:Philosophy of language
2190:On Divination in Sleep
1876:Horror vacui (physics)
1660:Otfried Hoffe (2003).
1462:Early Greek Philosophy
1221:Ontologia e metafisica
1003:Graham, D. W. (1999).
777:Now understood as the
609:
469:
456:
355:
312:
229:πρῶτον κινοῦν ἀκίνητον
159:
84:
65:ho ou kinoúmenon kineî
41:
38:Stanza della Segnatura
5246:Fate of the unlearned
5198:Shield of the Trinity
4765:Philosophy portal
4284:Scientific skepticism
4264:Reformed epistemology
2790:Philosophy of science
2682:Philosophy portal
2304:Rhetoric to Alexander
1591:John W. Watt (2019).
1449:, 63 (1958): 233–253.
1038:Humphrey, P. (2007).
911:. pp. 196, 226.
792:sphere of fixed stars
565:
464:
460:cosmological argument
438:
427:cosmological argument
340:
267:
54:ὃ οὐ κινούμενον κινεῖ
31:
4185:Critical rationalism
3892:Edo neo-Confucianism
3736:Acintya bheda abheda
3715:Renaissance humanism
3426:School of the Sextii
2800:Practical philosophy
2795:Political philosophy
2393:Andronicus of Rhodes
2294:On Virtues and Vices
2249:On Indivisible Lines
2170:Sense and Sensibilia
2140:Rhetoric and poetics
1953:mathematical realism
1459:John Burnet (1892).
593:(Nicomachean Ethics)
548:Ontological argument
483:Substance and change
409:In Book VIII of his
334:Aristotle's theology
99:first uncaused cause
5780:Slavic Native Faith
5203:Trinitarian formula
5140:Father of Greatness
5023:Abrahamic religions
3756:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3667:Korean Confucianism
3414:Academic Skepticism
2363:Strato of Lampsacus
1995:Posterior Analytics
1747:Ideas and interests
628:Jewish philosophers
597:Apollonios of Tyana
179:and Book 12 of the
147:medieval philosophy
5833:Conceptions of God
5742:Abrahamic prophecy
5672:Ayyavazhi theology
5444:Apophatic theology
4833:Conceptions of God
4377:Post-structuralism
4279:Scientific realism
4234:Quinean naturalism
4214:Logical positivism
4170:Analytical Marxism
3389:Peripatetic school
3301:Chinese naturalism
2828:Aesthetic response
2755:Applied philosophy
2407:Islamic Golden Age
2330:Peripatetic school
2116:Nicomachean Ethics
1811:Future contingents
1324:Book VIII 251–253.
1231:. pp. 95–96.
1197:Nicomachean Ethics
696:Conceptions of God
552:Apophatic theology
155:St. Thomas Aquinas
42:
5815:
5814:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5426:Latter Day Saints
5395:Divine simplicity
5316:
5315:
5173:Consubstantiality
5149:
5148:
5000:
4999:
4944:Theistic finitism
4786:
4785:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4165:Analytic feminism
4137:
4136:
4099:Kierkegaardianism
4061:Transcendentalism
4021:Neo-scholasticism
3867:Classical Realism
3844:
3843:
3616:
3615:
3431:Neopythagoreanism
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
2805:Social philosophy
2690:
2689:
2642:Metabasis paradox
2603:
2602:
2543:
2542:
2530:Pietro Pomponazzi
2472:
2471:
2452:
2451:
2401:
2400:
2353:Eudemus of Rhodes
2343:Clearchus of Soli
2317:
2316:
1985:On Interpretation
1928:Temporal finitism
1816:Genus–differentia
1773:Category of being
1479:Oberman, Heiko.
1376:978-0-415-28331-1
1238:978-88-5545-053-9
948:978-0-415-32857-9
891:978-0-415-28331-1
520:celestial spheres
352:, I.9, 279 a17–30
250:celestial spheres
246:classical planets
242:Eudoxus of Cnidus
236:Celestial spheres
74:
62:
5855:
5807:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5428:
5268:
5267:
5163:Athanasian Creed
5013:
5012:
4850:
4849:
4841:
4840:
4828:
4827:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4775:
4774:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4468:
4452:
4451:
4342:Frankfurt School
4289:Transactionalism
4239:Normative ethics
4219:Legal positivism
4195:Falsificationism
4180:Consequentialism
4175:Communitarianism
4148:
4147:
4016:New Confucianism
3855:
3854:
3662:Neo-Confucianism
3627:
3626:
3436:Second Sophistic
3421:Middle Platonism
3264:
3263:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3037:Epiphenomenalism
2904:Consequentialism
2838:Institutionalism
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2545:
2544:
2525:Jacopo Zabarella
2474:
2473:
2454:
2453:
2403:
2402:
2383:Diodorus of Tyre
2326:
2325:
1968:
1967:
1898:Substance theory
1859:Moderate realism
1853:Minima naturalia
1754:Active intellect
1707:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1656:
1633:
1610:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1209:Giovanni Reale,
1207:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1000:
994:
993:
981:
972:
971:
959:
953:
952:
932:
923:
922:
902:
896:
895:
875:
869:
868:
860:
854:
853:
838:
832:
825:
819:
812:
795:
788:
782:
779:Earth's rotation
775:
741:
707:Existence of God
630:included Samuel
531:
530:
517:
516:
508:Near the end of
504:Number of movers
454:
353:
310:
281:'s views in the
231:
230:
169:First philosophy
164:
135:active intellect
122:
121:
69:
67:
57:
55:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5843:Aristotelianism
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5809:Religion portal
5789:
5766:
5728:
5709:Holy Scriptures
5681:
5658:
5546:
5527:
5488:
5424:
5400:Divine presence
5364:
5312:
5266:
5222:
5168:Comma Johanneum
5145:
5110:
5074:
5008:
4996:
4953:
4835:
4822:
4817:
4787:
4782:
4759:
4757:
4736:
4700:
4600:
4562:
4509:
4463:
4462:
4434:
4423:Russian cosmism
4396:
4392:Western Marxism
4357:New Historicism
4322:Critical theory
4308:
4304:Wittgensteinian
4200:Foundationalism
4133:
4070:
4051:Social contract
3907:Foundationalism
3840:
3822:
3806:Illuminationism
3791:Aristotelianism
3777:
3766:Vishishtadvaita
3719:
3671:
3612:
3579:
3450:
3379:Megarian school
3374:Eretrian school
3315:
3276:Agriculturalism
3253:
3199:
3180:
3127:
3099:
3056:
3008:
2965:
2949:Incompatibilism
2918:
2890:
2842:
2814:
2737:
2726:
2721:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2656:
2599:
2539:
2535:Cesar Cremonini
2491:Albertus Magnus
2468:
2448:
2397:
2313:
2269:Physiognomonics
2264:On Things Heard
2259:On the Universe
2220:
2204:
2162:Parva Naturalia
2156:
2135:
2121:Eudemian Ethics
2101:
2085:
2047:
2009:
1990:Prior Analytics
1957:
1881:Rational animal
1742:
1716:
1714:Aristotelianism
1711:
1676:
1653:
1630:
1607:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1567:Against Latomus
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1513:
1509:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:. p. 186.
1388:
1384:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1219:, O.P. (2022).
1217:Battista Mondin
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:. p. 121.
1121:
1114:
1107:
1099:. p. 187.
1091:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1001:
997:
982:
975:
970:on 16 May 2011.
960:
956:
949:
933:
926:
919:
903:
899:
892:
876:
872:
861:
857:
840:
839:
835:
826:
822:
813:
809:
804:
799:
798:
789:
785:
776:
772:
767:
762:
739:
673:
558:
544:
506:
485:
455:
449:
415:first principle
407:
354:
347:
336:
324:efficient cause
311:
305:
266:
238:
171:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5861:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5813:
5812:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5719:Predestination
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Biblical canon
5571:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5369:Other concepts
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5264:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5241:Apocalypticism
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5155:Trinitarianism
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5070:Zoroastrianism
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4902:Urmonotheismus
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4568:Middle Eastern
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Existentialism
4329:
4327:Deconstruction
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4160:Applied ethics
4156:
4154:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4124:Nietzscheanism
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4066:Utilitarianism
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:Transcendental
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Existentialism
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Augustinianism
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3603:Zoroastrianism
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3446:Church Fathers
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2961:Libertarianism
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Metaphilosophy
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:Views on women
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2608:Related topics
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Peter of Spain
2517:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2496:Thomas Aquinas
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Aristo of Ceos
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2226:Pseudepigrapha
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:On the Heavens
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1760:Antiperistasis
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1657:
1651:
1634:
1628:
1611:
1605:
1588:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1558:
1549:
1532:
1507:
1503:R. Scott Clark
1485:
1472:
1451:
1438:
1422:
1409:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1326:
1313:
1298:
1283:
1257:
1244:
1237:
1202:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1142:
1135:
1112:
1105:
1085:
1065:
1061:, 1072a26–27).
1050:
1030:
1015:
995:
973:
954:
947:
924:
917:
897:
890:
870:
855:
833:
820:
806:
805:
803:
800:
797:
796:
783:
769:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:
754:
748:
742:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
704:
698:
693:
687:
681:
674:
672:
669:
652:Thomas Aquinas
543:
540:
505:
502:
484:
481:
447:
406:
403:
395:Giovanni Reale
345:
335:
332:
306:D. W. Graham,
303:
265:
262:
237:
234:
170:
167:
112:
21:Ultimate cause
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5860:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:Denominations
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5724:Last Judgment
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5538:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5484:Unmoved mover
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Binitarianism
5383:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5106:Supreme Being
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:Gender of God
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Kathenotheism
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4779:
4778:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:Miscellaneous
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:Miscellaneous
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Structuralism
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Postmodernism
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Phenomenology
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Vienna Circle
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Moral realism
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Phenomenology
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Individualism
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3836:Judeo-Islamic
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3812:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Shuddhadvaita
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Scholasticism
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Conceptualism
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Particularism
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Functionalism
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Eliminativism
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Compatibilism
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Particularism
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2652:Wheel paradox
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Trendelenburg
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Peter Lombard
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2478:Scholasticism
2475:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Lyco of Troas
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2309:Magna Moralia
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Virtue ethics
1946:
1944:
1943:Unmoved mover
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1677:
1675:9780791456347
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1652:9780791447284
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1629:9780198749639
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1606:9780429817489
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1528:Loci Communes
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1499:Trueman, Carl
1496:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1403:9780203379530
1399:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:9780520033900
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1138:
1136:9780203961940
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1106:9780203379530
1102:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1051:9780549806714
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:9780198240921
1012:
1008:
1007:
999:
992:
987:
980:
978:
969:
965:
958:
950:
944:
940:
939:
931:
929:
920:
918:9780203961940
914:
910:
909:
901:
893:
887:
883:
882:
874:
866:
859:
851:
847:
843:
837:
830:
827:Kai Nielsen,
824:
817:
811:
807:
793:
787:
780:
774:
770:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:Primum Mobile
743:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
668:
666:
662:
661:Martin Luther
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
621:
616:
614:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
571:
564:
563:(1892) noted
562:
557:
553:
549:
539:
537:
536:
525:
521:
511:
501:
497:
495:
491:
480:
478:
477:Primum Mobile
474:
468:
463:
461:
452:
446:
443:
437:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
393:According to
391:
389:
388:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
363:
361:
351:
344:
339:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
276:
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:
178:
177:
166:
163:
162:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:contemplation
128:
127:
116:
111:unmoved mover
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:as a primary
92:
88:
87:
86:primum movens
82:
78:
72:
66:
60:
51:
50:Ancient Greek
47:
46:unmoved mover
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5619:Hamartiology
5604:Ecclesiology
5594:Pneumatology
5503:Christianity
5494:Names of God
5483:
5469:Philo's view
5459:Personal god
5439:Great Spirit
5378: /
5335:Christianity
5193:Perichoresis
5096:Emanationism
5038:Christianity
5028:Baháʼí Faith
5006:Singular god
4979:
4939:Spiritualism
4770:
4756:
4427:
4418:Postcritique
4408:Kyoto School
4367:Posthumanism
4347:Hermeneutics
4202: /
4143:Contemporary
4119:Newtonianism
4082:Cartesianism
4041:Reductionism
3877:Conservatism
3872:Collectivism
3810:
3538:Sarvāstivadā
3516:Anekantavada
3441:Neoplatonism
3409:Epicureanism
3342:Pythagoreans
3281:Confucianism
3247:Contemporary
3237:Early modern
3141:Anti-realism
3095:Universalism
3052:Subjectivism
2848:Epistemology
2632:Neoplatonism
2358:Theophrastus
2216:Protrepticus
2109:and politics
1942:
1920:
1907:
1903:hypokeimenon
1901:
1885:
1868:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1828:Hylomorphism
1820:
1798:
1777:
1765:
1758:
1661:
1638:
1615:
1592:
1583:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:Metaphysics,
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:Metaphysics,
1417:
1412:
1392:
1385:
1365:
1358:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1153:
1145:
1125:
1095:
1088:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1040:
1033:
1005:
998:
989:
968:the original
957:
937:
907:
900:
880:
873:
863:Sachs, Joe.
858:
850:stanford.edu
849:
845:
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
786:
773:
625:
617:
610:
589:
583:
580:blessed life
579:
575:Protreptikos
573:
566:
559:
533:
523:
509:
507:
498:
486:
470:
465:
457:
450:
439:
433:
414:
410:
408:
392:
385:
377:
371:
367:
364:
356:
349:
341:
337:
327:
319:
313:
307:
298:
288:
282:
268:
239:
219:
214:
202:hylomorphism
189:
187:
180:
174:
172:
161:Quinque viae
139:cosmological
124:
98:
85:
76:
45:
43:
36:
25:
5677:Krishnology
5654:Soteriology
5609:Eschatology
5589:Christology
5454:Open theism
5410:Exotheology
5308:Zoroastrian
5271:By religion
5228:Eschatology
5183:Homoiousian
5136:Ahura Mazda
4914:Panentheism
4877:Hermeticism
4413:Objectivism
4352:Neo-Marxism
4314:Continental
4224:Meta-ethics
4204:Coherentism
4109:Hegelianism
4046:Rationalism
4006:Natural law
3986:Materialism
3912:Historicism
3882:Determinism
3773:Navya-Nyāya
3548:Sautrāntika
3543:Pudgalavada
3479:Vaisheshika
3332:Presocratic
3232:Renaissance
3171:Physicalism
3156:Materialism
3062:Normativity
3047:Objectivism
3032:Emergentism
3022:Behaviorism
2971:Metaphysics
2937:Determinism
2876:Rationalism
2508:Duns Scotus
2348:Dicaearchus
2338:Aristoxenus
2097:Metaphysics
2090:Metaphysics
2076:Progression
2043:On the Soul
2038:Meteorology
1840:Magnanimity
1806:Four causes
1524:Melanchthon
1420:1073a14–15.
1416:Aristotle,
1320:Aristotle,
1306:Aristotle,
1251:Aristotle,
1200:X 1177 a20.
1194:Aristotle,
1181:Aristotle,
818:XII, 1072a.
816:Metaphysics
814:Aristotle,
605:thaumaturgy
588:and in the
585:Metaphysics
561:John Burnet
524:Metaphysics
510:Metaphysics
494:potentially
434:first cause
405:First cause
348:Aristotle,
316:final cause
215:Metaphysics
210:first cause
194:four causes
182:Metaphysics
126:Metaphysics
77:prime mover
5822:Categories
5762:Philosophy
5649:Sophiology
5629:Philosophy
5624:Messianism
5584:Paterology
5188:Hypostasis
5178:Homoousian
5009:theologies
4949:Theopanism
4934:Polytheism
4897:Monotheism
4872:Henotheism
4712:Amerindian
4619:Australian
4558:Vietnamese
4538:Indonesian
4087:Kantianism
4036:Positivism
4026:Pragmatism
4001:Naturalism
3981:Liberalism
3959:Subjective
3897:Empiricism
3801:Avicennism
3746:Bhedabheda
3630:East Asian
3553:Madhyamaka
3533:Abhidharma
3399:Pyrrhonism
3166:Nominalism
3161:Naturalism
3090:Skepticism
3080:Relativism
3070:Absolutism
2999:Naturalism
2909:Deontology
2881:Skepticism
2866:Naturalism
2856:Empiricism
2820:Aesthetics
2724:Philosophy
2590:Hursthouse
2464:Maimonides
2430:Avicennism
2081:Generation
2053:On Animals
1980:Categories
1800:Eudaimonia
1666:SUNY Press
1643:SUNY Press
1465:. p.
1293:lc76050245
1255:VIII, 4–6.
802:References
718:Henotheism
640:Gersonides
636:Maimonides
632:Ibn Tibbon
546:See also:
442:Democritus
419:Parmenides
387:eudaimonia
384:(see also
295:Anaxagoras
270:Simplicius
5838:Causality
5639:Practical
5634:Political
5599:Cosmology
5556:Christian
5415:Holocaust
5405:Egotheism
5360:Goddesses
5355:Mormonism
5283:Christian
5236:Afterlife
5122:Sustainer
4929:Polydeism
4924:Pantheism
4909:Mysticism
4892:Monolatry
4887:Nontheism
4867:Dystheism
4591:Pakistani
4553:Taiwanese
4500:Ethiopian
4473:By region
4459:By region
4274:Scientism
4269:Systemics
4129:Spinozism
4056:Socialism
3991:Modernism
3954:Objective
3862:Anarchism
3796:Averroism
3685:Christian
3637:Neotaoism
3608:Zurvanism
3598:Mithraism
3593:Mazdakism
3364:Cyrenaics
3291:Logicians
2924:Free will
2886:Solipsism
2833:Formalism
2625:Platonism
2580:MacIntyre
2442:Averroism
2420:Al-Farabi
2378:Critolaus
2322:Followers
2299:Economics
2279:Mechanics
2244:On Plants
2239:On Colors
2234:On Breath
2185:On Dreams
2175:On Memory
1938:Haecceity
1916:Syllogism
1887:Phronesis
1779:Catharsis
1728:Aristotle
1662:Aristotle
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2736:Branches
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5747:Aggadah
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5350:Judaism
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5208:Trinity
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5060:Jainism
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4727:Russian
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4429:more...
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3887:Dualism
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3741:Advaita
3731:Vedanta
3705:Scotism
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3642:Tiantai
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3563:Śūnyatā
3504:Cārvāka
3494:Ājīvika
3489:Mīmāṃsā
3469:Samkhya
3384:Academy
3337:Ionians
3311:Yangism
3268:Chinese
3259:Ancient
3222:Western
3217:Ancient
3176:Realism
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2979:Atomism
2861:Fideism
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2501:Thomism
2152:Poetics
2061:History
2023:Physics
2015:Physics
1972:Organon
1900: (
1846:Mimesis
1790:Essence
1577:Sources
1497:, eds.
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3927:Anti-
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