199:
355:
636:
650:
696:
740:
2553:
2261:
276:
960:
622:
250:
4994:
3270:
5004:
3294:
54:
1029:
3306:
3282:
228:
1011:
When a species is found to be several phylogenetically distinct species, each typically has smaller distribution ranges and population sizes than had been reckoned. The different species can also differ in their ecology, such as by having different breeding strategies or habitat requirements, which
933:
It has been suggested that cryptic species complexes are very common in the marine environment. That suggestion came before the detailed analysis of many systems using DNA sequence data but has been proven to be correct. The increased use of DNA sequence in the investigation of organismal diversity
731:
has been invoked as a force maintaining similarity in species complexes, especially when they adapted to special environments (such as a host in the case of symbionts or extreme environments). This may constrain possible directions of evolution; in such cases, strongly divergent selection is not to
977:
Pests, species that cause diseases and their vectors, have direct importance for humans. When they are found to be cryptic species complexes, the ecology and the virulence of each of these species need to be re-evaluated to devise appropriate control strategies. Examples are cryptic species in the
719:, are sometimes seen as an example of early, ongoing speciation: a species complex in formation. Nevertheless, similar but distinct species have sometimes been isolated for a long time without evolving differences, a phenomenon known as "morphological stasis". For example, the Amazonian frog
948:, detailed morphological analyses and mating compatibility tests between the isolates identified by DNA sequence analysis were used to confirm that these groups consisted of more than 10 ecologically distinct species, which had been diverging for many millions of years.
886:
is one mechanism invoked to explain that. Indeed, studies in some species complexes suggest that species divergence have gone in par with ecological differentiation, with species now preferring different microhabitats. Similar methods also found that the
Amazonian frog
1016:
populations and subspecies differ genetically to such an extent that they may be considered species. Although the giraffe, as a whole, is not considered to be threatened, if each cryptic species is considered separately, there is a much higher level of threat.
437:. This refers to "a monophyletic group of closely related species all living in the same ecosystem". Conversely, the term has also been applied very broadly to a group of closely related species than can be variable and widespread. Not to be confused with a
311:
may depend on the group studied. Thus, many traditionally defined species, based only on morphological similarity, have been found to be several distinct species when other criteria, such as genetic differentiation or
299:
A species complex is typically considered as a group of close, but distinct species. Obviously, the concept is closely tied to the definition of a species. Modern biology understands a species as "separately evolving
380:
and species, but the botanical code defines four ranks below subgenus (section, subsection, series, and subseries). Different informal taxonomic solutions have been used to indicate a species complex.
393:
Cryptic species are morphologically identical species. More generally, the term is often applied when species, even if they are known to be distinct, cannot be reliably distinguished by morphology.
554:
Distinguishing close species within a complex requires the study of often very small differences. Morphological differences may be minute and visible only by the use of adapted methods, such as
1719:"Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590)"
1717:
Lawley, Jonathan W.; Gamero-Mora, Edgar; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Collins, Allen G.; Morandini, André C. (2022-09-29).
149:
Species complexes exist in all groups of organisms and are identified by the rigorous study of differences between individual species that uses minute morphological details, tests of
2274:
Marques, Isabel; Montgomery, Sean A.; Barker, Michael S.; Macfarlane, Terry D.; Conran, John G.; Catalán, Pilar; Rieseberg, Loren H.; Rudall, Paula J.; Graham, Sean W. (2016-04-01).
3238:
2667:
859:
Often, such complexes do not become evident until a new species is introduced into the system, which breaks down existing species barriers. An example is the introduction of the
79:
in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are
593:
is becoming increasingly standard for species recognition and may, in many cases, be the only useful method. Different methods are used to analyse such genetic data, such as
1696:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
3181:
2981:
198:
1458:
JONG, R. (December 1987). "Superspecies Pyrgus malvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in the East
Mediterranean, with notes on phylogenetic and biological relationships".
808:
butterflies. Hybrid speciation has been observed in various species complexes, such as insects, fungi, and plants. In plants, hybridization often takes place through
323:
has occurred or is occurring, which leads to intermediate forms and blurred species boundaries. The informal classification, superspecies, can be exemplified by the
2591:
4726:
3228:
3233:
3218:
875:, which were traditionally considered clearly separate species that did not interbreed, shows that they may be actually just subspecies of the same species.
3223:
2276:"Transcriptome-derived evidence supports recent polyploidization and a major phylogeographic division in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales)"
1565:
Muñoz MM; Crawford NG; McGreevy Jr. TJ; Messana NJ; Tarvin RD; Revell LJ; Zandvliet RM; Hopwood JM; Mock E; Schneider AL; Schneider CJ. (2013).
2323:
Kotov, Alexey A.; Garibian, Petr G.; Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Taylor, Derek J.; Karabanov, Dmitry P. (2020-06-17). "A new species group from the
31:
4475:
951:
Evidence from the identification of cryptic species has led some to conclude that current estimates of global species richness are too low.
3775:
1980:
Wallis GP, Arntzen JW (1989). "Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the crested newt superspecies: Limited cytoplasmic gene flow among species".
368:
Several terms are used synonymously for a species complex, but some of them may also have slightly different or narrower meanings. In the
2566:
711:
Species forming a complex have typically diverged very recently from each other, which sometimes allows the retracing of the process of
3310:
3344:
2329:
1786:
4979:
4434:
3191:
852:
and explains that the "grouping can often be supported by experimental crosses in which only certain pairs of species will produce
558:. However, distinct species sometimes have no morphological differences. In those cases, other characters, such as in the species'
2371:
taxa suggests old splits of major lineages and postglacial recolonizations of
Central Europe from distinct source populations of
3785:
4742:
4502:
1386:
3066:
421:", "two species that are the closest relative of each other and have not been distinguished from one another taxonomically".
4099:
2991:
2961:
1265:
4825:
3745:
764:
group), but closer examination can sometimes disprove that. For example, yellow-spotted "fire salamanders" in the genus
4487:
4147:
1640:
582:, a bird genus with few morphological differences. Mating tests are common in some groups such as fungi to confirm the
35:
601:. Such methods have greatly contributed to the discovery of cryptic species, including such emblematic species as the
1769:
1669:
4554:
3070:
882:, it is often a particular challenge to understand how the similar species persist without outcompeting each other.
417:, but later authors emphasized the common phylogenetic origin. A recent article defines sibling species as "cryptic
4559:
4157:
2885:
Brown D, Brenneman R, Koepfli KP, Pollinger J, Mila B, Georgiadis N, Louis E, Grether G, Jacobs D, Wayne R (2007).
2058:
Symposium on
Biosystematics, organized by the International Organization of Biosystematists, Montreal, October 1962
703:
that has diversified rather recently, as is shown by the short branches between the species A–E (blue box) in this
1759:
4804:
4794:
4718:
3993:
2088:
4932:
4799:
4579:
4323:
4121:
4025:
3914:
2327:
species complex (Cladocera: Anomopoda) from the eastern
Palaearctic: taxonomy, phylogeny and phylogeography".
5033:
4997:
4584:
4328:
4067:
3337:
1042:
942:) has led to the discovery of a great many cryptic species complexes in all habitats. In the marine bryozoan
453:
Sometimes used as an informal rank for a species complex around one "representative" species. Popularized by
75:
that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The
17:
4529:
4937:
4439:
2195:
sensu lato (Russulales) from northern
Thailand: Morphological and phylogenetic species concepts explored".
438:
354:
5007:
4601:
3298:
3286:
2715:"Mating trials validate the use of DNA barcoding to reveal cryptic speciation of a marine bryozoan taxon"
1266:"Retention of an Ancestral Polymorphism in the Mbuna Species Flock (Teleostei: Cichlidae) of Lake Malawi"
1034:
889:
799:
130:), which may be a complex ranking but it is not a species complex. In most cases, a species complex is a
4703:
3877:
3187:
2071:
Kankare M, Van
Nouhuys S, Hanski I (2005). "Genetic divergence among host-specific cryptic species in
1566:
4497:
4294:
4104:
3872:
3765:
2835:"The ecology of Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae): what do we know to assist pest management?"
2056:
Heywood VH. (1962). "The "species aggregate" in theory and practice". In VH Heywood; Löve Á. (eds.).
4626:
2552:
2260:
736:
in plants, may separate lineages without producing a great degree of morphological differentiation.
4920:
4784:
4756:
4731:
4688:
4591:
4524:
4399:
4272:
4240:
4213:
4203:
3330:
3141:
2954:
1405:
Horandl, E.; Greilhuber, J.; Klimova, K.; Paun, O.; Temsch, E.; Emadzade, K.; Hodalova, I. (2009).
900:
may arise when a species penetrates a new geographical area and diversifies to occupy a variety of
777:
664:
134:
of species with a common ancestor, but there are exceptions. It may represent an early stage after
4404:
1411:
complex (Ranunculaceae): insights from analysis of morphological, karyological and molecular data"
1003:
inflicts widespread, devastating damage to
Australian fruit crops, but the sister species do not.
47:
5028:
4925:
4855:
4764:
4492:
4374:
4142:
3738:
1842:
845:
635:
594:
320:
256:
158:
1290:
Brown JK, Frohlich DR, Rosell RC (1995). "The sweetpotato or silverleaf whiteflies: biotypes of
999:
or the
Queensland fruit fly. That pest is indistinguishable from two sister species except that
4964:
4613:
4482:
4444:
4345:
4316:
4289:
4284:
3882:
3584:
3246:
3202:
3135:
3104:
3022:
2996:
721:
583:
331:
313:
150:
4470:
2619:
2570:
4905:
4779:
4698:
4693:
4678:
4663:
4653:
4569:
4544:
4379:
4335:
4299:
4267:
4208:
4186:
4167:
4030:
3983:
3934:
3929:
3887:
3127:
3080:
3062:
3058:
3042:
2986:
1374:
1052:
849:
829:
772:
728:
538:
518:
260:
2110:
Wallis GP, Judge KF, Bland J, Waters JM, Berra TM (2001). "Genetic diversity in New Zealand
836:
states that members of a species group usually have partially overlapping ranges but do not
4879:
4774:
4708:
4509:
4424:
4340:
4252:
4235:
4162:
4152:
3862:
3770:
3754:
3094:
2787:
2513:
2446:
2384:
2123:
1899:
1585:
1222:
1098:
944:
795:
785:
649:
206:
178:
139:
4514:
4384:
913:
8:
5043:
4942:
4900:
4850:
4769:
4617:
4609:
4539:
4519:
4465:
4309:
4062:
4005:
3867:
3850:
3828:
3274:
3131:
2947:
1809:
1047:
909:
559:
304:
212:
4220:
2791:
2644:
2517:
2450:
2388:
2127:
1903:
1589:
1307:
1226:
1102:
4915:
4867:
4860:
4457:
4369:
4230:
4191:
4015:
3959:
3949:
3909:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3731:
3513:
3457:
3442:
3424:
3146:
2921:
2886:
2747:
2714:
2695:
2536:
2502:"Natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies: the species boundary as a continuum"
2501:
2477:
2430:
2408:
2212:
2139:
2092:
1997:
1609:
1547:
1534:
1513:
1494:
1435:
1406:
1246:
1188:
1129:
1082:
905:
883:
700:
170:
169:
to be underestimated. The recognition of similar-but-distinct species is important for
131:
119:
1627:
Ride WD, Cogger HG, Dupuis C, Kraus O, Minelli A, Thompson FC, Tubbs PK, eds. (1999).
5003:
4957:
4683:
4631:
4409:
4225:
4126:
4089:
4084:
4040:
4035:
3988:
3954:
3574:
3528:
3523:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3293:
3197:
3169:
3151:
3117:
2926:
2908:
2867:
2853:
2815:
2810:
2771:
2752:
2734:
2687:
2648:
2541:
2482:
2464:
2400:
2396:
2346:
2305:
2297:
2252:
2231:
2177:
2135:
2005:
1927:
1922:
1865:
1765:
1740:
1675:
1665:
1636:
1601:
1551:
1539:
1440:
1382:
1352:
1344:
1238:
1180:
1134:
1116:
994:
965:
893:
is actually at least three different species that diverged over 5 million years ago.
791:
781:
754:
725:
is actually at least three different species that diverged over 5 million years ago.
704:
676:
610:
575:
369:
166:
143:
2699:
2412:
2216:
2143:
2096:
1841:
Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PK, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I (2007).
1613:
1498:
1250:
5038:
4549:
4116:
4094:
3902:
3692:
3649:
3601:
3590:
3390:
3380:
3369:
3161:
3122:
2916:
2898:
2857:
2849:
2805:
2795:
2742:
2726:
2679:
2640:
2531:
2521:
2472:
2454:
2392:
2338:
2287:
2247:
2204:
2173:
2131:
2084:
2035:
1989:
1962:
1917:
1907:
1857:
1801:
1730:
1662:
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Bacteriological Code, 1990 Revision
1593:
1529:
1486:
1430:
1422:
1334:
1303:
1230:
1172:
1156:
1124:
1106:
901:
853:
809:
324:
127:
123:
43:
4394:
2164:
in central and eastern Asia with the aid of mating tests and DNA fingerprinting".
1945:
Fontdevila A, Pla C, Hasson E, Wasserman M, Sanchez A, Naveira H, Ruiz A (1988). "
1884:
1192:
327:
butterfly, which is a superspecies that is further divided into three subspecies.
91:
for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal
4910:
4534:
4361:
4350:
4304:
4247:
4196:
3780:
3660:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3242:
3084:
2342:
1658:"Chapter 3. Rules of nomenclature with recommendations. Section 2. Ranks of taxa"
864:
825:
802:. In such cases, the hybrid species may have intermediate characters, such as in
672:
454:
364:
is suspected to be a cryptic complex with at least one other species of rubyspot.
308:
182:
92:
2834:
1660:. In Lapage SP, Sneath PH, Lessel EF, Skerman VB, Seeliger HP, Clark WA (eds.).
1381:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 21–36.
1176:
4750:
4622:
4564:
3924:
3919:
3857:
3835:
3353:
3250:
3074:
2780:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1892:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1861:
1735:
1699:(electronic ed.), Bratislava: International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1473:
Moritz C, Schneider CJ, Wake DB (1992). "Evolutionary relationships within the
989:
935:
917:
856:." The examples given below may support both uses of the term "species group."
418:
373:
301:
2683:
2431:"Cryptic diversity and deep divergence in an upper Amazonian leaflitter frog,
2208:
2160:
Dai Y-C, Vainio EJ, Hantula J, Niemelä, Korhonen K (2003). "Investigations on
2114:(Teleostei: Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae): a test of a biogeographic hypothesis".
2075:
aggregate (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of checkerspot butterflies".
2039:
1805:
1657:
1656:
Lapage SP, Sneath PHA, Lessel EF, Skerman VBD, Seeliger HPR, Clark WA (1992).
1490:
1339:
1322:
1157:"Evidence for strong inter- and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in
346:, in which it is often unclear if they should be considered separate species.
275:
5022:
4952:
4830:
4789:
4635:
4389:
4057:
4052:
3703:
3254:
2912:
2871:
2738:
2691:
2652:
2618:
Engelke, S. (2006?): Til Snegleforeningen (Note to the Danish Slug-society).
2468:
2350:
2301:
1744:
1348:
1120:
1111:
939:
598:
590:
461:, with the initial requirement that species forming a superspecies must have
162:
2800:
2459:
1966:
1912:
1564:
1404:
1234:
695:
138:
in which the species were separated for a long time period without evolving
4947:
4895:
4840:
4673:
4668:
4262:
4020:
3088:
3037:
3032:
2930:
2903:
2756:
2730:
2545:
2526:
2486:
2404:
2367:
Steinfartz S, Veith M, Tautz D (2000). "Mitochondrial sequence analysis of
2309:
2009:
1869:
1694:
1679:
1605:
1543:
1444:
1356:
1242:
1184:
1138:
1062:
959:
860:
813:
761:
716:
494:
339:
174:
2862:
2819:
1931:
1091:
species complex (Anura, Hylidae) with the description of four new species"
4974:
4845:
4574:
4109:
3939:
3845:
3803:
2776:
complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors"
2770:
Besansky NJ, Powell JR, Caccone A, Hamm DM, Scott JA, Collins FH (1994).
908:. The first species flock to be recognized as such was the 13 species of
848:
1999) describes a species group as complex of related species that exist
743:
Possible processes explaining similarity of species in a species complex:
606:
319:
A more restricted use applies the term to a group of species among which
289:
227:
115:
4414:
2713:
Gómez A, Wright PJ, Lunt DH, Cancino JM, Carvalho GR, Hughes RN (2007).
1761:
Systematics and the Origin of Species, from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist
1718:
165:. The existence of extremely similar species may cause local and global
4835:
4736:
4658:
4645:
4279:
4079:
3966:
3944:
3897:
3892:
3840:
3808:
3723:
3686:
3173:
3112:
3027:
2970:
2001:
1426:
1208:
1057:
868:
837:
804:
766:
712:
668:
602:
567:
555:
534:
482:
462:
458:
410:
343:
335:
234:
135:
59:
2292:
2275:
1597:
87:
for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and
4969:
4820:
4429:
4047:
3795:
3596:
3467:
3462:
3453:
2833:
Clarke, A.R.; Powell, K.S.; Weldon, C.W.; Taylor, P.W. (2010-11-02).
984:
760:
A species complex is usually a group that has one common ancestor (a
739:
621:
571:
360:
53:
1993:
1210:
1012:
must be taken into account for appropriate management. For example,
824:
Sources differ on whether or not members of a species group share a
249:
4872:
4074:
3643:
3622:
879:
872:
833:
733:
675:(right) but is in fact more closely related to the uniformly black
563:
486:
377:
72:
3322:
1716:
4257:
3971:
3680:
3177:
3012:
2273:
2191:
Van de Putte K, Nuytinck J, Stubbe D, Le HT, Verbeken A (2010). "
1655:
1628:
1013:
979:
970:
579:
63:
contains some species that are extremely difficult to tell apart.
39:
3435:
3419:
1635:. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.
1460:
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie – Via Naturalis Repository
1155:
Geml J, Tulloss RE, Laursen GA, Sasanova NA, Taylor DL (2008).
1028:
441:, a behavior in which birds of different species feed together.
2884:
2499:
34:. For individuals of different species grouping together, see
4178:
3637:
2939:
2668:"Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in the sea"
969:
mosquito complex contains both species that are a vector for
281:
2190:
1944:
1512:
Bowen BW, Bass AL, Rocha LA, Grant WS, Roberston DR (2001).
1209:
Roca AL, Georgiadis N, Pecon-Slattery J, O'Brien SJ (2001).
794:
can lead to unclear species boundaries through a process of
780:'s closest relative has been shown to be the entirely black
545:, to indicate a species complex represented by that species.
465:
distributions. For the component species of a superspecies,
2159:
2089:
10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0382:GDAHCS]2.0.CO;2
1843:"Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation"
1567:"Divergence in coloration and ecological speciation in the
481:
Used for a species complex, especially in plant taxa where
76:
1154:
146:
can be a component in the evolution of a species complex.
30:
Several terms redirect here. For species-group names, see
2769:
2322:
732:
be expected. Also, asexual reproduction, such as through
154:
2832:
2070:
1211:"Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa"
2887:"Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe"
1885:"Columbines: a geographically widespread species flock"
181:
although the drawing of dividing lines between species
83:
for two or more species hidden under one species name,
2712:
2109:
1375:"Morphological species characters and sibling species"
2500:
Mallet J, Beltrán M, Neukirchen W, Linares M (2007).
1840:
1629:"Chapter 9: Genus-group nominal taxa and their names"
1626:
505:. Components of a species aggregate have been called
413:
in 1942, was initially used with the same meaning as
2366:
1407:"Reticulate evolution and taxonomic concepts in the
1024:
798:, in which species have two parent species as their
2428:
1511:
1472:
1289:
715:. Species with differentiated populations, such as
118:(of the same species) may later be subdivided into
2362:
2360:
1477:complex confirm the ring species interpretation".
2631:Knowlton N (1993). "Sibling species in the sea".
1161:, a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete"
36:Mutualism (biology)#Service-service relationships
5020:
2229:
334:, which might be a sign of ongoing or incipient
2357:
2051:
2049:
1938:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
954:
2567:"Iowa State University Department of Agronomy"
2184:
2077:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
2026:Amadon D. (1966). "The superspecies concept".
2021:
2019:
1955:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1953:(Diptera: Drosophilidae) superspecies taxon".
1400:
1398:
1314:
1263:
1074:
330:Some authors apply the term to a species with
3739:
3338:
2955:
2763:
2659:
2624:
2424:
2422:
1979:
1778:
1686:
1633:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
32:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2609:
2064:
2046:
1882:
1819:
1784:
784:. In such cases, similarity has arisen from
2665:
2493:
2223:
2155:
2153:
2103:
2055:
2016:
1973:
1876:
1787:"The meaning of the term 'sibling species'"
1466:
1395:
1368:
1366:
1323:"Species Concepts and Species Delimitation"
1204:
1202:
1150:
1148:
114:Two or more taxa that were once considered
46:. For another use of physiologic race, see
3746:
3732:
3345:
3331:
2962:
2948:
2878:
2706:
2630:
2419:
1558:
1518:): Ring species complex on a global scale"
1505:
1320:
1080:
878:Where closely related species co-exist in
204:At least six treefrog species make up the
122:(taxa within a species, such as bacterial
27:Group of closely related similar organisms
2920:
2902:
2861:
2809:
2799:
2746:
2535:
2525:
2476:
2458:
2330:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2291:
2251:
2025:
1921:
1911:
1751:
1734:
1649:
1620:
1533:
1434:
1338:
1283:
1257:
1128:
1110:
928:
923:
770:, formerly all classified as one species
4980:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3753:
2633:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2150:
1363:
1199:
1145:
958:
738:
694:
685:
353:
52:
2592:"Species Group | Encyclopedia.com"
1692:
1372:
1081:Ron, Santiago; Caminer, Marcel (2014).
1006:
14:
5021:
2584:
2429:Elmer K, Davila J, Lougheed S (2007).
2232:"Molecular phylogeny of treecreepers (
1693:McNeill, J; et al., eds. (2012),
1514:"Phylogeography of the trumpetfishes (
812:, and hybrid plant species are called
4743:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3727:
3326:
2943:
2230:Tietze DT, Martens J, Sun YH (2006).
1165:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
867:, where interbreeding with the local
819:
690:
3362:
3281:
2559:
1757:
1457:
699:A species complex typically forms a
489:are common. Historical synonyms are
471:
38:. For the principles of hiding, see
3352:
3305:
2645:10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.001201
1379:Populations, Species, and Evolution
1308:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002455
667:(left) was previously considered a
349:
24:
4148:Evolutionary developmental biology
2719:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1535:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00619.x
663:Similarity can be misleading: the
395:
383:
25:
5055:
1850:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1083:"Systematics of treefrogs of the
578:are indicative of species in the
549:
376:are defined at the level between
48:Race (biology)#Physiological race
5002:
4993:
4992:
3382:
3371:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3269:
3268:
2854:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00448.x
2551:
2397:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00870.x
2259:
2253:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00547.x
2178:10.1046/j.1439-0329.2003.00328.x
2136:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00535.x
1723:South African Journal of Science
1027:
648:
634:
620:
574:, may be explored. For example,
423:
372:of zoology and bacteriology, no
274:
248:
226:
197:
4805:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3994:Gene-centered view of evolution
3576:
3515:
2826:
2316:
2267:
1710:
1273:Molecular Biology and Evolution
443:
4933:Hologenome theory of evolution
4800:History of molecular evolution
4026:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3915:Last universal common ancestor
3705:
3694:
3662:
3651:
3444:
3426:
2969:
1664:. Washington (DC): ASM Press.
1451:
241:, as is shown by genetic data.
71:is a group of closely related
42:. For supposed creatures, see
13:
1:
4727:Renaissance and Enlightenment
2666:Knowlton N. (February 2000).
2162:Heterobasidion annosum s.lat.
1883:Hodges SA, Arnold ML (1994).
1264:Moran P, Kornfield I (1993).
1068:
1043:Glossary of scientific naming
523:
188:
4938:Missing heritability problem
4565:Gamete differentiation/sexes
2772:"Molecular phylogeny of the
2112:Galaxias vulgaris sensu lato
1764:. Harvard University Press.
955:Disease and pathogen control
800:most recent common ancestors
776:, are not monophyletic: the
537:', it is often used after a
439:mixed-species foraging flock
307:" but acknowledges that the
7:
3299:Evolutionary biology Portal
2433:Eleutherodactylus ockendeni
2236:) detects hidden diversity"
1296:Annual Review of Entomology
1177:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.029
1035:Evolutionary biology portal
1020:
890:Eleutherodactylus ockendeni
309:criteria to delimit species
183:can be inherently difficult
10:
5060:
4570:Life cycles/nuclear phases
4122:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
2343:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa046
1862:10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.004
1321:De Queiroz, Kevin (2007).
982:vector genus of mosquito,
29:
4988:
4888:
4813:
4717:
4644:
4600:
4455:
4359:
4176:
4135:
4068:Parent–offspring conflict
4004:
3873:Earliest known life forms
3794:
3761:
3360:
3264:
3211:
3160:
3103:
3051:
3005:
2977:
2842:Annals of Applied Biology
2209:10.1007/s13225-010-0070-0
1340:10.1080/10635150701701083
973:and species that are not.
409:This term, introduced by
332:intraspecific variability
4921:Cultural group selection
4785:The eclipse of Darwinism
4757:On the Origin of Species
4732:Transmutation of species
3142:Nonecological speciation
2506:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2439:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1736:10.17159/sajs.2022/14495
1294:or a species complex?".
1112:10.3897/zookeys.370.6291
992:, and sister species of
778:Corsican fire salamander
665:Corsican fire salamander
533:A Latin phrase meaning '
157:-based methods, such as
4926:Dual inheritance theory
4765:History of paleontology
2801:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6885
2684:10.1023/A:1003933603879
2460:10.1186/1471-2148-7-247
2116:Journal of Biogeography
2040:10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245
1913:10.1073/pnas.91.11.5129
1806:10.1093/sysbio/21.4.446
1491:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.273
1235:10.1126/science.1059936
846:Oxford University Press
842:A Dictionary of Zoology
595:molecular phylogenetics
541:, often abbreviated as
513:. Used as abbreviation
358:The rubyspot damselfly
159:molecular phylogenetics
4614:Punctuated equilibrium
3935:Non-adaptive radiation
3883:Evolutionary arms race
3247:Punctuated equilibrium
3203:Character displacement
3023:Reproductive isolation
2992:Laboratory experiments
2904:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57
2731:10.1098/rspb.2006.3718
2527:10.1186/1471-2148-7-28
1949:: a new member of the
1475:Ensatina eschscholtzii
974:
929:Biodiversity estimates
924:Practical implications
757:
748:– morphological stasis
722:Pristimantis ockendeni
708:
584:reproductive isolation
365:
314:reproductive isolation
151:reproductive isolation
64:
4906:Evolutionary medicine
4780:Mendelian inheritance
4488:Biological complexity
4476:Programmed cell death
4168:Phenotypic plasticity
3888:Evolutionary pressure
3878:Evidence of evolution
3776:Timeline of evolution
3128:Ecological speciation
3043:Evidence of evolution
2373:Salamandra salamandra
1967:10.1093/aesa/81.3.380
1785:Steyskal GC. (1972).
1053:Association (ecology)
962:
904:, a process known as
830:Iowa State University
742:
729:Stabilizing selection
698:
686:Evolution and ecology
656:Salamandra salamandra
539:binomial species name
519:binomial species name
357:
56:
5034:Evolutionary biology
4880:Teleology in biology
4775:Blending inheritance
4153:Genetic assimilation
4016:Artificial selection
3755:Evolutionary biology
2596:www.encyclopedia.com
2325:Daphnia curvirostris
1947:Drosophila koepferae
1758:Mayr, Ernst (1942).
1409:Ranunculus auricomus
1085:Hypsiboas calcaratus
1007:Conservation biology
988:, the fungi causing
945:Celleporella hyalina
796:reticulate evolution
786:convergent evolution
207:Hypsiboas calcaratus
179:conservation biology
57:The butterfly genus
4943:Molecular evolution
4901:Ecological genetics
4770:Transitional fossil
4560:Sexual reproduction
4400:endomembrane system
4329:pollinator-mediated
4285:dolphins and whales
4063:Parental investment
3411:Infrakingdom/Branch
3132:Parallel speciation
2792:1994PNAS...91.6885B
2518:2007BMCEE...7...28M
2451:2007BMCEE...7..247E
2389:2000MolEc...9..397S
2128:2001JBiog..28...59W
2073:Cotesia melitaearum
1904:1994PNAS...91.5129H
1590:2013MolEc..22.2668M
1227:2001Sci...293.1473R
1221:(5534): 1473–1477.
1103:2014ZooK..370....1C
1089:Hypsiboas fasciatus
1048:Alliance (taxonomy)
361:Hetaerina americana
4916:Cultural evolution
4031:Fisher's principle
3960:Handicap principle
3950:Parallel evolution
3814:Adaptive radiation
3683:
3640:
3619:
3593:
3551:
3485:
3450:
3438:
3402:
3393:
3212:Speciation in taxa
3147:Assortative mating
2028:Systematic Biology
1794:Systematic Zoology
1479:Systematic Biology
1427:10.1002/tax.584012
1327:Systematic Biology
975:
906:adaptive radiation
884:Niche partitioning
840:with one another.
820:Range and habitats
758:
709:
701:monophyletic group
691:Speciation process
628:Salamandra corsica
535:in the broad sense
491:species collectiva
370:nomenclature codes
366:
237:comprises several
132:monophyletic group
120:infraspecific taxa
65:
5016:
5015:
4632:Uniformitarianism
4585:Sex-determination
4090:Sexual dimorphism
4085:Natural selection
3989:Unit of selection
3955:Signalling theory
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3679:
3636:
3615:
3589:
3547:
3481:
3440:
3434:
3398:
3391:
3320:
3319:
3198:Secondary contact
3170:Hybrid speciation
3118:Natural selection
3105:Isolating factors
2774:Anopheles gambiae
2725:(1607): 199–207.
2620:Article in Danish
2377:Molecular Ecology
2293:10.1111/nph.13755
2193:Lactarius volemus
2060:. pp. 26–36.
1951:Drosophila serido
1898:(11): 5129–5132.
1598:10.1111/mec.12295
1584:(10): 2668–2682.
1578:Molecular Ecology
1569:Anolis marmoratus
1388:978-0-674-69013-4
995:Bactrocera tryoni
966:Anopheles gambiae
914:Galápagos Islands
902:ecological niches
792:Hybrid speciation
782:Alpine salamander
755:hybrid speciation
705:phylogenetic tree
677:Alpine salamander
611:African elephants
576:territorial songs
475:Species aggregate
167:species diversity
144:Hybrid speciation
111:are also in use.
101:species aggregate
16:(Redirected from
5051:
5006:
4996:
4995:
4795:Modern synthesis
4555:Multicellularity
4550:Mosaic evolution
4435:auditory ossicle
4117:Social selection
4100:Flowering plants
4095:Sexual selection
3748:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3707:
3696:
3664:
3653:
3578:
3517:
3446:
3428:
3384:
3373:
3363:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3123:Sexual selection
3052:Geographic modes
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2906:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2569:. Archived from
2563:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2462:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2197:Fungal Diversity
2188:
2182:
2181:
2166:Forest Pathology
2157:
2148:
2147:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1847:
1838:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1808:. Archived from
1791:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1575:
1571:species complex"
1562:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1528:(5): 1029–1039.
1509:
1503:
1502:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1421:(4): 1194–1215.
1402:
1393:
1392:
1373:Mayr E. (1970).
1370:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1159:Amanita muscaria
1152:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1114:
1078:
1037:
1032:
1031:
910:Darwin's finches
828:. A source from
810:polyploidization
652:
638:
624:
586:of two species.
529:
528:
493:, introduced by
477:
476:
449:
448:
429:
428:
407:aphanic species.
401:
400:
389:
388:
350:Related concepts
342:or species with
325:grizzled skipper
284:cichlids form a
278:
252:
230:
201:
44:List of cryptids
21:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5012:
4984:
4911:Group selection
4884:
4809:
4713:
4640:
4602:Tempo and modes
4596:
4451:
4355:
4172:
4131:
4007:
4000:
3977:Species complex
3790:
3781:History of life
3757:
3752:
3722:
3717:
3675:Species complex
3425:Superdivision (
3356:
3354:Taxonomic ranks
3351:
3321:
3316:
3260:
3243:Paleopolyploidy
3207:
3162:Hybrid concepts
3156:
3099:
3047:
3017:Species complex
3001:
2973:
2968:
2938:
2883:
2879:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2768:
2764:
2711:
2707:
2664:
2660:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2498:
2494:
2427:
2420:
2365:
2358:
2321:
2317:
2280:New Phytologist
2272:
2268:
2258:
2228:
2224:
2189:
2185:
2158:
2151:
2108:
2104:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2047:
2024:
2017:
1994:10.2307/2409166
1978:
1974:
1943:
1939:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1820:
1812:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1621:
1573:
1563:
1559:
1510:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1371:
1364:
1319:
1315:
1288:
1284:
1279:(5): 1015–1029.
1268:
1262:
1258:
1207:
1200:
1153:
1146:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1009:
957:
931:
926:
865:Northern Europe
822:
749:
744:
693:
688:
683:
682:
681:
680:
673:fire salamander
660:
659:
658:
653:
645:
644:
642:Salamandra atra
639:
631:
630:
625:
552:
530:
526:
525:
478:
474:
473:
455:Bernhard Rensch
450:
446:
445:
430:
426:
425:
415:cryptic species
402:
399:Sibling species
398:
397:
390:
387:Cryptic species
386:
385:
374:taxonomic ranks
352:
338:. Examples are
316:, are applied.
297:
296:
295:
294:
293:
279:
270:
269:
268:
265:sibling species
259:(shown) is the
257:forest elephant
253:
244:
243:
242:
239:cryptic species
231:
222:
221:
220:
217:species complex
202:
191:
93:taxonomic ranks
85:sibling species
81:cryptic species
69:species complex
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Species groups
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4751:Charles Darwin
4748:
4747:
4746:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Non-ecological
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:nervous system
4437:
4432:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Origin of life
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Microevolution
3922:
3920:Macroevolution
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Common descent
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3836:Baldwin effect
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3700:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3657:
3646:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3451:
3432:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3377:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:Macroevolution
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3152:Haldane's rule
3149:
3144:
3139:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3078:
3075:Founder effect
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3009:
3007:
3006:Basic concepts
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2877:
2863:10019.1/122744
2825:
2786:(15): 6885–8.
2762:
2705:
2658:
2639:(1): 189–216.
2623:
2608:
2583:
2558:
2492:
2418:
2383:(4): 397–410.
2356:
2337:(3): 772–822.
2315:
2286:(1): 310–323.
2266:
2246:(3): 477–488.
2222:
2183:
2172:(5): 269–286.
2149:
2102:
2083:(3): 382–394.
2063:
2045:
2034:(3): 245–249.
2015:
1972:
1961:(3): 380–385.
1937:
1875:
1856:(3): 148–155.
1818:
1815:on 2015-02-07.
1777:
1770:
1750:
1709:
1685:
1670:
1648:
1642:978-0853010067
1641:
1619:
1557:
1504:
1485:(3): 273–291.
1465:
1450:
1394:
1387:
1362:
1333:(6): 879–886.
1313:
1302:(1): 511–534.
1292:Bemisia tabaci
1282:
1256:
1198:
1171:(2): 694–701.
1144:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1022:
1019:
1008:
1005:
990:cryptococcosis
956:
953:
936:phylogeography
930:
927:
925:
922:
918:Charles Darwin
850:allopatrically
832:Department of
821:
818:
692:
689:
687:
684:
662:
661:
654:
647:
646:
640:
633:
632:
626:
619:
618:
617:
616:
615:
551:
550:Identification
548:
547:
546:
531:
524:
522:
479:
472:
470:
451:
444:
442:
431:
424:
422:
419:sister species
403:
396:
394:
391:
384:
351:
348:
302:metapopulation
280:
273:
272:
271:
254:
247:
246:
245:
232:
225:
224:
223:
203:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
190:
187:
67:In biology, a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5056:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4953:Phylogenetics
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:Structuralism
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Catastrophism
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Neo-Darwinism
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Reinforcement
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:Catastrophism
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Macromutation
4624:
4623:Micromutation
4621:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Immune system
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:symbiogenesis
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:Kin selection
4056:
4054:
4053:Genetic drift
4051:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:/Superkingdom
3389:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3256:
3255:Chronospecies
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:Reinforcement
3186:
3183:
3182:Recombination
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:Hydrobiologia
2669:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2573:on 2011-10-05
2572:
2568:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:(1): 99–130.
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:(1): 88–104.
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1771:9780674862500
1767:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:9781555810399
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:(370): 1–68.
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1004:
1002:
998:
996:
991:
987:
986:
981:
972:
968:
967:
961:
952:
949:
947:
946:
941:
940:DNA barcoding
937:
934:(also called
921:
919:
916:described by
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:species flock
894:
892:
891:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
773:S. salamandra
769:
768:
763:
756:
752:
747:
741:
737:
735:
730:
726:
724:
723:
718:
714:
706:
702:
697:
678:
674:
670:
666:
657:
651:
643:
637:
629:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:DNA barcoding
596:
592:
591:DNA sequences
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
544:
540:
536:
532:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
469:was proposed.
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
440:
436:
435:species swarm
432:
427:Species flock
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
392:
382:
381:
379:
375:
371:
363:
362:
356:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:hybridisation
317:
315:
310:
306:
303:
291:
287:
286:species flock
283:
277:
266:
262:
261:bush elephant
258:
251:
240:
236:
229:
218:
215:
214:
209:
208:
200:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:DNA barcoding
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
142:differences.
141:
140:morphological
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:species group
94:
90:
89:species flock
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
61:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Species group
4965:Polymorphism
4948:Astrobiology
4896:Biogeography
4851:Saltationism
4841:Orthogenesis
4826:Alternatives
4755:
4741:
4674:Cospeciation
4669:Cladogenesis
4618:Saltationism
4575:Mating types
4498:Color vision
4483:Avian flight
4405:mitochondria
4143:Canalisation
4021:Biodiversity
3976:
3766:Introduction
3702:
3691:
3674:
3659:
3648:
3573:
3512:
3441:
3423:
3379:
3368:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3089:Ring species
3038:Cospeciation
3033:Cladogenesis
3016:
2982:Introduction
2894:
2890:
2880:
2848:(1): 26–54.
2845:
2841:
2828:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2765:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2678:(1): 73–90.
2675:
2671:
2661:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:the original
2561:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2122:(1): 59–67.
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2031:
2027:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1853:
1849:
1810:the original
1797:
1793:
1780:
1760:
1753:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1701:, retrieved
1695:
1688:
1661:
1651:
1632:
1622:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1378:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1218:
1214:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1063:Ring species
1010:
1000:
993:
983:
976:
964:
950:
943:
932:
897:
895:
888:
877:
861:Spanish slug
858:
841:
823:
814:nothospecies
803:
790:
771:
765:
762:monophyletic
759:
750:
745:
727:
720:
717:ring species
710:
655:
641:
627:
589:Analysis of
588:
580:treecreepers
560:life history
553:
542:
514:
511:microspecies
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:Adolf Engler
490:
466:
447:Superspecies
434:
433:Also called
414:
406:
405:Also called
367:
359:
340:ring species
329:
318:
298:
285:
264:
238:
216:
211:
205:
175:pest control
148:
113:
109:superspecies
108:
105:macrospecies
104:
100:
96:
88:
84:
80:
68:
66:
58:
4975:Systematics
4846:Mutationism
4664:Catagenesis
4592:Snake venom
4525:Eusociality
4503:in primates
4493:Cooperation
4421:In animals
4241:butterflies
4214:Cephalopods
4204:Brachiopods
4136:Development
4110:Mate choice
3863:Convergence
3846:Coevolution
3804:Abiogenesis
3602:Infrafamily
3585:Superfamily
3499:Subterclass
3468:Microphylum
3463:Infraphylum
3458:Subdivision
3420:Superphylum
3311:WikiProject
3071:Centrifugal
2891:BMC Biology
2616:(in Danish)
607:water fleas
467:allospecies
290:Lake Malawi
116:conspecific
5044:Speciation
5023:Categories
4836:Lamarckism
4814:Philosophy
4737:David Hume
4699:Peripatric
4694:Parapatric
4679:Ecological
4659:Anagenesis
4654:Allopatric
4646:Speciation
4610:Gradualism
4535:Metabolism
4395:chromosome
4385:Eukaryotes
4163:Modularity
4080:Population
4006:Population
3967:Speciation
3945:Panspermia
3898:Extinction
3893:Exaptation
3868:Divergence
3841:Cladistics
3829:Reciprocal
3809:Adaptation
3687:Subspecies
3628:Infratribe
3611:Supertribe
3560:Infraorder
3543:Superorder
3514:Division (
3494:Infraclass
3477:Superclass
3443:Division (
3406:Subkingdom
3381:Subrealm (
3174:Polyploidy
3136:Allochrony
3113:Adaptation
3081:Parapatric
3063:Peripatric
3059:Allopatric
3028:Anagenesis
2971:Speciation
2601:18 October
2577:2015-01-01
2445:(1): 247.
2369:Salamandra
1800:(4): 446.
1703:2012-12-20
1516:Aulostomus
1069:References
1058:Subspecies
869:black slug
838:interbreed
805:Heliconius
767:Salamandra
713:speciation
669:subspecies
603:fly agaric
568:physiology
556:microscopy
527:Sensu lato
517:after the
507:segregates
499:conspecies
483:polyploidy
463:allopatric
459:Ernst Mayr
457:and later
411:Ernst Mayr
344:subspecies
336:speciation
235:fly agaric
189:Definition
136:speciation
60:Heliconius
4970:Protocell
4821:Darwinism
4709:Sympatric
4458:processes
4346:Tetrapods
4295:Kangaroos
4221:Dinosaurs
4158:Inversion
4127:Variation
4048:Gene flow
4041:Inclusive
3851:Mutualism
3796:Evolution
3693:Variety (
3650:Section (
3597:Subfamily
3575:Section (
3565:Parvorder
3538:Magnorder
3504:Parvclass
3454:Subphylum
3095:Sympatric
2913:1741-7007
2897:(1): 57.
2872:0003-4746
2739:0962-8452
2692:0018-8158
2653:0066-4162
2512:(1): 28.
2469:1471-2148
2351:0024-4082
2302:1469-8137
1982:Evolution
1745:1996-7489
1552:221735739
1522:Evolution
1349:1063-5157
1121:1313-2970
1001:B. tryoni
985:Anopheles
679:(center).
609:, or the
572:karyology
213:fasciatus
128:varieties
126:or plant
73:organisms
4998:Category
4873:Vitalism
4868:Theistic
4861:Spandrel
4545:Morality
4540:Monogamy
4415:plastids
4380:Flagella
4336:Reptiles
4317:sea cows
4300:primates
4209:Molluscs
4187:Bacteria
4075:Mutation
4008:genetics
3984:Taxonomy
3930:Mismatch
3910:Homology
3824:Cheating
3819:Altruism
3661:Series (
3644:Subgenus
3623:Subtribe
3555:Suborder
3489:Subclass
3275:Category
3192:evidence
2997:Glossary
2931:18154651
2757:17035167
2700:40909997
2546:17319954
2487:18154647
2413:10952136
2405:10736043
2310:26612464
2217:25615396
2144:85946696
2097:26360705
2010:28568488
1870:17129636
1729:(9/10).
1680:21089234
1614:16832446
1606:23611648
1544:11430639
1499:49267121
1445:20401184
1357:18027281
1251:38285623
1243:11520983
1185:18547823
1139:24478591
1021:See also
880:sympatry
873:red slug
834:Agronomy
734:apomixis
564:behavior
487:apomixis
378:subgenus
5039:Species
4889:Related
4719:History
4580:Meiosis
4515:Empathy
4510:Emotion
4410:nucleus
4351:Viruses
4341:Spiders
4253:Mammals
4236:Insects
4036:Fitness
3972:Species
3771:Outline
3681:Species
3400:Kingdom
3370:Realm (
3287:Commons
3239:Fossils
3229:Insects
3178:Klepton
3067:Quantum
3013:Species
2987:History
2922:2254591
2820:8041714
2788:Bibcode
2748:1685843
2537:1821009
2514:Bibcode
2478:2254618
2447:Bibcode
2385:Bibcode
2234:Certhia
2124:Bibcode
2002:2409166
1932:8197196
1900:Bibcode
1586:Bibcode
1436:2855680
1223:Bibcode
1215:Science
1130:3904076
1099:Bibcode
1095:ZooKeys
1014:giraffe
980:malaria
971:malaria
912:on the
854:hybrids
671:of the
305:lineage
177:and in
171:disease
124:strains
40:Crypsis
5008:Portal
4684:Hybrid
4520:Ethics
4362:organs
4324:Plants
4310:lemurs
4305:humans
4290:horses
4280:hyenas
4268:wolves
4263:canids
4197:origin
3704:Form (
3591:Family
3529:Cohort
3524:Legion
3436:Phylum
3392:Domain
3234:Plants
3085:Clines
2929:
2919:
2911:
2870:
2818:
2808:
2755:
2745:
2737:
2698:
2690:
2651:
2544:
2534:
2485:
2475:
2467:
2411:
2403:
2349:
2308:
2300:
2215:
2142:
2095:
2008:
2000:
1930:
1920:
1868:
1768:
1743:
1678:
1668:
1639:
1612:
1604:
1550:
1542:
1497:
1443:
1433:
1385:
1355:
1347:
1249:
1241:
1193:619242
1191:
1183:
1137:
1127:
1119:
605:, the
570:, and
501:, and
107:, and
4471:Death
4466:Aging
4445:brain
4231:Fungi
4192:Birds
4105:Fungi
3903:Event
3786:Index
3638:Genus
3617:Tribe
3549:Order
3483:Class
3219:Birds
2838:(PDF)
2811:44302
2696:S2CID
2409:S2CID
2213:S2CID
2140:S2CID
2093:S2CID
1998:JSTOR
1923:43945
1888:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1813:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1610:S2CID
1574:(PDF)
1548:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1415:Taxon
1269:(PDF)
1247:S2CID
1189:S2CID
826:range
282:Mbuna
153:, or
4958:Tree
4430:hair
4370:Cell
4273:dogs
4258:cats
4248:Life
4226:Fish
4179:taxa
3706:bot.
3695:bot.
3663:bot.
3652:bot.
3577:zoo.
3516:zoo.
3445:bot.
3427:bot.
3383:vir.
3372:vir.
3224:Fish
2927:PMID
2909:ISSN
2868:ISSN
2816:PMID
2753:PMID
2735:ISSN
2688:ISSN
2649:ISSN
2603:2019
2542:PMID
2483:PMID
2465:ISSN
2401:PMID
2347:ISSN
2306:PMID
2298:ISSN
2240:Ibis
2006:PMID
1928:PMID
1866:PMID
1766:ISBN
1741:ISSN
1676:PMID
1666:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1602:PMID
1540:PMID
1441:PMID
1383:ISBN
1353:PMID
1345:ISSN
1239:PMID
1181:PMID
1135:PMID
1117:ISSN
1087:and
963:The
938:and
871:and
543:s.l.
515:agg.
503:grex
485:and
255:The
233:The
173:and
161:and
77:taxa
4456:Of
4425:eye
4375:DNA
4360:Of
4177:Of
2917:PMC
2899:doi
2858:hdl
2850:doi
2846:158
2806:PMC
2796:doi
2743:PMC
2727:doi
2723:274
2680:doi
2676:420
2641:doi
2532:PMC
2522:doi
2473:PMC
2455:doi
2393:doi
2375:".
2339:doi
2335:191
2288:doi
2284:210
2248:doi
2244:148
2205:doi
2174:doi
2132:doi
2085:doi
2036:doi
1990:doi
1963:doi
1918:PMC
1908:doi
1858:doi
1802:doi
1731:doi
1727:118
1594:doi
1530:doi
1487:doi
1431:PMC
1423:doi
1335:doi
1304:doi
1231:doi
1219:293
1173:doi
1125:PMC
1107:doi
863:in
597:or
509:or
288:in
263:'s
155:DNA
5025::
3253:·
3249:·
3245:·
3180:·
3176:·
3134:·
3087:·
3073:·
3069:·
3065:·
2925:.
2915:.
2907:.
2893:.
2889:.
2866:.
2856:.
2844:.
2840:.
2814:.
2804:.
2794:.
2784:91
2782:.
2778:.
2751:.
2741:.
2733:.
2721:.
2717:.
2694:.
2686:.
2674:.
2670:.
2647:.
2637:24
2635:.
2594:.
2540:.
2530:.
2520:.
2508:.
2504:.
2481:.
2471:.
2463:.
2453:.
2441:.
2437:.
2421:^
2407:.
2399:.
2391:.
2379:.
2359:^
2345:.
2333:.
2304:.
2296:.
2282:.
2278:.
2242:.
2238:.
2211:.
2201:45
2199:.
2170:33
2168:.
2152:^
2138:.
2130:.
2120:28
2118:.
2091:.
2081:98
2079:.
2048:^
2032:15
2030:.
2018:^
2004:.
1996:.
1986:43
1984:.
1959:81
1957:.
1926:.
1916:.
1906:.
1896:91
1894:.
1890:.
1864:.
1854:22
1852:.
1848:.
1821:^
1798:21
1796:.
1792:.
1739:.
1725:.
1721:.
1674:.
1631:.
1608:.
1600:.
1592:.
1582:22
1580:.
1576:.
1546:.
1538:.
1526:55
1524:.
1520:.
1493:.
1483:41
1481:.
1439:.
1429:.
1419:58
1417:.
1413:.
1397:^
1377:.
1365:^
1351:.
1343:.
1331:56
1329:.
1325:.
1300:40
1298:.
1277:10
1275:.
1271:.
1245:.
1237:.
1229:.
1217:.
1213:.
1201:^
1187:.
1179:.
1169:48
1167:.
1163:.
1147:^
1133:.
1123:.
1115:.
1105:.
1093:.
920:.
896:A
816:.
788:.
753:–
613:.
566:,
562:,
497:,
185:.
103:,
99:,
95:,
4634:/
4625:/
4616:/
4612:/
3747:e
3740:t
3733:v
3708:)
3697:)
3665:)
3654:)
3579:)
3518:)
3456:/
3447:)
3439:/
3429:)
3422:/
3385:)
3374:)
3346:e
3339:t
3332:v
3257:)
3241:(
3194:)
3190:(
3184:)
3172:(
3138:)
3130:(
3091:)
3083:(
3077:)
3061:(
3019:)
3015:(
2963:e
2956:t
2949:v
2933:.
2901::
2895:5
2874:.
2860::
2852::
2822:.
2798::
2790::
2759:.
2729::
2702:.
2682::
2655:.
2643::
2605:.
2580:.
2548:.
2524::
2516::
2510:7
2489:.
2457::
2449::
2443:7
2435:"
2415:.
2395::
2387::
2381:9
2353:.
2341::
2312:.
2290::
2256:.
2250::
2219:.
2207::
2180:.
2176::
2146:.
2134::
2126::
2099:.
2087::
2042:.
2038::
2012:.
1992::
1969:.
1965::
1934:.
1910::
1902::
1872:.
1860::
1804::
1774:.
1747:.
1733::
1707:.
1682:.
1645:.
1616:.
1596::
1588::
1554:.
1532::
1501:.
1489::
1462:.
1447:.
1425::
1391:.
1359:.
1337::
1310:.
1306::
1253:.
1233::
1225::
1195:.
1175::
1141:.
1109::
1101::
997:,
844:(
751:b
746:a
707:.
521:.
292:.
267:.
219:.
210:–
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
